New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament
2
Lynbrook SY
Darius White
New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament
3
Fishers GC
X Braithwaite
New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament
5
Summit JC
Eliza Haas
Princeton Classic
1
Redlands MM
Sreeta Basu
Princeton Classic
4
Harrison AC
Nathan Frenkel
Princeton Classic
6
Princeton CB
Claudia Ribera
Sunvite
1
Lake Highland Prep AB
Abhilash Datti
Sunvite
4
Lake Highland Prep AV
Jacob Nails
Sunvite
5
Isidore Newman PJ
Nethmin Liyanage
The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Invitational
Finals
You
The Fitness Gram Pacer Test
The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Invitational
Finals
You
The Fitness Gram Pacer Test
Yale University Invitational 2021
6
Princeton ND
Owen Sayre
Yale University Invitational 2021
4
Pennsbury EH
Naomi Robles
Yale University Invitational 2021
2
Lexington AK Arun Kodumuru
Keshav Dandu
Tournament
Round
Report
BARKLEY FORUM FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
1
Opponent: Lexington AK Archit Kumar | Judge: Tyler Wood
1AC - MegaConstellations v4 1NC - T - Appropriation SpaceX PIC Heg DA 1AR - T Case PIC DA 2NR - DA Case 2AR - Case DA
BARKLEY FORUM FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
4
Opponent: Marlborough MJ | Judge: Kiarra Broadnax
1AC - MegaConstellations v5 1NC - T - Outer Space T - Appropriation SSP PIC OST CP Case 1AR - T - Appropriation T - OS Case PIC CP 2NR - PIC Case 2AR - Case PIC
BARKLEY FORUM FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
5
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Zaid Umar
1AC - MegaConstellations v6 1NC - Xi Lashout DA Mining DA Case 1AR - Case Xi DA Mining DA 2NR - Xi DA Case 2AR - Case Xi DA
New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament
2
Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Darius White
1AC - Insulin AC Disclosure 1NC - Preciado Case 1AR - Case Disclosure Preciado 2NR - Preciado Disclosure 2AR - Preciado
New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament
3
Opponent: Fishers GC | Judge: X Braithwaite
1AC - Insulin Disclosure 1NC - Innovation Econ Case 1AR - Disclosure Case 2NR - Disclosure Case Innovation Econ 2AR - Disclosure
New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament
5
Opponent: Summit JC | Judge: Eliza Haas
1AC - Insulin 1NC - Truth Testing Single-Payer NHI CP Case 1AR - Case CP TT 2NR - Case CP TT 2AR - Case CP TT
Princeton Classic
1
Opponent: Redlands MM | Judge: Sreeta Basu
1AC - Contractualism 1NC - Util Military PIC Medical PIC Econ DA Hong Kong DA Case 1AR - Case NC Offs 2NR - NC Offs 2AR - Offs NC Case
Princeton Classic
4
Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Nathan Frenkel
1AC - Contractualism 1NC - Curry Curry K Union DA Case 1AR - Curry IVI K Case 2NR - IVI K Case 2AR - same
Princeton Classic
6
Opponent: Princeton CB | Judge: Claudia Ribera
1AC - Contractualism 1NC - Set Col K Case 1AR - Case K 2NR - K Case 2AR - Case K
Sunvite
1
Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AB | Judge: Abhilash Datti
1AC - MegaConstellations 1NC - T - Appropriation SBSP DA Starlink DA Espec Case 1AR - T Espec Case SBSP DA Starlink DA 2NR - T Espec 2AR - Espec T Case
Sunvite
4
Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Jacob Nails
1AC - MegaConstellations 1NC - SBSP DA Starlink DA Space Safety Coalition CP Libertarianism NC Case 1AR - SBSP DA Starlink DA CP Case NC 1NC - NC AC 2AR - Same
1AC - MegaConstellations 1NC - Afrofuturism K Africa PIC Case 1AR - Case PIC K 1NC - PIC K IVIs 2AR - Case PIC K
The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Invitational
Finals
Opponent: You | Judge: The Fitness Gram Pacer Test
Formatting Request
The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Invitational
Finals
Opponent: You | Judge: The Fitness Gram Pacer Test
Contact Info
Yale University Invitational 2021
6
Opponent: Princeton ND | Judge: Owen Sayre
1AC - Insulin AC 1NC - Dark Deleuze K Log Con Case 1AR - Case Log Con Ode to Yesh 2NR - K Ode to Yesh 2AR - Ode to Yesh
Yale University Invitational 2021
4
Opponent: Pennsbury EH | Judge: Naomi Robles
1AC - Insulin AC 1NC - Util Innovation Unnecessary Case 1AR - Struc violence Aff topical Hijack Neg case Case 2NR - T Case Unnecessary Weighing 2AR - T Case Hijack Weighing
Yale University Invitational 2021
2
Opponent: Lexington AK Arun Kodumuru | Judge: Keshav Dandu
1AC - Insulin 1NC - Nebel Biotech DA Kant Case 1AR - All RVI 2NR - No RVIs Kant 2AR - Lying IV RVI
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
Contact Info
Tournament: The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Invitational | Round: Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Hallo! My name is Arjun Suryawanshi and I am currently a sophomore at Unionville HS.
