1AC-kant V2 1NC-spreading bad lay 1AR-ACC kant shell 2NR-shell case Kant 2AR-shell kant
TFA
2
Opponent: Basis Shavano AK | Judge: Avery Wilson
1AC-poland 1NC-cap 1AR-case impact turns 2NR-cap case 2AR-impact turns case
TFA
4
Opponent: Boeren Champion LP | Judge: Nelson
1AC-poland 1NC-k 1AR-mindset alts bad case k 2NR-all 2AR-shell
TFA
5
Opponent: Greenhill NT | Judge: Jack Quissenberry
1AC-kant 1NC-colorblindness k pic 1AR-pics bad condo bad reject alts bad resolved priori severence perms 2NR-all 2AR-resolved severance perms
TOC
4
Opponent: Coppell HA | Judge: Joseph Barquin
1AC debris v4 1NC k rest all
Tournament of Champions
1
Opponent: Village RB | Judge: Jackson Hanna
1AC-debris V4 1NC-setcol 1AR and rest of speeches just case k
University of Houston Cougar Classic
1
Opponent: Clear Lake IM | Judge: Taj
1AC-kant 1NC-muslim k combo shell 1AR-kant vague alts bad shell k 2NR-k thompson 2AR-case vague alts bad Thompson k
University of Houston Cougar Classic
3
Opponent: Clear Spring WM | Judge: Pheonix Pttman
1AC-kant 1NC-lay 1AR-kant 2NR-lay 2ar-kant
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
0-Contact Info
Tournament: all | Round: 1 | Opponent: person | Judge: another person your best bet is Facebook messenger my email is jdkollar23@mail.strakejesuit.org pronouns are he/him
9/4/21
0-Navigation
Tournament: all | Round: 1 | Opponent: person | Judge: another person 0-Info 1-Generics 2-SEPTOCT 3-NOVDEC 4-JANFEB 5-MARAPR
9/4/21
1-Theory-Condo bad
Tournament: TFA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill NT | Judge: Jack Quissenberry Condo is a voting issue, 1) reciprocity- I have to defend the aff unconditionally while they have a chance to kick their advocacy, reciprocity outweighs because definitionally being unfair and having unequal ballot access 2) stratskew- forces me to respond to positions that they can kick if adequately responded to or go for if undercovered 3) dispo solves with the condition of “if I make perm you can kick” allows sufficient negflex while giving the aff a chance
3/11/22
1-Theory-Mindset alts bad
Tournament: TFA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Boeren Champion LP | Judge: Nelson A. Interpretation: Kritik alternatives must only be specific, solvent policy actions implemented by a single actor. The alt must have a solvency advocate that explains the implementation of the policy, and cannot fiat a rejection, mindset shift, or (what they did) B. Violation
Strat Skew – Mindset alts skew my strategy because a) I don’t know how the shift is implemented so the neg can delink from solvency deficits and link turn and b) I don’t know what mindset replaces it, so the neg can sever out of impact turns to the k. Preventing strat skew is key to fairness because debaters must be able to leverage arguments and positions against opponents to access the ballot. Strat skew also turns the K; if my opponent is vague and shifty then they don’t actually believe in the discourse and are being disingenuous. 2. Reciprocity – without a concrete policy action alt with solvency, they can win by only showing something bad about my advocacy or state of affairs, and then claim utopian fiat through mindset shift. For example, I can’t show that the world of the alt is more capitalist if the alt is “reject capitalism” which destroys my ability to turn the K, making the entire position functionally an a priori, destroying fairness since winning any disadvantage to the aff is sufficient to win but I can’t prove a disadvantage to their world. The only way to solve this would be to give the aff utopian fiat, in which case I fiat away all of their disadvantages and all of my advantages, meaning I win on a post-fiat level and outweigh the K.
3/11/22
1-Theory-Open Source
Tournament: Longhorn Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Jack Quisenberry | Judge: Plano West VV A. Interpretation At least an hour before the round begins, debaters must open source all broken positions all broken positions (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks) on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki under their own name and school B. Violation My opponent has nothing on the wiki even though they have a wiki-check the ss C. Standards
Quality engagement – disclosure ensures nuanced argumentation about the affirmative because I know what the possibilities are and have time before the round to write answers. Gives me more time to craft specific strategies designed to maximally engage your position instead of going for generic arguments which kill education because topics go stale. 2. Academic integrity – availability of evidence on the wiki means I can check your evidence for powertagging and miscutting—prep time is not enough to understand the articles and their positions which means you’re more likely to get away with ethics violations. Impacts: A. Outweighs other theory impacts—your role as an educator mandates you enforce academic rules just like a teacher would fail a plagiarized paper. B. Fairness and education—no disclosure means people can spin and twist their evidence to say things it doesn’t say which gives you an advantage on the argument that shouldn’t exist. Also shuts off need for research because there’s no incentive to find good cards. 3. Research incentive – disclosure forces continued research on the topic. Nails 13 Jacob “A Defense of Disclosure (Including Third-Party Disclosure)” NSD Update October 10th 2013 http://nsdupdate.com/2013/10/10/a-defense-of-disclosure-including-third-party-disclosure-by-jacob-nails/ In theory, the AND a long time ago. D. Voters
Fairness: Disclosing case positions is key to fairness for you can check the accuracy of the carded evidence to make sure there is a level playing field for the round. Fairness is a voter because debate is a competitive activity and both sides need equal access to the ballot. 2. Education: Disclosure is key to education—ensures we go in depth on topical issues instead of reusing old positions. Education is a voting issue because it is the reason why schools fund debate. Drop the debater
Drop the arg is insufficient to deter future abuse. 2. Drop the arg allows for a 1AR restart, resulting in an 7-6 minute time skew for the aff. 3-its incoherent to drop the arg on disclosure
No RVI’s on theory
The RVI incentivizes for more abusive positions to be read so as those who read the positions can win on the RVI. 2. The RVI creates a chilling effect in which debaters will not read theory to check actual abuse because their opponent could beat them on theory by getting the RVI. Prefer Competing Interps
Reasonability is a race to the bottom in which we get increasingly abusive so long as we do not violate the brightline, while competing interps sets the best norm for debate. 2. Reasonability allows judge intervention on deciding the winner, so it does not matter if we debate in the first place.
12/4/21
1-Theory-Pics bad
Tournament: TFA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill NT | Judge: Jack Quissenberry PICs are a voting issue – they moot the entirety of the ac absent small parts of it making it impossible to weigh against since they are functionally the aff ows since that makes the hard 1ar impossible , reading it as a disad solves since it preserves negflex while the content is the same
3/11/22
1-Theory-Reject Alts Bad
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Devin Hernandez Interpretation: Debaters must not read an alternative that only specifies that we must reject the aff in favor of a critical shift. Violation: Standards: 1 Policy education- K alts are intended to be plans to stop the abuse cause by the link, this implies that the alternative should be some kind of policy shift or action, policy education is key to education because many debaters go on to become lawyers and policy makers this means that what we take away from the round the most is policy 2 Critical education- reject alts kill critical education because they are not specific in what critical action is stated instead they just say that you reject an advocacy and just think about the K, Critical education is key to education because it allows debaters to look at the way the world works differently and to see different perspective on the nature of things such as oppression Education
9/12/21
1-Theory-Spec Status
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Devin Hernandez Interpretation: The neg must specify the status of all advocacies in the 1NC during the 1NC. To clarify, you must explicitly state whether advocacies are conditional, unconditional, or dispositional in your 1NC. Violation- They don’t Strat Skew – If you wait till CX to clarify, I lose the entirety of the NC, which is 7 minutes, to prep answers. I don’t know if I should go for case outweighs or read theory. Key to fairness since you know the AC is unconditional and have the entire 6 minutes with which to prep so I need to be able to prep during the NC, too. Key to education since I’ll have less time to think of quality arguments. Also key to inclusion in debate because newer debaters are less likely to ask about the status of an arg in CX, so debaters are incentivized to not tell novices the status of their CPs, and then shift after encouraging a strategic error. Inclusion is an independent voter – you can’t debate if you can’t participate. Fairness
Plan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.
Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.
Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin Limited Waiver Approach This article suggests AND solutions in the future.
The plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.
Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin TRIPS waiver proposal from India, South Africa and other members A proposal by India, South Africa and eight other countries calls on the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to exempt member countries from enforcing some patents, and other Intellectual Property (IP) rights under the organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, known as TRIPS, for a limited period of time. It is to ensure AND deserve nothing less.
WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.
Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin Both Antigua and AND the organization’s credibility.108
1AC-Advantage
Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.
Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin According to Duke AND the waiver happen.
Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.
Compares two models of HARs and LARs Allows for mutation simulations Princeton University 8/17 Princeton University. "Vaccine stockpiling by nations could lead to increase in COVID-19 cases, novel variant emergence, study finds." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 August 2021. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210817152552.htm. Nato The allocation of AND undermine global health."
Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.
Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin Great powers, with AND these matters seriously.
Yes scale-up for covid.
Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin Currently many idle AND is currently missing.
Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.
Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin As the COVID-19 pandemic AND of their market monopoly.Footnote34
AND competition law concerns.
Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.
Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin The Challenge: Multiple AND of nuclear war.
Nuclear war causes extinction.
Starr 15 ~Steve Starr; Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility; "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," 10/14/19; FAS; https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/~~ Re-Cut Justin While it is impossible AND radioactive, toxic environment?
