St Agnes Huang Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| All | 1 | All | All |
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| All | 1 | All | All |
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| All | 1 | All | All |
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| Apple Valley | 2 | Scarsdale KS | Chris Castillo |
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| Apple Valley | 3 | Rosemount CD | Kenan Anderson |
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| Apple Valley | 5 | Harrison EM | Maxine Adams |
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| Barkley Forum | 1 | Lexington East LZ | Robert Burns |
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| Barkley Forum | 4 | Peninsula BD | Yoyo Lei |
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| Barkley Forum | 5 | Harker MK | Luke Bagdon |
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| Barkley Forum | Triples | Ayala AM | David Dosch, Aida Ruan, Emily Atamov |
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| Berkeley | 1 | Archbishop Mitty JY | Emmiee Malyugina |
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| Berkeley | 3 | Harvard Westlake NL | Jack Quisenberry |
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| Berkeley | 5 | Saratoga YK | River Cook |
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| Grapevine | 3 | Strake Jesuit DA | Samantha Mcloughlin |
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| Grapevine | 1 | Garland DA | Pranav Vijayan |
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| Grapevine | 5 | Strake Jesuit KS | Jack Quisenberry |
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| Grapevine | Triples | Memorial DX | Chris Castillo |
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| Greenhill | 1 | Harker DS | Tarun Ratnasabapathy |
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| Greenhill | 4 | Westwood ST | Tom Evnen |
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| Greenhill | 6 | Westwood AG | Zaid Umar |
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| Heart of Texas | 3 | Loyola SM | Dylan Liu |
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| Heart of Texas | 5 | Dwight-Englewood EK | David Herrera |
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| Heart of Texas | 1 | Westwood DL | Vishan Chaudhary |
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| Holy Cross | 1 | Harrison JC | Stephen Baker |
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| Holy Cross | 5 | Dallastown OL | Qi Ling |
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| Lexington | 1 | Acton-Boxborough AK | Saied Beckford |
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| Lexington | 3 | Proof DR | Eric He |
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| Lexington | 6 | San Mateo AS | Faizaan Dossani |
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| Loyola | 3 | LNU RN | Nathan Russell |
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| Loyola | 6 | Harrison AC | Clement Agho-Otoghile |
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| Loyola | 1 | Strake Jesuit JS | Connor Self |
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| Palm Classic | 1 | Stockdale RP | James Stuckert |
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| Palm Classic | 3 | Northland Christian LB | Nathan Frenkel |
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| Palm Classic | 5 | Lake Highland Prep AV | Thomas Kim |
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| Peninsula | 1 | Marlborough OO | Anish Ramireddy |
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| Peninsula | 3 | Mission San Jose AD | Claudia Ribera |
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| Peninsula | 5 | Memorial BD | Kabir Dubey |
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| TFA | 1 | Strake Jesuit VM | Ishan Rereddy |
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| TFA | 3 | Denton Guyer SB | River Cook |
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| TFA | 5 | Flower Mound ST | Christ Castillo |
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| TFA | 1 | Note about TFA cites | Note about TFA cites |
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| UT | 1 | L C Anderson AA | Sukhjit Singh |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
|---|---|---|
| Apple Valley | 2 | Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: Chris Castillo AC Empire |
| Apple Valley | 3 | Opponent: Rosemount CD | Judge: Kenan Anderson AC Empire v2 |
| Apple Valley | 5 | Opponent: Harrison EM | Judge: Maxine Adams AC Empire v3 |
| Barkley Forum | 1 | Opponent: Lexington East LZ | Judge: Robert Burns AC Megaconstellations |
| Barkley Forum | 4 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Yoyo Lei 1AC Megaconstellations |
| Barkley Forum | 5 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Luke Bagdon AC Megaconstellations |
| Barkley Forum | Triples | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: David Dosch, Aida Ruan, Emily Atamov AC Megaconstellations |
| Berkeley | 1 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty JY | Judge: Emmiee Malyugina 1AC Megaconstellations |
| Berkeley | 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake NL | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1AC Megaconstellations |
| Berkeley | 5 | Opponent: Saratoga YK | Judge: River Cook 1AC Megaconstellations |
| Grapevine | 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Samantha Mcloughlin AC COVID |
| Grapevine | 1 | Opponent: Garland DA | Judge: Pranav Vijayan AC stock |
| Grapevine | 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1AC stock |
| Grapevine | Triples | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Chris Castillo AC COVID |
| Greenhill | 1 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Tarun Ratnasabapathy AC stock |
| Greenhill | 4 | Opponent: Westwood ST | Judge: Tom Evnen AC stock |
| Greenhill | 6 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Zaid Umar AC stock |
| Heart of Texas | 3 | Opponent: Loyola SM | Judge: Dylan Liu AC stock |
| Heart of Texas | 5 | Opponent: Dwight-Englewood EK | Judge: David Herrera AC COVID |
| Heart of Texas | 1 | Opponent: Westwood DL | Judge: Vishan Chaudhary AC stock |
| Holy Cross | 1 | Opponent: Harrison JC | Judge: Stephen Baker 1AC trad |
| Holy Cross | 5 | Opponent: Dallastown OL | Judge: Qi Ling 1AC trad |
| Lexington | 1 | Opponent: Acton-Boxborough AK | Judge: Saied Beckford AC constellations |
| Lexington | 3 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Eric He 1AC Megaconstellations v2 |
| Lexington | 6 | Opponent: San Mateo AS | Judge: Faizaan Dossani AC Megaconstellations |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: LNU RN | Judge: Nathan Russell 1AC stock |
| Loyola | 6 | Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Clement Agho-Otoghile 1AC stock |
| Loyola | 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Connor Self 1AC Stock |
| Palm Classic | 1 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: James Stuckert 1AC Megaaconstellations |
| Palm Classic | 3 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Nathan Frenkel 1AC Megaconstellations |
| Palm Classic | 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Thomas Kim 1AC Megaconstellations |
| Peninsula | 1 | Opponent: Marlborough OO | Judge: Anish Ramireddy AC Megaconstellations |
| Peninsula | 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose AD | Judge: Claudia Ribera AC Megaconstellations |
| Peninsula | 5 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Kabir Dubey AC Megaconstellations |
| TFA | 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit VM | Judge: Ishan Rereddy 1AC India |
| TFA | 3 | Opponent: Denton Guyer SB | Judge: River Cook 1AC India |
| TFA | 5 | Opponent: Flower Mound ST | Judge: Christ Castillo 1AC India |
| UT | 1 | Opponent: L C Anderson AA | Judge: Sukhjit Singh AC Empire |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0- Contact InfoTournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All Facebook Messenger: ella huang | 9/1/21 |
0- Note about cites for TFATournament: TFA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Note about TFA cites | Judge: Note about TFA cites | 3/11/22 |
1 - Tournament namesTournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All | 2/19/22 |