If you are reading this because you are debating me, then good luck, and may we have a great debate!
If you are just reading this for fun, hello ig.
1/7/22
Formatting Request
Tournament: The Fitness Gram Pacer Test Invitational | Round: Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: The Fitness Gram Pacer Test If you could send docs that are highlighted in yellow or green as compared to blue that would be cool. I ain't gonna read theory on it, it's just easier for my eyes to follow/find words. Thanks!
1/7/22
JanFeb - MegaConstellations
Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AB | Judge: Abhilash Datti
1AC
Framework v1 (1:00)
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
First, pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam's razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore's challenge to hedonists. AND why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Plan
Mega-constellations being developed now
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery When completed, Starlink will include about as many satellites as there are trackable debris AND , operating under different national regulatory regimes, are soon likely to follow.
Current agreements fail
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery International Telecommunications Union = ITU National regulators such as the FCC are assigning orbital AND Until that changes, we risk multiple tragedies of the commons in space.
I affirm: The appropriation of outer space through mega-constellations by private entities is unjust.
Mega constellations overflow LEO and stress the environment
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery LEO = Low Earth Orbit Companies are placing satellites into orbit at an unprecedented AND satellites in LEO stresses the environment further5,6,7,8.
Adv 1 – Collisions
Causes chain reaction collisions that spill out
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Mega-constellations are composed of mass-produced satellites with few backup systems. AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation.
Risk will only increase
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Operators of satellite constellations are constantly forced to move their satellites because of encounters with AND in 90 of all close approaches, Lewis' calculations suggest.
Companies don't share data and rely on autonomous systems – high risk
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Lewis is concerned about the growing influence of a single actor — Starlink — on AND be and what it is going to do in the next few days."
Collisions destabilize and risk global conflict – misallocation
Breen 18 CAN THE OUTER SPACE TREATY PREVENT CONFLICTS IN ORBIT IN THE 21ST CENTURY? Nicole M. Breen Lieutenant, United States Navy BS, U.S. Naval Academy, 2013 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2018 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059769.pdfavery One of the more dangerous concerns is the idea that the world will reach " AND that has the potential to become a politically or militarily dangerous conflict.439
Goes nuclear
Johnson-Freese 17 Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor and former Chair of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and author of several books. Pg 18-19 SPACE WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY https://www.routledge.com/Space-Warfare-in-the-21st-Century-Arming-the-Heavens/Johnson-Freese/p/book/9781138693883avery, Space warfare runs two untenable risks: the creation of destructive debris and escalation to AND that it is in the adversary's interest to launch a preemptive nuclear strike.
Extinction
Starr 15 Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction By Federation of American Scientists • October 14, 2015 by Steven Starr Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; he also maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. Starr also teaches a class on the Environmental, Health and Social Effects of nuclear weapons at the University of Missouri. https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/avery While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from AND silent about the ultimate threat that nuclear war poses to the human species.
Adv 2 – Environment
The entire process of mega constellation development is environmentally disastrous
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Although failures do occur, first stages of SpaceX rockets are usually landed and re AND causing the most damage because of the hydrogen chloride and alumina they contain29.
Megaconstellations restart and spiral the ozone crisis
Pultarova 21 Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0 By Tereza Pultarova published June 07, 2021 Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmospherearjun! The aluminum from re-entering satellites also has a potential to damage the ozone AND poised to make the same type of mistake by our use of space."
Mass satellites risk destroying the magnetosphere
Coma 21 Satellite mega-constellations' mega-threats The rise of space junk and the fall of reason 23 JULY 2021, MIGUEL COMA Miguel Coma is an engineer in telecommunications and an Information Technology architect. After over two decades of professional activity in various industries, he began to write, speak and consult about our digital environmental footprint. He believes in peoples' potential to use technology wisely and create sustainable progress. https://wsimag.com/science-and-technology/66440-satellite-mega-constellations-mega-threatsavery Deploying 5G networks that use millimetre wave frequencies on the Earth's surface could significantly jam AND and interfering with the Earth's natural electromagnetic fields—have not been studied.
Ozone destruction causes extinction
University of Southampton 20 University of Southampton. "Erosion of ozone layer responsible for mass extinction event." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 May 2020. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htm. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htmavery There have been a number of mass extinction in the geological past. Only one AND particularly pleased that their research has proved to have such potentially profound implications."
Magnetic field collapse causes extinction
Osborne 19 Earth's Magnetic Field Was on the Brink of Collapse 565 Million Years Ago BY HANNAH OSBORNE ON 1/28/19 AT 11:37 AM EST Education Goldsmiths College, U. of LondonGoldsmiths College, U. of London Graphic Goldsmiths College, U. of London MAJournalism 2011 - 2012 King's College LondonKing's College London Graphic King's College London BA 2.1English Literature and Film Studies 2004 – 2007 Science Editor at Newsweek https://www.newsweek.com/earth-magnetic-field-collapse-inner-core-solid-geodynamo-solar-wind-1307659avery About 565 million years ago, the strength of Earth's magnetic field dipped to its AND the nick of time to recharge the geodynamo and save Earth's magnetic shield."
