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| Grapevine | 2 | Christopher Columbus PC | Devin Hernandez |
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| Grapevine | Triples | Lexington AG | Favian Sun |
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| Grapevine | 4 | West High School SLC HZ | Andrew Shaw |
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| Greenhill | 2 | Presentation AB | Arya Goel |
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| Greenhill | 3 | Peninsula RM | Alex Dumas |
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| Greenhill | 6 | Southlake Carroll PK | Tom Evnen |
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| Loyola | 2 | Syosset AH | Pirisingula, Chaitra |
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| Loyola | 3 | Sage MP | Gordon Krauss |
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| Loyola | 6 | Princeton Independent JG | Holden |
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| Mid America Cup | 2 | Lake Highland Prep PS | Holden |
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| Mid America Cup | 5 | Lexington AG | Ian Matuszeski |
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| Mid America Cup | 4 | Harrison JP | Maya Xia |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 1 | CastilloGeorges Davita Wrone | Isabella Nadel |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 4 | EvansSinha Diego Arcos | Cameron McConway |
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| NSD Camp Tournament | 5 | TraberRobinsonMcLoughlin Karan Shah | Tarun Ratnasabapathy |
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| St Marks | 2 | Harvard Westlake AL | John Sims |
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| Contact | Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation Created by Karan Shah on 20210707 1938 |
| Grapevine | 2 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus PC | Judge: Devin Hernandez 1AC-Stock Changes in osources |
| Grapevine | Triples | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Favian Sun 1AC-Korsgaard |
| Grapevine | 4 | Opponent: West High School SLC HZ | Judge: Andrew Shaw 1AC-Stock |
| Greenhill | 2 | Opponent: Presentation AB | Judge: Arya Goel 1AC-Stock v2 |
| Greenhill | 3 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Alex Dumas 1AC-Korsgaard v2 |
| Greenhill | 6 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Tom Evnen 1AC-Korsgaard v3 Shells were read in the 1AC |
| Loyola | 2 | Opponent: Syosset AH | Judge: Pirisingula, Chaitra 1AC-Stock |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Gordon Krauss 1AC-Korsgaard AC |
| Loyola | 6 | Opponent: Princeton Independent JG | Judge: Holden 1AC-stock Changes in osource |
| Mid America Cup | 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Holden 1AC-Stock v3 |
| Mid America Cup | 5 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Ian Matuszeski 1AC-Korsgaard v4 ACC read in the aff |
| Mid America Cup | 4 | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Maya Xia 1AC-Stock |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 1 | Opponent: CastilloGeorges Davita Wrone | Judge: Isabella Nadel 1ac-Teachers Unions |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 4 | Opponent: EvansSinha Diego Arcos | Judge: Cameron McConway 1ac-Teacher Unions Changes are in osource |
| NSD Camp Tournament | 5 | Opponent: TraberRobinsonMcLoughlin Karan Shah | Judge: Tarun Ratnasabapathy 1ac-Teacher Unions Changes are in osource |
| St Marks | 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AL | Judge: John Sims 1AC-Korsgaard v5 |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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0 - Contact InfoTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation | 9/26/21 |
0 - Content WarningsTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation | 9/26/21 |
0 - NavigationTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Info | Judge: rmation DEFINITIONS FOR SEPTOCT WONT CITE FOR SOME REASON - IT IS OSOURCED | 9/26/21 |
NSD - AC - Teacher UnionsTournament: NSD Camp Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: CastilloGeorges Davita Wrone | Judge: Isabella Nadel AdvantageStatus Quo policies make the opportunity cost for teacher strikes too highCasey 20 Leo Casey, 12-2-2020, "The Teacher Strike: Conditions for Success," Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online'articles/the-teacher-strike-conditions-for-success AND points, it will become difficult to mount or sustain a successful strike. That causes teachers uproot and quitting through unsatisfactionCarpenter 21 Jennifer Carpenter., 05-17-21, "Opinion: Protect local control for schools," Burlington Free Press, https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/opinion/my-turn/2017/05/17/opinion-protect-local-control-schools/101726614/ AND impact on programs and teachers, would have devastating consequences on local communities. Current quality of education is sharply decreasing through teacher shortagesBoyce 19 Paul Boyce, 9-17-2019, "The Teacher Shortage Is Real and about to Get Much Worse. Here's Why," No Publication, https://fee.org/articles/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-and-about-to-get-much-worse-heres-why/ AND more of the difference in educational gains than race and parent education combined. Quality of education is key for innovation to stop climate changeKwauk et al 3/26’ ~Christina Kwauk and Rebecca Winthrop, 3-26-2021, "Unleashing the creativity of teachers and students to combat climate change: An opportunity for global leadership," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/research/unleashing-the-creativity-of-teachers-and-students-to-combat-climate-change-an-opportunity-for-global-leadership/~~ AND , charting new paths forward for what life can and should be like. Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." AdvantageUS Democracy is nearing its brink but has potential to spur backHouse 3/22’ ~Freedom House, 3-22-2021, "NEW REPORT: US Democracy Has Declined Significantly in the Past Decade, Reforms Urgently Needed," https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly-past-decade-reforms-urgently-needed~~ AND inferiority and as a sort of license for their own abuses of power." Teacher union legitimacy is key to strengthen democracy – multiple internal links.Khalenberg 16 Kahlenberg, — Richard D. "How Defunding Public Sector Unions Will Diminish Our Democracy." The Century Foundation, 5 Oct. 2016, tcf.org/content/report/how-defunding-public-sector-unions-will-diminish-our-democracy/?session=1. ~Richard D. Kahlenberg is director of K–12 equity and senior fellow at The Century Foundation. The author or editor of seventeen books, he has expertise in education, civil rights, and equal opportunity. Kahlenberg has been called "the intellectual father of the economic integration movement" in K–12 schooling and "arguably the nation’s chief proponent of class-based affirmative action in higher education admissions." He is also an authority on teachers’ unions, private school vouchers, charter schools, community colleges, housing segregation, and labor organizing.~dhsNJ AND democracy in action, underlining the lessons found in the civics books."45 US democracy is the greatest international stabilizer and is key to democracy globallyKelly Magsamen et. al. 18, Max Bergmann, Michael Fuchs, and Trevor Sutton, 9-5-2018, "Securing a Democratic World," Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2018/09/05/457451/securing-democratic-world/ AND that the United States can drive globally in the context of rising competition. ExtinctionYulis 17 (Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/) AND lived trend, or a more ominous warning for the world at large. SolvencyThus, the plan Resolved: A just United States ought to recognize teachers’ unconditional right to strike.Shanker 73’ ~SHANKER, ALBERT L. "Why Teachers Need the Right to Strike." Monthly Labor Review, vol. 96, no. 9, 1973, pp. 48–51. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41839103. Accessed 21 June 2021.~ AND legislatures have found it possible to create mecha-nisms for collective bargaining. Definition of unconditional right to strike:NLRB 85 ~National Labor Relations Board; "Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947: Volume 1," Jan 1985; https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=7o1tA''v4xwCandrdid=book-7o1tA''v4xwCandrdot=1~~ Justin AND health and welfare of our people in order to attain a selfish end. Empirics confirm right to strike improves teacher union legitimacyDiSalvo, Daniel, and Michael Hartney. "Teachers Unions in the Post-Janus World." Education Next, 2 Sept. 2020, www.educationnext.org/teachers-unions-post-janus-world-defying-predictions-still-hold-major-clout/~ Daniel Disalvo AND donate blood plasma to pay the bills. I’m a teacher in America!" FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and breaking a promise to take someone to lunch – that outweighs –A~ Resolvability – there’s no way to weigh between competing offense under their fw which means their fw can’t guide actionB~ Intuitions – they’re a necessary side constraint on all ethics – if a very well justified, logical theory concluded "rape good" you wouldn’t say "huh I guess rape is good" you would abandon it4~ No intent foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 AND against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere. 5~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – if I promise someone to mow the grass, my promise gives me moral reason to mow the grass but no reason to turn on the lawn mower.6~ Reject calc indictsA~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education7~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. Underview~1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis and the highest layer of the round – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time | 7/7/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - KorsgaardTournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Gordon Krauss FWEthics must begin a priori~A~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~B~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.~C~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. ~C~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.AdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. Offense1~ The categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 2~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP AND use of tangible objects which we acquired fully in line with market rules. Adv – WTO LegitimacyThe plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Underview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention. | 9/5/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Alex Dumas 1ACFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ Negating affirms because it assumes that the 1ac is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means are arguments are legitimate.B~ Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethics.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Overthinking paradox- the 1NC is a form of unnecessary overthinking that prevents decisions to be made so don’t evaluate itWikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Decision Making Paradox – in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.G~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moralAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.2~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering3~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg a~ my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate4~ If I win one layer vote aff- The NC has the ability to uplayer for 7 minutes and moot 6 minutes of case5~ The neg may not read meta-theory – I only have time to check abuse 1 time but you can do it in the NC and 2N, up-layering my attempt means we never get to the best norm. This means reject any reason why an aff spike is bad since they claim aff theory is unfair.6~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.7~ Reject shells that don’t indict the reading of an argument –Conflates theoretical and substantive legitimacy – they don't prove the act of reading paradigms is abusive just that a world where the paradigms is implemented would be a bad one which only means they're substantively not theoretically illegitimate1AC – Adv – Vaccine DiplomacyAmerican vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin AND industry and and re-establish its leadership role among the Western powers. Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – recent influence means it’s try or die to capitalize on this weakness.Raimundo 9/3 ~Joshua; 9/3/21; Graduate of the World Journalism Institute; "China peddles influence with vaccines," World Tour, https://wng.org/roundups/china-peddles-influence-with-vaccines-1630687161~~ Justin AND Since early June, case and death rates in Uruguay have steadily declined. Chinese influence ends the liberal order.Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/20; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin AND "bad" and more concerned with the concrete opportunities different choices offer. Collapse of the liberal order causes extinction.Yulis 17 ~Max; Major in PoliSci, Penn Political Review; "In Defense of Liberal Internationalism," Penn Political Review; 4/8/17; http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND limelight to advocate the virtues of peace, stability, and human rights. Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. 1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND , a pandemic may lead nuclear armed states to increase the isolation and sanctions | 9/18/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v3Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Tom Evnen 1ACFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ Empirics- Quantum superposition proves different ethics can exist simultaneously.MIT ’19 (Emerging Technology from the arXiv archive page; Covers latest ideas from blog post about arXiv; 03/12/2019; "Emerging Technology from the arXiv archive page"; https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/12/136684/a-quantum-experiment-suggests-theres-no-such-thing-as-objective-reality/; MIT Technology Review; accessed: 11/19/2020; MohulA) AND . But Wigner, and his friend, would surely not be surprised. B~ Negative arguments presuppose the aff being true since they begin with a descriptive premise about the affirmative such as the aff does x, and then justify why x is bad. However, if the aff does not have truth value, that entails the descriptive premise would also not have truth value, which is contradictory.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Liar’s Paradox – the resolution is always trueCamus ~Albert Camus (existentialist). "The Myth of Sisyphus." Penguin Books. 1975(originally published 1942). Accessed 12/11/19. Pg 22. Copy on hand. Houston Memorial DX~ AND assertion proclaims simultaneously that it is true, and so on ad infinitum." E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth as perception is the lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Interpretation: the neg must not contest the aff framework, read arguments that contest the ethical validity of the aff standard, or read an alternative framework provided that the aff standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Violation’s pre-emptive.Strat skew – neg is reactive and can up-layer the aff on moral frameworks, procedurals, and discursive arguments – AFC levels the playing field by forcing the neg to commit to the aff on substance, which ensures the AC mattersNo RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpFairness outweighs: 1~ testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right 2~ minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuseAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.D~ Yes RVIs – k2 topic edu by deterring friv violations and forces negs to think twice before skewing the 1AR since they know each shell is another split in the 2N, also k2 reciprocity – T is a unique avenue to the ballot that the aff can’t access – makes T structurally unfair without the RVI which kills fairness.E~ Text over spirit – it’s the only predictable form of clash because we can’t verify what the spirit of an interp is4~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interps5~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering6~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg – my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate7~ If I win one layer vote aff- The NC has the ability to uplayer for 7 minutes and moot 6 minutes of case8~ Counterplans and kritiks must use the same actor as the affirmative: a~ ground – moots the entire aff since you can just fiat an actor responsible for aff harms which means the aff can never weigh the case b~ advocacy skills – in the real world we have to debate desirability with the actors we’re given, not assume other random people can solve the harms c~ limits – there are infinite number of alt actors which means I can never reasonably predict which one you could read.1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. | 9/19/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v4Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Ian Matuszeski 1ACFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ There are infinite worlds, the aff is logical in one which is sufficient.Vaidman 2 Vaidman, Lev, 3-24-2002, "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," No Publication, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ AND There is no experimental evidence in favor of collapse and against the MWI. B~ Negating affirms because it assumes that the 1ac is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means are arguments are legitimate.C~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethicsE~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Overthinking paradox- the 1NC is a form of unnecessary overthinking that prevents decisions to be made so don’t evaluate itWikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.No RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.D~ Yes RVIs – k2 topic edu by deterring friv violations and forces negs to think twice before skewing the 1AR since they know each shell is another split in the 2N, also k2 reciprocity – T is a unique avenue to the ballot that the aff can’t access – makes T structurally unfair without the RVI which kills fairness.E~ The neg may not read meta-theory – I only have time to check abuse 1 time but you can do it in the NC and 2N, up-layering my attempt means we never get to the best norm. This means reject any reason why an aff spike is bad since they claim aff theory is unfair.4~ The neg may not read overview answers to aff arguments – they can up-layer all aff arguments for 7 minutes and the 1ar has to shift through it all.5~ Reject combo shells –A~ Norming – way too specific for any round to be won again which kills normingB~ Never solves for all of its abuse since it proves that the planks are independently abusive6~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg – my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate7~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interps8~ Governmental action is a voting issue for reciprocity and prep skew- I defend the government taking an action so the negative should do. That’s key to reciprocal ground otherwise they get access to a ton of state bad and legalism bad turns that are functional nibs in the 1ar. We additionally can’t predict near infinite non-governmental actors while they just have to prep one; outweighs on sequencing since we need prep to debate. Turns and outweighs the K since it indicts our ability to test the truth value of their theory of power.1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND worldwide. For instance, to export COVID-19 vaccine-related products That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis AND , a pandemic may lead nuclear armed states to increase the isolation and sanctions | 9/26/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v5Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AL | Judge: John Sims 1ACSPIKES ARE AT THE BOTTOM AND CLEARLY DELINEATEDFWEthics must begin a prioriA~ Negative arguments presuppose the aff being true since they begin with a descriptive premise about the affirmative such as the aff does x, and then justify why x is bad. However, if the aff does not have truth value, that entails the descriptive premise would also not have truth value, which is contradictory.B~ Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethicsC~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.D~ Decision Making Paradox- in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.E~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.F~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.G~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth as perception is the lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown.That justifies universality –a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.Additionally:~A~ Resource disparities—focusing on evidence privileges debaters with the most prep excluding lone-wolfs. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That pre-req to accessing the activity.~B~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral b~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences so we can’t predict. c~ Induction is circular because it assumes nature will hold uniform d~ aggregation impossible – impossible to measure pain and pleasure e~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework, beat the NC, and answer case turns, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.No RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation—they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there—the entire 1ac cant be the shell because then they could just choose not to violate it1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate itCompeting interps on 1AC Theory- A~ 7 minutes is more than enough time to robustly justify their counter interpFairness outweighs: 1~ testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right 2~ minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuseAdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. OffenseThe categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP Re-Cut Justin AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. 1AC – OsourceInterpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions on open source with highlighting on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki after the round in which they read them.Violation: screenshot in the doc – they’ve been to a whole tournament but their neg wiki is non-existent1~ Open source does equal the playing fieldOvering 18 – Bob Overing, LD Scholar ("Holiday Disclosure Post ~#6 – 10 Things Edition" JANUARY 12, 2018. http://www.premierdebate.com/disclosure-post-6/) AND online library offerings or teams without college coaches, this matters a lot. 2~ Evidence ethics – open source is the only way to verify pre-round that cards aren’t miscut or highlighted or bracketed unethically. That’s a voter – maintaining ethical ev practices is key to being good academics and we should be able to verify you didn’t cheat3~ Depth of clash – it allows debaters to have nuanced researched objections to their opponents evidence before the round at a much faster rate, which leads to higher quality ev comparison – outweighs cause thinking on your feet is NUQ but the best quality responses come from full access to a case.1AC – Underview1~ The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statementAff flex – other frameworks moots the entire aff and exacerbates the fact that the 1nc is reactionary since I should be able to compensate by choosing Collapses – you must say it is true that a world is better than another in order to compare the two.Scalar methods rely on intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – only a binary resolves that and prevents intervention which is the biggest impact under fairness.Substantive skews – there is always a more correct side of the topic but we compensate for flaws