1AC – Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life
4~ Extinction outweighs
MacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ The human race AND gains new information.
A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.
Underview
1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention.
2~ Apocalyptic images challenge dominant power structures to create futures of social justice
3~ Policy education is key to advocacy – that outweighs on portable skills.
Nixon 2K Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project. "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing." Colorlines 3.2, 2000.
Getting It in AND to our vision of how things should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.
Plan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics.
Enforcement through limited IP waivers solve – patent term extensions are normal means and solves innovation and scale-up.
Young and Potts-Szeliga 21 ~Roberta; Counsel in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Los Angeles; Jamaica Potts-Szeliga; Partner in Seyfarth’s Litigation department and Intellectual Property and Patent Litigation practice groups in Washington, DC. She also provides advice on FDA regulatory issues and is part of the firm’s Health Care, Life Sciences, and Pharmaceuticals team; "A Third Option: Limited IP Waiver Could Solve Our Pandemic Vaccine Problems," IP Watch Dog; 7/21/21; https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/07/21/third-option-limited-ip-waiver-solve-pandemic-vaccine-problems/id=135732/~~ Justin Limited Waiver Approach
Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin Both Antigua and AND the organization’s credibility.108
1AC-Advantage
American vaccine diplomacy is failing in Latin America – that allows for Chinese influence. Only the plan can return the world back to a US led order.
Carman and Carl 6/15 ~Ezequiel and Joseph; Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law; Graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation; "A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean," Global Americans; 6/15/21; https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/~~ Justin Once again, history AND transparency and accountability.
Yes scale-up for covid.
Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin Currently many idle AND h is currently missing.
It's not over – Latin America is still skeptical of Chinese aid but lack of US presence means it’s the only choice – try or die to capitalize on this weakness.
Kneip 8/10 ~Lucie; Student at the University of Notre Dame studying Political Science and Global Affairs. Her research interests include U.S. foreign policy and democratization, civil and criminal warfare, and the intersection of religion and politics; "China’s Vaccine Diplomacy in Latin America," The Diplomat; 8/10/21; https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/chinas-vaccine-diplomacy-in-latin-america/~~ Justin Chinese vaccine diplomacy AND of vaccine donations.
Chinese influence ends the liberal order.
Cossu 7/16 ~Elena; Early-stage researcher for the MSCA Innovative Training Network FATIGUE, PhD candidate in economics at Corvinus University of Budapest and recently finished her year as a visiting researcher at University College London and at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Elena comes from a place culturally in between Germany and Italy. She has also had experience working in Greece, France, Latin America, Thailand, and Hungary. Elena is passionate about political and economic inequalities between states, and about understanding what prevents the political and economic convergence of different peripheries of the world; "In Latin America, Chinese vaccine diplomacy is directly challenging US’s declining authority," Scroll.in; 7/16/20; https://scroll.in/article/1000114/in-latin-america-chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-is-directly-challenging-uss-declining-authority~~ Justin It is impossible to AND different choices offer.
Heg solves every impact and the transition is violent.
Keck 14 ~Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University; "America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?" The Diplomat; 1/24/14; http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/~~ Justin Still, on balance, AND effective global governance.
Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.
Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin Underlying these arguments AND a rising challenger.
Chinese diplomatic influence escalates.
Brands 20 ~Hal; Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist; "Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous," Foreign Affairs; 4/20/20; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world~~ Justin Opposition to spheres AND later, in war.
Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.
Compares two models of HARs and LARs Allows for mutation simulations Princeton University 8/17 Princeton University. "Vaccine stockpiling by nations could lead to increase in COVID-19 cases, novel variant emergence, study finds." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 August 2021. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210817152552.htm. Nato The allocation of AND undermine global health."
Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.
Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin Great powers, with AND these matters seriously.
Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.
Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin As the COVID-19
AND competition law concerns. Strategic Patenting Impairs Originators’ Incentives to Innovate While originator companies AND competition law concerns.
Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.
Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin The Challenge: Multiple AND weapons, increases at
1AC – Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life
4~ Extinction outweighs
MacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ The human race AND gains new information.
A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.
Underview
1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention.
Plan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.
Enforcement through eliminating product patents solve- empirically proven through India to lower prices, create generics, and foster innovation
He 2019 He, Juan (Graduate Student Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University) . "Indian Patent Law and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical Industry: What Can China Learn from India?." Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China. Springer, Singapore, 2019. 251-269./SJKS The Report on AND have been otherwise.
Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin Both Antigua and AND the organization’s credibility.108
1AC-Advantage
Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.
Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin According to Duke AND the waiver happen.
Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.
Compares two models of HARs and LARs Allows for mutation simulations Princeton University 8/17 Princeton University. "Vaccine stockpiling by nations could lead to increase in COVID-19 cases, novel variant emergence, study finds." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 August 2021. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210817152552.htm. Nato The allocation of AND undermine global health."
Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.
Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin Great powers, with AND take these matters seriously.
Yes scale-up for covid.
Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin Currently many idle AND is currently missing.
Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.
Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin As the COVID-19
AND competition law concerns.
Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.
Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin The Challenge: Multiple Existential Threats
AND of nuclear war.
Nuclear war causes extinction.
Starr 15 ~Steve Starr; Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility; "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," 10/14/19; FAS; https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/~~ Re-Cut Justin While it is AND radioactive, toxic environment?
UV
Underview
1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention.
3~ Policy education is key to advocacy – that outweighs on portable skills.
Nixon 2K Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project. "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing." Colorlines 3.2, 2000.
Getting It in AND committed to making it so.
1AC – Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life
4~ Extinction outweighs
MacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ The human race AND gains new information.
A~ Most articles about IP are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability – equal topic lit means fair ground.
Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actions
Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. Let us start AND ground Pettit’s theory.
~
~ And, consequences are the only values we can experience – that means moral theories have to account for consequentialist comparison
Harris 10. Sam Harris 2010. CEO Project Reason; PHD UCLA Neuroscience; BA Stanford Philosophy. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values." I believe that AND foundation of all values.
9/10/21
2-SEPTOCT-AC-KANT
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Connor Self
Ethics must begin a priori
~A~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.
~B~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.
~C~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.
That justifies universality – a~ a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and b~ any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.
Additionally:
~A~ Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.
~C~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.
Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where AND that identity forbids.
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.
~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.
~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral
Thus, the plan – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. CP and PICs affirm because they do not disprove my general thesis.
Enforcement through eliminating product patents solve- empirically proven through India to lower prices, create generics, and foster innovation
He 2019 He, Juan (Graduate Student Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University) . "Indian Patent Law and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical Industry: What Can China Learn from India?." Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China. Springer, Singapore, 2019. 251-269./SJKS The Report on AND have been otherwise.
1~ The categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.
Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP In the Metaphysics
AND because of Enlightenment.
2~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.
Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP To make this AND with market rules.
UV
~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance and reasonability bites intervention since it’s up to the judge to determine. No 2NR RVI, paradigm issues, theory, evidence, or new responses to AC arguments since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. No RVIs on AC arguments – incentivizes a 7 minute collapse that decks 1AR strategy.
Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.
Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin According to Duke AND the waiver happen.
Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.
Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin Great powers, with AND these matters seriously.
Yes scale-up for covid.
Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin Currently many idle AND is currently missing.
Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.
Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin As the COVID-19 ANF competition law concerns.
Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.
Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin The Challenge: Multiple AND provocations in the belief
9/4/21
2-SEPTOCT-AC-Kant V2
Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Leo Matthes VERBAITIM WONT WORK CHECK OS OR DM FOR CITES
10/17/21
2-SEPTOCT-AC-Kant-V2
Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker SS | Judge: John Sims
1AC-Marks R1
FW
Ethics must begin a priori
~A~ Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.
~B~ Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning.
~C~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.
That justifies universality – a~ a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and b~ any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end.
Additionally:
~A~ Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.
~B~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.
Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. One of the AND other moral agents.
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.
~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.
~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral
Advocacy
Thus, the plan – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. CP and PICs affirm because they do not disprove my general thesis.
Enforcement through eliminating product patents solve- empirically proven through India to lower prices, create generics, and foster innovation
He 2019 He, Juan (Graduate Student Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University) . "Indian Patent Law and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical Industry: What Can China Learn from India?." Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China. Springer, Singapore, 2019. 251-269./SJKS The Report on AND have been otherwise.
Offense
The categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.
Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP In the Metaphysics AND because of Enlightenment.
IPP unjustifiably restricts agents from setting and pursuing ends in healthcare because patents prevent people from taking part in scientific advancements in medicine – that violates freedom in multiple ways
Hale 18 (Zachary Hale, 4-4-2018, accessed on 8-22-2021, The Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection - The Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service", https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/) BHHS AK Although the right AND right to life.
~2~ IPP is inconsistent with free market principles
1~ Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance. No RVI or 2NR paradigm issues since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. Competing interps since reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention.
Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.
Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin According to Duke AND the waiver happen.
Delays alter the trajectory of case numbers – CPs miss the boat because patents were never designed for emergencies.
—-AT: IP already waived Erfani et al. 8/3 ~Parsa Erfani, Agnes Binagwaho, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh, Muhammad Yunus, Paul Farmer, Vanessa Kerry; 8/3/21; Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA 2 University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda 3 Sierra Leone 4 Yunus Centre, Bangladesh 5 Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA 6 Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA 7 Partners In Health, USA 8 Seed Global Health, USA 9 Program in Global Public Policy and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA 10 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; "Intellectual property waiver for covid-19 vaccines will advance global health equity," BMJ, https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/374/bmj.n1837.full.pdf~~ Justin What effect would AND is our problem.