1/7/22
JanFeb - MegaConstellations v2
Tournament: Sunvite | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Jacob Nails
1AC
Framework v2
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Our framework is only concerned with minimizing death. Calc indicts don't link—my framework evaluates offense—ozone depletion is bad because as far as we know, it would cause suffering.
~1~ Death outweighs— ~a~ agents can't act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC and K and ~b~ it's the worst form of evil
Paterson 3 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics. Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that AND the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
~2~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
~3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first which is the most intuitive. That outweighs:
~A~ Parsimony – metaphysics relies on long chains of questionable claims that make conclusions less likely.
~B~ Hijacks – intuitions are inevitable since even every framework must take some unjustified assumption as a starting point.
~4~ Use epistemic modesty: ~a~ clash – disincentives debaters going all in for framework meaning we get the ideal balance between normative and applied philosophy ~b~ real world education – in real life people constantly change their minds about credence between frameworks and compare and weigh those harms ~c~ strat – makes skep triggers worthless, that's bad because they function as necessary but insufficient burdens on the aff
~5~ Reject calc indicts and util triggers permissibility arguments:
~A~ Theory—they're functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education
~B~ Morally abhorrent – it would say we have no obligation to prevent genocide and that slavery was permissible which is morally abhorrent and makes debate unsafe for minority debaters
~6~ Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Plan
Mega-constellations being developed now
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery When completed, Starlink will include about as many satellites as there are trackable debris AND , operating under different national regulatory regimes, are soon likely to follow.
Current agreements fail
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery International Telecommunications Union = ITU National regulators such as the FCC are assigning orbital AND Until that changes, we risk multiple tragedies of the commons in space.
I affirm: The appropriation of outer space through mega-constellations by private entities is unjust.
Mega constellations overflow LEO and stress the environment
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery LEO = Low Earth Orbit Companies are placing satellites into orbit at an unprecedented AND satellites in LEO stresses the environment further5,6,7,8.
Adv 1 – Collisions
Causes chain reaction collisions that spill out
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Mega-constellations are composed of mass-produced satellites with few backup systems. AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation.
Risk will only increase
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Operators of satellite constellations are constantly forced to move their satellites because of encounters with AND in 90 of all close approaches, Lewis' calculations suggest.
Companies don't share data and rely on autonomous systems – high risk
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Lewis is concerned about the growing influence of a single actor — Starlink — on AND be and what it is going to do in the next few days."
Collisions destabilize and risk global conflict – misallocation
Breen 18 CAN THE OUTER SPACE TREATY PREVENT CONFLICTS IN ORBIT IN THE 21ST CENTURY? Nicole M. Breen Lieutenant, United States Navy BS, U.S. Naval Academy, 2013 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2018 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059769.pdfavery One of the more dangerous concerns is the idea that the world will reach " AND that has the potential to become a politically or militarily dangerous conflict.439
Goes nuclear
Johnson-Freese 17 Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor and former Chair of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and author of several books. Pg 18-19 SPACE WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY https://www.routledge.com/Space-Warfare-in-the-21st-Century-Arming-the-Heavens/Johnson-Freese/p/book/9781138693883avery, Space warfare runs two untenable risks: the creation of destructive debris and escalation to AND that it is in the adversary's interest to launch a preemptive nuclear strike.
Extinction
Starr 15 Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction By Federation of American Scientists • October 14, 2015 by Steven Starr Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; he also maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. Starr also teaches a class on the Environmental, Health and Social Effects of nuclear weapons at the University of Missouri. https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/avery While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from AND silent about the ultimate threat that nuclear war poses to the human species.
Adv 2 – Environment
The entire process of mega constellation development is environmentally disastrous
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Although failures do occur, first stages of SpaceX rockets are usually landed and re AND causing the most damage because of the hydrogen chloride and alumina they contain29.
Megaconstellations restart and spiral the ozone crisis
Pultarova 21 Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0 By Tereza Pultarova published June 07, 2021 Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmospherearjun! The aluminum from re-entering satellites also has a potential to damage the ozone AND poised to make the same type of mistake by our use of space."
Mass satellites risk destroying the magnetosphere
Coma 21 Satellite mega-constellations' mega-threats The rise of space junk and the fall of reason 23 JULY 2021, MIGUEL COMA Miguel Coma is an engineer in telecommunications and an Information Technology architect. After over two decades of professional activity in various industries, he began to write, speak and consult about our digital environmental footprint. He believes in peoples' potential to use technology wisely and create sustainable progress. https://wsimag.com/science-and-technology/66440-satellite-mega-constellations-mega-threatsavery Deploying 5G networks that use millimetre wave frequencies on the Earth's surface could significantly jam AND and interfering with the Earth's natural electromagnetic fields—have not been studied.
Ozone destruction causes extinction
University of Southampton 20 University of Southampton. "Erosion of ozone layer responsible for mass extinction event." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 May 2020. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htm. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htmavery There have been a number of mass extinction in the geological past. Only one AND particularly pleased that their research has proved to have such potentially profound implications."
