| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Churchill | 1 | Westlake AC | Nelson Okunlola |
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| Churchill | 4 | BSAS KS | Phoenix Pittman |
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| Churchill | 6 | CypWoo AZ | Patrick Fox |
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| Emory | 2 | Peninsula BD | Alex Berry |
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| Emory | 3 | Harvard Westlake CC | Grant Brown |
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| Emory | 6 | Memorial BD | Sim Guerrero |
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| Emory | Doubles | American Heritage Broward EM | Pittman - Bekong - Dombcik |
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| GOLDEN DESERT DEBATE TOURNAMENT AT UNLV | 2 | Peninsula BD | Vanessa Nguyen |
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| GOLDEN DESERT DEBATE TOURNAMENT AT UNLV | 3 | Harvard Westlake ML | Diana Alvarez |
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| Glenbrooks | 1 | Bellarmine AK | Tajaih Robinson |
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| Glenbrooks | 4 | Westwood AG | Nelson Okunlola |
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| Glenbrooks | 5 | Basis Peoria PY | Jenn Melin |
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| Glenbrooks | 7 | DTHS HV | Joseph Barquin |
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| Grapevine | 2 | Christopher Columbus PC | Devin Hernandez |
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| Grapevine | Triples | Lexington AG | Favian Sun |
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| Grapevine | 4 | West High School SLC HZ | Andrew Shaw |
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| Greenhill | 2 | Presentation AB | Arya Goel |
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| Greenhill | 3 | Peninsula RM | Alex Dumas |
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| Greenhill | 6 | Southlake Carroll PK | Tom Evnen |
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| Harvard Westlake | 5 | Marlborough WR | Jack Quisenberry |
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| Harvard Westlake | 1 | Perry JA | Jalyn Wu |
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| Harvard Westlake | 4 | Marlborough MS | Jonathan Jeong |
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| Harvard Westlake | Doubles | MonVis KR | Tarun - Park - Gong |
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| Loyola | 2 | Syosset AH | Pirisingula, Chaitra |
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| Loyola | 3 | Sage MP | Gordon Krauss |
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| Loyola | 6 | Princeton Independent JG | Holden |
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| Mid America Cup | 2 | Lake Highland Prep PS | Holden |
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| Mid America Cup | 5 | Lexington AG | Ian Matuszeski |
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| Mid America Cup | 4 | Harrison JP | Maya Xia |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 1 | CastilloGeorges Davita Wrone | Isabella Nadel |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 4 | EvansSinha Diego Arcos | Cameron McConway |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 5 | TraberRobinsonMcLoughlin Karan Shah | Tarun Ratnasabapathy |
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| St Marks | 2 | Harvard Westlake AL | John Sims |
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| St Marks | 3 | Southlake Carroll EP | Ari Davidson |
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| St Marks | 6 | St Agnes EH | Jack Quisenberry |
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| Tournament names | Finals | Justin Wen | Justin Wen |
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| UT | 4 | Ayala AM | Truman Le |
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| UT | 6 | LC Anderson AM | Devin Hernandez |
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| UT | Doubles | Dulles RZ | Doggett - Schwerdtfeger - Das |
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| UT | Octas | Carnegie Vanguard SR | Srey - Park - Broussard |
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| UT | Semis | Dulles Thomas Yu | Gedela - Amodwala - Wilczynski |
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| UT | Finals | Sage MP | Zheng - Joseph - Ajjarapu |
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| debateLA Challenge | 2 | Prospect ST | Clark - CLARK-VILLANUEVA |
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| debateLA Challenge | 4 | Strath Haven AM | Hilligoss - Lemuel |
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| debateLA Challenge | 6 | Northland Christian LB | Dosch - Barquin |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
|---|---|---|
| Churchill | 1 | Opponent: Westlake AC | Judge: Nelson Okunlola 1AC-Debris |
| Churchill | 4 | Opponent: BSAS KS | Judge: Phoenix Pittman 1AC-Debris |
| Churchill | 6 | Opponent: CypWoo AZ | Judge: Patrick Fox 1AC-Debris |
| Emory | 2 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Alex Berry 1AC-Debris |
| Emory | 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CC | Judge: Grant Brown 1AC-Korsgaard |
| Emory | 6 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sim Guerrero 1AC-Debris v3 |
| Emory | Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: Pittman - Bekong - Dombcik 1AC-Debris |
| GOLDEN DESERT DEBATE TOURNAMENT AT UNLV | 2 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen 1AC-Debris |
| GOLDEN DESERT DEBATE TOURNAMENT AT UNLV | 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake ML | Judge: Diana Alvarez 1AC-Debris Read Heg Good in the 1ar and went for it not sure what the norm is on disclosing 1ar impact turns but just message me if you need it |
| Glenbrooks | 1 | Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1AC-Courts |
| Glenbrooks | 4 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Nelson Okunlola 1AC-Pettit |
| Glenbrooks | 5 | Opponent: Basis Peoria PY | Judge: Jenn Melin 1AC-Courts |
| Glenbrooks | 7 | Opponent: DTHS HV | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC-Courts |
| Grapevine | 2 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus PC | Judge: Devin Hernandez 1AC-Stock Changes in osources |
| Grapevine | Triples | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Favian Sun 1AC-Korsgaard |
| Grapevine | 4 | Opponent: West High School SLC HZ | Judge: Andrew Shaw 1AC-Stock |
| Greenhill | 2 | Opponent: Presentation AB | Judge: Arya Goel 1AC-Stock v2 |
| Greenhill | 3 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Alex Dumas 1AC-Korsgaard v2 |
| Greenhill | 6 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Tom Evnen 1AC-Korsgaard v3 Shells were read in the 1AC |
| Harvard Westlake | 5 | Opponent: Marlborough WR | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1AC-Korsgaard |
| Harvard Westlake | 1 | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Jalyn Wu 1AC-Debris |
| Harvard Westlake | 4 | Opponent: Marlborough MS | Judge: Jonathan Jeong 1AC-Debris |
| Harvard Westlake | Doubles | Opponent: MonVis KR | Judge: Tarun - Park - Gong 1AC-Debris |
| Loyola | 2 | Opponent: Syosset AH | Judge: Pirisingula, Chaitra 1AC-Stock |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Gordon Krauss 1AC-Korsgaard AC |
| Loyola | 6 | Opponent: Princeton Independent JG | Judge: Holden 1AC-stock Changes in osource |
| Mid America Cup | 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Holden 1AC-Stock v3 |
| Mid America Cup | 5 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Ian Matuszeski 1AC-Korsgaard v4 ACC read in the aff |
| Mid America Cup | 4 | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Maya Xia 1AC-Stock |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 1 | Opponent: CastilloGeorges Davita Wrone | Judge: Isabella Nadel 1ac-Teachers Unions |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 4 | Opponent: EvansSinha Diego Arcos | Judge: Cameron McConway 1ac-Teacher Unions Changes are in osource |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 5 | Opponent: TraberRobinsonMcLoughlin Karan Shah | Judge: Tarun Ratnasabapathy 1ac-Teacher Unions Changes are in osource |
| St Marks | 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AL | Judge: John Sims 1AC-Korsgaard v5 |
| St Marks | 3 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll EP | Judge: Ari Davidson 1AC-Stock v3 |
| St Marks | 6 | Opponent: St Agnes EH | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1AC-Korsgaard v5 |
| UT | 4 | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Truman Le 1AC-Courts v2 |
| UT | 6 | Opponent: LC Anderson AM | Judge: Devin Hernandez 1AC-Courts |
| UT | Doubles | Opponent: Dulles RZ | Judge: Doggett - Schwerdtfeger - Das 1AC-Courts |
| UT | Octas | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: Srey - Park - Broussard 1AC-Courts |
| UT | Semis | Opponent: Dulles Thomas Yu | Judge: Gedela - Amodwala - Wilczynski 1AC-Courts |
| UT | Finals | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Zheng - Joseph - Ajjarapu 1AC-Courts |
| debateLA Challenge | 2 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Clark - CLARK-VILLANUEVA 1AC-Debris |
| debateLA Challenge | 4 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Hilligoss - Lemuel 1AC-Debris |
| debateLA Challenge | 6 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Dosch - Barquin 1AC-Debris |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0 - Tournament NamesTournament: Tournament names | Round: Finals | Opponent: Justin Wen | Judge: Justin Wen | 1/30/22 |
JANFEB - AC - Debris v2Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Alex Berry 1AC1AC – PlanPlan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities is unjust.Revising the Outer Space Treaty curbs the impact of space debris – timeframe is crucial.Shah 20 – Sachin, 8/30/20, ~"Aug 30 The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris," CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW, Administrative, Policy, Technology, https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris~~ Justin AND may well provide a solution to the outdated Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Private entities are non-governmental.Dunk 11 – Frans G. von der Dunk, 2011, ~"The Origins of Authorisation: Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty and International Space Law," University of Nebraska~ Justin AND . Partly, this was the consequence of key principles being left undefined. Removal efforts are complements to the plan not the silver bullet.Rada Popova 18, European Space Agency Project Co-Manager and PhD Faculty of Law @ Universitat zu Koln, "The Legal Framework for Space Debris Remediation as a Tool for Sustainability in Outer Space," Aerospace, MDPI, doi:10.3390/aerospace5020055 *adr = active debris removal, sdr = space debris remediation, OOS = on orbit servicing AND regions from 10 to 5 and is, thus, advantageous ~23~. Exemptions destroy the coercive power of legal regimes – causes circumvention across the board.Hickman and Dolman 2 – John and Everett, 2002, Associate professor in the Department of Government and International Studies at Berry College in Mt. Berry, ~"Resurrecting the Space Age: A State–Centered Commentary on the Outer Space Regime," Volume 21 Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1080/014959302317350855~~ Elmer Recut Justin AND rushes to stake claims for territory sovereignty in other celestial bodies might follow. 