That escalates security threats – extinction.
—-AT: Cooperation Thesis RECNA et al. 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin The Challenge: Multiple AND of nuclear war.
Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Rosas Yardley CITES NOT WORKING VERBAITIM WONT LOAD CHECK O/S OR DM FOR CITES
10/17/21
3-NOVDEC-AC-COURTS
Tournament: Longhorn Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dulles NJ | Judge: Nevin Gera VERBAITIM IS SLOW CHECK OS OR DM FOR CITES
12/4/21
3-NOVDEC-AC-Kant
Tournament: Blue Key | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bentonsville JH | Judge: Ayush Saha Ethics must begin a priori A Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same. B Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning. C Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory. That justifies universality – a a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and b any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end. Additionally: A Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. C Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency. Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals, “The Sources of Normativity”, THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE The Solution: Those AND that identity forbids.
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. 1 Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us. 2 Consequences Fail: a Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral d Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral 3 Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.
Advocacy Plan text: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. CX checks theory interps to avoid frivolous debates – otherwise I get an I meet.
Workers view their jobs as a means to an end of acquiring wealth. The unconditional right to strike ensures that companies can not coerce workers into lower wages. Dubin 56 Dubin, Robert. “Industrial Workers' Worlds: A Study of the ‘Central Life Interests’ of Industrial Workers.” Social Problems, vol. 3, no. 3, Jan. 1956, pp. 131–142., org/stable/799133 . SJEP Our hypothesis can AND of this paper.
Chapter 4, section AND must be protected (Okene, 2009). UV 1 Affirming is harder – A Neg is reactive – they tailor the 1NC before the round to exploit the aff’s weakness. Not reciprocal – affs enter the round unaware. B Reciprocity – aff defends their framework, method, advantages but neg can contest any of those to win – outweighs since it’s structural. Also means neg only gets one route to the ballot since the aff only gets the 1AC. C Aff extends twice – takes valuable time from already most time-pressed speeches. 4 Aff gets 1AR theory and RVIs – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished and no 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs because a) It becomes impossible to check NC abuse if you can dump on reasons the shell doesn't matter in the 2n. There will always be multiple conflicting interpretations of the resolution but the aff has to start somewhere, which means you should accept mine, and b) they have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. Reject theory on spikes since it would be a contradiction since they indict each other but prefer mine since they are lexically prior. Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR since a) the 6 min 2n can dump on theory making the 3 min 2AR impossible b) we both get 1 speech on theory. Evaluate aff theory prior to neg theory as the neg can win their shell and beat mine back in the long 2NR, whereas it’s impossible for me to win both layers in a 2AR that’s only half as long. No new 2N framing issues or responses. a) Destroys aff ability to frame the round, k2 recourse because the neg can uplayer in the 1N unchecked, makes the 4 minute 1AR impossible because either I have to respond to every layer or I have to make a weaker uplayering that is stomped by the 6 min Global democracy is collapsing now. Freedom House 3/3 Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. “New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated”. 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated. SJVM Washington - March 3, 2021 AND out undemocratic practices.
The plan solves: 1 Civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy. McElwee 15 Sean; Research Associate at Demos; “How Unions Boost Democratic Participation,” The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/ Justin Labor organizer Helen AND the political process."
2 Corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality. IER 17 Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. “UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy”. 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/. SJVM The United Nations’ AND with its exercise.”
Democratic backsliding causes extinction. Kendall-Taylor 16 Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; “How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order,” CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/ Justin It is rare AND the right conversation.
10/29/21
3-NOVDEC-AC-Kant V2
Tournament: Blue key | Round: 4 | Opponent: King AP | Judge: Srey Ethics must begin a priori A Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same. B Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning. Additionally proves that some agents believe kant which is enough to prove it true C Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory. That justifies universality – a a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and b any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end. Additionally: A Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity and give me 30 speaks-they are arbitrary ways to exclude debaters-giving 30s is good for mental health. C Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency. Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals, “The Sources of Normativity”, THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE The Solution: Those AND that identity forbids.
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. 1 Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us. 2 Consequences Fail: a Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral d Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral e 3 Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot. And if im textual im fair-you can still engage in the aff since I am based in the topic-not reciporical since the neg can defend any number of things like K Nc etc and be abusive
Advocacy Plan text: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. Definition of unconditional right to strike: NLRB 85 National Labor Relations Board; “Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947: Volume 1,” Jan 1985; https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=7o1tA__v4xwCandrdid=book-7o1tA__v4xwCandrdot=1 Justin Edited for gendered language As for the AND a selfish end.
Workers view their jobs as a means to an end of acquiring wealth. The unconditional right to strike ensures that companies can not coerce workers into lower wages. Dubin 56 Dubin, Robert. “Industrial Workers' Worlds: A Study of the ‘Central Life Interests’ of Industrial Workers.” Social Problems, vol. 3, no. 3, Jan. 1956, pp. 131–142., org/stable/799133 . SJEP Our hypothesis can AND of this paper.
Chapter 4, section 41 AND must be protected (Okene, 2009). UV 1 Affirming is harder – A Neg is reactive – they tailor the 1NC before the round to exploit the aff’s weakness. Not reciprocal – affs enter the round unaware. B Reciprocity – aff defends their framework, method, advantages but neg can contest any of those to win – outweighs since it’s structural. Also means neg only gets one route to the ballot since the aff only gets the 1AC. C Aff extends twice – takes valuable time from already most time-pressed speeches. 4 Aff gets 1AR theory and RVIs – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished and no 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs because a) It becomes impossible to check NC abuse if you can dump on reasons the shell doesn't matter in the 2n. There will always be multiple conflicting interpretations of the resolution but the aff has to start somewhere, which means you should accept mine, and b) they have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. Reject theory on spikes since it would be a contradiction since they indict each other but prefer mine since they are lexically prior. Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR since a) the 6 min 2n can dump on theory making the 3 min 2AR impossible b) we both get 1 speech on theory. Evaluate aff theory prior to neg theory as the neg can win their shell and beat mine back in the long 2NR, whereas it’s impossible for me to win both layers in a 2AR that’s only half as long. No new 2N framing issues or responses. a) Destroys aff ability to frame the round, k2 recourse because the neg can uplayer in the 1N unchecked, makes the 4 minute 1AR impossible because either I have to respond to every layer or I have to make a weaker uplayering that is stomped by the 6 min. they don’t get 2nr I meets-they can make non sensical I meets in the 2nr for 6 minutes and I only have 3 min to sort through everything. All neg interps are counter interps since the affs takes an implicit stance on every action. Global democracy is collapsing now. Freedom House 3/3 Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. “New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated”. 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated. SJVM Washington - March 3, 2021 — AND out undemocratic practices.
The plan solves:
2 Corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality. IER 17 Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. “UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy”. 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/. SJVM The United Nations’ AND with its exercise.”
Democratic backsliding causes extinction. Kendall-Taylor 16 Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; “How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order,” CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/ Justin It is rare that AND the right conversation.
10/30/21
3-NOVDEC-AC-STOCK
Tournament: Blue Key | Round: 5 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Brendan Morris
ADV
Global democracy is collapsing now.
Freedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ SJVM Washington - March 3, 2021 AND out undemocratic practices.
Independently, our coordinated civic engagement is key to comprehensive climate action globally.
Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893'Climate'activism'and'its'effects~~ Justin As coordinated school AND of overall populations.
Climate change causes extinction.
Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ Justin The current climate AND s we know it."
2~ Corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.
IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ SJVM The United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai, has reminded member states of the International Labour Organization (ILO) – including the UK – that they have a positive obligation to uphold the right to strike. Speaking at an ILO meeting on Monday 06 March 2017 in Geneva, Kiai argued that the right to strike is AND with its exercise."
3~ Electoral legitimacy – striking is critical to political influence which can check electoral illegitimacy and broader fascism.
Luce 20 ~Stephanie; Professor, received her B.A. in economics from the University of California, Davis and both her Ph.D in Sociology and her M.A. in Industrial Relations from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Her research focuses on low-wage work, globalization and labor standards, and labor-community coalitions. She is the author of Labor Movements: Global Perspectives. Well-known for her research on living wage campaigns and movements, she is also the author of Fighting for a Living Wage and co-author (with Robert Pollin) of The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy. She is co-author of A Measure of Fairness; and co-editor of What Works for Workers?: Public Policies and Innovative Strategies for Low-Wage Workers. She has published numerous reports on labor and wages in the New York City area, including the annual "State of the Unions" report co-authored with Ruth Milkman; "Strike for Democracy!" 10/26/20; OrgUP; https://www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/~~ Justin Trump and AND strikes in labor."
Democratic backsliding causes extinction.
Kendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ Justin It is rare AND the right conversation.
Advocacy
Plan text: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. CX checks theory interps to avoid frivolous debates – otherwise I get an I meet.
~1~ Actor spec: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.
~c~ No act omission distinction – governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere and have yes/no bills so inaction is an implicit authorization of action.