Magnetic field collapse causes extinction
Osborne 19 Earth's Magnetic Field Was on the Brink of Collapse 565 Million Years Ago BY HANNAH OSBORNE ON 1/28/19 AT 11:37 AM EST Education Goldsmiths College, U. of LondonGoldsmiths College, U. of London Graphic Goldsmiths College, U. of London MAJournalism 2011 - 2012 King's College LondonKing's College London Graphic King's College London BA 2.1English Literature and Film Studies 2004 – 2007 Science Editor at Newsweek https://www.newsweek.com/earth-magnetic-field-collapse-inner-core-solid-geodynamo-solar-wind-1307659avery About 565 million years ago, the strength of Earth's magnetic field dipped to its AND the nick of time to recharge the geodynamo and save Earth's magnetic shield."
Underview
Space Based Solar Power won't be coming in the near future
Katete, Esthere. (December 17 2021) "Space-Based Solar Power: The Future Source of Energy?"https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2020/02/space-based-solar-power LHP BT + LHP PS While space-based solar power is an innovative concept, we are not able AND D efforts to ensure little to no energy is lost during the process.
1AR theory is legit, k2 checking back abuse. NC theory is RVI, aff has 7 min while neg gets 13 for theory and the 1ar is impossible to win unless we get the ability to make offensive arguments.
Preemptive C/I – The 1AC gets to spec what form of appropriation is unjust
1~ Research – Topic lit controls research, only 4 main controversies on the topic: Satellites, Asteroid Mining, Space Weapons, Space Settlements. Spec generates better clash over specific controversies within the topic that forces topic research. Turns education and solves clash and limits.
2~ PICs – No spec means aff loses to hyper specific PICs that we can't leverage the aff against. Turns clash and fairness, can never engage PICs offensively since they can be out of anything in the topic, not just the 1AC. Means reading as whole rez doesn't solve any of the offense.
First, pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam's razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore's challenge to hedonists. AND why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Plan
Mega-constellations being developed now
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery When completed, Starlink will include about as many satellites as there are trackable debris AND , operating under different national regulatory regimes, are soon likely to follow.
Current agreements fail
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery International Telecommunications Union = ITU National regulators such as the FCC are assigning orbital AND Until that changes, we risk multiple tragedies of the commons in space.
I affirm: The appropriation of outer space through mega-constellations by private entities is unjust.
Mega constellations overflow LEO and stress the environment
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery LEO = Low Earth Orbit Companies are placing satellites into orbit at an unprecedented AND satellites in LEO stresses the environment further5,6,7,8.
Adv 1 – Collisions
Causes chain reaction collisions that spill out
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Mega-constellations are composed of mass-produced satellites with few backup systems. AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation.
Risk will only increase
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Operators of satellite constellations are constantly forced to move their satellites because of encounters with AND in 90 of all close approaches, Lewis' calculations suggest.
Companies don't share data and rely on autonomous systems – high risk
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Lewis is concerned about the growing influence of a single actor — Starlink — on AND be and what it is going to do in the next few days."
Collisions destabilize and risk global conflict – misallocation
Breen 18 CAN THE OUTER SPACE TREATY PREVENT CONFLICTS IN ORBIT IN THE 21ST CENTURY? Nicole M. Breen Lieutenant, United States Navy BS, U.S. Naval Academy, 2013 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2018 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059769.pdfavery One of the more dangerous concerns is the idea that the world will reach " AND that has the potential to become a politically or militarily dangerous conflict.439
Goes nuclear
Johnson-Freese 17 Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor and former Chair of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and author of several books. Pg 18-19 SPACE WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY https://www.routledge.com/Space-Warfare-in-the-21st-Century-Arming-the-Heavens/Johnson-Freese/p/book/9781138693883avery, Space warfare runs two untenable risks: the creation of destructive debris and escalation to AND that it is in the adversary's interest to launch a preemptive nuclear strike.
Extinction
Starr 15 Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction By Federation of American Scientists • October 14, 2015 by Steven Starr Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; he also maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. Starr also teaches a class on the Environmental, Health and Social Effects of nuclear weapons at the University of Missouri. https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/avery While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from AND silent about the ultimate threat that nuclear war poses to the human species.
Adv 2 – Environment
The entire process of mega constellation development is environmentally disastrous
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Although failures do occur, first stages of SpaceX rockets are usually landed and re AND causing the most damage because of the hydrogen chloride and alumina they contain29.
Megaconstellations restart and spiral the ozone crisis
Pultarova 21 Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0 By Tereza Pultarova published June 07, 2021 Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmospherearjun! The aluminum from re-entering satellites also has a potential to damage the ozone AND poised to make the same type of mistake by our use of space."
Mass satellites risk destroying the magnetosphere
Coma 21 Satellite mega-constellations' mega-threats The rise of space junk and the fall of reason 23 JULY 2021, MIGUEL COMA Miguel Coma is an engineer in telecommunications and an Information Technology architect. After over two decades of professional activity in various industries, he began to write, speak and consult about our digital environmental footprint. He believes in peoples' potential to use technology wisely and create sustainable progress. https://wsimag.com/science-and-technology/66440-satellite-mega-constellations-mega-threatsavery Deploying 5G networks that use millimetre wave frequencies on the Earth's surface could significantly jam AND and interfering with the Earth's natural electromagnetic fields—have not been studied.
