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| NSD Camp Tournament | 2 | AzbelKalaria Miller Roberts | John Sims |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 3 | AzbelKalaria Bryan Shi | Sesh Joe |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | Doubles | JoshiPlat Jayden Bai | Sam Azbel - Rohit Lakshman - Jayanne Forrest |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 6 | GedelaSiegel Avik Garg | Rohit Lakshman |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Contact | Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation Last modified by Karan Shah on 20210707 1938 |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 2 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Miller Roberts | Judge: John Sims 1ac-stock |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 3 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Bryan Shi | Judge: Sesh Joe 1ac-existentialism |
| NSD Camp Tournament | Doubles | Opponent: JoshiPlat Jayden Bai | Judge: Sam Azbel - Rohit Lakshman - Jayanne Forrest 1ac-Kant |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 6 | Opponent: GedelaSiegel Avik Garg | Judge: Rohit Lakshman 1ac-china Changes to Disad are on osource - don't know why cite isnt working |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
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0 - Contact InfoTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation | 7/8/21 |
0 - Content WarningsTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation | 7/8/21 |
0 - NavigationTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation For Kritikal Positions I will try to update what Affirmative the links are contextual to. | 7/8/21 |
1 - Theory - Flex Standards BadTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Bryan Shi | Judge: Sesh Joe 3Interpretation – Debaters may not read affirming or negating is harder arguments. To clarify, these are reasons either side is harder absent context in the round.Violation – Underview 4 point and I don’t violate – all my arguments on aff flex are defensiveThe standard is norming – These arguments encourage terrible theory norms since you can read them in response to any shell which allows you to avoid justifying a specific practice that is good which means we can never come to any conclusions about specific norms of the activity; this is infinite abuse since you never have to defend your practice and can just prep the shit out of each side is harder and be as abusive as possible.Aff flex is false: 1~ we both have 13 minutes 2~ you can do drills and spread faster 3~ you have infinite prep for a perfect 1ar 4~ forces you to critically think.D. VoterFairness is a voter—debate is a competitive activity that requires objective evaluation. Education is a voter – it is the terminal impact of debate. Drop the debater—the abuse has already occurred and my time allocation has shifted—also the shell indicts your whole aff—justifies severance which skews my strat. Use competing interps—leads to a race to the top since we figure out the best possible norm and avoids judge intervention since there’s a clear briteline. No RVIs—a. Baiting—they’ll just bait theory and prep it out—justifies infinite abuse and results in a chilling effectb. its not logical—you don’t reward them for meeting the burden of being fair, especially on T debate where definitions are objective while your interp is subjective. Logic is a meta constraint on all args because it definitionally determines whether an argument is valid. | 7/8/21 |
2 - NC - UtilTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Bryan Shi | Judge: Sesh Joe 1Permissibility and presumption negate – ~a~ the resolution indicates the aff has to prove an obligation, and permissibility would deny the existence of an obligation ~b~ Statements are more often false than true because any part can be false. This means you negate if there is no offense because the resolution is probably false.The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ No intent foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 AND against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere. 2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. AND notion of legal standing will outstrip the power relations that ground Pettit’s theory. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 5~ Reject calc indicts(sorry becca):A~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education | 7/8/21 |
2 - NC - Util v2Tournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: Doubles | Opponent: JoshiPlat Jayden Bai | Judge: Sam Azbel - Rohit Lakshman - Jayanne Forrest 1Permissibility and presumption negate – ~a~ the resolution indicates the aff has to prove an obligation, and permissibility would deny the existence of an obligation ~b~ Statements are more often false than true because any part can be false. This means you negate if there is no offense because the resolution is probably false.The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ No intent foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 AND against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere. 2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. AND notion of legal standing will outstrip the power relations that ground Pettit’s theory. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 5~ Reject calc indicts:A~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education6~ Only moral naturalism can explain the influence of moral facts on the physical world – ethics must be understood a posteriori.Papineau David ~Professor of Philosophy King's College London~, First published Thu Feb 22, 2007; substantive revision Tue Mar 31, 2020 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/~~#MorFac AND conceptual gap, not a metaphysical one (Ridge 2014: Section 2). | 7/9/21 |