Extinction outweighs under any framework
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to AND acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
UV
1-Aff gets 1ar theory since the neg can be abusive-its drop the debater competing interps -otherwise I am not able to check abuse since the 6 min 2nr can uplayer and outweigh
10/30/21
4-JANFEB-AC-Debris
Tournament: Churchill R3 | Round: 3 | Opponent: William Walker | Judge: Ben Brody The advantage is Debris – Privatization of space leads to unchecked debris. Muelhaupt et al. 19 – Theodore, Marlon Sorge, Jamie Morin, and Robert Wilson, 6/18/19, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies, Center for Space Policy and Strategy, The Aerospace Corporation, 30 year Space Systems Analyst and Operator, “Space traffic management in the new space era,” Journal of Space Safety Engineering, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246889671930045X?via3Dihub Justin The last decade AND cannot be ignored.
Feedback loops of technology causes increasing development and debris. Bernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF Justin The second decade AND the Kessler syndrome.
Invisible tipping points trigger the Kessler Syndrome. Thompson 21 – Clive, 11/17/21, Clive Thompson is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Wired and Smithsonian magazines, and a regular contributor to Mother Jones. He’s the author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, and Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing our Minds for the Better. He’s @pomeranian99 on Twitter and Instagram, “Get Ready for the “Kessler Syndrome” to Wreck Outer Space,” OneZero, https://onezero.medium.com/get-ready-for-the-kessler-syndrome-to-wreck-outer-space-7f29cfe62c3e Justin Back in 1978, AND detritus from launches.
Privatization exponentially increases the curve but ending dangerous missions stops it. Bernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF Justin 5. Orbital satellite constellations AND first-come, first-served.
Models are rigorous and robust. ---To clarify this is the methodology for above chart. Virgili et al. 16 – Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz, 4/26/16, “Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites,” Act Astranautica, https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034. Justin 1.3. Simulation approach and AND solar activity forecast.
Specifically---China, Iran, and Noko. Beauchamp 14 – Zack, 4/21/14, Zack Beauchamp is a senior correspondent at Vox, where he covers global politics and ideology, and a host of Worldly, Vox's podcast on foreign policy and international relations. His work focuses on the rise of the populist right across the West, the role of identity in American politics, and how fringe ideologies shape the mainstream. Before coming to Vox, he edited TP Ideas, a section of Think Progress devoted to the ideas shaping our political world. He has an MSc from the London School of Economics in International Relations and grew up in Washington, DC, where he currently lives with his wife, daughter, and two (rescue) dogs “How space trash could start a nuclear war,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/2014/4/21/5625246/space-war-china-north-korea-iran Justin *Brackets added for ableist language If debris from AND self-fulfilling consequences."
Public pressure forces retaliation. Nancy Gallagher 15. Interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan, “Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage,” May 29, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 In recent decades, AND of antisatellite weapons.
Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine. Steven Starr 15 Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. “Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen.” Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG A war fought AND Earth essentially uninhabitable.
Satellites solves the grid and every extinction threat. Pellegrino and Stang 16 --- Massimo Pellegrino, Master’s Degree in Space Studies from ISU, with Gerald Stang, Senior Associate Analyst at the EUISS, holds BSc and MSc degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA in international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University (“Space Security for Europe”, EU Institute for Security Studies, published July 2016, https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/space-security-europe, accessed 7-10-2019) bm Modern societies are AND environment properly managed.
Grid collapse causes extinction. Friedemann 16 --- Alice, transportation expert, founder of EnergySkeptic.com, citing Dr Peter Vincent Pry, executive director of the Task Force on National and Homeland Security, a Congressional advisory board dedicated to achieving protection of the United States from electromagnetic pulse and other threats, (“Electromagnetic pulse threat to infrastructure (U.S. House hearings)”, 1-24-2016, http://energyskeptic.com/2016/the-scariest-u-s-house-session-ever-electromagnetic-pulse-and-the-fall-of-civilization/) Modern civilization cannot AND in societal collapse.
Externally, acidification. Land et al 15 --- Phys.org, citing a study sanctioned by the University of Exeter by Peter E. Land, Jamie D. Shutler, Helen S. Findlay, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, Roberto Sabia, Nicolas Reul, Jean-Francois Piolle, Bertrand Chapron, Yves Quilfen, Joseph Salisbury, Douglas Vandemark, Richard Bellerby, and Punyasloke Bhadury ("Satellite images reveal ocean acidification from space," 2-17-2015, https://phys.org/news/2015-02-satellite-images-reveal-ocean-acidification.html, accessed 8-24-2019) bm Pioneering techniques that AND in the coming years.
Plan Plan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities is unjust.
Revising the Outer Space Treaty curbs the impact of space debris – timeframe is crucial. Shah 20 – Sachin, 8/30/20, “Aug 30 The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris,” CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW, Administrative, Policy, Technology, https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris Justin In this article, I AND result in disaster. Exemptions destroy the coercive power of legal regimes – causes circumvention across the board. Hickman and Dolman 2 – John and Everett, 2002, Associate professor in the Department of Government and International Studies at Berry College in Mt. Berry, “Resurrecting the Space Age: A State–Centered Commentary on the Outer Space Regime,” Volume 21 Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1080/014959302317350855 Elmer Recut Justin Thus a state AND bodies might follow.
FW The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. 1 Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied. 2 Death is bad and outweighs – a agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life 4 Extinction outweighs MacAskill 14 William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014 The human race AND gains new information. UV The alt cedes the celestial commons to the hands of global imperialism. Only IR education can create momentum to demilitarize space. Raymond Duvall 6 – Professor of Political Science @ Univ of Minnesota, Taking Sovereignty Out of This World: Space Weapons and Empire of the Future, October 2006, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111193/Taking20Sovereignty20Out20of20This20World.pdf III. Space Weapons, AND of space weapons. Second,
1/8/22
4-JANFEB-AC-Debris
Tournament: Churchill R3 | Round: 3 | Opponent: William Walker | Judge: Ben Brody The advantage is Debris – Privatization of space leads to unchecked debris. Muelhaupt et al. 19 – Theodore, Marlon Sorge, Jamie Morin, and Robert Wilson, 6/18/19, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies, Center for Space Policy and Strategy, The Aerospace Corporation, 30 year Space Systems Analyst and Operator, “Space traffic management in the new space era,” Journal of Space Safety Engineering, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246889671930045X?via3Dihub Justin The last decade AND cannot be ignored.
Feedback loops of technology causes increasing development and debris. Bernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF Justin The second decade AND the Kessler syndrome.
Invisible tipping points trigger the Kessler Syndrome. Thompson 21 – Clive, 11/17/21, Clive Thompson is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Wired and Smithsonian magazines, and a regular contributor to Mother Jones. He’s the author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, and Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing our Minds for the Better. He’s @pomeranian99 on Twitter and Instagram, “Get Ready for the “Kessler Syndrome” to Wreck Outer Space,” OneZero, https://onezero.medium.com/get-ready-for-the-kessler-syndrome-to-wreck-outer-space-7f29cfe62c3e Justin Back in 1978, AND detritus from launches.
Privatization exponentially increases the curve but ending dangerous missions stops it. Bernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF Justin 5. Orbital satellite constellations AND first-come, first-served.
Models are rigorous and robust. ---To clarify this is the methodology for above chart. Virgili et al. 16 – Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz, 4/26/16, “Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites,” Act Astranautica, https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034. Justin 1.3. Simulation approach and AND solar activity forecast.
Specifically---China, Iran, and Noko. Beauchamp 14 – Zack, 4/21/14, Zack Beauchamp is a senior correspondent at Vox, where he covers global politics and ideology, and a host of Worldly, Vox's podcast on foreign policy and international relations. His work focuses on the rise of the populist right across the West, the role of identity in American politics, and how fringe ideologies shape the mainstream. Before coming to Vox, he edited TP Ideas, a section of Think Progress devoted to the ideas shaping our political world. He has an MSc from the London School of Economics in International Relations and grew up in Washington, DC, where he currently lives with his wife, daughter, and two (rescue) dogs “How space trash could start a nuclear war,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/2014/4/21/5625246/space-war-china-north-korea-iran Justin *Brackets added for ableist language If debris from AND self-fulfilling consequences."
Public pressure forces retaliation. Nancy Gallagher 15. Interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan, “Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage,” May 29, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 In recent decades, AND of antisatellite weapons.
Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine. Steven Starr 15 Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. “Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen.” Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG A war fought AND Earth essentially uninhabitable.
Satellites solves the grid and every extinction threat. Pellegrino and Stang 16 --- Massimo Pellegrino, Master’s Degree in Space Studies from ISU, with Gerald Stang, Senior Associate Analyst at the EUISS, holds BSc and MSc degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA in international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University (“Space Security for Europe”, EU Institute for Security Studies, published July 2016, https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/space-security-europe, accessed 7-10-2019) bm Modern societies are AND environment properly managed.
Grid collapse causes extinction. Friedemann 16 --- Alice, transportation expert, founder of EnergySkeptic.com, citing Dr Peter Vincent Pry, executive director of the Task Force on National and Homeland Security, a Congressional advisory board dedicated to achieving protection of the United States from electromagnetic pulse and other threats, (“Electromagnetic pulse threat to infrastructure (U.S. House hearings)”, 1-24-2016, http://energyskeptic.com/2016/the-scariest-u-s-house-session-ever-electromagnetic-pulse-and-the-fall-of-civilization/) Modern civilization cannot AND in societal collapse.