Ozone destruction causes extinction
University of Southampton 20 University of Southampton. "Erosion of ozone layer responsible for mass extinction event." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 May 2020. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htm. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htmavery There have been a number of mass extinction in the geological past. Only one AND particularly pleased that their research has proved to have such potentially profound implications."
Magnetic field collapse causes extinction
Osborne 19 Earth's Magnetic Field Was on the Brink of Collapse 565 Million Years Ago BY HANNAH OSBORNE ON 1/28/19 AT 11:37 AM EST Education Goldsmiths College, U. of LondonGoldsmiths College, U. of London Graphic Goldsmiths College, U. of London MAJournalism 2011 - 2012 King's College LondonKing's College London Graphic King's College London BA 2.1English Literature and Film Studies 2004 – 2007 Science Editor at Newsweek https://www.newsweek.com/earth-magnetic-field-collapse-inner-core-solid-geodynamo-solar-wind-1307659avery About 565 million years ago, the strength of Earth's magnetic field dipped to its AND the nick of time to recharge the geodynamo and save Earth's magnetic shield."
Underview –
Megaconstellations erase native spiritual and scientific ways of gaining knowledge, propagating astrocolonialism, you cannot defend megaconstellations
Ferreira, Becky. "SpaceX's Satellite Megaconstellations Are Astrocolonialism, Indigenous Advocates Say." Vice.com, 24 July 2020, www.vice.com/en/article/k78mnz/spacexs-satellite-megaconstellations-are-astrocolonialism-indigenous-advocates-say. Accessed 8 Jan. 2022. Every time you go outside on a clear night to gaze at the constellations strewn AND discovery, teaching, and our ability to find ourselves in the universe."
1/8/22
JanFeb - MegaConstellations v4
Tournament: BARKLEY FORUM FOR HIGH SCHOOLS | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington AK Archit Kumar | Judge: Tyler Wood
1AC
Framework
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
First, pleasure and pain have intrinsic value
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam's razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore's challenge to hedonists. AND why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Plan
Mega-constellations being developed now
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery When completed, Starlink will include about as many satellites as there are trackable debris AND , operating under different national regulatory regimes, are soon likely to follow.
Current agreements fail
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery International Telecommunications Union = ITU National regulators such as the FCC are assigning orbital AND Until that changes, we risk multiple tragedies of the commons in space.
I affirm: The appropriation of outer space through mega-constellations by private entities is unjust.
Mega constellations overflow LEO and stress the environment
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery LEO = Low Earth Orbit Companies are placing satellites into orbit at an unprecedented AND satellites in LEO stresses the environment further5,6,7,8.
Adv 1 – Collisions
Causes chain reaction collisions that spill out
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Mega-constellations are composed of mass-produced satellites with few backup systems. AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation.
Risk will only increase
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Operators of satellite constellations are constantly forced to move their satellites because of encounters with AND in 90 of all close approaches, Lewis' calculations suggest.
Companies don't share data and rely on autonomous systems – high risk
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Lewis is concerned about the growing influence of a single actor — Starlink — on AND be and what it is going to do in the next few days."
Collisions destabilize and risk global conflict – misallocation
Breen 18 CAN THE OUTER SPACE TREATY PREVENT CONFLICTS IN ORBIT IN THE 21ST CENTURY? Nicole M. Breen Lieutenant, United States Navy BS, U.S. Naval Academy, 2013 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2018 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059769.pdfavery One of the more dangerous concerns is the idea that the world will reach " AND that has the potential to become a politically or militarily dangerous conflict.439
Goes nuclear
Johnson-Freese 17 Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor and former Chair of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and author of several books. Pg 18-19 SPACE WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY https://www.routledge.com/Space-Warfare-in-the-21st-Century-Arming-the-Heavens/Johnson-Freese/p/book/9781138693883avery, Space warfare runs two untenable risks: the creation of destructive debris and escalation to AND that it is in the adversary's interest to launch a preemptive nuclear strike.
Extinction
Starr 15 Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction By Federation of American Scientists • October 14, 2015 by Steven Starr Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; he also maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. Starr also teaches a class on the Environmental, Health and Social Effects of nuclear weapons at the University of Missouri. https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/avery While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from AND silent about the ultimate threat that nuclear war poses to the human species.
Adv 2 – Environment
The entire process of mega constellation development is environmentally disastrous
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Although failures do occur, first stages of SpaceX rockets are usually landed and re AND causing the most damage because of the hydrogen chloride and alumina they contain29.
Megaconstellations restart and spiral the ozone crisis
Pultarova 21 Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0 By Tereza Pultarova published June 07, 2021 Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmospherearjun! The aluminum from re-entering satellites also has a potential to damage the ozone AND poised to make the same type of mistake by our use of space."