NSD - CP - Interstate CompactsTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Miller Roberts | Judge: John Sims 1Counterplan text: All just governments except for the United States should recognize a right to strike.The fifty states and appropriate territories of the United States should ratify a cooperative horizontal federalism model interstate compact to recognize an unconditional right to strike.The counterplan solves and creates a cooperative horizontal federalism model – the perm also failsHall, 6 ~Noah D., Assistant Professor, Wayne State University Law School, "Toward a New Horizontal Federal Interstate Water Management in the Great Lakes Region," https://www.greatlakeslaw.org/blog/files/Hall'Colorado.pdf, Corrigan~ AND interstate environmental protection creates a third option to federal and individual state policymaking. Try or die – Status quo spillovers make conflict inevitableErbsen, 8 ~Allan, Associate Professor, University of Minnesota Law School. Visiting Associate Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, "Horizontal Federalism," University of Minnesota Law Review, https://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Erbsen'mlr.pdf, Corrigan~ AND thus a framework must exist to manage conflict before it undermines national stability. Lack of new horizontal federalism framework undermines national stability and escalates conflictGerken and Holtzblatt, 14 ~Heather K., "Dean and Sol and Lillian Goldman Professor of Law at Yale Law School, and Ari, Partner, Wilmer Hale, practice focuses on appellate and government and public policy litigation, "The Political Safeguards of Horizontal Federalism," Michigan Law Review, p. Jstor, Corrigan~ AND the representatives of one state's citizens to tell another's what to do.53 Internal war escalates and turns biological and nuclearDonahue 2018 ~Chris, Editor for the Carolina Political Review, Guns will not save us from Tyranny, Carolina Political Review, March 31, https://www.carolinapoliticalreview.org/editorial-content/2018/3/31/guns-will-not-save-us-from-tyranny, Abe Corrigan~ AND . There just aren’t enough bulldozers to scrape the bodies off the streets." | 7/8/21 |
NSD - CP - Warming AdvTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Miller Roberts | Judge: John Sims 4CP Text: a just government should –- Eliminate the use of fossil fuels.- Eliminate their production subsidies for fossil fuelsThat reduces foreign energy dependence and kickstarts a renewable revolution.Monasterolo 19 Irene Monasterolo ~Irene Monasterolo is a development economist with experience in policy monitoring and evaluation; institutional capacity building; governance of evidence-based sustainability policies; complex system thinking for modelling the resource-climate nexus; green fiscal and monetary policies for financing the green economy; and adaptation tools for building agricultural resilience to climate change, focusing on food risk and climate adaptation. She has worked as a scientist in academia, as an economist for consulting companies, as a consultant for the World Bank. She is currently Assistant Professor of Climate Economics and Finance at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and a Visiting Scholar with Stanford Energy's Sustainable Finance Initiative. She holds a PhD in Agri-food economics and statistics from the University of Bologna (IT) and held a post-doc at the Global Sustainability Institute in Cambridge (UK) focused on modelling the impact of resource constraints on global growth and political instability.~ and Marco Raberto ~Associate Professor of Business and Management Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy~ (2019). The impact of phasing out fossil fuel subsidies on the low-carbon transition. Energy Policy, 124, 355–370. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.051 ash AND scenario to the real economy, green capital investments and the credit market. | 7/8/21 |
NSD - DA - EconTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: GedelaSiegel Avik Garg | Judge: Rohit Lakshman 2The Global Economy is stabilizing and set for increases in 2021 but is still vulnerable to shocksWorld Bank 6-8 6-8-2021 "The Global Economy: on Track for Strong but Uneven Growth as COVID-19 Still Weighs" https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs AND continues to flare, it will shape the path of global economic activity. Strikes hurt the Economy – two warrants:1~ They hurt critical core industries that is necessary for economic growthMcElroy 19 John McElroy 10-25-2019 "Strikes Hurt Everybody" https://www.wardsauto.com/ideaxchange/strikes-hurt-everybody (MPA at McCombs school of Business) AND be a better way to get workers a raise without torching the countryside. 2~ Strikes create a stigmatization effect over labor and consumption that devastates the EconomyTenza 20, Mlungisi. "The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa." Obiter 41.3 (2020): 519-537. (Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal) AND with a GDP declined by 0.72 and 0.78.32 Economic Collapse goes Nuclear.Tønnesson 15, Stein. "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace." International Area Studies Review 18.3 (2015): 297-311. (the Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Peace research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway) AND each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene. | 7/9/21 |