Externally, acidification. Land et al 15 --- Phys.org, citing a study sanctioned by the University of Exeter by Peter E. Land, Jamie D. Shutler, Helen S. Findlay, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, Roberto Sabia, Nicolas Reul, Jean-Francois Piolle, Bertrand Chapron, Yves Quilfen, Joseph Salisbury, Douglas Vandemark, Richard Bellerby, and Punyasloke Bhadury ("Satellite images reveal ocean acidification from space," 2-17-2015, https://phys.org/news/2015-02-satellite-images-reveal-ocean-acidification.html, accessed 8-24-2019) bm Pioneering techniques that AND in the coming years.
Plan Plan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities is unjust.
Revising the Outer Space Treaty curbs the impact of space debris – timeframe is crucial. Shah 20 – Sachin, 8/30/20, “Aug 30 The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris,” CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW, Administrative, Policy, Technology, https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris Justin In this article, I AND result in disaster. Exemptions destroy the coercive power of legal regimes – causes circumvention across the board. Hickman and Dolman 2 – John and Everett, 2002, Associate professor in the Department of Government and International Studies at Berry College in Mt. Berry, “Resurrecting the Space Age: A State–Centered Commentary on the Outer Space Regime,” Volume 21 Number 1, https://doi.org/10.1080/014959302317350855 Elmer Recut Justin Thus a state AND bodies might follow.
FW The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. 1 Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied. 2 Death is bad and outweighs – a agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life 4 Extinction outweighs MacAskill 14 William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014 The human race AND gains new information. UV The alt cedes the celestial commons to the hands of global imperialism. Only IR education can create momentum to demilitarize space. Raymond Duvall 6 – Professor of Political Science @ Univ of Minnesota, Taking Sovereignty Out of This World: Space Weapons and Empire of the Future, October 2006, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111193/Taking20Sovereignty20Out20of20This20World.pdf III. Space Weapons, AND of space weapons. Second,
1/8/22
4-JANFEB-AC-Debris V2
Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bronx Science IP | Judge: Adam Torson Plan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities is unjust.
Revising the Outer Space Treaty clarifies legal loopholes and ambiguities in space debris – scope of modification below. - Private entities: Non-governmental - Space debris: Non-functional Space Objects Shah 20. Sachin Shah is a write for Cornell Undergraduate Law and Society Review. 8/30/20 CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW “The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris,” https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris Justin While many scholars AND Space Treaty of 1967.
The aff interprets OST enforcement as an OUF (Orbital Use Fee). That incentivizes remediation, removal, and mitigation efforts without harming the space industry. Any other countermeasures aren’t the silver bullet and fail. Runnels 22. Michael is a professor and writer for the American Bar Association. 1/13/22. American Bar Association “On Clearing Earth’s Orbital Debris and Enforcing the Outer Space Treaty in the U.S.” https://www.americanbar.org/groups/business_law/publications/blt/2022/01/orbital-debris/ Justin OUF: Proportional fee for amount of debris put into Space A number of AND resulting orbital debris.146
Proportional fees solve industry startup problems and avoids the tragedy of the commons. Lavars 20. Nick has been writing and editing at New Atlas for over five years, where he has covered everything from distant space probes to self-driving cars to oddball animal science, and everything in between. He previously spent time at The Conversation, Mashable and The Santiago Times, earning a Masters degree in communications from Melbourne’s RMIT University along the way. When not tapping away at his desk, you might find him traveling the world in search of the weird and wonderful. Failing that, he’ll probably be watching sport. 5/26/20. New Atlas, “Could orbital fees force satellite operators to deal with space junk?,” https://newatlas.com/space/orbital-fees-satellite-space-debris/#:~:text=The20orbital2Duse20fee20would,for20the20scheme20to20work. Justin "That's not the AND before they escalate.” 1AC – Adv – Debris The advantage is debris: Massive satellite development incoming and cascades debris – lack of regulations raises the risk and turns any reason satellites are good. Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. Sky Telescope, “DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS,” https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/ Justin Jan Hattenbach: The recent AND or private companies. Democratization of technology spurs rapid development – feedback loops ensures debris cascades BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” Volume 4, PDF Justin The second decade AND f the Kessler syndrome. Privatization drive rivalries and exponentially increases debris – lack of regulations spikes it. BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” Volume 4, PDF Justin 5. Orbital satellite constellations AND -come, first-served. Models are rigorous—inserted below. Virgili et al. 16. Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz. 4/26/16. Act Astranautica “Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites,” https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034. Justin 1.3. Simulation approach and AND solar activity forecast. Conflicts of orbits turns good usages of satellites—responsible behavior is key to satellite effectiveness. Hattenbach 19. Jan Hattenbach sat down with Stijn Lemmens, Senior Space Debris Mitigation Analyst at the European Space Agency (ESA) in Darmstadt, Germany, to talk about how Starlink plays into the space junk problem. 6/3/19. Sky Telescope, “DOES STARLINK POSE A SPACE DEBRIS THREAT? AN EXPERT ANSWERS,” https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/starlink-space-debris/ Justin JH: What about competitors AND to be demonstrated. That drives a space arms race which enhances the risk of debris cascades, closes off space exploration, and causes conflict. Shah 20. Sachin Shah is a write for Cornell Undergraduate Law and Society Review. 8/30/20 CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW “The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris,” https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris Justin The body of AND enterprises as well. Space exploration solves a laundry list of threats. GREEN 21. Brian Patrick Green, director of technology ethics @ Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, “Space Ethics,” 2021, Rowman, pp. 5 Gaining access to new
than the first. Immeasurable value outweighs. Baum 16 Seth D. Baum, Executive Director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, “The Ethics of Outer Space: A Consequentialist Perspective,” 2016, Springer, pp. 115-116, EA Space colonization is AND of ecosystem flourishing. There are no checks on mega-constellations – specifically decks the environment. Boley and Byers 21. Aaron Boley is at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and Michael Byers is at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 5/20/21. Nature, “Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7 Justin Companies are placing AND radiative forcing already30. Climate change causes extinction. Dr. Peter Kareiva 18 – Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back”, Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six AND and climate change. Satellites solves the grid and every extinction scenario. Pellegrino and Stang 16. Massimo Pellegrino, Master’s Degree in Space Studies from ISU, with Gerald Stang, Senior Associate Analyst at the EUISS, holds BSc and MSc degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA in international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University (“Space Security for Europe”, EU Institute for Security Studies, published July 2016, https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/space-security-europe, accessed 7-10-2019) bm Modern societies are AND environment properly managed. Grid security is an impact filter. Denkenberger 21 David Denkenberger, Anders Sandberg, Ross John Tieman, and Joshua M. Pearce, * assistant professor of mechanical engineering at University of Alaska Fairbanks, “Long-term cost-effectiveness of interventions for loss of electricity/industry compared to artificial general intelligence safety,” 2021, European Journal of Futures Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-021-00178-z, EA Civilization relies on AND could have similar implications. Cyberattacks on the grid spiral to all-out nuclear conflict. Klare 19 Michael; November 2019; Professor emeritus of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College; “Cyber Battles, Nuclear Outcomes? Dangerous New Pathways to Escalation,” Arms Control Association, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-11/features/cyber-battles-nuclear-outcomes-dangerous-new-pathways-escalation Justin Yet another pathway AND possibly nuclear war.”14 Debris shuts down astronomical research – only the plan incentivizes safe development. TURNER 21. Ben is a U.K. based staff writer at Live Science. He covers physics and astronomy, among other topics like weird animals and climate change. He graduated from University College London with a degree in particle physics before training as a journalist. When he's not writing, Ben enjoys reading literature, playing the guitar and embarrassing himself with chess. 4/29/21. Live Science, “Space junk is blocking our view of the stars, scientists say,” https://www.livescience.com/space-junk-blocks-view-of-cosmos.html Justin The night sky is AND surprising and thus Astronomical research solves every existential threat – specifically physiology and climate change. GREEN 21. Brian Patrick Green, director of technology ethics @ Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, “Space Ethics,” 2021, Rowman, pp. 5 In favor of going AND and so on. FW The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. 4 Extinction outweighs MacAskill 14 William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014 The human race AND gains new information.
1/28/22
4-JANFEB-AC-Debris V4
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 1 | Opponent: Village RB | Judge: Jackson Hanna Plan Plan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of orbital debris by private entities is unjust.
The aff interprets enforcement as an OUF (Orbital Use Fee). Proportionality in relation to the space industry solves best without harming it and any other solution only worsens the threat – models. Only the affirmative can address the underlying incentive problem. Rao et al 20. Akhil, Matthew Burgess, and Daniel Kaffine *Department of Economics, Middlebury College, Middlebury Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Environmental Studies Program, and Department of Economics *Department of Economics. 2020 PNAS, “Orbital-use fees could more than quadruple the value of the space industry,” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7293599/ Justin The space industry’s AND for tradable orbital permitting.
ADV The private sector locks in the Kessler Syndrome as a structurally inevitability by 2035. The debris threat isn’t internalized, engineering studies, profit-motive AND inefficient guidelines. Rao and Rondina 2/16/22 Akhil Rao and Giacomo Rondina. *Middlebury College in the Department of Economics. University of California, San Diego. “Open access to orbit and runaway space debris growth.” https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.07442.pdf Justin In this paper we AND perceived to have relatively high rates of natural renewability, providing new evidence that compliance with the 25-year rule is insufficient to ensure sustainable orbit use.