Mass satellites risk destroying the magnetosphere
Coma 21 Satellite mega-constellations' mega-threats The rise of space junk and the fall of reason 23 JULY 2021, MIGUEL COMA Miguel Coma is an engineer in telecommunications and an Information Technology architect. After over two decades of professional activity in various industries, he began to write, speak and consult about our digital environmental footprint. He believes in peoples' potential to use technology wisely and create sustainable progress. https://wsimag.com/science-and-technology/66440-satellite-mega-constellations-mega-threatsavery Deploying 5G networks that use millimetre wave frequencies on the Earth's surface could significantly jam AND and interfering with the Earth's natural electromagnetic fields—have not been studied.
Ozone destruction causes extinction
University of Southampton 20 University of Southampton. "Erosion of ozone layer responsible for mass extinction event." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 May 2020. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htm. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htmavery There have been a number of mass extinction in the geological past. Only one AND particularly pleased that their research has proved to have such potentially profound implications."
Magnetic field collapse causes extinction
Osborne 19 Earth's Magnetic Field Was on the Brink of Collapse 565 Million Years Ago BY HANNAH OSBORNE ON 1/28/19 AT 11:37 AM EST Education Goldsmiths College, U. of LondonGoldsmiths College, U. of London Graphic Goldsmiths College, U. of London MAJournalism 2011 - 2012 King's College LondonKing's College London Graphic King's College London BA 2.1English Literature and Film Studies 2004 – 2007 Science Editor at Newsweek https://www.newsweek.com/earth-magnetic-field-collapse-inner-core-solid-geodynamo-solar-wind-1307659avery About 565 million years ago, the strength of Earth's magnetic field dipped to its AND the nick of time to recharge the geodynamo and save Earth's magnetic shield."
Underview –
1~ Aff gets 1AR theory, k2 checking 1nc abuse and neg can be infinitely abusive otherwise
2~ 1AR theory outweighs, aff has to respond to 7 min of possible abuse, if NC theory o/ws neg can run tons of shells and uplayer so the aff can't possibly win from the 1ar
3~ No new 2NR shells, 6/3 time skew means aff loses every time and 6/4 skew means neg can check any 1ar abuse with defense/collapsing on some turn
4~ Reasonability on T
a~ T/Theory never sets norms, nobody will change their strat based on the outcome of this round
b~ Reasonability isn't arbitrary, arguing why the aff was abusive in this specific round solves, literally debate why you win so the judge doesn't intervene
1/28/22
JanFeb - MegaConstellations v5
Tournament: BARKLEY FORUM FOR HIGH SCHOOLS | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marlborough MJ | Judge: Kiarra Broadnax same as v4
1/29/22
JanFeb - MegaConstellations v6
Tournament: BARKLEY FORUM FOR HIGH SCHOOLS | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Zaid Umar
1AC
Framework
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
First, Pleasure and pain have intrinsic value
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam's razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore's challenge to hedonists. AND why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Plan
Mega-constellations being developed now
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery When completed, Starlink will include about as many satellites as there are trackable debris AND , operating under different national regulatory regimes, are soon likely to follow.
Current agreements fail
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery International Telecommunications Union = ITU National regulators such as the FCC are assigning orbital AND Until that changes, we risk multiple tragedies of the commons in space.
I affirm: The appropriation of outer space through mega-constellations by private entities is unjust.
Ill defend outer space as beyond the Karman line
Helmenstine, Anne. "Where Does Space Begin? The Kármán Line." Science Notes and Projects, 25 Apr. 2021, sciencenotes.org/where-does-space-begin/. Accessed 29 Jan. 2022.
Where does the Earth's atmosphere end and space begin? The answer depends AND sea level. Here's a look at different answers about where space begins.
Mega constellations overflow LEO and stress the environment
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery LEO = Low Earth Orbit Companies are placing satellites into orbit at an unprecedented AND satellites in LEO stresses the environment further5,6,7,8.
Adv 1 – Collisions
Causes chain reaction collisions that spill out
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Mega-constellations are composed of mass-produced satellites with few backup systems. AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation.
Risk will only increase
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Operators of satellite constellations are constantly forced to move their satellites because of encounters with AND in 90 of all close approaches, Lewis' calculations suggest.
Companies don't share data and rely on autonomous systems – high risk
Pultarova 21 SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says By Tereza Pultarova published August 18, 2021 Starlink satellites might soon be involved in 90 of close encounters between two spacecraft in low Earth orbit. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. avery Lewis is concerned about the growing influence of a single actor — Starlink — on AND be and what it is going to do in the next few days."
Collisions destabilize and risk global conflict – misallocation
Breen 18 CAN THE OUTER SPACE TREATY PREVENT CONFLICTS IN ORBIT IN THE 21ST CENTURY? Nicole M. Breen Lieutenant, United States Navy BS, U.S. Naval Academy, 2013 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2018 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059769.pdfavery One of the more dangerous concerns is the idea that the world will reach " AND that has the potential to become a politically or militarily dangerous conflict.439
Goes nuclear
Johnson-Freese 17 Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor and former Chair of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and author of several books. Pg 18-19 SPACE WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY https://www.routledge.com/Space-Warfare-in-the-21st-Century-Arming-the-Heavens/Johnson-Freese/p/book/9781138693883avery, Space warfare runs two untenable risks: the creation of destructive debris and escalation to AND that it is in the adversary's interest to launch a preemptive nuclear strike.