NSD - DA - InnovationTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Miller Roberts | Judge: John Sims 2Global tech innovation high now.Mercury News et al 6/4 ~Mercury News and East Bay Times Editorial Boards, June 4, 2021, "Editorial: How America can Win the Global Tech War" https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/06/04/editorial-why-silicon-valley-needs-endless-frontier-bill/ gord0~ AND investments in research and development that will spark the next wave of innovation. Violent strike efforts are increasing – they slow innovation, specifically in the tech sector.Hanasoge 16 ~Chaithra; Senior Research Analyst, Market Researcher, Consumer Insights, Strategy Consulting; "The Union Strikes: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly," Supply Wisdom; April/June 2016 (Doesn’t specifically say but this is the most recent event is cites); https://www.supplywisdom.com/resources/the-union-strikes-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/~~ Justin AND in a city like Kolkata, which carries a strong trade union culture. Victories like the aff mobilizes unions in the IT sector.Vynck et al 21 ~Gerrit De; Carleton University, BA in Journalism and Global Politics, tech reporter for The Washington Post. He writes about Google and the algorithms that increasingly shape society. He previously covered tech for seven years at Bloomberg News; Nitashu Tiku; Columbia University, BA in English, New York University, MA in Journalism, Washington Post's tech culture reporter based in San Francisco; Macalester College, BA in English, Columbia University, MS in Journalism, reporter for The Washington Post who is focused on technology coverage in the Pacific Northwest; "Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech," The Washington Post; https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/26/tech-unions-explainer/~~ Justin AND as the PRO Act, to recognize gig worker collectives as real unions. Technological innovation solves every existential threat – which outweighs.Matthews 18 Dylan. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good AND far future, then effective altruism just becomes plain ol’ do-goodery. | 7/8/21 |
NSD - DA - Innovation v2Tournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Bryan Shi | Judge: Sesh Joe 2Global tech innovation high now.Mercury News et al 6/4 ~Mercury News and East Bay Times Editorial Boards, June 4, 2021, "Editorial: How America can Win the Global Tech War" https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/06/04/editorial-why-silicon-valley-needs-endless-frontier-bill/ gord0~ AND investments in research and development that will spark the next wave of innovation. Violent strike efforts are increasing – they slow innovation, specifically in the tech sector.Hanasoge 16 ~Chaithra; Senior Research Analyst, Market Researcher, Consumer Insights, Strategy Consulting; "The Union Strikes: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly," Supply Wisdom; April/June 2016 (Doesn’t specifically say but this is the most recent event is cites); https://www.supplywisdom.com/resources/the-union-strikes-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/~~ Justin AND in a city like Kolkata, which carries a strong trade union culture. Victories like the aff mobilizes unions in the IT sector.Vynck et al 21 ~Gerrit De; Carleton University, BA in Journalism and Global Politics, tech reporter for The Washington Post. He writes about Google and the algorithms that increasingly shape society. He previously covered tech for seven years at Bloomberg News; Nitashu Tiku; Columbia University, BA in English, New York University, MA in Journalism, Washington Post's tech culture reporter based in San Francisco; Macalester College, BA in English, Columbia University, MS in Journalism, reporter for The Washington Post who is focused on technology coverage in the Pacific Northwest; "Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech," The Washington Post; https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/26/tech-unions-explainer/~~ Justin AND as the PRO Act, to recognize gig worker collectives as real unions. Technological innovation solves every existential threat – which outweighs.Matthews 18 Dylan. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good AND far future, then effective altruism just becomes plain ol’ do-goodery. Disad turns case – tech k2 freedomMike Togle, 6-11-2018, "Freedom through Modern Technology," Pointwest, https://pointwest.com.ph/blog/twelve-freedoms-granted-by-modern-technology/ AND lately? Grab a chance to converse with us through the comments below. | 7/8/21 |
NSD - DA - Stock MarketTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: Doubles | Opponent: JoshiPlat Jayden Bai | Judge: Sam Azbel - Rohit Lakshman - Jayanne Forrest 2The stock market is booming despite corona – consumer confidence is soaring.Ziemer 21 ~Colin; New York Stock Exchange; The author may be wrong cuz it was placed under a picture so idk if it was the author or picture creds, if not assume DealBook as the author; "What is going on?" Dealbook | Business and Policy; NYTimes; 8/19/20, Updated 5/7/21; https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/19/business/dealbook/stock-market-record-high.html~~ Justin AND Biggs, Walmart’s C.F.O., said on the call. Best data proves union strike victories statistically cause stock market crash.Lee and Mas 12 ~David; Princeton University and National Bureau of Economic Research; Alexandre; Princeton University and National Bureau of Economic Research; "Long-Run Impacts of Unions on Firms: New Evidence from Financial Markets, 1961–1999," The Quarterly Journal Of Economics; February 2012; https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/127/1/333/1834007?redirectedFrom=fulltext~~ Justin AND returns for cases where the union won the election by a large margin. Crashes lead to a great depression.Rusoff 21 ~Jane; ThinkAdvisor Contributing Editor specializing in interviews with thought leaders. She has written for The New York Times, The Washington Post, USA Today and Esquire, among numerous other publications. Author/co-author of five books, Jane was a staff editor at London Express Features and Billboard’s Merchandising Magazine; "Harry Dent: ‘Biggest Crash Ever’ Likely by End of June," ThinkAdvisor; 3/10/21; https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2021/03/10/harry-dent-biggest-crash-ever-likely-by-end-of-june/~~ Justin AND economy. They’re already dead. We’ve just keeping them alive with embalming. Extinction.Liu '18 ~Qian; 11/13/18; Managing Director of Greater China for The Economist Group, previously director of the global economics unit and director of Access China for the Economist Intelligence Unit, PhD in economics from Uppsala University; "The next economic crisis could cause a global conflict. Here's why," https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/the-next-economic-crisis-could-cause-a-global-conflict-heres-why/~~ Justin AND sensible and respectful global dialogue. The alternative may well be global conflagration. | 7/9/21 |