1- generics- Hobbes KTournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Chris Castillo 1~ Hobbesian philosophy is racist –his exclusion of people based on "savagery" has racial overtones – he also justified slavery.FIP 16: Fear in Philosophy ~Blog about philosophy that discusses differing ethical theories~ "Is Thomas Hobbes racist?" Fear in Philosophy. June 2016. RP 2~ Absolutionist theories where we can't question the state pave the way for genocidal actions – Hobbes himself was used to justify social Darwinism.Dvorsky 13: Dvorsky, George ~Contributing Editor, Gizmodo~ "How the pseudoscience of Social Darwinism nearly destroyed humanity." Gizmodo. September 2013. RP THAT'S A VOTING ISSUE – IGNORING THE RACIST FOUNDATIONS OF WHITE SUPREMACY CREATES A FLAWED EPISTEMOLOGYLeonardo 02: Leonardo, Zeus. "The souls of white folk: Critical pedagogy, whiteness studies, and globalization discourse." Race, ethnicity and education 5.1 (2002): 29-50. | 1/30/22 |
1- theory- a prioris badTournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Connor Self | 9/19/21 |
1- theory- afcacc v1Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Chris Castillo | 1/30/22 |
1- theory- afcacc v2Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood ST | Judge: Tom Evnen Interpretation: debaters may not contest both the validity of both aff framing and the aff contention in the 1NC. To clarify pick one or the otherViolation: you doStandards: Time skew- you have 7 minutes to contest as many layers as much as possible that kills engagement because I have 4 minutes to respond, and you have 6 to collapse. Tskew OW- controls the IL to quality of arguments which is key to winning rounds so I lose every time.Also OW on quantifiability- 13-7 skew means its objectivefairness OW because education comes from contestation that requires competitive equity so fairness controls the IL. Cross app paradigm issues, dtd competing interps no rvis | 9/18/21 |
1- theory- circumvention badTournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Connor Self | 9/19/21 |
1- theory- comp worldsTournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Connor Self Interpretation: The Neg burden is to prove that the status quo or a competitive policy option is superior to the plan. To clarify, all neg substantive offense must operate under comparative worlds.1~ Strat skew – they incentivize ridiculous spikes that make negating impossible.Mangus: Mangus, Michael ~Former debater who got to quarters of TOC, neuroscientist~ "Value Comparison" The Lincoln Douglas Debate Journal, April 2008. RP 2~ Resolvability – truth claims can't be easily weighed against each other.Mangus: Mangus, Michael ~Former debater who got to quarters of TOC, neuroscientist~ "Value Comparison" The Lincoln Douglas Debate Journal, April 2008. RP 3~ Advocacy skills – .Mangus: Mngus, Michael ~Former debater who got to quarters of TOC, neuroscientist~ "Value Comparison" The Lincoln Douglas Debate Journal, April 2008. RP | 9/19/21 |
1- theory- condo bad v1Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Zaid Umar
| 9/19/21 |
1- theory- misdisclosure v1Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dwight-Englewood EK | Judge: David Herrera 1Interp—debaters may not misdisclose To clarify: debaters may not say they will read one NC then read anotherViolation: they did—I'll send the docs and include the screenshots in this doc 1~ Evidence ethics Fairness – a) you conceded the judge will fairly evaluate your argument b) its constitutive to debate as competitive activity that requires objective evaluation c) we couldn't check if the ev is properly cut2~ Preround prep—they conceded in cross that DAs and PICs are completely different and their original neg doc had a PIC, CP, and Nebel which is COMPLETELY different than 2 DAs—made it so we prepped against those and skewed clash because now we can't actually engage in the debate3~ Strat skew—I litearlly made an entire 1AR to your NC which awasted my time bc I couldn't prep out the other NC stuff on your wiki which made it so I don't have the best quality argumentsEducation – it's the only portable impact to debateDTD—it skewed ALL our prep and preround strat and is key to norm settingCI – a) brightlines are arbitrary and self-serving which doesn't set good norms b) it collapses since weighing between brightlines rely on offense defense | 10/17/21 |
1-theory-combo shell v1Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: James Stuckert | 2/12/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v1Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Acton-Boxborough AK | Judge: Saied Beckford 1AC1AC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett Tele-health sats solve pandemics.Krishnamurthy 18 ~Ramesh, researcher in Health Systems and Innovation Cluster, World Health Organization, with; Jason Hatton; 1/1/18, "Space science and technologies to advance health-related sustainable development goals," https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791876/~~ brett Extinction.Dhillon 17 ~Ranu; 2017; instructor at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He works on building health systems in developing countries and served as an advisor to the president of Guinea during the Ebola epidemic instructor at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He works on building health systems in developing countries and served as an advisor to the president of Guinea during the Ebola epidemic, Harvard Business Review; "The World Is Completely Unprepared for a Global Pandemic", https://hbr.org/2017/03/the-world-is-completely-unprepared-for-a-global-pandemic~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing- aka hedonistic act util. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Extinction ows—A~ Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleB~ Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can't get access to resources and basic necessities1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense | 1/15/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v2Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Eric He 1AC1AC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett Tele-health sats solve pandemics.Krishnamurthy 18 ~Ramesh, researcher in Health Systems and Innovation Cluster, World Health Organization, with; Jason Hatton; 1/1/18, "Space science and technologies to advance health-related sustainable development goals," https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791876/~~ brett Extinction.Dhillon 17 ~Ranu; 2017; instructor at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He works on building health systems in developing countries and served as an advisor to the president of Guinea during the Ebola epidemic instructor at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He works on building health systems in developing countries and served as an advisor to the president of Guinea during the Ebola epidemic, Harvard Business Review; "The World Is Completely Unprepared for a Global Pandemic", https://hbr.org/2017/03/the-world-is-completely-unprepared-for-a-global-pandemic~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett 1AC—- FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing- aka hedonistic act util. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Prefer utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett 1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense | 1/15/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v3Tournament: Lexington | Round: 6 | Opponent: San Mateo AS | Judge: Faizaan Dossani 1AC1AC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett Tele-health sats solve pandemics.Krishnamurthy 18 ~Ramesh, researcher in Health Systems and Innovation Cluster, World Health Organization, with; Jason Hatton; 1/1/18, "Space science and technologies to advance health-related sustainable development goals," https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791876/~~ brett Extinction.Dhillon 17 ~Ranu; 2017; instructor at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He works on building health systems in developing countries and served as an advisor to the president of Guinea during the Ebola epidemic instructor at Harvard Medical School and a physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He works on building health systems in developing countries and served as an advisor to the president of Guinea during the Ebola epidemic, Harvard Business Review; "The World Is Completely Unprepared for a Global Pandemic", https://hbr.org/2017/03/the-world-is-completely-unprepared-for-a-global-pandemic~~ brett 1AC—- PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett 1AC—- FramingThe meta-ethic is phenomenalism – induction firstSayre-McCord 1 Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Mill's "Proof" Of The Principle of Utility: A More Than Half-Hearted Defense", Social Philosophy and Policy, 2001, accessed: 1 April 2020, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/mills-proof-of-the-principle-of-utility-a-more-than-halfhearted-defense/FDBE07CBE08D4E17523930BF8C7BBC32, R.S. The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Prefer:1~ Bindingness— I could put my hand on a hot stove and I'd automatically pull it back before a signal is sent to my brain— Anything else fails to be morally binding because one could always ask "why not?"2~ Actor spec—states must use util because they are composed of multiple actors with competing intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first which is the most intuitive. That outweighs:4~ Use epistemic modesty for clash – disincentives debaters going all in for framework meaning we get the ideal balance between normative and applied philosophy5~ TJFs — Prioritize utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett That outweighs — util is key to research around space because analysis of consequences is critical to any research about the big picture of space exploration, mining, satellites, etc. Two impacts: 1~ Fairness, as it's most predictable to topic-oriented prep, so any alternative framework throws away the hard work of novices and well-prepared debaters, 2~ Education, absent an incentive to go deep into the topic literature we lose out on research skills that we take out of this space and benefit us for our entire lives.6~ Extinction must outweigh –Todd 17 ~Ben has a 1st from Oxford in Physics and Philosophy, has published in Climate Physics, once kick-boxed for Oxford, and speaks Chinese, badly. "The case for reducing extinction risk." https://80000hours.org/articles/extinction-risk/~~ brett 1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense | 1/30/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v4Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington East LZ | Judge: Robert Burns 1AC1AC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing- aka hedonistic act util. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. TJFS - Prefer utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett Extinction owsPummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015, Moral Agreement on Saving the World | Practical Ethics (ox.ac.uk)~ brefpratt 1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense2~ Only constructive policy debates nurture information literacy necessary for every model of politics – the process of sifting through evidence and subjecting positions to researched scrutiny is essential to managing emerging crises and information overloadLeek 16 ~Danielle R. Leek, professor of communications at Grand Valley State University, "Policy debate pedagogy: a complementary strategy for civic and political engagement through service-learning," Communication Education, 65:4, 399-405~ | 1/28/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v5Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Nathan Frenkel 1ACAC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 9-15-2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, 12-13-2016, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett 1AC—-AstronomyPrivate mega-constellations ensure existential asteroids and comets go unnoticed, dooming early detection.Walker et al. 20 ~Walker, C. (NSF's NOIRLab), Hall, J. (Lowell Observatory), Allen, L. (NSF's NOIRLab), Green, R. (U. Arizona,), Seitzer, P. (U. Michigan), Tyson, A. (UC Davis/Rubin Observatory), Bauer, A. (Vera C. Rubin Observatory), Krafton, K. (AAS), Lowenthal, J. (Smith College), Parriott, J. (AAS), Puxley, P. (AURA), Abbott, T. (NSF's NOIRLab), Bakos, G. (Princeton University), Barentine, J. (IDA), Bassa, C. (ASTRON), Blakeslee, J. (Gemini Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab), Bradshaw, A. (SLAC), Cooke, J. (Swinburne University), Devost, D. (Canada-France-Hawai'i Telescope), GaladÃ, D. (Icosaedro working group of the Spanish Astronomical Society), Haase, F. (NSF's NOIRLab), Hainaut, O. (ESO), Heathcote, S. (NSF's NOIRLab), Jah, M. (University of Texas at Austin), Krantz, H. (U. Arizona), Kucharski, D. (University of Texas at Austin), McDowell, J. (CfA), Mróz, P. (Caltech), Otarola, A. (ESO, TMT), Pearce, E. (U. Arizona), Rawls, M. (U. Washington/Rubin Observatory), Saunders, C. (Princeton University), Seaman, R. (Catalina Sky Survey), Siminski, J. (ESA Space Debris Office), Snyder, A. (Stanford University), Storrie-Lombardi, L. (Las Cumbres Observatory), Tregloan-Reed, J. (U. Antofagasta), Wainscoat, R. (U. Hawai'i), Williams, A. (ESO) and Yoachim, P. (U. Washington/Rubin Observatory) SATCON1 report; 2020; "Impact of Satellite Constellations on Optical Astronomy and Recommendations Toward Mitigations," https://aas.org/sites/default/files/2020-08/SATCON1-Report.pdf~~ brett Asteroids cause extinction but early detection allows countermeasures.Mark Boslough 19. University of New Mexico, "Chapter 13 Uncertainty and Risk at the Catastrophe Threshold", 2019, Planetary Defense, Space and Society, https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/634091/mod_resource/content/1/Planetary20Defence.pdf Comets cause extinction —- lack of monitoring collapses warning capacities.Hodge 19 ~Mark, News Journalist @ The Sun, citing Lewis Dartnell, Professor of Science Communication @ the University of Westminster. "Comet could wipe out life on Earth with just six months' notice, expert warns - Astrobiology research scientist Lewis Dartnell hurtle in from the outer reaches of space at a faster pace than asteroids." 5-12-2019. The Sun, https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/9058160/comet-hit-earth-six-months-notice/~~ brett PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing- aka hedonistic act util. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Prefer utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett That outweighs — util is key to research around space because analysis of consequences is critical to any research about the big picture of space exploration, mining, satellites, etc. Two impacts: 1~ Fairness, as it's most predictable to topic-oriented prep, so any alternative framework throws away the hard work of novices and well-prepared debaters, 2~ Education, absent an incentive to go deep into the topic literature we lose out on research skills that we take out of this space and benefit us for our entire lives.1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense2~ Reasonability on NC shells – the 1AR is too short to line by line every argument, make a counter interpretation, and go for substance – key to check arbitrary interps. | 2/12/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v6Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Thomas Kim 1AC - DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 9-15-2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, 12-13-2016, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett 1AC - PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett 1AC - FramingThe meta-ethic is phenomenalism – induction firstSayre-McCord 1 Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Mill's "Proof" Of The Principle of Utility: A More Than Half-Hearted Defense", Social Philosophy and Policy, 2001, accessed: 1 April 2020, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/mills-proof-of-the-principle-of-utility-a-more-than-halfhearted-defense/FDBE07CBE08D4E17523930BF8C7BBC32, R.S. The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Prefer:1~ Bindingness— I could put my hand on a hot stove and I'd automatically pull it back before a signal is sent to my brain— Anything else fails to be morally binding because one could always ask "why not?"2~ Actor spec—states must use util because they are composed of multiple actors with competing intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first which is the most intuitive.4~ Use epistemic modesty for clash – disincentives debaters going all in for framework meaning we get the ideal balance between normative and applied philosophy5~ TJFs — Prioritize utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett That outweighs — util is key to research around space because analysis of consequences is critical to any research about the big picture of space exploration, mining, satellites, etc. Two impacts: 1~ Fairness, as it's most predictable to topic-oriented prep, so any alternative framework throws away the hard work of novices and well-prepared debaters, 2~ Education, absent an incentive to go deep into the topic literature we lose out on research skills that we take out of this space and benefit us for our entire lives.6~ Extinction outweighsTodd 17 ~Ben has a 1st from Oxford in Physics and Philosophy, has published in Climate Physics, once kick-boxed for Oxford, and speaks Chinese, badly. "The case for reducing extinction risk." https://80000hours.org/articles/extinction-risk/~~ brett 1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense2~ Reasonability on NC shells – the 1AR is too short to line by line every argument, make a counter interpretation, and go for substance – key to check arbitrary interps. | 2/13/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v7Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty JY | Judge: Emmiee Malyugina 1ACAC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 9-15-2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, 12-13-2016, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing- aka hedonistic act util. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Prefer utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett That outweighs — util is key to research around space because analysis of consequences is critical to any research about the big picture of space exploration, mining, satellites, etc. Two impacts: 1~ Fairness, as it's most predictable to topic-oriented prep, so any alternative framework throws away the hard work of novices and well-prepared debaters, 2~ Education, absent an incentive to go deep into the topic literature we lose out on research skills that we take out of this space and benefit us for our entire lives.Extinction owsPummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015, Moral Agreement on Saving the World | Practical Ethics (ox.ac.uk)~ brefpratt | 2/19/22 |
JF - 1AC - Megaconstellations v8Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake NL | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1ACAC—-DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes—-current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett No alt causes or thumpers—-absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies that assume our plan.—-1 collision a decade is hardly enough to trigger Kessler syndrome. Increasing debris triggers miscalculated war. The internal link is linear—-any reduction in debris reduces the risk.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett ====It goes nuclear.==== Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway '19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett 1AC—-OzoneOzone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster.WMO 21 ~World Meteorological Organization; 9-15-2021; "Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story," https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story~~ brett Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0Tereza 21 ~Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, "Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0," https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere~~ brett Extinction.Skudlarek 16 ~Cooper, pollution writer for L2P, 12-13-2016, "The Ozone Layer," https://letters2president.org/letters/24312~~ brett Empirics—-Ozone depletion is existential.Martin 18 ~Sean, a Science Reporter for Express.co.uk, "Ozone layer DECAYING as scientists fear Earth 'heading towards MASS-EXTINCTION'", via Express, Feb 8, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/916405/ozone-layer-destroyed-recovering-mass-extinction-dinosaurs~~ brett 1AC—-AstronomyPrivate mega-constellations ensure existential asteroids and comets go unnoticed, dooming early detection.Walker et al. 20 ~Walker, C. (NSF's NOIRLab), Hall, J. (Lowell Observatory), Allen, L. (NSF's NOIRLab), Green, R. (U. Arizona,), Seitzer, P. (U. Michigan), Tyson, A. (UC Davis/Rubin Observatory), Bauer, A. (Vera C. Rubin Observatory), Krafton, K. (AAS), Lowenthal, J. (Smith College), Parriott, J. (AAS), Puxley, P. (AURA), Abbott, T. (NSF's NOIRLab), Bakos, G. (Princeton University), Barentine, J. (IDA), Bassa, C. (ASTRON), Blakeslee, J. (Gemini Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab), Bradshaw, A. (SLAC), Cooke, J. (Swinburne University), Devost, D. (Canada-France-Hawai'i Telescope), GaladÃ, D. (Icosaedro working group of the Spanish Astronomical Society), Haase, F. (NSF's NOIRLab), Hainaut, O. (ESO), Heathcote, S. (NSF's NOIRLab), Jah, M. (University of Texas at Austin), Krantz, H. (U. Arizona), Kucharski, D. (University of Texas at Austin), McDowell, J. (CfA), Mróz, P. (Caltech), Otarola, A. (ESO, TMT), Pearce, E. (U. Arizona), Rawls, M. (U. Washington/Rubin Observatory), Saunders, C. (Princeton University), Seaman, R. (Catalina Sky Survey), Siminski, J. (ESA Space Debris Office), Snyder, A. (Stanford University), Storrie-Lombardi, L. (Las Cumbres Observatory), Tregloan-Reed, J. (U. Antofagasta), Wainscoat, R. (U. Hawai'i), Williams, A. (ESO) and Yoachim, P. (U. Washington/Rubin Observatory) SATCON1 report; 2020; "Impact of Satellite Constellations on Optical Astronomy and Recommendations Toward Mitigations," https://aas.org/sites/default/files/2020-08/SATCON1-Report.pdf~~ brett Astronomy is key to avert incoming solar flares.Siegel 20 "This Multi-Trillion Dollar Disaster Is Coming, And Solar Astronomy Is Our Prime Defense" Ethan Siegel ~Ph.D. astrophysicist, author, and science communicator, who professes physics and astronomy at various colleges~ January 31, 2020 https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/01/31/this-multi-trillion-dollar-disaster-is-coming-and-solar-astronomy-is-our-prime-defense/?sh=6ecc0e367613 SM Extinction — astronomical detection is key.Dancer '16 ~Benjamin; May 22; Director of Public Relations for the Colorado EMP Task Force on National and Homeland Security, which is the Colorado branch of a Congressional Advisory Board; Benjamin Dancer, "Space Weather: An Existential Threat," https://www.benjamindancer.com/blog/2016/5/7/space-weather-an-existential-threat~~ PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett Space debris and the potential for collisions dooms LEO spaceflight.Moltz, 14 ~James Clay; chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he also holds a joint faculty appointment in the Space Systems Academic Group., "Crowded orbits Conflict and Cooperation in Space," Columbia University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/molt15912~~ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing- aka hedonistic act util. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Prefer utilitarianism with a focus on existential risk in the context of debates about outer space.Baum 16 ~Seth, @ Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, In "The Ethics of Space Exploration", ed. James S.J. Schwartz and Tony Milligan, Springer, 2016, pages 109-123. This version 29 July 2016. https://sethbaum.com/ac/2016_SpaceEthics.pdf~~ brett That outweighs — util is key to research around space because analysis of consequences is critical to any research about the big picture of space exploration, mining, satellites, etc. Two impacts: 1~ Fairness, as it's most predictable to topic-oriented prep, so any alternative framework throws away the hard work of novices and well-prepared debaters, 2~ Education, absent an incentive to go deep into the topic literature we lose out on research skills that we take out of this space and benefit us for our entire lives.1AC – Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense2~ Reasonability on NC shells – the 1AR is too short to line by line every argument, make a counter interpretation, and go for substance – key to check arbitrary interps. | 2/20/22 |