Debris is exponentially increasing and current models underestimate the risk. The aff is our best shot making it try-or-die. Shen and Blake 2/24/22 Zili Shen, Internally citing James Blake * I am a Ph.D. student in Astronomy at Yale University. My research focuses on ultra-diffuse galaxies and their globular cluster populations. Since I came to Yale, I have worked on two "dark-matter-free" galaxies NGC1052-DF2 and DF4 Department of Physics and Centre for Space Domain Awareness, University of Warwick, Coventry. “How not to bury ourselves under space trash.” astrobites. https://astrobites.org/2022/02/24/space-sustainability/ Justin What’s wrong with having AND mmends the GNOSIS project.
Fragmentation leads to speedy debris – that’s laws of physics. Aerospace.org n.d. As an independent, nonprofit corporation operating the only FFRDC for the space enterprise, The Aerospace Corporation performs objective technical analyses and assessments for a variety of government, civil, and commercial customers. “SPACE DEBRIS 101.” AEROSPACE. https://aerospace.org/article/space-debris-101 Justin Can you see space debris coming at you?
AND e explosions to a nearby observer.
Debris threatens catastrophic global warming AND ozone depletion. Liu et al. 12/14/21 Liping Liu, Puqi Jia, Yalin Huang, and Jie Han. *Institute of Global Environmental Change, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’anJiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China. *Department of Environmental Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China. “Dawn of space tourism: It is time to address the environmental impact of anthropogenicdebrisupon above earth.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3979481 Justin Like the ‘ozone hole’, AND studied and concerning issue (Dallas et al. 2020).
Rivalrous orbits create space conflict and turn good satellites. Samson 22 – Victoria Samson is the Washington office director for the Secure World Foundation, an organization that focuses on space sustainability, and she has over 20 years of experience in military space and security issues. Previously, Ms. Samson was a senior analyst for the Center for Defense Information. She also was a senior policy associate at the Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, a consortium of arms control groups. Earlier, she was a researcher at Riverside Research Institute, where she worked on war-gaming scenarios for the Missile Defense Agency. 1/17/22. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “The complicating role of the private sector in space,” DOI: 10.1080/00963402.2021.2014229 Justin At this exact moment, AND in their own mega-constellation. Triggers space escalation and nuclear war. Perez 21 – Veronica Delgado-Perez is a Staff Writer at The International Scholar. 12/14/21 – Note, doesn’t say date but most recent cited event is 2021, correct if I’m wrong. The International Scholar, “Argument | The Commercialization of Space Risks Launching a Militarized Space Race,” https://www.theintlscholar.com/periodical/12/14/2020/analysis-commercialization-space-risk-international-law-military-space-race Justin With new actors on AND destruction in outer space. Debris triggers miscalculated war. Robert Farley 22, Now a 1945 Contributing Editor, Dr. Robert Farley is a Senior Lecturer at the Patterson School at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Farley is the author of Grounded: The Case for Abolishing the United States Air Force (University Press of Kentucky, 2014), the Battleship Book (Wildside, 2016), and Patents for Power: Intellectual Property Law and the Diffusion of Military Technology (University of Chicago, 2020). 1/9/22. 19 Fourty Five, “Does A Space War Mean A Nuclear War?,” https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/01/does-a-space-war-mean-a-nuclear-war/ Justin The recent Russian anti-satellite AND further confusing the issue. No checks on escalation. MacDonald 18. Bruce W. MacDonald, professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), ("Outer Space; Earthly Escalation? Chinese Perspectives on Space Operations and Escalation," August 2018, NSI white paper, https://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/SMA-White-Paper_Chinese-Persepectives-on-Space_-Aug-2018.pdf, accessed 7-14-2019) bm Challenges across all five AND with few off-ramps. No limited nuclear wars – extinction. Webber 19 – Dr Philip Webber has written widely on nuclear issues and is Chair of Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) – a membership organisation promoting responsible science and technology. We will all end up killing each other and one nuclear blast could do it. 5/18/19. METRO.UK “We will all end up killing each other and one nuclear blast could do it,” https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/18/we-will-all-end-up-killing-each-other-and-one-nuclear-blast-could-do-it-9370115/ Recut Justin The nuclear armed nations AND between India and Pakistan.
FW Standard is maximizing expected well being Death is bad and o/w—ontologically destroys the subject. Paterson 1 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island. (Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com) Contrary to those accounts, I AND of all human possibility.82
Extinction outweighs: A Structural violence- death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities B Comes before value-to-life. Tännsjö 11 (Torbjörn, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf)BS 1-27-2018 Bracketed to avoid triggers I suppose it is correct to say AND than I avoid (in my life). C Mathematically outweighs. MacAskill 14 William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014 The human race AND gains new information.
Envisioning existential threats and potential solutions within debate iteratively fractures settler colonialism. --CHN = Council of the Haida Nation, government of the peoples of the Haida Gwaii, an archipelago claimed by Canada --FYI about the Haida People / Council of the Haida Nation: used courts, human blockades to prevent logging in the forests of “Haida Gwaii,” other progressive approaches = winning support of Canadian citizens, government officials, and judges, eventually led to the Supreme Court of Canada recognizing their absolute title to their land---along the way explicitly rejected violent action Joseph J. Z. Weiss 15. Ph.D. candidate, Anthropology, University of Chicago. December 2015. “Unsettling Futures: Haida Future-Making, Politics and Mobility in the Settler Colonial Present.” p.216-232, https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/bitstream/handle/11417/1121/Weiss_uchicago_0330D_13139.pdf?sequence=1andisAllowed=y Conclusion: “What’s next? AND vanished, or vanquished. Ongoing.
Framing settler colonialism through a totalizing lens makes indigenous liberation impossible by setting the terms of victory as all-or-nothing—pessimism actively reifies settler dominance – this is a straight turn to fatalism. Busbridge 18 Research Fellow at the Centre for Dialogue, La Trobe University (Rachel, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture and Society Vol 35, Issue 1, 2018. The prescription for decolonisation— AND is not decolonisation.
4/23/22
4-JANFEB-AC-DebrisV3
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Oxford VM | Judge: Abhyankar, Viren Plan – The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities is unjust.
Revising the Outer Space Treaty clarifies legal loopholes and ambiguities in space debris. - Private entities: Non-governmental - Space debris: Non-functional Space Objects Shah 20. Sachin Shah is a write for Cornell Undergraduate Law and Society Review. 8/30/20 CORNELL UNDERGRADUATE LAW and SOCIETY REVIEW “The International Legal Regulation of Space Debris,” https://www.culsr.org/articles/the-international-legal-regulation-of-space-debris Justin While many scholars AND Outer Space Treaty of 1967.
The aff interprets OST enforcement as an OUF (Orbital Use Fee). Proportionality in relation to the space industry solves best without harming it and any other solution only worsens the threat – models. Rao et al 20. Akhil, Matthew Burgess, and Daniel Kaffine *Department of Economics, Middlebury College, Middlebury Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Environmental Studies Program, and Department of Economics *Department of Economics. 2020 PNAS, “Orbital-use fees could more than quadruple the value of the space industry,” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7293599/ Justin The space industry’s rapid AND tradable orbital permitting.