in the lit.Most inclusive because other ROBs allow for oppression Olympics allowing personal lives and experiences to factor in decisions.The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that outweighs – all your arguments presume the judge evaluates them and controls the IL to topic ed and fairness since the rules of the activity is what we base our arguments on.Logical arguments aren’t justified in a vacuum – they’re in the context of the resolution so we only defend the resolutional application – misapplications are infinitely regressive since every argument can be used to justify something bad so you should frame this debate through specificity2~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.3~ NC Theory –A~ It’s drop the argument since the 1AC speaks in the dark and violates countless bidirectional interps no matter what so we shouldn’t be punished for it.B~ Reasonability since the 1AR is too short to effectively win offense against a 6-minute 2nr dump.C~ Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.4~ Check all neg interps and K/DA links in CX – avoids infinite regress due to links and interps5~ The neg can only gain offense from one unconditional route to the ballot- Forces the neg to engage in the AC rather than just uplayering6~ Theory or K indicts on spikes is drop the arg – my theory paradigms are simply presented models for debate7~ If I win one layer vote aff- The NC has the ability to uplayer for 7 minutes and moot 6 minutes of case1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND from actual or potential competition, on the other hand, are less complacent | 10/16/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - StockTournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Syosset AH | Judge: Pirisingula, Chaitra 1AC1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin AND their theories (Kassab and Wu 2014) must take these matters seriously. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. The plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. AND notion of legal standing will outstrip the power relations that ground Pettit’s theory. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 5~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and breaking a promise to take someone to lunch – that outweighs –A~ Resolvability – there’s no way to weigh between competing offense under their fw which means their fw can’t guide actionB~ Intuitions – they’re a necessary side constraint on all ethics – if a very well justified, logical theory concluded "rape good" you wouldn’t say "huh I guess rape is good" you would abandon it6~ No intent foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 AND against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere. 7~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – if I promise someone to mow the grass, my promise gives me moral reason to mow the grass but no reason to turn on the lawn mower.8~ Reject calc indictsA~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable educationUnderview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention.2~ Apocalyptic images challenge dominant power structures to create futures of social justiceJessica Hurley 17, Assistant Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, "Impossible Futures: Fictions of Risk in the Longue Durée", Duke University Press, https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-literature/article/89/4/761/132823/Impossible-Futures-Fictions-of-Risk-in-the-Longue AND cannot contain: that the future will be unimaginably different from the present, 3~ Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND ,56,57 International relations stands to gain from similar interdisciplinary insights. | 9/4/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Stock v2Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Presentation AB | Judge: Arya Goel 1AC1AC – Adv – Vaccine DiplomacyAmerican vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin AND industry and and re-establish its leadership role among the Western powers. Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – recent influence means it’s try or die to capitalize on this weakness.Raimundo 9/3 ~Joshua; 9/3/21; Graduate of the World Journalism Institute; "China peddles influence with vaccines," World Tour, https://wng.org/roundups/china-peddles-influence-with-vaccines-1630687161~~ Justin AND Since early June, case and death rates in Uruguay have steadily declined. Chinese influence ends the liberal order.Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/20; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin AND "bad" and more concerned with the concrete opportunities different choices offer. Collapse of the liberal order causes extinction.Yulis 17 ~Max; Major in PoliSci, Penn Political Review; "In Defense of Liberal Internationalism," Penn Political Review; 4/8/17; http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND limelight to advocate the virtues of peace, stability, and human rights. Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. Chinese diplomatic influence escalates.Brands 20 ~Hal; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist; "Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous," Foreign Affairs; 4/20/20; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world~~ Justin AND and Napoleonic France have often ended, sooner or later, in war. 1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND in which human brains and behaviors evolved. But what was that context? Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines relating to COVID-19 vaccines until vaccination and immunity goals are achieved.Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. Growth is sustainable and solves climate change.Bailey 18 ~Ronald; February 16; B.A. in Economics from the University of Virginia, member of the Society of Environmental Journalists and the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, citing a compilation of interdisciplinary research; Reason, "Is Degrowth the Only Way to Save the World?" https://reason.com/2018/02/16/is-degrowth-the-only-way-to-save-the-wor; RP~ Re-Cut Justin AND —and especially its poor people—need more and faster economic growth. The plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory3 Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 4~ Util is key to debates about IP.Kar 19 ~Mohit; Writer at the Original Position; "Utilitarianism in the Context of Intellectual Property," The Original Position; 9/18/19; https://originalpositionnluj.wordpress.com/2019/09/18/utilitarianism-in-the-context-of-intellectual-property/~~ Justin AND offset by the prospect of obtaining license fees on their own patents.’ Outweighs –A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.B~ TJFs first – substance begs the question of a framework being good for debate – fairness is a gateway issue to deciding the winner and education is the reason schools fund debate.Underview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention. | 9/18/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Stock v3Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Holden 1AC1AC – Adv – PandemicsOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Delays alter the trajectory of case numbers – CPs miss the boat because patents were never designed for emergencies.Kelly 9/23 ~Christine; 9/23/21; Infectious diseases doctor, clinical fellow in public health virology and founding member of Doctors for Vaccine Equity; "Government must support waiver of Covid vaccine patents," The Irish Times, https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/government-must-support-waiver-of-covid-vaccine-patents-1.4682160~~ Justin AND were never designed for use during global emergencies such as wars or pandemics." Current vaccination rates aren’t enough to meet targets – expansion of vaccine nationalism and imperialist exploitation.Jimenez 9/22 ~Darcy; 9/22/21; Healthcare Reporter; "Big pharma fuelling human rights crisis over Covid-19 vaccine inequity, says Amnesty," Pharmaceutical Technology, https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/big-pharma-human-rights-crisis-vaccine-covid-19-inequity-amnesty/~~ Justin AND by the end of 2022. "Profits should never come before lives." Yes scale-up for COVID.—-AT: IP already waived AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. 1AC – Adv – Vaccine DiplomacyAmerican vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin AND industry and and re-establish its leadership role among the Western powers. Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – recent influence means it’s try or die to capitalize on this weakness.Raimundo 9/3 ~Joshua; 9/3/21; Graduate of the World Journalism Institute; "China peddles influence with vaccines," World Tour, https://wng.org/roundups/china-peddles-influence-with-vaccines-1630687161~~ Justin AND Since early June, case and death rates in Uruguay have steadily declined. Chinese influence ends the liberal order.Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/21; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin AND "bad" and more concerned with the concrete opportunities different choices offer. Collapse of the liberal order causes extinction.Yulis 17 ~Max; Major in PoliSci, Penn Political Review; "In Defense of Liberal Internationalism," Penn Political Review; 4/8/17; http://pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/~~ Re-Cut Justin AND limelight to advocate the virtues of peace, stability, and human rights. Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. 1AC – PlanPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines relating to COVID-19 vaccines until vaccination and immunity goals are achieved.CSA (Counter Solvency Advocate)–Member nations of the WTO areJavaid 21 ~Arfa; 7/30/21; Academic content writer with 2+ years of experience in in the writing and editing industry. She is a Blogger, Youtuber and a published writer at YourQuote, Nojoto, UC News, NewsDog, and writers on competitive test preparation topics at jagranjosh.com; "World Trade Organization (WTO): What is it and how does it work?," Josh, https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/world-trade-organization-wto-all-you-need-to-know-1627564483-1~~ Justin To is an infinitive markerOxford n.d. ~"To," Oxford English Dictionary~ JL For meansMerriam-Webster n.d. ~("For: Preposition," Merriam-Webster~ JL Medicine isLexico ND ~(Lexico dictionary) https://www.lexico.com/definition/medicine~~ BC Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin AND deter the technological investment to create life-saving solutions in the future. 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Util is key to debates about IP.Kar 19 ~Mohit; Writer at the Original Position; "Utilitarianism in the Context of Intellectual Property," The Original Position; 9/18/19; https://originalpositionnluj.wordpress.com/2019/09/18/utilitarianism-in-the-context-of-intellectual-property/~~ Justin AND offset by the prospect of obtaining license fees on their own patents.’ Outweighs –A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.B~ TJFs first – substance begs the question of a framework being good for debate – fairness is a gateway issue to deciding the winner and education is the reason schools fund debate.4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ AND with the benefit of keeping one’s options open while one gains new information. 5~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and breaking a promise to take someone to lunch – that outweighs –A~ Resolvability – there’s no way to weigh between competing offense under their fw which means their fw can’t guide action7~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – if I promise someone to mow the grass, my promise gives me moral reason to mow the grass but no reason to turn on the lawn mower.8~ Reject calc indictsTheory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable educationUnderview1~ Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND ,56,57 International relations stands to gain from similar interdisciplinary insights. | 9/25/21 |
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