ND- 1AC- Empire v1Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: Chris Castillo 1ACRevolution is closer than ever – but the masses require a recognition.Basanta '20 Global capitalism has shifted production from the terrain of the centralized power to the a form of domination to which there is no outside – welcome to Empire, a new imperial regime of biopolitics and war.Connell '12 In the age of Empire, just governance has eroded. Labor movements under capital have their demands of capital and state reduced to mechanisms of maintaining equilibrium.Connell 2 This has produced a system of exhaustion: accumulating crises build as humanity sits in apathy.Bifo '19 This is unsustainable and causes extinction – multiple intertwined crises make collapse inevitable which means its try-or-die – we got charts.von Weizsäcker and Wijkman '17 Only the refusal of the extraction of capitalist value coupled with the swift and destructive power of the proletariat has the potential to tackle Empire.Hardt and Negri '17 (Michael, professor of literature @ Duke, and Antonio, professor of political philosophy @ University of Padua, "Assembly," p. 235-239) BS sosa 4-4-2018 ~brackets for~ abeist language Thus, the plan: Tactical Leaders ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.The masses already have the potential for a strike against Empire- it's up to tactical leadership to recognize it.Hardt and Negri '17 ~Michael Hardt, professor of literature at Duke, and Antonio Negri, professor of political philosophy at the University of Padua. 2017. "Assembly."~ ask me for the PDF. sosa We offer a plan for action and resistance — the revolutionary general strike is a festive event that brings out the power of the masses.Gordienko '12 /Andrey, Ph.D., PhD Film and TV @ UCLA "The Politics of Eros: The Philosophy of Georges Bataille and Japanese New Wave Cinema" UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48f92067 brett To the state, which is the taboo on "illegitimate" means of violence, the right to strike is always "conditional" — only a strike that exists outside the limits of the law can be truly unconditional.Marc Crépon and Micol Bez 19; Marc Crépon is a French philosopher and academic who writes on the subject of languages and communities in the French and German philosophies and contemporary political and moral philosophy. Micol Bez @ CPES (Cycle Pluridisciplinaire d'Études Supérieures) at the University of Paris Sciences and Letters. The Right to Strike and Legal War in Walter Benjamin's "Toward the Critique of Violence". Critical Times 1 August 2019; 2 (2): 252–260. https://read.dukeupress.edu/critical-times/article/2/2/252/141479/The-Right-to-Strike-and-Legal-War-in-Walter brett You should understand this a project of counter-hegemony – every debate and argument is a testing ground to strengthen our strike– voting affirmative is an investment in the war of position.Carrol '6 The Role of the Ballot is to affirm radical propaganda.Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 | 11/5/21 |
ND- 1AC- Empire v2Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rosemount CD | Judge: Kenan Anderson 1ACRevolution is closer than ever – but the masses require a recognition.Reese 20 - author of Socialism or Extinction and The End of Capitalism: The Thought of Henryk Grossman (Ted, https://www.amazon.com/Socialism-Extinction-Automation-Capitalist-Breakdown-ebook/dp/B081FHF2ZQ, emuse) Global capitalism has shifted production from the terrain of the centralized power to the a form of domination to which there is no outside – welcome to Empire, a new imperial regime of biopolitics and war.Connell '12 In the age of Empire, just governance has eroded. Labor movements under capital have their demands of capital and state reduced to mechanisms of maintaining equilibrium.Connell 2 This has produced a system of exhaustion: accumulating crises build as humanity sits in apathy.Bifo '19 This is unsustainable and causes extinction – multiple intertwined crises make collapse inevitable which means its try-or-die – we got charts.von Weizsäcker and Wijkman '17 Only the refusal of the extraction of capitalist value coupled with the swift and destructive power of the proletariat has the potential to tackle Empire.Hardt and Negri '17 (Michael, professor of literature @ Duke, and Antonio, professor of political philosophy @ University of Padua, "Assembly," p. 235-239) BS sosa 4-4-2018 ~brackets for~ abeist language Thus, the plan: Tactical Leaders ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.The masses already have the potential for a strike against Empire- it's up to tactical leadership to recognize it.Hardt and Negri '17 ~Michael Hardt, professor of literature at Duke, and Antonio Negri, professor of political philosophy at the University of Padua. 2017. "Assembly."~ ask me for the PDF. sosa To the state, which is the taboo on "illegitimate" means of violence, the right to strike is always "conditional" — only a strike that exists outside the limits of the law can be truly unconditional.Marc Crépon and Micol Bez 19; Marc Crépon is a French philosopher and academic who writes on the subject of languages and communities in the French and German philosophies and contemporary political and moral philosophy. Micol Bez @ CPES (Cycle Pluridisciplinaire d'Études Supérieures) at the University of Paris Sciences and Letters. The Right to Strike and Legal War in Walter Benjamin's "Toward the Critique of Violence". Critical Times 1 August 2019; 2 (2): 252–260. https://read.dukeupress.edu/critical-times/article/2/2/252/141479/The-Right-to-Strike-and-Legal-War-in-Walter brett You should understand this a project of counter-hegemony – every debate and argument is a testing ground to strengthen our strike– voting affirmative is an investment in the war of position.Carrol '6 The Role of the Ballot is to affirm radical propaganda. | 11/6/21 |
ND- 1AC- Empire v3Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harrison EM | Judge: Maxine Adams 1ACRevolution is closer than ever – but the masses require a recognition.Reese 20 - author of Socialism or Extinction and The End of Capitalism: The Thought of Henryk Grossman (Ted, https://www.amazon.com/Socialism-Extinction-Automation-Capitalist-Breakdown-ebook/dp/B081FHF2ZQ, emuse) Global capitalism has shifted production from the terrain of the centralized power to the a form of domination to which there is no outside – welcome to Empire, a new imperial regime of biopolitics and war.Connell '12 In the age of Empire, just governance has eroded. Labor movements under capital have their demands of capital and state reduced to mechanisms of maintaining equilibrium.Connell 2 Capitalism is unsustainable and plunging the world into a global civil war – ramping up tensions with Russia and China to distract from crises accelerates the tendency to over-accumulate, causing extinction through nuclear war, climate change, super-viruses, the rise of fascism, and rampant inequality.Robinson, 21 ~William I., prof. sociology and global studies @ UCSB: "What are the real reasons behind the New Cold War?" ROAR Magazine, published 5-6-21, https://roarmag.org/essays/new-cold-war-crisis-capitalism/?fbclid=IwAR2RzXn0SMlPSiLfXcXNtTcDIybQa6GxH_eodUmyEww2i59lh5qHpZpcwhk~~//AD Only the refusal of the extraction of capitalist value coupled with the swift and destructive power of the proletariat has the potential to tackle Empire.Hardt and Negri '17 (Michael, professor of literature @ Duke, and Antonio, professor of political philosophy @ University of Padua, "Assembly," p. 235-239) BS sosa 4-4-2018 ~brackets for~ abeist language Thus, the plan: Tactical Leaders ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.The masses already have the potential for a strike against Empire- it's up to tactical leadership to recognize it.Hardt and Negri '17 ~Michael Hardt, professor of literature at Duke, and Antonio Negri, professor of political philosophy at the University of Padua. 2017. "Assembly."~ ask me for the PDF. sosa To the state, which is the taboo on "illegitimate" means of violence, the right to strike is always "conditional" — only a strike that exists outside the limits of the law can be truly unconditional.Marc Crépon and Micol Bez 19; Marc Crépon is a French philosopher and academic who writes on the subject of languages and communities in the French and German philosophies and contemporary political and moral philosophy. Micol Bez @ CPES (Cycle Pluridisciplinaire d'Études Supérieures) at the University of Paris Sciences and Letters. The Right to Strike and Legal War in Walter Benjamin's "Toward the Critique of Violence". Critical Times 1 August 2019; 2 (2): 252–260. https://read.dukeupress.edu/critical-times/article/2/2/252/141479/The-Right-to-Strike-and-Legal-War-in-Walter brett The Role of the Ballot is to affirm radical propaganda.Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 | 11/6/21 |