1AC – Adv – Debris The space sector is trending towards privatization – that drives feedback loops of technology creating cascading collisions. BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” Volume 4, PDF Justin The second decade AND the Kessler syndrome. Privatization exponentially increases debris – lack of regulations spikes it – models. BERNAT 20. Pawel @ Military University of Aviation. 11/4/20. SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” Volume 4, PDF Justin 5. Orbital satellite constellations AND first-come, first-served. Models are rigorous. Virgili et al. 16 – Bastida, J.C. Dolado, H.G. Lewis, J. Radtke, H. Krag, B. Revelin, C. Cazaux b , C. Colombo, R. Crowther, M. Metz. 4/26/16. Act Astranautica “Risk to space sustainability from large constellations of satellites,” https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.034. Justin 1.3. Simulation approach and AND solar activity forecast. Current regulatory guidelines fail – answers neg turns. Boley and Byers 21. Aaron Boley is at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and Michael Byers is at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 5/20/21. Nature, “Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7 Justin Companies are placing AND afect all operators in LEO. Rivalrous orbits create space conflict and turn good satellites. Samson 22 – Victoria Samson is the Washington office director for the Secure World Foundation, an organization that focuses on space sustainability, and she has over 20 years of experience in military space and security issues. Previously, Ms. Samson was a senior analyst for the Center for Defense Information. She also was a senior policy associate at the Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, a consortium of arms control groups. Earlier, she was a researcher at Riverside Research Institute, where she worked on war-gaming scenarios for the Missile Defense Agency. 1/17/22. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “The complicating role of the private sector in space,” DOI: 10.1080/00963402.2021.2014229 Justin At this exact moment, AND own mega-constellation. Triggers space escalation and nuclear war. Perez 21 – Veronica Delgado-Perez is a Staff Writer at The International Scholar. 12/14/21 – Note, doesn’t say date but most recent cited event is 2021, correct if I’m wrong. The International Scholar, “Argument | The Commercialization of Space Risks Launching a Militarized Space Race,” https://www.theintlscholar.com/periodical/12/14/2020/analysis-commercialization-space-risk-international-law-military-space-race Justin With new actors AND destruction in outer space. Debris shreds ozone. Josy O’Donnell 18, creator of Conservation Institute, “WHAT HAPPENS TO THE “SPACE JUNK” THAT FALLS BACK TO EARTH?,” https://ourplnt.com/space-junk-earth/#axzz5xRXia1uD Second, as the AND to these experts. Ozone collapse causes extinction. Simmons 20 Carla Simmons The Science Times, "A Repeat of One of the Biggest Extinctions Caused by Ozone Layer Erosion 359M Years Ago Possible, Warn Scientists | Science Times", May 27, 2020, https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/25838/20200527/repeat-one-biggest-extinctions-caused-ozone-layer-erosion-359m-years.htm BD University of Southampton AND to harmful radiation. Satellites are an impact multiplier – specifically solves the grid. Pellegrino and Stang 16. Massimo Pellegrino, Master’s Degree in Space Studies from ISU, with Gerald Stang, Senior Associate Analyst at the EUISS, holds BSc and MSc degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Saskatchewan and an MA in international affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University (“Space Security for Europe”, EU Institute for Security Studies, published July 2016, https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/space-security-europe, accessed 7-10-2019) bm Modern societies are AND environment properly managed. Satellites revolutionize acidification response. Newton 20 – A freelance writer originally hailing from England, he moved to Berlin in 2012 and hasn’t looked back. Prior to this, he gained a MScEcon in Strategic Studies from Aberystywth, specialising in information strategy and military-media relations. He also finds it awkward to write about himself in the third person. 8/12/20. Reset, “Satellite Technology Could Hold the Key to Measuring the Ocean’s Increasing Acidification,” https://en.reset.org/satellite-technology-could-hold-key-measuring-oceans-increasing-acidification-08112020/ Justin Advanced satellite technology AND o a lab for analysis. Extinction – empirics. Carrington 19 – Damian is an Environmental Editor for the Guardian. 10/21/19. Guardian, “Ocean acidification can cause mass extinctions, fossils reveal,” https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/21/ocean-acidification-can-cause-mass-extinctions-fossils-reveal#:~:text=Ocean20acidification20can20cause20the,66m20years20ago20has20revealed.andtext=This20spike20demonstrated20it20was,chalky20shells20of20many20species. Justin Ocean acidification can cause AND with sudden acidification?” Debris triggers miscalculated war. Robert Farley 22, Now a 1945 Contributing Editor, Dr. Robert Farley is a Senior Lecturer at the Patterson School at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Farley is the author of Grounded: The Case for Abolishing the United States Air Force (University Press of Kentucky, 2014), the Battleship Book (Wildside, 2016), and Patents for Power: Intellectual Property Law and the Diffusion of Military Technology (University of Chicago, 2020). 1/9/22. 19 Fourty Five, “Does A Space War Mean A Nuclear War?,” https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/01/does-a-space-war-mean-a-nuclear-war/ Justin The recent Russian AND systems, further confusing the issue. No checks on escalation. MacDonald 18. Bruce W. MacDonald, professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), ("Outer Space; Earthly Escalation? Chinese Perspectives on Space Operations and Escalation," August 2018, NSI white paper, https://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/SMA-White-Paper_Chinese-Persepectives-on-Space_-Aug-2018.pdf, accessed 7-14-2019) bm Challenges across all AND with few off-ramps. No limited nuclear wars – extinction. Webber 19 – Dr Philip Webber has written widely on nuclear issues and is Chair of Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) – a membership organisation promoting responsible science and technology. We will all end up killing each other and one nuclear blast could do it. 5/18/19. METRO.UK “We will all end up killing each other and one nuclear blast could do it,” https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/18/we-will-all-end-up-killing-each-other-and-one-nuclear-blast-could-do-it-9370115/ Recut Justin The nuclear armed AND India and Pakistan.
1AC – Method Focus on future extinction is good and the alternative is depoliticizing---the aff’s representations inspire action in the present. Baum 15 – Co-director of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute with a PhD from Penn State in Geography (Seth D. Baum, September 2015, “The Far Future Argument for Confronting Catastrophic Threats to Humanity: Practical Significance and Alternatives,” published in Futures, vol. 72 pg. 86-96, http://sethbaum.com/ac/2015_FarFuture.pdf) There are at AND can inspire action.
Framework The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer it: 1 Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants: a Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. b States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. 2 Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. Any standard is an interpretation of the words of the resolution-thus framework is functionally a topicality argument about how to define the terms of the resolution. My framework interprets ought as maximizing happiness. Prefer this definition: A Ground: Both debaters are guaranteed access to ground to engage under util – ie Aff gets plans and advantages, while Neg gets disads and counterplans. Additionally, anything can function as a util impact as long as an external benefit is articulated, so all your offense applies. Other frameworks deny 1 side the ability to engage the other on both the impact and link level.
2/18/22
4-JANFEB-AC-Kant
Tournament: Churchill | Round: 1 | Opponent: McNeil YM | Judge: Pat Fox cites r broken and wifi is sketch check os and dm for cites
1/8/22
4-JANFEB-AC-Kant V2
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: OES AH | Judge: Leo Matthes Ethics must begin a priori A Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same. B Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning. C Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory. That justifies universality – a a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and b any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end. Additionally: A Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. B Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression. Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). “Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. One of the AND agents who have C Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency. Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals, “The Sources of Normativity”, THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE The Solution: Those AND hat identity forbids.
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. 1 Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us. 2 Consequences fail: A They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance B Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. E There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences F You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine 3 Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.
Advocacy Thus, the plan – Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. Definitions and enforcement in the doc and I’ll clarify in cross.
Offense 2 Extending neoliberal polices in space violate universal law through continued injustice. Segobaetso 18 Segobaetso, Benjamin. Ethical Implications of the Colonization, Privatization and Commercialization of Outer Space. SJEP It can be argued AND systems of oppression.
3 The categorical imperative rejects states and companies desires to profit off of space for themselves. Wurth 19Wurth, Nicolas. “SPACE ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW: ADVANCEMENT AND ENFORCEABILITY.” University of Luxembourg , 2019. SJEP Hans Jonas, german AND such as space-mining?
4 Promise breaking – private entities appropriating space violates articles 2 and 6 of the OST Wisaeus 17 Per Wisaeus JURM02 Graduate Thesis Graduate Thesis, Master of Laws program 30 higher education credits Supervisor: Moa De Lucia Dahlbeck Semester of graduation: Period 1 Autumn semester 2017 “Our future march on Mars – a walk on a well-known path” FACULTY OF LAW Lund University https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/8930484/file/8933833.pdf SJMS 3.5 Appropriation of space AND for the appropriation.139
UV 1 Affirming is harder – A Neg is reactive – they tailor the 1NC before the round to exploit the aff’s weakness. Not reciprocal – affs enter the round unaware. B Reciprocity – aff defends their framework, method, advantages but neg can contest any of those to win – outweighs since it’s structural. Also means neg only gets one route to the ballot since the aff only gets the 1AC. C Aff extends twice – takes valuable time from already most time-pressed speeches. D 2NR theory – they can uplayer and outspread me 6-3 on a preclusive layer, but judges don’t vote on 2AR theory. Means you should allow me to make 1AR theory arguments in the 2AR to make it reciprocal. 4 Aff gets 1AR theory and RVIs – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this – meta theory also precedes the evaluation of initial theory shells because it determines whether or not I could engage in theory in the first place. 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished and no 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs because a) It becomes impossible to check NC abuse if you can dump on reasons the shell doesn't matter in the 2n. There will always be multiple conflicting interpretations of the resolution but the aff has to start somewhere, which means you should accept mine, and b) they have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. Reject theory on spikes since it would be a contradiction since they indict each other but prefer mine since they are lexically prior. This means all contradiction flow aff since I spoke first which makes any contradictions their fault. Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR since a) the 6 min 2n can dump on theory making the 3 min 2AR impossible b) we both get 1 speech on theory. Evaluate aff theory prior to neg theory as the neg can win their shell and beat mine back in the long 2NR, whereas it’s impossible for me to win both layers in a 2AR that’s only half as long. No new 2N framing issues or responses. a) Destroys aff ability to frame the round, k2 recourse because the neg can uplayer in the 1N unchecked, makes the 4 minute 1AR impossible because either I have to respond to every layer or I have to make a weaker uplayering that is stomped by the 6 min 2N b) Reciprocity – I can’t make new 2AR responses because there’s no 3N, so you shouldn’t be able to pin the aff to defense. c) Implications are clear out of the AC per arguments – you can respond to the new parts of extended interps like violations and voters, but not the arguments themselves. Privatization of space is unsustainable and increases debris – triggers the Kessler Syndrome Thompson 21 – Clive, 11/17/21, Clive Thompson is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Wired and Smithsonian magazines, and a regular contributor to Mother Jones. He’s the author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, and Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing our Minds for the Better. He’s @pomeranian99 on Twitter and Instagram, “Get Ready for the “Kessler Syndrome” to Wreck Outer Space,” OneZero, https://onezero.medium.com/get-ready-for-the-kessler-syndrome-to-wreck-outer-space-7f29cfe62c3e Justin Back in 1978 AND detritus from launches.