1AC – Adv – DebrisThe advantage is debris:Massive satellite development incoming and cascades debris – lack of regulations raises the risk and turns any reason satellites are good.Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. ~Sky Telescope, "DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS," https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/~~ Justin AND make nation states responsible for the behavior of their individuals or private companies. Democratization of technology spurs rapid development – feedback loops ensures debris cascadesBERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. ~SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND constellations and how they contribute to the growing threat of the Kessler syndrome. Privatization drive rivalries and exponentially increases debris – lack of regulations spikes it.BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. ~SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND the global level, apart from first-come, first-served. Models are rigorous—inserted below.Virgili et al. 16. Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz. 4/26/16. ~Act Astranautica "Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites," https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034.~~ Justin AND collision activity, while the different models used their own solar activity forecast. Conflicts of orbits turns good usages of satellites—responsible behavior is key to satellite effectiveness.Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. ~Sky Telescope, "DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS," https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/~~ Justin AND with stringent requirements for responsible behavior, which have yet to be demonstrated. That drives a space arms race which enhances the risk of debris cascades, closes off space exploration, and causes conflict.Shah 20. Sachin Shah is a write for Cornell Undergraduate Law and Society Review. 8/30/20 ~CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW "The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris," https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris~~ Justin AND , and, finally, discuss legal considerations for private enterprises as well. Space exploration solves a laundry list of threats.GREEN 21. Brian Patrick Green, director of technology ethics @ Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, "Space Ethics," 2021, Rowman, pp. 5 AND . This is a dire fate, but less terrible than the first. Immeasurable value outweighs.Baum 16 ~Seth D. Baum, Executive Director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, "The Ethics of Outer Space: A Consequentialist Perspective," 2016, Springer, pp. 115-116, EA~ AND or bringing ecosystems into Dyson swarms could bring immense amounts of ecosystem flourishing. Satellites solves the grid and every extinction scenario.Pellegrino and Stang 16. Massimo Pellegrino, Master’s Degree in Space Studies from ISU, with Gerald Stang, Senior Associate Analyst at the EUISS, holds BSc and MSc degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA in international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University ("Space Security for Europe", EU Institute for Security Studies, published July 2016, https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/space-security-europe, accessed 7-10-2019) bm AND space systems need to be adequately protected and the space environment properly managed. Grid security is an impact filter.Denkenberger 21 ~David Denkenberger, Anders Sandberg, Ross John Tieman, and Joshua M. Pearce, * assistant professor of mechanical engineering at University of Alaska Fairbanks, "Long-term cost-effectiveness of interventions for loss of electricity/industry compared to artificial general intelligence safety," 2021, European Journal of Futures Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-021-00178-z, EA~ AND ~. Thus global or regional loss of the Internet could have similar implications. Cyberattacks on the grid spiral to all-out nuclear conflict.Klare 19 ~Michael; November 2019; Professor emeritus of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College; "Cyber Battles, Nuclear Outcomes? Dangerous New Pathways to Escalation," Arms Control Association, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-11/features/cyber-battles-nuclear-outcomes-dangerous-new-pathways-escalation~~ Justin AND such attacks "could lead to major conflict and possibly nuclear war."14 Aff solves better.David 21 – Leonard, 4/14/21, Leonard David is author of Moon Rush: The New Space Race (National Geographic, 2019) and Mars: Our Future on the Red Planet (National Geographic, 2016). He has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades, ~"Space Junk Removal Is Not Going Smoothly," Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/space-junk-removal-is-not-going-smoothly/~~ Justin AND "It’s not infinite, so we need environmental protection," he says. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Acton and McDonald 21. James M. Acton is co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program and holds the Jessica T. Mathews Chair at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Thomas D. MacDonald is a fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program. 12/10/21. ~Defense One, "Nuclear Command-and-Control Satellites Should Be Off Limits," https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/12/nuclear-command-and-control-satellites-should-be-limits/187472/~~ Justin AND -control system. Once again, the potential consequences could be catastrophic. Public pressure forces retaliation.Nancy Gallagher 15. Interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan, "Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage," May 29, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 AND scenarios that are used to justify the development and use of antisatellite weapons. Convergence of factors guarantee space escalation.Thomas González Roberts 17. A space security researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and host of Moonstruck, a podcast about humans in space. "Why We Should Be Worried about a War in Space ," 12-15-2017. Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/why-we-should-be-worried-about-a-war-in-space/548507/ AND to align, and agree on norms of behavior. They need rules. ====No checks on escalation.==== AND space, then, is a slippery slope with few off-ramps. Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~ TG AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well being. ~To clarify, hedonistic act util~. Prefer –Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Impact calc –Extinction mathematically outweighs.MacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. | 1/28/22 |
JANFEB - AC - Debris v3Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sim Guerrero 1AC1AC – PlanPlan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities is unjust.Revising the Outer Space Treaty clarifies legal loopholes and ambiguities in space debris – scope of modification below.Private entities: Non-governmental AND may well provide a solution to the outdated Outer Space Treaty of 1967. The aff interprets OST enforcement as an OUF (Orbital Use Fee). That incentivizes remediation, removal, and mitigation efforts without harming the space industry. Any other countermeasures aren’t the silver bullet and fail.Runnels 22. Michael is a professor and writer for the American Bar Association. 1/13/22. ~American Bar Association "On Clearing Earth’s Orbital Debris and Enforcing the Outer Space Treaty in the U.S." https://www.americanbar.org/groups/business'law/publications/blt/2022/01/orbital-debris/~~ Justin OUF: Proportional fee for amount of debris put into Space AND mega-constellations in LEO and their likely resulting orbital debris.~146~ Proportional fees solve industry startup problems and avoids the tragedy of the commons.Lavars 20. Nick has been writing and editing at New Atlas for over five years, where he has covered everything from distant space probes to self-driving cars to oddball animal science, and everything in between. He previously spent time at The Conversation, Mashable and The Santiago Times, earning a Masters degree in communications from Melbourne’s RMIT University along the way. When not tapping away at his desk, you might find him traveling the world in search of the weird and wonderful. Failing that, he’ll probably be watching sport. 5/26/20. ~New Atlas, "Could orbital fees force satellite operators to deal with space junk?," https://newatlas.com/space/orbital-fees-satellite-space-debris/~~#:~~:text=The20orbital2Duse20fee20would,for20the20scheme20to20work.~ Justin AND But the relatively young space industry can avoid these costs before they escalate." 1AC – Adv – DebrisThe advantage is debris:Massive satellite development incoming and cascades debris – lack of regulations raises the risk and turns any reason satellites are good.Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. ~Sky Telescope, "DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS," https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/~~ Justin AND make nation states responsible for the behavior of their individuals or private companies. Democratization of technology spurs rapid development – feedback loops ensures debris cascadesBERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. ~SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND constellations and how they contribute to the growing threat of the Kessler syndrome. Privatization drive rivalries and exponentially increases debris – lack of regulations spikes it.BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. ~SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND the global level, apart from first-come, first-served. Models are rigorous—inserted below.Virgili et al. 16. Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz. 4/26/16. ~Act Astranautica "Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites," https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034.~~ Justin AND collision activity, while the different models used their own solar activity forecast. Conflicts of orbits turns good usages of satellites—responsible behavior is key to satellite effectiveness.Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. ~Sky Telescope, "DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS," https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/~~ Justin AND with stringent requirements for responsible behavior, which have yet to be demonstrated. That drives a space arms race which enhances the risk of debris cascades, closes off space exploration, and causes conflict.Shah 20. Sachin Shah is a write for Cornell Undergraduate Law and Society Review. 8/30/20 ~CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW "The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris," https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris~~ Justin AND , and, finally, discuss legal considerations for private enterprises as well. Space exploration solves a laundry list of threats.GREEN 21. Brian Patrick Green, director of technology ethics @ Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, "Space Ethics," 2021, Rowman, pp. 5 AND . This is a dire fate, but less terrible than the first. Immeasurable value outweighs.Baum 16 ~Seth D. Baum, Executive Director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, "The Ethics of Outer Space: A Consequentialist Perspective," 2016, Springer, pp. 115-116, EA~ AND or bringing ecosystems into Dyson swarms could bring immense amounts of ecosystem flourishing. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Acton and McDonald 21. James M. Acton is co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program and holds the Jessica T. Mathews Chair at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Thomas D. MacDonald is a fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program. 12/10/21. ~Defense One, "Nuclear Command-and-Control Satellites Should Be Off Limits," https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/12/nuclear-command-and-control-satellites-should-be-limits/187472/~~ Justin AND -control system. Once again, the potential consequences could be catastrophic. Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~ TG AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. FramingReject non-naturalist ethics –Only moral naturalism can explain the influence of moral facts on the physical world – ethics must be understood a posteriori.Papineau David ~Professor of Philosophy King's College London~, First published Thu Feb 22, 2007; substantive revision Tue Mar 31, 2020 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/~~#MorFac AND conceptual gap, not a metaphysical one (Ridge 2014: Section 2). The standard is maximizing expected well being. ~To clarify, hedonistic act util~. Prefer –1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction mathematically outweighs.MacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. Comes before value-to-life.Tännsjö 11 (Torbjörn, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, "Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing," http://people.su.se/~~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf) BS 1-27-2018 AND suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life). MethodRational realism is the best way to understand state behavior—-anarchy drives states to compete.Charles Glaser 18. Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington. "A Realist Perspective on the Constructivist Project" in Mariano E. Bertucci, Jarrod Hayes, and Patrick James eds. Constructivism Reconsidered. University Michigan Press. 181-196. AND result of information in combination with material factors instead of Wendt’s focus on identities Alternatives not concrete fail – devolves into ideology instead of actionChristopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African and African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318 AND ideological exchange, which further exacerbates hostilities and deepens the cycle of resentment. Youth participatory action research enables transformative resistance and is crucial to make activism workCammarota and Fine 08 AND coordinated public testimonials—all dedicated to speaking back and challenging conditions of injustice | 1/29/22 |
JANFEB - AC - KorsgaardTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Marlborough WR | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1AC1AC – FramingEthics must begin a prioriA~ Dogmatism Paradox – disregard the 1NCSorensen Sorensen, Roy, Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis. "Epistemic Paradoxes." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 21 June 2006. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemic-paradoxes/. PeteZ AND future evidence that seems to tell against h. (1973, 148) B~ Negative arguments presuppose the aff being true since they begin with a descriptive premise about the affirmative such as the aff does x, and then justify why x is bad. However, if the aff does not have truth value, that entails the descriptive premise would also not have truth value, which is contradictory.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Decision Making Paradox- in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth as perception is the lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Interpretation: the neg must concede the aff framework provided that the aff standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Violation’s pre-emptive.Strat skew – neg is reactive and can up-layer the aff on moral frameworks, procedurals, and discursive arguments – AFC levels the playing field by forcing the neg to commit to the aff on substance, which ensures the AC matters.No RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpAdvocacyThus, the plan – Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. Definitions and enforcement in the doc and I’ll clarify in cross.To clarify we’ll defend implementation and a revision to the Outer Space Treaty that explicitly bans appropriation of outer space by private entities Offense~1~ Privatization is bad~a~ The OST allows for regions that could be under the exclusive control of corporations, while no government has authority.Ward 19 Peter Ward (Peter Ward studied journalism at the University of Sheffield before moving to Dubai, where he reported on the energy sector. After three years in the Middle East, he earned his master’s degree in business journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. His work has appeared in GQ, Bloomberg Buisnessweek, The Economist, and Newsweek. He lives in New York City.) "The unintended consequences of privatising space," ScienceFocus (Online version of BBC Science Focus Magazine). Nov. 6th, 2019. https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/the-unintended-consequences-of-privatising-space/ SJMS AND the necessary small steps now to avoid potentially disastrous consequences in the future. ~b~ That’s an instance of a unilateral will governing individuals while universal decision making is absent. This is an unjust state which violates people’s freedoms and violates the categorical imperative.Cordelli 16 Chiara Cordelli ~Chiara Cordelli is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago. Her main areas of research are social and political philosophy, with a particular focus on theories of distributive justice, political legitimacy, normative defenses of the state, and the public/private distinction in liberal theory. She is the author of The Privatized State (Princeton University Press, 2020), which was awarded the 2021 ECPR political theory prize for best first book in political theory. She is also the co-editor of, and a contributor to, Philanthropy in Democratic Societies (University of Chicago Press, 2016). — cordelli@uchicago.edu~ "WHAT IS WRONG WITH PRIVATIZATION?", University of Chicago, Political Science and the College, https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/What-is-Wrong-With-Privatization'UCB.pdf AND as the implementation of public, justice-based responsibilities through private agents. 1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on.Logical arguments aren’t justified in a vacuum – they’re in the context of the resolution so we only defend the resolutional application – misapplications are infinitely regressive since every argument can be used to justify something bad so you should frame this debate through specificity2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.AdvantageThe advantage is Debris:Privatization of space is unsustainable and increases debris – triggers the Kessler SyndromeThompson 21 ~Clive, 11/17/21, Clive Thompson is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Wired and Smithsonian magazines, and a regular contributor to Mother Jones. He’s the author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, and Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing our Minds for the Better. He’s @pomeranian99 on Twitter and Instagram, "Get Ready for the "Kessler Syndrome" to Wreck Outer Space," OneZero, https://onezero.medium.com/get-ready-for-the-kessler-syndrome-to-wreck-outer-space-7f29cfe62c3e~~ Justin AND orbit but unintentional ones — bits of rocket parts and detritus from launches. Privatization exponentially increases the curve but ending dangerous missions prevents it.Bernat 20 ~Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND the global level, apart from first-come, first-served. ====Goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Debris causes nuclear war—-Noko, Iran, and China.Beauchamp 14 – Zack, 4/21/14, Zack Beauchamp is a senior correspondent at Vox, where he covers global politics and ideology, and a host of Worldly, Vox's podcast on foreign policy and international relations. His work focuses on the rise of the populist right across the West, the role of identity in American politics, and how fringe ideologies shape the mainstream. Before coming to Vox, he edited TP Ideas, a section of Think Progress devoted to the ideas shaping our political world. He has an MSc from the London School of Economics in International Relations and grew up in Washington, DC, where he currently lives with his wife, daughter, and two (rescue) dogs ~"How space trash could start a nuclear war," Vox, https://www.vox.com/2014/4/21/5625246/space-war-china-north-korea-iran~~ Justin *Brackets added for ableist language AND war is imminent — an assessment that could have self-fulfilling consequences." Convergence of factors guarantee space escalation.Thomas González Roberts 17. A space security researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and host of Moonstruck, a podcast about humans in space. "Why We Should Be Worried about a War in Space ," 12-15-2017. Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/why-we-should-be-worried-about-a-war-in-space/548507/ AND to align, and agree on norms of behavior. They need rules. | 1/16/22 |
JANFEB - AC - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CC | Judge: Grant Brown 1AC1AC – FramingEthics must begin a prioriA~ The rules of logic claim that the only time a statement is invalid is if the antecedent is true, but the consequent is false.SEP ~Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.~ "An Introduction to Philosophy." Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html TG Massa AND of true and false antecedents and consequents, the conditional statement is true. If the aff is winning, they get the ballot is a tacit ballot conditional which means denying the premise proves the conclusion that I should get the ballot.B~ Bonini affirmsWikipedia summarizes Dutton and Starbuck ~Brackets Original. John M. Dutton (He enrolled in Harvard Business School in 1955, graduated with an M.B.A. in 1957, and embarked on an academic career that culminated as professor of business administration. He stayed on at Harvard as a research associate and taught at Northeastern University. He taught at Purdue University Krannert School of Industrial Engineering in Lafayette, IN from 1960 to 1968. His research included organizational behavior, computer simulation of human behavior, history of business technology, progress-principal studies, and strategic changes in the energy industry. He was elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was the Lucas Visiting Professor at the University of Birmingham in England from 1963 to 1964. He went on to teach at Southern Methodist University Business School in Dallas, TX from 1968 to 1971. In 1971 he moved to Manhattan where he taught and was Associate Dean at New York University, Stern Graduate School of Business Administration retiring in 1998. While at NYU he helped develop and teach the executive M.B.A. programs in France and Japan). William Haynes Starbuck (graduated from Harvard University and the Carnegie Institute of Technology. He is an organizational scientist who has held professorships in social relations, sociology, business administration, and management). "Bonini's paradox". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox Houston Memorial DX~ AND 6~ (See Orzack and Sober, 1993; Odenbaugh, 2006) C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth as perception is the lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown.E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Decision Making Paradox- in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unifyAdvocacyThus, the plan – Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. Definitions and enforcement in the doc and I’ll clarify in cross.Exemptions destroy the coercive power of legal regimes – causes circumvention across the board.Hickman and Dolman 2 – John and Everett, 2002, Associate professor in the Department of Government and International Studies at Berry College in Mt. Berry, ~"Resurrecting the Space Age: A State–Centered Commentary on the Outer Space Regime," Volume 21 Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1080/014959302317350855~~ Elmer Recut Justin AND because oxygen molecules are not in enough abundance to make the sky blue. Offense1~ Privatization is bada~ The OST allows for regions that could be under the exclusive control of corporations, while no government has authority.Ward 19 Peter Ward (Peter Ward studied journalism at the University of Sheffield before moving to Dubai, where he reported on the energy sector. After three years in the Middle East, he earned his master’s degree in business journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. His work has appeared in GQ, Bloomberg Buisnessweek, The Economist, and Newsweek. He lives in New York City.) "The unintended consequences of privatising space," ScienceFocus (Online version of BBC Science Focus Magazine). Nov. 6th, 2019. https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/the-unintended-consequences-of-privatising-space/ SJMS AND the necessary small steps now to avoid potentially disastrous consequences in the future. b~ That’s an instance of a unilateral will governing individuals while universal decision making is absent. This is an unjust state which violates people’s freedoms and violates the categorical imperative.Cordelli 16 Chiara Cordelli ~Chiara Cordelli is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago. Her main areas of research are social and political philosophy, with a particular focus on theories of distributive justice, political legitimacy, normative defenses of the state, and the public/private distinction in liberal theory. She is the author of The Privatized State (Princeton University Press, 2020), which was awarded the 2021 ECPR political theory prize for best first book in political theory. She is also the co-editor of, and a contributor to, Philanthropy in Democratic Societies (University of Chicago Press, 2016). — cordelli@uchicago.edu~ "WHAT IS WRONG WITH PRIVATIZATION?", University of Chicago, Political Science and the College, https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/What-is-Wrong-With-Privatization'UCB.pdf AND as the implementation of public, justice-based responsibilities through private agents. 1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on.Logical arguments aren’t justified in a vacuum – they’re in the context of the resolution so we only defend the resolutional application – misapplications are infinitely regressive since every argument can be used to justify something bad so you should frame this debate through specificity2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.5~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering. Fairness outweighs: 1~ testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right 2~ minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuse1AC – AdvantageThe advantage is debris:Massive satellite development incoming and cascades debris – lack of regulations raises the risk and turns any reason satellites are good.Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. ~Sky Telescope, "DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS," https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/~~ Justin AND make nation states responsible for the behavior of their individuals or private companies. Democratization of technology spurs rapid development – feedback loops ensures debris cascadesBERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. ~SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND constellations and how they contribute to the growing threat of the Kessler syndrome. Privatization drive rivalries and exponentially increases debris – lack of regulations spikes it.BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. ~SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND the global level, apart from first-come, first-served. Models are rigorous—inserted below.Virgili et al. 16. Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz. 4/26/16. ~Act Astranautica "Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites," https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034.~~ Justin AND collision activity, while the different models used their own solar activity forecast. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Acton and McDonald 21. James M. Acton is co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program and holds the Jessica T. Mathews Chair at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Thomas D. MacDonald is a fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program. 12/10/21. ~Defense One, "Nuclear Command-and-Control Satellites Should Be Off Limits," https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/12/nuclear-command-and-control-satellites-should-be-limits/187472/~~ Justin AND satellites might be attacked deliberately, as the prelude to a nuclear war. Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~ TG AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. | 1/28/22 |
NOVDEC - AC - CourtsTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1AC1AC – Adv – Customary International LawThe right to strike is Customary International Law, but the US fails to meet opinio juris standards. Perception of US insufficiency breeds uncertainty with confidence in international law and spirals into noncompliance – that causes a legitimacy crisis. No alt causes to legitimacy – FOA is central to the ILO and the biggest internal link.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin Brackets in original AND accept international standards and practices; and contemporary U.N. leadership. That prevents harmonization of norms and throws the functioning of international institutions into question – prefer empirics.Seifert 21 ~Achim; 2021; Full Professor of Private Law, German and European Labor Law and Comparative Law at the University of Jena (since 2011). He holds both German State Exams in Law and a PhD of the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University of Frankfurt (1998). After his Habilitation ~Post-Doc~ in 2006 at the University of Frankfurt and several short-term Replacements at the Universities of Frankfurt and Trier (2006-2008), he became an Associate Professor of European and International Labor Law at the University of Luxembourg (2008). His main fields of interest are the Labor Law of the European Union and Comparative Labor Law, including the methodology of Comparative Law. Achim SEIFERT serves as co-editor of the Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal (CLLPJ) and is a member of the editorial board of the European Labour Law Journal (ELLJ) as well as of the Revue de droit comparé du travail et de la sécurité sociale (RDCTSS). He is an associated member of the International Academy of Comparative Law (since 2013) and fellow of the European Law Institute (ELI) (since 2014); furthermore he has been member of the Jean-Monnet-Centre of Excellence at the University of Jena (2013-2016). He has been visiting Professor at the Universities of Bordeaux, Nantes, Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne), Luigi Bocconi/Milan and Leuven (Global Law Programme) and has taught as adjunct professor at the University of Luxembourg between 2011 and 2016; "Book Review," European Labour Law Journal, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1177/2031952521994412~~ Justin AND of the constituents therefore necessarily brings into question the functioning of the ILO. Independently frictions in International Law prevent cooperation over international issues.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin AND and became fully developed from the late 1990s, continuing to the present. Scenario one is SDG:Harmonizing international labor standards are key to Sustainable Development Goals – compliance is key.ILO 15 ~International Labor Organization; The International Labour Organization is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is the first and oldest specialised agency of the UN; "The benefits of International Labour Standards," No date stated but most recent event cited is 2015, https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/introduction-to-international-labour-standards/the-benefits-of-international-labour-standards/lang—en/index.htm~ Justin AND of international law which can bring about greater integration of the international community. That’s key to head off a laundry list of interacting catastrophic risks, the combination of which causes extinction and amplifies every other threat.Tom Cernev and Richard Fenner 20, Australian National University; Centre for Sustainable Development, Cambridge University Engineering Department, "The importance of achieving foundational Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global risk," Futures, Vol. 115, January 2020, Elsevier. Recut Justin AND climate change provides the backdrop against which all these interactions will play out. Only our theory explains how international relations work – that outweighs on specificity to the rez which is a policy that has international impactsJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND in which human brains and behaviors evolved. But what was that context? 1AC – PlanPlan text: The United States of America ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Courts are normal means and can enforce the right to strike as Customary International Law.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin Brackets in original AND specified that the right to strike is an integral part of FOA.270 Unconditional means preventing from adding additional exceptions to international law.Chow and Schoenbaum 17 ~Daniel Chow and Thomas Schoenbaum; 2017; Professor Chow served as a law clerk to the Honorable Constance Baker Motley, chief judge for the Southern District of New York, following graduation from law school, and then became an associate with Debevoise and Plimpton in New York. He came to Ohio State in 1985 and teaches International Law, International Transactions, Jurisprudence, Asian Law, and Property. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Thomas J. Schoenbaum is presently the Harold S. Shefelman Professor of Law at the University of Washington in Seattle. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Michigan and his PhD degree from Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge (UK). He is also Research Professor of Law at George Washington University in Washington DC. He is a practicing lawyer, admitted in several U.S. states and before the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. He has been a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was Associate Dean at Tulane University in New Orleans, "International Trade Law: Problems, Cases, and Materials," Aspen Casebook Study~ Justin