SO- 1AC- COVID v1Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Samantha Mcloughlin 1ACAdvThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett COVID vaccines are ineffective soon unless we get global accessDransfield 21 Sarah Dransfield, 3-30-2021, "Two-thirds of epidemiologists warn mutations could render current COVID vaccines ineffective in a year or less", https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-thirds-epidemiologists-warn-mutations-could-render-current-covid-vaccines , accessed 7/23/2021 EH Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global exports. A litany of countries possess capacity but lack know-how — the plan is key.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett COVID escalates every hotspot—-extinction.RECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett SolvencyPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well being. Prefer hedonistic act utilThe meta-ethic is phenomenalism – induction firstSayre-McCord 1 Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Mill's "Proof" Of The Principle of Utility: A More Than Half-Hearted Defense", Social Philosophy and Policy, 2001, accessed: 1 April 2020, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/mills-proof-of-the-principle-of-utility-a-more-than-halfhearted-defense/FDBE07CBE08D4E17523930BF8C7BBC32, R.S. The standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act utilitarianism. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscienceBlum et al. 18 ~Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/~~ R.S. 1~ I could put my hand on a hot stove and I'd automatically pull it back before a signal is sent to my brain—anything else fails to be morally binding since one could always ask "why not?"2~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first which is the most intuitive. That outweighs:A~ Parsimony – metaphysics relies on long chains of questionable claims that make conclusions less likely.B~ Hijacks – intuitions are inevitable since even every framework must take some unjustified assumption as a starting point.4~ Use epistemic modesty for clash – disincentives debaters going all in for framework meaning we get the ideal balance between normative and applied philosophy5~ No intent-foresight distinction for states.Enoch 07 Enoch, D ~The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Unviersity, Mount Scopus Campus, Jersusalem~. (2007). INTENDING, FORESEEING, AND THE STATE. Legal Theory, 13(02). doi:10.1017/s1352325207070048 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/legal-theory/article/intending-foreseeing-and-the-state/76B18896B94D5490ED0512D8E8DC54B2 6~ TJFs – Utilitarianism should be used in the context of debates about public health—-this framework avoids abuses while ensuring just outcomes at the tail end of disease risks.K. Kirkwood 9. School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario. 06/01/2009. "In the Name of the Greater Good?" Emerging Health Threats Journal, vol. 2, no. 0. CrossRef, doi:10.3402/ehtj.v2i0.7092. Outweighs – Most articles about pandemics are written through util – means other frameworks can never engage with core questions of the lit and decks predictability.7~ Reject calc indicts and util triggers permissibility arguments:A~ Theory — they're functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable educationB~ Morally abhorrent — it would say we have no obligation to prevent genocide and that slavery was permissible which is morally abhorrent and makes debate unsafe8~ Impact calc — Extinction is categorically prior:A~ Magnitude — trillions of future lives are lost that are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.B~ Reversibility — extinction forecloses future improvement; prefer — if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true, we should preserve it to figure things out.UV1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense2~ Reasonability on NC shells – the 1AR is too short to line by line every argument, make a counter interpretation, and go for substance – key to check arbitrary interps.4~ The role of the ballot is to determine the desirability of the plan – vote aff if the plan is a good ideaThat's key to portable skills - | 9/11/21 |
SO- 1AC- COVID v2Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dwight-Englewood EK | Judge: David Herrera 1ACADV – COVIDThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread which render current vaccines ineffective.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global exports. A litany of countries possess capacity but lack know-how — the plan is key.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett COVID escalates every hotspot—-extinction.RECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett ADV – LegitimacyThe WTO is on the brink — the TRIPS waiver is the critical factor determining the survival of multilateral trade AND creates momentum for structural reformsMeyer 6-18 David Meyer, 6-18-2021, "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn – Fortune," Fortune, https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/amp/, EH and brett HIV/AIDS prove legitimacy damage from patent controversy—-every bit of delay saps credibility—-now is keyBacchus 20 James Bacchus ~member of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, the Distinguished University Professor of Global Affairs and director of the Center for Global Economic and Environmental Opportunity at the University of Central Florida. He was a founding judge and was twice the chairman—the chief judge—of the highest court of world trade, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. ~, 12-16-2020, "An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines," Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines accessed 7/20/2021 EH Perception alone solves, regardless of success, issuing the waiver is a sign of goodwill that shores up legitimacyWinslett 5-27, Gary Winslett is an associate fellow for finance and trade at the R Street Institute. He is also an assistant professor of political science at Middlebury College. May 27, 2021. National Interest, "The Political Significance of the TRIPS Waiver" https://nationalinterest.org/feature/political-significance-trips-waiver-186246 brett The new Director General is focusing on sustainable development — COVID response provides an early win that builds momentum.Ossa and Blange-Gubbay 21, Michael Blange-Gubbay, Senior Research Fellow at the Kühne Center for Sustainable Globalization at the University of Zurich. Ralph Ossa Director of the Kühne Center for Sustainable Globalization at the University of Zurich; Kühne Foundation Professor of International Trade. IMÂPACT SEÂRIES: 02–21. "A New Hope for the WTO?" https://www.kuehnecenter.uzh.ch/impact_series/2021_03_17-02-21-a_new_hope_for_the_wto.html brett That's key to protect global supply chains AND offset the costs of globalization — getting the ball rolling on cooperation is key — independently solves extinction from warming.Sutton and Green 20, Trevor Sutton is a fellow for National Security and International Policy at the Center for American Progress. Andy Green is managing director of Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress. Center for American Progress, July 29, 2020, 12:01 am. "WTO Reform Must Start at the Top" https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2020/07/29/488261/wto-reform-must-start-top/ brett Integrated supply chains stop war.Tønnesson '15 ~Stein; 2015; Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University; International Area Studies Review; "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," vol. 18, no. 3, p. 297-311~ Unsustainable globalization causes rising inequality and right-wing populism – that causes slow growth, polarization, and warFlaherty and Rogowski 21 ~Thomas M. Flaherty is a PhD candidate and NSF Graduate Fellow at the University of California, San Diego. He can be reached at t1flaher@ucsd.edu. Ronald Rogowski is Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Weatherhead Scholar at Harvard University (2019–2021). "Rising Inequality As a Threat to the Liberal International Order." https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/rising-inequality-as-a-threat-to-the-liberal-international-order/4CDE05DEB3AB076CE338E1AA4A9C8087~~ WTO credibility de-escalates every conflict — loss of credibility tips every flashpoint.GEORGIA L. Hamann 9, associate in Lewis, Roca, Rothberger's Litigation Practice Group, J.D. from Vanderbilt University Law School. May 2009, "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System", http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/hamann-cr_final_final.pdf brett SolvencyPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett Public funding and massive pre-purchases are superior incentives to patents in a pandemic.Lindsey 21, Brink Lindsey, Vice President @ Niskanen Center "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing, or hedonistic act utilitarianism1~ Bindingness — if I put my hand on a hot stove I'd automatically pull it back before a signal is sent to my brain — proves Util is intrinsic to action2~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.3~ Extinction first:A~ Future lives — trillions of future lives are lost. They are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR can brute force me every time. | 10/17/21 |