Extinction
Starr 15 Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction By Federation of American Scientists • October 14, 2015 by Steven Starr Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; he also maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. Starr also teaches a class on the Environmental, Health and Social Effects of nuclear weapons at the University of Missouri. https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/avery While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from AND silent about the ultimate threat that nuclear war poses to the human species.
Adv 2 – Environment
The entire process of mega constellation development is environmentally disastrous
Boley and Byers 21 Boley, A.C., Byers, M. Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth. Sci Rep 11, 10642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~#citeas Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Aaron C. Boley Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Michael Byers avery Although failures do occur, first stages of SpaceX rockets are usually landed and re AND causing the most damage because of the hydrogen chloride and alumina they contain29.
Megaconstellations restart and spiral the ozone crisis
Pultarova 21 Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0 By Tereza Pultarova published June 07, 2021 Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency. https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmospherearjun! The aluminum from re-entering satellites also has a potential to damage the ozone AND poised to make the same type of mistake by our use of space."
Mass satellites risk destroying the magnetosphere
Coma 21 Satellite mega-constellations' mega-threats The rise of space junk and the fall of reason 23 JULY 2021, MIGUEL COMA Miguel Coma is an engineer in telecommunications and an Information Technology architect. After over two decades of professional activity in various industries, he began to write, speak and consult about our digital environmental footprint. He believes in peoples' potential to use technology wisely and create sustainable progress. https://wsimag.com/science-and-technology/66440-satellite-mega-constellations-mega-threatsavery Deploying 5G networks that use millimetre wave frequencies on the Earth's surface could significantly jam AND and interfering with the Earth's natural electromagnetic fields—have not been studied.
Ozone destruction causes extinction
University of Southampton 20 University of Southampton. "Erosion of ozone layer responsible for mass extinction event." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 May 2020. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htm. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200527150158.htmavery There have been a number of mass extinction in the geological past. Only one AND particularly pleased that their research has proved to have such potentially profound implications."
Magnetic field collapse causes extinction
Osborne 19 Earth's Magnetic Field Was on the Brink of Collapse 565 Million Years Ago BY HANNAH OSBORNE ON 1/28/19 AT 11:37 AM EST Education Goldsmiths College, U. of LondonGoldsmiths College, U. of London Graphic Goldsmiths College, U. of London MAJournalism 2011 - 2012 King's College LondonKing's College London Graphic King's College London BA 2.1English Literature and Film Studies 2004 – 2007 Science Editor at Newsweek https://www.newsweek.com/earth-magnetic-field-collapse-inner-core-solid-geodynamo-solar-wind-1307659avery About 565 million years ago, the strength of Earth's magnetic field dipped to its AND the nick of time to recharge the geodynamo and save Earth's magnetic shield."
Underview –
1~ Aff gets 1AR theory, k2 checking 1nc abuse and neg can be infinitely abusive otherwise
2~ 1AR theory outweighs, aff has to respond to 7 min of possible abuse, if NC theory o/ws neg can run tons of shells and uplayer so the aff can't possibly win from the 1ar
3~ No new 2NR shells, 6/3 time skew means aff loses every time and 6/4 skew means neg can check any 1ar abuse with defense/collapsing on some turn
4~ Reasonability on T
a~ T/Theory never sets norms, nobody will change their strat based on the outcome of this round
b~ Reasonability isn't arbitrary, arguing why the aff was abusive in this specific round solves, literally debate why you win so the judge doesn't intervene
c~ talking about random norms kills the edu value of this round since we will never use theory knowledge, but learning about space law and megaconstellations gives edu
d~ Deters friv theory, NC needs a real abuse story to win now instead of winning random norms
e~ T calls out my aff's debatability, not similar hypothetical affs, so I should only have to defend why my aff is educational/fair, not why all similar affs are too
1 All moral decisions depend on interpersonal moral justifications through our ability to formulate and reject normative judgments that rely on practical reason. Mardellat 18 Victor Mardellat Doctorant (EHESS - CESPRA) Notice published on 10-08-2018 Last modified on 05-29-2019 DOI : https://doi.org/10.26095/3fqq-9378https://www.politika.io/en/notice/rightness-as-justifiability-thomas-scanlons-moral-contractualismavery For Scanlon, the value of human beings stems from their rationality, that is AND is important to insist first on the appeal of relationships of mutual justifiability.
Absent interpersonal justification for the justifiability of our actions our actions become unjustifiable. We only justify actions to ourselves through the practical reason of interpersonal justifications if our action can be agreed upon by others. All other ethical formulations fail to capture how reason is not isolated in the self, but is rather found in the agreement between others of our action. Otherwise we would have no basis or confidence in our own reason for justification, meaning other ethical frameworks can never formulate the reason behind reason of our actions.
