Tournament: 49th Annual Laird Lewis Invitational at Myers Park HS | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Mecklenburg LM | Judge: Kristina Hoffman
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
1~ States must use util – they seek practical benefits for constituents and aren't unified agents so they don't have intentions.
2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a) agents can't act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b) it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it's a side constraint since we can't reach the end goal of ethics without life
Pleasure and pain are the only things intrinsically valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI
Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
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places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Public entities such as NASA have standards they can follow and clarity – other state programs to model. Private actors have no unified cyber guidelines due to lack of transparency and commercial motives – regulations key.
Shadbolt 21 — Luke Shadbolt, Technical Study Satellite Cyberattacks and Security July 2021, HDI Global Specialty SE, https://www.hdi-specialty.com/downloads/_Global/HDIS209_Satellite_Cyberattack_whitepaper.pdf, arav
Despite industry efforts to improve cybersecurity in many areas of critical infrastructure, there has
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Iridium take steps to improve the security of their communication network ~6~.
Akoto 20-1 — William Akoto, FEBRUARY 12, 2020, "Hackers could shut down satellites — or turn them into weapons", https://gcn.com/cybersecurity/2020/02/hackers-could-shut-down-satellites-or-turn-them-into-weapons/291164/, William Akoto is an assistant professor of international politics at Fordham University. He studies the political economy dynamics of cyber conflict, international trade and military coups. He has a Ph.D in Political Science from the University of South Carolina. arav
Last month, SpaceX became the operator of the world's largest active satellite constellation.
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of clarity has bred complacency and hindered efforts to secure these important systems.
Shin 21 — John Shin, Forbes Councils Member, Forbes Technology Council, Managing Director at RSI Security, helping organizations achieve cybersecurity and compliance success., Aug 20, 2021,07:45am EDT, "Why Space Is The Next Frontier For Cybersecurity", https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/08/20/why-space-is-the-next-frontier-for-cybersecurity/?sh=608c654041b1 arav
With projects like Blue Origin and SpaceX, private-sector innovators like Jeff Bezos
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adopt globally, we can securely explore the final frontier free from cybercrime.
Klare 19 ~Michael; November 2019; Professor emeritus of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College; "Cyber Battles, Nuclear Outcomes? Dangerous New Pathways to Escalation," Arms Control Association, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-11/features/cyber-battles-nuclear-outcomes-dangerous-new-pathways-escalation~~ Justin
Yet another pathway to escalation could arise from a cascading series of cyberstrikes and counterstrikes
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such attacks "could lead to major conflict and possibly nuclear war."14
Heilweil 21 — Rebecca Heilweil, Rebecca Heilweil is a reporter for Open Sourced, covering emerging technologies, artificial intelligence, and logistics. Her Twitter handle is @rebheilweil., Jul 29, 2021, 7:00am EDT, https://www.vox.com/recode/22598437/spacex-hackers-cyberattack-space-force, "For hackers, space is the final frontier", https://www.vox.com/recode/22598437/spacex-hackers-cyberattack-space-force, arav
From offering joyrides for the ultra-rich to beaming the internet down to Earth
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lives heads to space, so should the country's increased focus on cybersecurity.
Graff 18 (Garrett M., former editor of Politico Magazine, editor-in-chief of Washingtonian magazine in Washington, D.C., and instructor at Georgetown University in the Masters in Professional Studies Journalism and Public Relations program, WIRED contributing editor, "The New Arms Race Threatening to Explode in Space," WIRED, August 26, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/new-arms-race-threatening-to-explode-in-space)
For decades, America's satellites had circled Earth at a largely safe remove from the
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. "We're still learning the consequences of all these things in space."
Perez 21 Veronica Delgado-Perez. 12/14/21. Argument | The Commercialization of Space Risks Launching a Militarized Space Race. https://www.theintlscholar.com/periodical/12/14/2020/analysis-commercialization-space-risk-international-law-military-space-race ~Veronica Delgado-Perez is a Staff Writer at The International Scholar.~ CVHS SR
Fundamentals of the Final Frontier It is a geopolitical imperative to determine what, if
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ensure that the advantages derived from space exploration allow humanity to continue evolving.
Gallagher 15 "Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage" http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 (interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration's CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan)Elmer
In recent decades, however, as space-based reconnaissance, communication, and
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scenarios that are used to justify the development and use of antisatellite weapons.
Private space appropriation discourages cooperation in space and triggers militarization
Claire Finkelstein, 2018, Claire Finkelstein is the Algernon Biddle Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy, and director of the Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law at the University of Pennsylvania. Mark Nevitt is the Sharswood Fellow at University of Pennsylvania Law School. Trump risks leading the world into a space arms race thehill.com/opinion/national-security/402640-trump-risks-leading-the-world-into-a-space-arms-race.
A motive might be sought in the potentially profitable commercial ventures in outer space,
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war in outer space is unthinkable, and we cannot let it occur.
Shamas and Holden, 2019, Victor Shamas and, Oslo Metropolitan University, Work Research Institute (AFI), Oslo, Norway; Thomas Holden, Independent scholar, Oslo, Norway, 2019, Palgrave Communications, One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0218-9
One novel element in this phase of capitalism-in-space is the
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Force Space Command' satellite onboard a Falcon Heavy rocket (Erwin, 2018).
Indian space mil causes regional war and arms races
Khan and Imam 19 ~Sameer Ali Khan a and Irteza Imamb a Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS), Islamabad, Pakistan; b South Asian Strategic Stability Institute (SASSI), Islamabad, Pakistan. Astropolitics. "Outer Space and Strategic Stability in South Asia." https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14777622.2019.1578936~~
A forthcoming study identifies various differences between the Cold War and South Asian context of
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nuclear deterrent until it has developed its own adequate space-based capabilities.
Arif 19 ~Misbah Arif Lecturer in the Department of Defence and Diplomatic Studies at Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Rawalpindi, Pakistan. "Strategic Landscape of South Asia and Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space." https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14777622.2019.1578934?journalCode=fast20~~
South Asia is in part volatile because of the historical rivalry between India and Pakistan
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that keeping space free from weaponization can alleviate strategic instability in South Asia.