SO- 1AC- TRIPS Waiver v1Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Connor Self ACCovidThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett COVID vaccines are ineffective soon unless we get global accessDransfield 21 Sarah Dransfield, 3-30-2021, "Two-thirds of epidemiologists warn mutations could render current COVID vaccines ineffective in a year or less", https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-thirds-epidemiologists-warn-mutations-could-render-current-covid-vaccines , accessed 7/23/2021 EH Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global exports. A litany of countries possess capacity but lack know-how — the plan is key.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett COVID escalates every hotspot—-extinction.RECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett WTO legitimacyTRIPS waivers key to WTO legitimacy—also creates momentum for structural reformsMeyer 6-18 David Meyer, 6-18-2021, "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn – Fortune," Fortune, https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/amp/ , accessed 7/18/2021 EH and Brett HIV/AIDS prove legitimacy damage from patent controversy—-every bit of delay saps credibility—-now is keyBacchus 20 James Bacchus ~member of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, the Distinguished University Professor of Global Affairs and director of the Center for Global Economic and Environmental Opportunity at the University of Central Florida. He was a founding judge and was twice the chairman—the chief judge—of the highest court of world trade, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. ~, 12-16-2020, "An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines," Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines accessed 7/20/2021 EH Perception alone solves – regardless of success, issuing the waiver is a sign of goodwill that shores up legitimacyWinslett 5-27, Gary Winslett is an associate fellow for finance and trade at the R Street Institute. He is also an assistant professor of political science at Middlebury College. May 27, 2021. National Interest, "The Political Significance of the TRIPS Waiver" https://nationalinterest.org/feature/political-significance-trips-waiver-186246 brett WTO legitimacy is key to resolve trade warsJames McBride and Andrew Chatzky 20, James McBride helps lead a team of writers and editors in producing CFR's coverage of global affairs, and also writes on economics, energy policy, and European politics. He received a bachelor's degree from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, and a master's degree from Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. CFR, Jan 6, 2020. "How Are Trade Disputes Resolved?" https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-are-trade-disputes-resolved brett Trade wars go nuclearHillman 18 Jonathan E. Hillman 18 ~a fellow with the Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C., and a former policy adviser to the U.S. trade representative.~ 3-20-2018, "Trade Wars and Real Wars," CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies), https://www.csis.org/analysis/trade-wars-and-real-wars, accessed 7/27/2021 EH SolvencyPlan text: The Member Nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicinesEnforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett Public funding and massive pre-purchases are superior incentives to patents in a pandemic.Lindsey 21, Brink Lindsey, Vice President @ Niskanen Center "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/ FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act utilitarianism.1~ Neuroscience- pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses.Blum et al. 18 ~Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/~~ R.S. 2~ Bindingness— If I put my hand on a hot stove I'd pull it back before my brain sends a signal to pull it back. Anything else fails because people can ask why not3~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.4~ Impact calc — Extinction is categorically prior:A~ Magnitude — trillions of future lives are lost that are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.B~ Reversibility — extinction forecloses future improvement; prefer — if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true, we should preserve it to figure things out.UV1~ AFF theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – the 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time – competing interps – otherwise they can skew the timecrunched 1ar and play defense. 1AR theory first – it's a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there's more abuse2~ Use reasonability on NC theory – the 1AR is too short to line by line every argument, make a counter interpretation, and go for substance – key to check arbitrary interps.Psychoanalysis is infinitely regressive, not falsifiable, and too abstract Gordon 1 – Paul Gordon, accomplished psychotherapist, "Psychoanalysis and Racism: The Politics of Defeat," RACE and CLASS v. 42 n. 4, 2001, pp. 17-34. | 9/19/21 |
SO- 1AC- TRIPS Waiver v2Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Clement Agho-Otoghile ACCovidThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett COVID vaccines are ineffective soon unless we get global accessDransfield 21 Sarah Dransfield, 3-30-2021, "Two-thirds of epidemiologists warn mutations could render current COVID vaccines ineffective in a year or less", https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-thirds-epidemiologists-warn-mutations-could-render-current-covid-vaccines , accessed 7/23/2021 EH Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global exports. A litany of countries possess capacity but lack know-how — the plan is key.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett COVID escalates every hotspot—heightens all scenarios that cause extinctionRECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett Neocolonial dynamics limit COVID vaccines to the Global North—-that results in debt imperialism and undermines the right to health.Sharifah Sekalala 21 et al., Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa. Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda. Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. BMJ Glob Health. 2021; 6(7): e006169. Published online 2021 Jul 12. "Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8277484/ brett "Disease reps bad" white-washes pandemics – COVID reproduces injustices for the worst-off.C G Nicholas Mascie-Taylor and K Moji 20, Nick Mascie-Taylor is Professor of Human Population Biology and Health and Director of Research in Global Health at the University of Cambridge, UK and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. Kazuhiko Moji is Professor of Human Ecology and the Dean of Nagasaki University School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Director of Department of Global Health at Graduate School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health. October 31-November 1, and November 14-15, 2020 (Japan Time). A Working Paper presented to The 75th Anniversary Nagasaki Nuclear-Pandemic Nexus Scenario Project "Pandemics" https://www.recna.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/recna/bd/files/Taylor_Moji_Nagasaki_WP_20201012_final.pdf brett Anti-capitalist sentiment is at the heart of the plan. The status quo accedes to intellectual monopoly capitalism.Sell 20 (Susan K. Sell, School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, Acton, ACT Australia. "What COVID-19 Reveals About Twenty-First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity". Nov 2020) SolvencyPlan text: The Member Nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicinesEnforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protectionsJones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act utilitarianism.1~ Neuroscience- pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses.Blum et al. 18 ~Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/~~ R.S. 2~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—3~ Impact calc — Extinction is categorically prior:A~ Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleB~ Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can't get access to resources and basic necessitiesC~ Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other peopleD~ Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethicalE~ Moral uncertainty – if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about itUV2~ Use reasonability on NC theory – the 1AR is too short to line by line every argument, make a counter interpretation, and go for substance – key to check arbitrary interps. | 9/18/21 |