2 Principles must not be able to be reasonably rejected in order to be justifiable. Objections to principles generate the ability to choose between principles and value personal objections against each other and weigh ethical action. Actions which cannot be reasonably objected despite personal objections generate justification for ethical actions. Mardellat 2 Victor Mardellat Doctorant (EHESS - CESPRA) Notice published on 10-08-2018 Last modified on 05-29-2019 DOI : https://doi.org/10.26095/3fqq-9378https://www.politika.io/en/notice/rightness-as-justifiability-thomas-scanlons-moral-contractualismavery For an action to be justifiable, the principle authorizing it should be such that AND into the deliberation the very type of judgement we are seeking to test.
3 All persons have a right to justification. Asking why we value rights cedes a right to justification for those rights and recognition of the others right to have rights – all rights entail a logically prior right to justification for those rights in the first place. Borman 16 Contractualism and the Right to Strike David A. Borman1 Published online: 8 April 2016 Department of Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics, Nipissing University, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11158-015-9316-8.pdfavery One final and important point: Contractualists agree that persons have a right to justification AND right to have rights will be especially important in the argument that follows.
Thus prefer the standard of an adherence to the justifiability or non-rejectifiability of actions–
Prefer Additionally -
1 Contractualism makes up for the failures of consequentialism in various instances Mardellat 3 Victor Mardellat Doctorant (EHESS - CESPRA) Notice published on 10-08-2018 Last modified on 05-29-2019 DOI : https://doi.org/10.26095/3fqq-9378https://www.politika.io/en/notice/rightness-as-justifiability-thomas-scanlons-moral-contractualismavery, bracketed for gendered language Consequentialists hold that, to know how to act, it suffices to look at AND fall back on consequentialist reasoning? That is the challenge contractualism sets itself.
2 Performativity – We agreed to a set amount of time for prep, not because it was consistent with the will of the sovereign or the categorical imperative or that it maximized expected wellbeing, we did it because we both cannot reasonably reject the time. If it was too long or short then any one of us might not be able to adequately participate in the debate, giving a reasonable reason to object. Following the rules of this debate round concedes that we should follow rules nobody could reasonably reject.
Offense
I affirm: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. *Pre-round and CX checks for any definitions, I disclosed, its your fault for not looking at the doc, and you likely never asked me to specify definitions in the 1AC anyway so this is terminal defense.
1 The right to self-determination is a second-order moral right and is therefore logically prior to other rights – granting the right to strike to be presumptively legitimate Borman 2 Contractualism and the Right to Strike David A. Borman1 Published online: 8 April 2016 Department of Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics, Nipissing University, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11158-015-9316-8.pdfavery The forms of contractualism I have in mind are also and importantly forms of metaethical AND understood contractualist framework, the right to strike enjoys pro tanto or presumptive legitimacy
2 The right to strike is simply an extension of the right to self-determination Borman 3 Contractualism and the Right to Strike David A. Borman1 Published online: 8 April 2016 Department of Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics, Nipissing University, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11158-015-9316-8.pdfarjun! There are two things to say about this as it relates to a putative right AND reflected in asymmetrical property relations and the legal institutionalization of the capitalist firm.
3 Striking is a form of economic self-determination, and similar to the right to freedom of expression, is justified even if the specific expression or strike isn’t Borman 4 Contractualism and the Right to Strike David A. Borman1 Published online: 8 April 2016 Department of Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics, Nipissing University, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11158-015-9316-8.pdfarjun! By striking, workers declare their right to self-determination within economic life, AND , as a protest against the structural domination of the capitalist labour market.
4 The right to strike is justified by its ability to justify itself through the reasonability to demand such a right. It relies on a meta-ethical justification through the right to rights since the principle of self-determination behind the strikes is not reasonably objectionable. Even if the individual strike isn’t justified and can be disallowed, the right to strike is justified universally. Borman 5 Contractualism and the Right to Strike David A. Borman1 Published online: 8 April 2016 Department of Political Science, Philosophy, and Economics, Nipissing University, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11158-015-9316-8.pdfavery Thus, rather than being a question of applied ethics, the issues raised by AND the entire sequence of interactions is reduced to a question of mere power.
12/4/21
NovDec - Contractualism v2
Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Nathan Frenkel will do later sorry am in a rush check OS
12/4/21
NovDec - Contractualism v3
Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: 6 | Opponent: Princeton CB | Judge: Claudia Ribera same as v2
12/5/21
SeptOct - Insulin AC
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington AK Arun Kodumuru | Judge: Keshav Dandu idk how to use cites yet, check OS
1/28/22
SeptOct - Insulin AC v2
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pennsbury EH | Judge: Naomi Robles idk how to use cites yet, check OS
12/3/21
SeptOct - Insulin AC v3
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Princeton ND | Judge: Owen Sayre idk how to use cites yet, check OS
12/3/21
SeptOct - Insulin AC v4
Tournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Darius White still haven't learned cites, check OS
10/16/21
SeptOct - Insulin AC v5
Tournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fishers GC | Judge: X Braithwaite still haven't learned cites, check OS
10/16/21
SeptOct - Insulin AC v6
Tournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Summit JC | Judge: Eliza Haas still learning cites lol check OS