AND Law, Practice and Policy 167-177 (3d ed. 2015). 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer – 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Procedural fairness is a voter and outweighs a~ it’s an intrinsic good – debate is a game and equity is necessary to sustain the activity, b~ probability – debate can’t alter subjectivity, but it can rectify skews, c~ internal link turns every impact – a limited debate promotes research and engagement d~ All your arguments concede fairness since you assume they will be evaluated fairly.3~ Couple things to clarify – we know fiat is fake and don’t make a claim about whether or not the state is good or bad. The aff merely makes a value judgement on a certain state action – that operates independently of state legitimacy.Newman 10 ~Newman, Saul. ~Reader in Political Theory at Goldsmiths, University of London~ Theory and Event, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2010.~ AND rights and equalities, and state practices which in reality violate and deny them 4~ Alternatives not concrete fail – devolves into ideology instead of actionChristopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African and African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318 AND ideological exchange, which further exacerbates hostilities and deepens the cycle of resentment. 5~ Youth participatory action research enables transformative resistance and is crucial to make activism workCammarota and Fine 08 AND means by which young people engage transformational resistance. (1-4) | 11/20/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Courts v2Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Truman Le 1AC1AC – Adv – Customary International LawThe right to strike is Customary International Law, but the US fails to meet opinio juris standards. Perception of US insufficiency breeds uncertainty with confidence in international law and spirals into noncompliance – that causes a legitimacy crisis. No alt causes to legitimacy – FOA is central to the ILO and the biggest internal link.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin Brackets in original AND accept international standards and practices; and contemporary U.N. leadership. That prevents harmonization of norms and throws the functioning of international institutions into question – prefer empirics.Seifert 21 ~Achim; 2021; Full Professor of Private Law, German and European Labor Law and Comparative Law at the University of Jena (since 2011). He holds both German State Exams in Law and a PhD of the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University of Frankfurt (1998). After his Habilitation ~Post-Doc~ in 2006 at the University of Frankfurt and several short-term Replacements at the Universities of Frankfurt and Trier (2006-2008), he became an Associate Professor of European and International Labor Law at the University of Luxembourg (2008). His main fields of interest are the Labor Law of the European Union and Comparative Labor Law, including the methodology of Comparative Law. Achim SEIFERT serves as co-editor of the Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal (CLLPJ) and is a member of the editorial board of the European Labour Law Journal (ELLJ) as well as of the Revue de droit comparé du travail et de la sécurité sociale (RDCTSS). He is an associated member of the International Academy of Comparative Law (since 2013) and fellow of the European Law Institute (ELI) (since 2014); furthermore he has been member of the Jean-Monnet-Centre of Excellence at the University of Jena (2013-2016). He has been visiting Professor at the Universities of Bordeaux, Nantes, Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne), Luigi Bocconi/Milan and Leuven (Global Law Programme) and has taught as adjunct professor at the University of Luxembourg between 2011 and 2016; "Book Review," European Labour Law Journal, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1177/2031952521994412~~ Justin AND of the constituents therefore necessarily brings into question the functioning of the ILO. Independently frictions in International Law prevent cooperation over international issues.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin AND and became fully developed from the late 1990s, continuing to the present. Scenario one is SDG:Harmonizing international labor standards are key to Sustainable Development Goals – compliance is key.ILO 15 ~International Labor Organization; The International Labour Organization is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is the first and oldest specialised agency of the UN; "The benefits of International Labour Standards," No date stated but most recent event cited is 2015, https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/introduction-to-international-labour-standards/the-benefits-of-international-labour-standards/lang—en/index.htm~ Justin AND of international law which can bring about greater integration of the international community. That’s key to head off a laundry list of interacting catastrophic risks, the combination of which causes extinction and amplifies every other threat.Tom Cernev and Richard Fenner 20, Australian National University; Centre for Sustainable Development, Cambridge University Engineering Department, "The importance of achieving foundational Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global risk," Futures, Vol. 115, January 2020, Elsevier. Recut Justin AND climate change provides the backdrop against which all these interactions will play out. Prefer governance strategies broadly rather than focus on one-shot impacts.Sean 17 – Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh, Professor @ Cambridge, PhD in Genomics from Trinity College Dublin (Sean, "Technological Wild Cards: Existential Risk and a Changing Humanity", https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-wild-cards-existential-risk-and-a-changing-humanity/)// gcd Recut Justin AND if we guide their development, and their uses and applications, carefully. Weak states are existential. Err AFF to account for non-linearity and unpredictable cascades.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin AND their theories (Kassab and Wu 2014) must take these matters seriously. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The United States of America ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Courts are normal means and can enforce the right to strike as Customary International Law.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin Brackets in original AND specified that the right to strike is an integral part of FOA.270 Current laws are ambiguous and there is Cause of Action.Brudney 21 ~James; 2/8/21; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law," THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil~~ Justin Brackets in original AND the right to strike, at least until Congress has addressed the issue. Unconditional means preventing from adding additional exceptions to international law.Chow and Schoenbaum 17 ~Daniel Chow and Thomas Schoenbaum; 2017; Professor Chow served as a law clerk to the Honorable Constance Baker Motley, chief judge for the Southern District of New York, following graduation from law school, and then became an associate with Debevoise and Plimpton in New York. He came to Ohio State in 1985 and teaches International Law, International Transactions, Jurisprudence, Asian Law, and Property. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Thomas J. Schoenbaum is presently the Harold S. Shefelman Professor of Law at the University of Washington in Seattle. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Michigan and his PhD degree from Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge (UK). He is also Research Professor of Law at George Washington University in Washington DC. He is a practicing lawyer, admitted in several U.S. states and before the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. He has been a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was Associate Dean at Tulane University in New Orleans, "International Trade Law: Problems, Cases, and Materials," Aspen Casebook Study~ Justin
AND Law, Practice and Policy 167-177 (3d ed. 2015). Reject "strikes bad" offense – the aff increases agreements, while decreasing strikes.CHRIS WHITE 08, Chris White has a Law/Arts degree from the University of Adelaide in South Australia. He was Industrial Officer for the Australian Workers Union and the Liquor Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers Union. He was for 17 years an elected official of the United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia, the last period as Secretary. He now lives in Canberra, capital of Australia, researches labour law, does part-time work for unions and sessional tutoring in Politics at the Australian National University. See posts on the right to strike on his blog, http://chriswhiteonline.org June 2009, ("FIREWALLING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE IN AUSTRALIA?," 10 November, 2008, PDF) Justin AND for unionists is: are we slaves or are we to be free? The functionally unlimited interpretation of the right to strike is correct – major exceptions past the theoretical base collapses to non-adherence.Wisskerchen 5 ~Alfred; 2005; "The standard-setting and monitoring activity of the ILO: Legal questions and practical experience," International Labour Review, Vol. 144 (2005), No. 3, https://sci-hub.se/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2005.tb00569.x~~ Justin AND Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which is authoritative here.87 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. | 12/4/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - PettitTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Nelson Okunlola 1AC1AC – FWAny moral valuation presupposes the unconditional worth of humanity because when agents pursue any end, all value placed upon an object is contingent upon the agent for example a pencil is only valuable to me so long as it can write my paper. Agents have unconditional value because they possess the ability to confer value that stems from their reason. That outweighs.All other frameworks collapse—other theories source obligations in extrinsically good objects, but that presupposes the goodness of the rational will.That justifies universalizable ends – A) a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and B) any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others.There are two models of universal freedom—the non-interference model and the non-domination model. The non-interference holds that someone’s freedom is violated if they are actually interfered with, whereas the non-domination model holds that someone’s freedom is violated if someone has the capacity to arbitrarily interfere. For example, a slave with a benevolent master would be free under non-interference b/c the master let’s them set and pursue whatever ends they want, but unfree under freedom as non-domination b/c their freedom is contingent upon the master who has the capacity to interfere arbitrarily.Prefer the non-domination model:Freedom is good but the non-interference model of freedom allows absolute institutional control—non-domination solves.Pettit 97 Philip Pettit (Laurence Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University). "Freedom with Honor: A Republican Ideal." Spring 1997. http://www.princeton.edu/~~ppettit/papers/FreedomwithHonor'SocialResearch'1997.pdf AND