Privatization exponentially increases the curve but ending dangerous missions prevents it. Bernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, “ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT,” SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF Justin 5. Orbital satellite constellations AND first-come, first-served.
Debris causes nuclear war---Noko, Iran, and China. Beauchamp 14 – Zack, 4/21/14, Zack Beauchamp is a senior correspondent at Vox, where he covers global politics and ideology, and a host of Worldly, Vox's podcast on foreign policy and international relations. His work focuses on the rise of the populist right across the West, the role of identity in American politics, and how fringe ideologies shape the mainstream. Before coming to Vox, he edited TP Ideas, a section of Think Progress devoted to the ideas shaping our political world. He has an MSc from the London School of Economics in International Relations and grew up in Washington, DC, where he currently lives with his wife, daughter, and two (rescue) dogs “How space trash could start a nuclear war,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/2014/4/21/5625246/space-war-china-north-korea-iran Justin *Brackets added for ableist language If debris from AND e self-fulfilling consequences."
Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine. Steven Starr 15 Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. “Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen.” Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG A war fought with AND Earth essentially uninhabitable.
2/12/22
5-MARAPR-AC-Poland
Tournament: TFA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Basis Shavano AK | Judge: Avery Wilson cites broken check o/s
3/11/22
5-MARAPRACKant
Tournament: TFA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill NT | Judge: Jack Quissenberry Ethics must begin a priori A Empirical Uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us and inability to know others experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same. B Constitutive Authority – The meta-ethic is bindingness. Practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why I should be a reasoner concedes it’s authority since you’re actively reasoning. C Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory. Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined. That justifies universality – a a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are inÞpendent of human experience and b any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end. Additionally: A Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. B Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression. Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). “Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. One of the most AND other moral agents. C Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency. Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals, “The Sources of Normativity”, THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE The Solution: Those who AND that identity forbids.
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. 1 Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us. 2 Consequences Fail: a Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral d Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral 3 Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot. 4 Aspec: JOURNALISTS CAN’T USE UTIL, PREFER DUTY BASED ETHICS Christians 7 Christians, Clifford (Research Professor of Comunications, Professor of Journalism and Professor of Media Studies Emeritus at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) "Utilitarianism in media ethics and its discontents." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22.2-3 (2007): 113-131. Utilitarian ethics has AND is a deontological one.
Thus the advocacy: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy.
Offense 1 Under the categorical imperative, objectivity must always be prioritized because anything else is a contradiction in conception of lying, if a lie were universalized then there would no longer be a conception of truth. This makes objectivity the highest layer that always comes first, even if you are advocating. 2 Any claim that advocacy is constitutive to a free press is impermissible because the function of media is to report information—the constitutive purpose of the media is objective presentation of information because citizens have a right to be informed. Klein 20 Ian Klein, J.D. Candidate at the Texas AandM University School of Law, 2020, “Enemy of the People: The Ghost of the F.C.C. Fairness Doctrine in the Age of Alternative Facts.” Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1809andcontext=hastings_comm_ent_law_journal/Kankee This scarcity and AND and Social Media That affirms: if we all necessarily want our rights enforced and freedoms respected, we all necessarily agree to carry the responsibilities as well as the rights and privileges of citizenship to ensure the government can accurately act as a collective agent Korsgaard 18 The Claims of Animals and the Needs of Strangers: Two Cases of Imperfect Right. The Journal of Practical EthicsVolume 6, No. 1, June 2018. OPEN ACCESS. http://www.jpe.ox.ac.uk/papers/the-claims-of-animals-and-the-needs-of-strangers-two-cases-of-imperfect-right/ SJ AME Like many philosophers, I AND collective agent, does. 3 A condition of reason is to be able to formulate ideas and ends based on both your private and public use of reason. This can only happen through public information exchange that is not connected to personal or subjective ties. Donald 03 James Donald, February 3, 2003; KANT, THE PRESS, AND THE PUBLIC USE OF REASON JAMES DONALD James Donald is Professor of Film Studies at the University of New South Wales, email: J.Donald@curtin.edu.au. https://javnost-thepublic.org/article/pdf/2003/2/3/ This, according to AND and expansion of reason.
4 Advocacy is premised off of making somebody do something for you which violates the categorical imperative because you’re using someone as a means to an end. 5-The rules of logic claim that the only time a statement is invalid is if the antecedent is true, but the consequent is false. SEP Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “An Introduction to Philosophy.” Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html TG Massa Conditional statement: an “ AND l statement is true. That affirms-If I am winning I get the ballot is a tacit conditional denying the antecedent proves the consequent
UV 1 Aff gets 1AR theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive and I can’t check back. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer since the 1ar is too short to win both theory and substance and reasonability bites intervention since it’s up to the judge to determine. Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR-reciprocity-we both get 1 speech on theory and hedges against the 6 min 2nr that makes it impossible to check abuseNo 2NR RVI, paradigm issues, theory, evidence, or new responses to AC arguments since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. No RVIs on AC arguments – incentivizes a 7 minute collapse that decks 1AR strategy.
2 Fairness is a voter – A Debate’s a competitive game and requires objective evaluation. B Fairness best coheres a winner since if one debater had ten minutes to speak and the other had three there would be incongruence that alters ability to judge the better debater. Procedural unfairness doesn’t compensate since it denies access anyone to the space. C Determines engagement in substance so it outweighs. D Jurisdiction – every argument you make concedes the authority of fairness: i.e. that the judge will evaluate your arguments. Hack against them if they contest this since that’s the most unfair thing to do E Probability – there’s no guarantee you solve structural barriers or out of round impacts but there’s a guarantee my interp makes rounds more fair F Truth testing – no fairness assumes ability to determine truth value of the K but fairness is a prior question.
3 Weigh the case vs the K: a Fairness – opposing frameworks moot our offense – there are infinite parts they could problematize which forces a 1ar restart b Clash – Our scholarship is tied to the goodness of our framework and plan c Role playing is key to better tackle problems of oppression and create tangible solutions. Nixon 2K Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project. “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing.” Colorlines 3.2, 2000. Organic Intellectual Getting It in Writing AND to making it so. Fake news mobilizes echo-chambers of prejudice that enable violent racism. Wright, PhD 20 Chrysalis L. Chrysalis L. Wright, Ph.D. is faculty in the psychology department at the University of Central Florida where she is involved with undergraduate research, the Honors College, and is director of the Media and Migration Research Lab. She has won several awards related to university teaching and research including the Distinguished Early Career Professional Contributions to Media Psychology and Technology award, the American Psychological Associations (APA) Achievement Award for Early Career Psychologists, the Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching award, and the Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion award. “Prejudiced Fake News and Consumer Attitudes and Behaviors”. 8-8-2020. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/everyday-media/202008/prejudiced-fake-news-and-consumer-attitudes-and-behaviors. SJVM It seems that each AND , lead to more Dylann Roofs. Couple things to clarify – we know fiat is fake and don’t make a claim about whether or not the state is good or bad. The aff merely makes a value judgement on a certain action – that operates independently of state legitimacy. Newman 10 Newman, Saul. Reader in Political Theory at Goldsmiths, University of London Theory and Event, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2010. There are two aspects AND and deny them Pluralism is good. Bleiker 14 – (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, “International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique,” International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327) Methodological pluralism AND been explored in more detail.
3/11/22
NSD-AC-Kant
Tournament: NSD | Round: 2 | Opponent: Andrew Kim | Judge: Rohit Lakshman
1AC NSD R2
FW
Ethics must begin a priori:
~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.
~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.
~C~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible
~D~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.
Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedom
Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:
~A~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.
Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE The Solution: Those AND that identity forbids.
That hijacks roles of the ballots since the judge is one such practical identity, and other frameworks since implies first valuing ourselves to value other normative judgements
~B~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.
~C~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.
Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. ~D~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~E~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~F~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine
Advocacy
I affirm: A just government ought to recognize the unconditional right to strike CPS and Pics affirm because they don’t disprove my general thesis. Ill defend neg preferences on specification as long as it doesn’t change the principle of my aff-check spec in CX
Offense
1.Workers view their jobs as a means to an end of acquiring wealth. The unconditional right to strike ensures that companies can not coerce workers into lower wages.
Dubin 56 Dubin, Robert. "Industrial Workers' Worlds: A Study of the ‘Central Life Interests’ of Industrial Workers." Social Problems, vol. 3, no. 3, Jan. 1956, pp. 131–142., org/stable/799133 . Our hypothesis can AND of this paper.
Strikes are key to fight coercion in the workplace
Second, entirely different AND f the right to strike.
UV
~1~ Permissibility and presumption affirm-
1. Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me.
2. Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason.
3. Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation.
~2~ Aff gets 1AR theory and RVIs – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this.
1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance you must be punished and no 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs
~3~ All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue which means you need an RVI to become offensive. You should accept all aff interps and assume I meet neg theory since the aff speaks in the dark and I have to take a stance on something, you can at least react and adapt.
Global democracy is collapsing now.
Freedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ SJVM Washington - March 3, 2021 — Authoritarian actors grew
2~ Corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.
IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ SJVM The United Nations’ Special AND with its exercise."
Democratic backsliding causes extinction.
Kendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ Justin It is rare AND the right conversation.
7/8/21
SEPTOCT-1AC-Pandemics V3
Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: 1 | Opponent: JPG JF | Judge: Alex Berry VERBATIM IS BROKEN CHECK OS