NSD - DA - TerrorTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: AzbelKalaria Miller Roberts | Judge: John Sims 3Tech can solve infrastructure concerns but needs to be integrated – operators are key.Jacobs 5/31 ~Lionel; Senior Security Architect in the Palo Alto Networks ICS and SCADA solutions team. Coming from the asset-owner side , Lionel has spent more than 20 years working in the IT/OT environment, with a focus on ICS systems design, controls, and implementation. He was a pioneer in bridging the IT-OT security gap and implementing next-generation security into performance and safety critical process control areas. During his tenure, he successfully deployed a large scale ICS/SCADA security architecture composed of over 100 next-generation firewalls, hundreds of advanced endpoint protection clients and SIEM, distributed over dozens of remote plants and a centralized core, all based on a "Zero Trust" philosophy. Lionel graduated from Houston Baptist University with a double degree in Physics and Mathematics and has held certifications as a MCSE, CCA, CCNP, CCIP, CCNA, CSSA, and GICSP; "Critical Infrastructure Protection: Physical and Cyber Security Both Matter," eSecurity Planet; 5/31/21; https://www.esecurityplanet.com/networks/critical-infrastructure-protection-physical-cybersecurity/~~ Justin AND assume that data traffic transversing the network is free of a potential threat. Increased strikes send a clear signal to terrorists that critical US infrastructure is vulnerable by weakening organizations.Davies 6 ~Ross; George Mason University - Antonin Scalia Law School, Faculty, The Green Bag; "Strike Season: Protecting Labor-Management Conflict in the Age of Terror," SSRN; 4/12/06; https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=896185~~ Justin AND work stoppage might unwittingly facilitate a successful terrorist attack or aggravate its effects. Attacks on critical infrastructure collapses the economy through multiple avenues.FAS 6 ~DCSINT Handbook No. 1.02; Info directly from US army and Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence; "Critical Infrastructure Threats and Terrorism," DCSINT/FAS; 8/10/6; https://fas.org/irp/threat/terrorism/sup2.pdf~~ Justin AND target to a terrorist or result in catastrophic damage from a natural disaster. Extinction.Liu '18 ~Qian; 11/13/18; Managing Director of Greater China for The Economist Group, previously director of the global economics unit and director of Access China for the Economist Intelligence Unit, PhD in economics from Uppsala University; "The next economic crisis could cause a global conflict. Here's why," https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/the-next-economic-crisis-could-cause-a-global-conflict-heres-why/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND sensible and respectful global dialogue. The alternative may well be global conflagration. | 7/8/21 |
NSD - T - Must Not Spec Just GovernmentTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: GedelaSiegel Avik Garg | Judge: Rohit Lakshman 3Interpretation: The affirmative may not specify a just government that recognizes workers’ unconditional right to strike ."A" is an indefinite article that modifies "just government" in the res – means that you have to prove the resolution true in a VACCUM, not in a particular instanceCCC ("Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm~~#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class Violation: they spec ~x~Standards:~1~ precision – the counter-interp justifies them arbitrarily doing away with random words in the resolution which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. Independent voter for jurisdiction – the judge doesn’t have the jurisdiction to vote aff if there wasn’t a legitimate aff.~2~ limits – the UN says there are 195 recognized governments in the world but even that’s not an agreed upon brightline because there are just governments that are not yet countries – explodes limits since there are tons of independent affs plus functionally infinite combinations, all with different advantages in different political situations incentivinsing more cheaty pics due to lack of ground – especially true for china where we can either read generic disads that don’t link or lose. Kills neg prep and debatability since there are no universal DAs that apply to every aff and need specific links – econs and geopolitical statuses are differentFairness – debate is a competitive activity that requires fairness for objective evaluation. Outweighs because it’s the only intrinsic part of debate – all other rules can be debated over but rely on some conception of fairness to be justified.Drop the debater – a~ deter future abuse and b~ set better norms for debate.Competing interps – ~a~ reasonability is arbitrary and encourages judge intervention since there’s no clear norm, ~b~ it creates a race to the top where we create the best possible norms for debate.No RVIs – a~ illogical, you don’t win for proving that you meet the burden of being fair, logic outweighs since it’s a prerequisite for evaluating any other argument, b~ RVIs incentivize baiting theory and prepping it out which leads to maximally abusive practices | 7/9/21 |
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