====Non-domination is the only notion of freedom that can apply to state actors. Prefer: State interference promotes freedom if it ensures non-domination.==== AND prudently framed, are by no means subversive but rather introductive of liberty." Additionally Prefer:~A~ Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~B~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. Thus, the standard is consistency with universality as non-domination.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework, beat the NC, and answer case turns, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.Fairness outweighs: 1~ testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right 2~ minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuse1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.1AC – Offense1~ Recognizing the right to strike would transform dominating power structures.Lazar 20 ~Orlando; 10/6/20; St. Edmund Hall and Balliol College, University of Oxford; "Work, Domination, and the False Hope of Universal Basic Income," https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-020-09487-9~~ Justin AND no longer able to monopolise the residual authority described in the previous section. 2~ Negating affirms because it assumes that the 1ac is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means are arguments are legitimate.3~ Bonini’s Paradox – expanding debate’s parameters to the 1NC and onward makes the round irresolvable due to a lack of understanding so just vote affWikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Bonini's paradox". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox ~ AND 6~ (See Orzack and Sober, 1993; Odenbaugh, 2006) 4~ Decision Making Paradox- in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on.Logical arguments aren’t justified in a vacuum – they’re in the context of the resolution so we only defend the resolutional application – misapplications are infinitely regressive since every argument can be used to justify something bad so you should frame this debate through specificity2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ Reject combo shells –A~ Norming – way too specific for any round to be won again which kills normingB~ Never solves for all of its abuse since it proves that the planks are independently abusive4~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interpsAdvantageStatus Quo policies make the opportunity cost for teacher strikes too highCasey 20 Leo Casey, 12-2-2020, "The Teacher Strike: Conditions for Success," Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online'articles/the-teacher-strike-conditions-for-success AND points, it will become difficult to mount or sustain a successful strike. That causes teachers uproot and quitting.Carpenter 21 Jennifer Carpenter., 05-17-21, "Opinion: Protect local control for schools," Burlington Free Press, https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/opinion/my-turn/2017/05/17/opinion-protect-local-control-schools/101726614/ AND impact on programs and teachers, would have devastating consequences on local communities. Current quality of education is sharply decreasing through teacher shortagesBoyce 19 Paul Boyce, 9-17-2019, "The Teacher Shortage Is Real and about to Get Much Worse. Here's Why," No Publication, https://fee.org/articles/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-and-about-to-get-much-worse-heres-why/ AND more of the difference in educational gains than race and parent education combined. Quality of education is key for innovation to stop climate changeKwauk et al 3/26’ ~Christina Kwauk and Rebecca Winthrop, 3-26-2021, "Unleashing the creativity of teachers and students to combat climate change: An opportunity for global leadership," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/research/unleashing-the-creativity-of-teachers-and-students-to-combat-climate-change-an-opportunity-for-global-leadership/~~ AND , charting new paths forward for what life can and should be like. Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Alternatives not concrete fail – devolves into ideology instead of actionChristopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African and African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318 AND purely ideological terms, opponents are able to avoid the contentious issue of outcomes | 11/21/21 |
NSD - AC - Teacher UnionsTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: CastilloGeorges Davita Wrone | Judge: Isabella Nadel AdvantageStatus Quo policies make the opportunity cost for teacher strikes too highCasey 20 Leo Casey, 12-2-2020, "The Teacher Strike: Conditions for Success," Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online'articles/the-teacher-strike-conditions-for-success AND points, it will become difficult to mount or sustain a successful strike. That causes teachers uproot and quitting through unsatisfactionCarpenter 21 Jennifer Carpenter., 05-17-21, "Opinion: Protect local control for schools," Burlington Free Press, https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/opinion/my-turn/2017/05/17/opinion-protect-local-control-schools/101726614/ AND impact on programs and teachers, would have devastating consequences on local communities. Current quality of education is sharply decreasing through teacher shortagesBoyce 19 Paul Boyce, 9-17-2019, "The Teacher Shortage Is Real and about to Get Much Worse. Here's Why," No Publication, https://fee.org/articles/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-and-about-to-get-much-worse-heres-why/ AND more of the difference in educational gains than race and parent education combined. Quality of education is key for innovation to stop climate changeKwauk et al 3/26’ ~Christina Kwauk and Rebecca Winthrop, 3-26-2021, "Unleashing the creativity of teachers and students to combat climate change: An opportunity for global leadership," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/research/unleashing-the-creativity-of-teachers-and-students-to-combat-climate-change-an-opportunity-for-global-leadership/~~ AND , charting new paths forward for what life can and should be like. Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." AdvantageUS Democracy is nearing its brink but has potential to spur backHouse 3/22’ ~Freedom House, 3-22-2021, "NEW REPORT: US Democracy Has Declined Significantly in the Past Decade, Reforms Urgently Needed," https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly-past-decade-reforms-urgently-needed~~ AND inferiority and as a sort of license for their own abuses of power." Teacher union legitimacy is key to strengthen democracy – multiple internal links.Khalenberg 16 Kahlenberg, — Richard D. "How Defunding Public Sector Unions Will Diminish Our Democracy." The Century Foundation, 5 Oct. 2016, tcf.org/content/report/how-defunding-public-sector-unions-will-diminish-our-democracy/?session=1. ~Richard D. Kahlenberg is director of K–12 equity and senior fellow at The Century Foundation. The author or editor of seventeen books, he has expertise in education, civil rights, and equal opportunity. Kahlenberg has been called "the intellectual father of the economic integration movement" in K–12 schooling and "arguably the nation’s chief proponent of class-based affirmative action in higher education admissions." He is also an authority on teachers’ unions, private school vouchers, charter schools, community colleges, housing segregation, and labor organizing.~dhsNJ AND democracy in action, underlining the lessons found in the civics books."45 US democracy is the greatest international stabilizer and is key to democracy globallyKelly Magsamen et. al. 18, Max Bergmann, Michael Fuchs, and Trevor Sutton, 9-5-2018, "Securing a Democratic World," Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2018/09/05/457451/securing-democratic-world/ AND that the United States can drive globally in the context of rising competition. ExtinctionYulis 17 (Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/) AND lived trend, or a more ominous warning for the world at large. SolvencyThus, the plan Resolved: A just United States ought to recognize teachers’ unconditional right to strike.Shanker 73’ ~SHANKER, ALBERT L. "Why Teachers Need the Right to Strike." Monthly Labor Review, vol. 96, no. 9, 1973, pp. 48–51. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41839103. Accessed 21 June 2021.~ AND legislatures have found it possible to create mecha-nisms for collective bargaining. Definition of unconditional right to strike:NLRB 85 ~National Labor Relations Board; "Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947: Volume 1," Jan 1985; https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=7o1tA''v4xwCandrdid=book-7o1tA''v4xwCandrdot=1~~ Justin AND health and welfare of our people in order to attain a selfish end. Empirics confirm right to strike improves teacher union legitimacyDiSalvo, Daniel, and Michael Hartney. "Teachers Unions in the Post-Janus World." Education Next, 2 Sept. 2020, www.educationnext.org/teachers-unions-post-janus-world-defying-predictions-still-hold-major-clout/~ Daniel Disalvo AND donate blood plasma to pay the bills. I’m a teacher in America!" FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and breaking a promise to take someone to lunch – that outweighs –A~ Resolvability – there’s no way to weigh between competing offense under their fw which means their fw can’t guide actionB~ Intuitions – they’re a necessary side constraint on all ethics – if a very well justified, logical theory concluded "rape good" you wouldn’t say "huh I guess rape is good" you would abandon it4~ No intent foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 AND against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere. 5~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – if I promise someone to mow the grass, my promise gives me moral reason to mow the grass but no reason to turn on the lawn mower.6~ Reject calc indictsA~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education7~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. Underview~1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis and the highest layer of the round – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time | 7/7/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - KorsgaardTournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Gordon Krauss FWEthics must begin a priori~A~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~B~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.~C~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. ~C~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.AdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. Offense1~ The categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 2~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP AND use of tangible objects which we acquired fully in line with market rules. Adv – WTO LegitimacyThe plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Underview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention. | 9/5/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Alex Dumas 1ACFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ Negating affirms because it assumes that the 1ac is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means are arguments are legitimate.B~ Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethics.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Overthinking paradox- the 1NC is a form of unnecessary overthinking that prevents decisions to be made so don’t evaluate itWikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Decision Making Paradox – in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.G~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moralAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.2~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering3~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg a~ my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate4~ If I win one layer vote aff- The NC has the ability to uplayer for 7 minutes and moot 6 minutes of case5~ The neg may not read meta-theory – I only have time to check abuse 1 time but you can do it in the NC and 2N, up-layering my attempt means we never get to the best norm. This means reject any reason why an aff spike is bad since they claim aff theory is unfair.6~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.7~ Reject shells that don’t indict the reading of an argument –Conflates theoretical and substantive legitimacy – they don't prove the act of reading paradigms is abusive just that a world where the paradigms is implemented would be a bad one which only means they're substantively not theoretically illegitimate1AC – Adv – Vaccine DiplomacyAmerican vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin AND industry and and re-establish its leadership role among the Western powers. Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – recent influence means it’s try or die to capitalize on this weakness.Raimundo 9/3 ~Joshua; 9/3/21; Graduate of the World Journalism Institute; "China peddles influence with vaccines," World Tour, https://wng.org/roundups/china-peddles-influence-with-vaccines-1630687161~~ Justin AND Since early June, case and death rates in Uruguay have steadily declined. Chinese influence ends the liberal order.Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/20; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin AND "bad" and more concerned with the concrete opportunities different choices offer. Collapse of the liberal order causes extinction.Yulis 17 ~Max; Major in PoliSci, Penn Political Review; "In Defense of Liberal Internationalism," Penn Political Review; 4/8/17; http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND limelight to advocate the virtues of peace, stability, and human rights. Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. 1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND , a pandemic may lead nuclear armed states to increase the isolation and sanctions | 9/18/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v3Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Tom Evnen 1ACFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ Empirics- Quantum superposition proves different ethics can exist simultaneously.MIT ’19 (Emerging Technology from the arXiv archive page; Covers latest ideas from blog post about arXiv; 03/12/2019; "Emerging Technology from the arXiv archive page"; https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/12/136684/a-quantum-experiment-suggests-theres-no-such-thing-as-objective-reality/; MIT Technology Review; accessed: 11/19/2020; MohulA) AND . But Wigner, and his friend, would surely not be surprised. B~ Negative arguments presuppose the aff being true since they begin with a descriptive premise about the affirmative such as the aff does x, and then justify why x is bad. However, if the aff does not have truth value, that entails the descriptive premise would also not have truth value, which is contradictory.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Liar’s Paradox – the resolution is always trueCamus ~Albert Camus (existentialist). "The Myth of Sisyphus." Penguin Books. 1975(originally published 1942). Accessed 12/11/19. Pg 22. Copy on hand. Houston Memorial DX~ AND assertion proclaims simultaneously that it is true, and so on ad infinitum." E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth as perception is the lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Interpretation: the neg must not contest the aff framework, read arguments that contest the ethical validity of the aff standard, or read an alternative framework provided that the aff standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Violation’s pre-emptive.Strat skew – neg is reactive and can up-layer the aff on moral frameworks, procedurals, and discursive arguments – AFC levels the playing field by forcing the neg to commit to the aff on substance, which ensures the AC mattersNo RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpFairness outweighs: 1~ testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right 2~ minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuseAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.D~ Yes RVIs – k2 topic edu by deterring friv violations and forces negs to think twice before skewing the 1AR since they know each shell is another split in the 2N, also k2 reciprocity – T is a unique avenue to the ballot that the aff can’t access – makes T structurally unfair without the RVI which kills fairness.E~ Text over spirit – it’s the only predictable form of clash because we can’t verify what the spirit of an interp is4~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interps5~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering6~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg – my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate7~ If I win one layer vote aff- The NC has the ability to uplayer for 7 minutes and moot 6 minutes of case8~ Counterplans and kritiks must use the same actor as the affirmative: a~ ground – moots the entire aff since you can just fiat an actor responsible for aff harms which means the aff can never weigh the case b~ advocacy skills – in the real world we have to debate desirability with the actors we’re given, not assume other random people can solve the harms c~ limits – there are infinite number of alt actors which means I can never reasonably predict which one you could read.1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. | 9/19/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v4Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Ian Matuszeski 1ACFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ There are infinite worlds, the aff is logical in one which is sufficient.Vaidman 2 Vaidman, Lev, 3-24-2002, "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," No Publication, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ AND There is no experimental evidence in favor of collapse and against the MWI. B~ Negating affirms because it assumes that the 1ac is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means are arguments are legitimate.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethicsE~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Overthinking paradox- the 1NC is a form of unnecessary overthinking that prevents decisions to be made so don’t evaluate itWikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.No RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.D~ Yes RVIs – k2 topic edu by deterring friv violations and forces negs to think twice before skewing the 1AR since they know each shell is another split in the 2N, also k2 reciprocity – T is a unique avenue to the ballot that the aff can’t access – makes T structurally unfair without the RVI which kills fairness.E~ The neg may not read meta-theory – I only have time to check abuse 1 time but you can do it in the NC and 2N, up-layering my attempt means we never get to the best norm. This means reject any reason why an aff spike is bad since they claim aff theory is unfair.4~ The neg may not read overview answers to aff arguments – they can up-layer all aff arguments for 7 minutes and the 1ar has to shift through it all.5~ Reject combo shells –A~ Norming – way too specific for any round to be won again which kills normingB~ Never solves for all of its abuse since it proves that the planks are independently abusive6~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg – my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate7~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interps8~ Governmental action is a voting issue for reciprocity and prep skew- I defend the government taking an action so the negative should do. That’s key to reciprocal ground otherwise they get access to a ton of state bad and legalism bad turns that are functional nibs in the 1ar. We additionally can’t predict near infinite non-governmental actors while they just have to prep one; outweighs on sequencing since we need prep to debate. Turns and outweighs the K since it indicts our ability to test the truth value of their theory of power.1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND worldwide. For instance, to export COVID-19 vaccine-related products That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis AND , a pandemic may lead nuclear armed states to increase the isolation and sanctions | 9/26/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v5Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AL | Judge: John Sims 1ACSPIKES ARE AT THE BOTTOM AND CLEARLY DELINEATEDFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ Negative arguments presuppose the aff being true since they begin with a descriptive premise about the affirmative such as the aff does x, and then justify why x is bad. However, if the aff does not have truth value, that entails the descriptive premise would also not have truth value, which is contradictory.B~ Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethicsC~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Decision Making Paradox- in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth as perception is the lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework, beat the NC, and answer case turns, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.No RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpFairness outweighs: 1~ testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right 2~ minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuseAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – OsourceInterpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions on open source with highlighting on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki after the round in which they read them.Violation: screenshot in the doc – they’ve been to a whole tournament but their neg wiki is non-existent1~ Open source does equal the playing fieldOvering 18 – Bob Overing, LD Scholar ("Holiday Disclosure Post ~#6 – 10 Things Edition" JANUARY 12, 2018. http://www.premierdebate.com/disclosure-post-6/) AND online library offerings or teams without college coaches, this matters a lot. 2~ Evidence ethics – open source is the only way to verify pre-round that cards aren’t miscut or highlighted or bracketed unethically. That’s a voter – maintaining ethical ev practices is key to being good academics and we should be able to verify you didn’t cheat3~ Depth of clash – it allows debaters to have nuanced researched objections to their opponents evidence before the round at a much faster rate, which leads to higher quality ev comparison – outweighs cause thinking on your feet is NUQ but the best quality responses come from full access to a case.1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on.Logical arguments aren’t justified in a vacuum – they’re in the context of the resolution so we only defend the resolutional application – misapplications are infinitely regressive since every argument can be used to justify something bad so you should frame this debate through specificity2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.4~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interps5~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering6~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg – my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate7~ If I win one layer vote aff- The NC has the ability to uplayer for 7 minutes and moot 6 minutes of case1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND from actual or potential competition, on the other hand, are less complacent | 10/16/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - StockTournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Syosset AH | Judge: Pirisingula, Chaitra 1AC1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin AND their theories (Kassab and Wu 2014) must take these matters seriously. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. The plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. AND notion of legal standing will outstrip the power relations that ground Pettit’s theory. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 5~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and breaking a promise to take someone to lunch – that outweighs –A~ Resolvability – there’s no way to weigh between competing offense under their fw which means their fw can’t guide actionB~ Intuitions – they’re a necessary side constraint on all ethics – if a very well justified, logical theory concluded "rape good" you wouldn’t say "huh I guess rape is good" you would abandon it6~ No intent foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 AND against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere. 7~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – if I promise someone to mow the grass, my promise gives me moral reason to mow the grass but no reason to turn on the lawn mower.8~ Reject calc indictsA~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable educationUnderview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention.2~ Apocalyptic images challenge dominant power structures to create futures of social justiceJessica Hurley 17, Assistant Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, "Impossible Futures: Fictions of Risk in the Longue Durée", Duke University Press, https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-literature/article/89/4/761/132823/Impossible-Futures-Fictions-of-Risk-in-the-Longue AND cannot contain: that the future will be unimaginably different from the present, 3~ Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND ,56,57 International relations stands to gain from similar interdisciplinary insights. | 9/4/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Stock v2Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Presentation AB | Judge: Arya Goel 1AC1AC – Adv – Vaccine DiplomacyAmerican vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin AND industry and and re-establish its leadership role among the Western powers. Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – recent influence means it’s try or die to capitalize on this weakness.Raimundo 9/3 ~Joshua; 9/3/21; Graduate of the World Journalism Institute; "China peddles influence with vaccines," World Tour, https://wng.org/roundups/china-peddles-influence-with-vaccines-1630687161~~ Justin AND Since early June, case and death rates in Uruguay have steadily declined. Chinese influence ends the liberal order.Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/20; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin AND "bad" and more concerned with the concrete opportunities different choices offer. Collapse of the liberal order causes extinction.Yulis 17 ~Max; Major in PoliSci, Penn Political Review; "In Defense of Liberal Internationalism," Penn Political Review; 4/8/17; http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND limelight to advocate the virtues of peace, stability, and human rights. Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. Chinese diplomatic influence escalates.Brands 20 ~Hal; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist; "Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous," Foreign Affairs; 4/20/20; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world~~ Justin AND and Napoleonic France have often ended, sooner or later, in war. 1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND in which human brains and behaviors evolved. But what was that context? Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines relating to COVID-19 vaccines until vaccination and immunity goals are achieved.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. Growth is sustainable and solves climate change.Bailey 18 ~Ronald; February 16; B.A. in Economics from the University of Virginia, member of the Society of Environmental Journalists and the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, citing a compilation of interdisciplinary research; Reason, "Is Degrowth the Only Way to Save the World?" https://reason.com/2018/02/16/is-degrowth-the-only-way-to-save-the-wor; RP~ Re-Cut Justin AND —and especially its poor people—need more and faster economic growth. The plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory3 Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 4~ Util is key to debates about IP.Kar 19 ~Mohit; Writer at the Original Position; "Utilitarianism in the Context of Intellectual Property," The Original Position; 9/18/19; https://originalpositionnluj.wordpress.com/2019/09/18/utilitarianism-in-the-context-of-intellectual-property/~~ Justin AND offset by the prospect of obtaining license fees on their own patents.’ Outweighs –A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.B~ TJFs first – substance begs the question of a framework being good for debate – fairness is a gateway issue to deciding the winner and education is the reason schools fund debate.Underview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention. | 9/18/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Stock v3Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Holden 1AC1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Delays alter the trajectory of case numbers – CPs miss the boat because patents were never designed for emergencies.Kelly 9/23 ~Christine; 9/23/21; Infectious diseases doctor, clinical fellow in public health virology and founding member of Doctors for Vaccine Equity; "Government must support waiver of Covid vaccine patents," The Irish Times, https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/government-must-support-waiver-of-covid-vaccine-patents-1.4682160~~ Justin AND were never designed for use during global emergencies such as wars or pandemics." Current vaccination rates aren’t enough to meet targets – expansion of vaccine nationalism and imperialist exploitation.Jimenez 9/22 ~Darcy; 9/22/21; Healthcare Reporter; "Big pharma fuelling human rights crisis over Covid-19 vaccine inequity, says Amnesty," Pharmaceutical Technology, https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/big-pharma-human-rights-crisis-vaccine-covid-19-inequity-amnesty/~~ Justin AND by the end of 2022. "Profits should never come before lives." Yes scale-up for COVID.—-AT: IP already waived AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. 1AC – Adv – Vaccine DiplomacyAmerican vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin AND industry and and re-establish its leadership role among the Western powers. Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – recent influence means it’s try or die to capitalize on this weakness.Raimundo 9/3 ~Joshua; 9/3/21; Graduate of the World Journalism Institute; "China peddles influence with vaccines," World Tour, https://wng.org/roundups/china-peddles-influence-with-vaccines-1630687161~~ Justin AND Since early June, case and death rates in Uruguay have steadily declined. Chinese influence ends the liberal order.Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/21; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin AND "bad" and more concerned with the concrete opportunities different choices offer. Collapse of the liberal order causes extinction.Yulis 17 ~Max; Major in PoliSci, Penn Political Review; "In Defense of Liberal Internationalism," Penn Political Review; 4/8/17; http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND limelight to advocate the virtues of peace, stability, and human rights. Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines relating to COVID-19 vaccines until vaccination and immunity goals are achieved.CSA (Counter Solvency Advocate)–Member nations of the WTO areJavaid 21 ~Arfa; 7/30/21; Academic content writer with 2+ years of experience in in the writing and editing industry. She is a Blogger, Youtuber and a published writer at YourQuote, Nojoto, UC News, NewsDog, and writers on competitive test preparation topics at jagranjosh.com; "World Trade Organization (WTO): What is it and how does it work?," Josh, https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/world-trade-organization-wto-all-you-need-to-know-1627564483-1~~ Justin To is an infinitive markerOxford n.d. ~"To," Oxford English Dictionary~ JL For meansMerriam-Webster n.d. ~("For: Preposition," Merriam-Webster~ JL Medicine isLexico ND ~(Lexico dictionary) https://www.lexico.com/definition/medicine~~ BC Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Util is key to debates about IP.Kar 19 ~Mohit; Writer at the Original Position; "Utilitarianism in the Context of Intellectual Property," The Original Position; 9/18/19; https://originalpositionnluj.wordpress.com/2019/09/18/utilitarianism-in-the-context-of-intellectual-property/~~ Justin AND offset by the prospect of obtaining license fees on their own patents.’ Outweighs –A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.B~ TJFs first – substance begs the question of a framework being good for debate – fairness is a gateway issue to deciding the winner and education is the reason schools fund debate.4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 5~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and breaking a promise to take someone to lunch – that outweighs –A~ Resolvability – there’s no way to weigh between competing offense under their fw which means their fw can’t guide action7~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – if I promise someone to mow the grass, my promise gives me moral reason to mow the grass but no reason to turn on the lawn mower.8~ Reject calc indictsTheory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable educationUnderview1~ Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND ,56,57 International relations stands to gain from similar interdisciplinary insights. | 9/25/21 |
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10/17/21 | jysun23@mailstrakejesuitorg |
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