SO- 1AC- TRIPS Waiver v3Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Zaid Umar ACCovidThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett COVID vaccines are ineffective soon unless we get global accessDransfield 21 Sarah Dransfield, 3-30-2021, "Two-thirds of epidemiologists warn mutations could render current COVID vaccines ineffective in a year or less", https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-thirds-epidemiologists-warn-mutations-could-render-current-covid-vaccines , accessed 7/23/2021 EH Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global exports. A litany of countries possess capacity but lack know-how — the plan is key.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett COVID escalates every hotspot—-extinction.RECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett WTO legitimacyTRIPS waivers key to WTO legitimacy—also creates momentum for structural reformsMeyer 6-18 David Meyer, 6-18-2021, "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn – Fortune," Fortune, https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/amp/ , accessed 7/18/2021 EH and Brett HIV/AIDS prove legitimacy damage from patent controversy—-every bit of delay saps credibility—-now is keyBacchus 20 James Bacchus ~member of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, the Distinguished University Professor of Global Affairs and director of the Center for Global Economic and Environmental Opportunity at the University of Central Florida. He was a founding judge and was twice the chairman—the chief judge—of the highest court of world trade, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. ~, 12-16-2020, "An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines," Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines accessed 7/20/2021 EH Perception alone solves – regardless of success, issuing the waiver is a sign of goodwill that shores up legitimacyWinslett 5-27, Gary Winslett is an associate fellow for finance and trade at the R Street Institute. He is also an assistant professor of political science at Middlebury College. May 27, 2021. National Interest, "The Political Significance of the TRIPS Waiver" https://nationalinterest.org/feature/political-significance-trips-waiver-186246 brett WTO legitimacy is key to resolve trade warsJames McBride and Andrew Chatzky 20, James McBride helps lead a team of writers and editors in producing CFR's coverage of global affairs, and also writes on economics, energy policy, and European politics. He received a bachelor's degree from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, and a master's degree from Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. CFR, Jan 6, 2020. "How Are Trade Disputes Resolved?" https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-are-trade-disputes-resolved brett Trade wars go nuclearHillman 18 Jonathan E. Hillman 18 ~a fellow with the Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C., and a former policy adviser to the U.S. trade representative.~ 3-20-2018, "Trade Wars and Real Wars," CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies), https://www.csis.org/analysis/trade-wars-and-real-wars, accessed 7/27/2021 EH SolvencyPlan text: The Member Nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicinesEnforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act utilitarianism.1~ Impact calc — Extinction is categorically prior:A~ Magnitude — trillions of future lives are lost that are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.B~ Reversibility — extinction forecloses future improvement; prefer — if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true, we should preserve it to figure things out.2~ Indigenous activists support a reduction in IP protectionSaez 18 (Catherine Saez joined Intellectual Property Watch in June 2006 and was a Senior Reporter until March 2019. She is now a freelance reporter for Health Policy Watch. Catherine holds a masters' degree in journalism from the Ecole Supérieure de Journalisme in Paris, an administrative degree from the Ecole Nationale de Commerce in Paris, as well as a certificate of Proficiency in English from Cambridge University. "Indigenous Peoples Seek Involvement In WTO To Defend Rights (Video)".) UV1~ AFF theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – | 9/19/21 |
SO- 1AC- TRIPS Waiver v4Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood DL | Judge: Vishan Chaudhary 1ACAdv 1— COVIDThe time to expand global vaccination is now—-otherwise mutations render current vaccines ineffective.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global exports. A litany of countries possess capacity but lack know-how — the plan is key.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely responseJecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett COVID escalates every hotspot—-extinction.RECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett ADV 2— legitimacyThe WTO is on the brink — the TRIPS waiver is the critical factor determining the survival of multilateral trade AND creates momentum for structural reformsMeyer 6-18 David Meyer, 6-18-2021, "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn – Fortune," Fortune, https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/amp/, EH and brett HIV/AIDS prove legitimacy damage from patent controversy—-every bit of delay saps credibility—-now is keyBacchus 20 James Bacchus ~member of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, the Distinguished University Professor of Global Affairs and director of the Center for Global Economic and Environmental Opportunity at the University of Central Florida. He was a founding judge and was twice the chairman—the chief judge—of the highest court of world trade, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.~, 12-16-2020, "An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines," Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines accessed 7/20/2021 EH Perception alone solves, regardless of success, issuing the waiver is a sign of goodwill that shores up legitimacyWinslett 5-27, Gary Winslett is an associate fellow for finance and trade at the R Street Institute. He is also an assistant professor of political science at Middlebury College. May 27, 2021. National Interest, "The Political Significance of the TRIPS Waiver" https://nationalinterest.org/feature/political-significance-trips-waiver-186246 brett The new Director General is focusing on sustainable development — initiating a COVID response provides an early win that builds momentum before the next Ministerial Conference in 2 months.Ossa and Blange-Gubbay 21, Michael Blange-Gubbay, Senior Research Fellow at the Kühne Center for Sustainable Globalization at the University of Zurich. Ralph Ossa Director of the Kühne Center for Sustainable Globalization at the University of Zurich; Kühne Foundation Professor of International Trade. IMÂPACT SEÂRIES: 02–21. "A New Hope for the WTO?" https://www.kuehnecenter.uzh.ch/impact_series/2021_03_17-02-21-a_new_hope_for_the_wto.html brett That's key to offset the costs of globalization — getting the ball rolling on cooperation is key — independently solves extinction from warming.Sutton and Green 20, Trevor Sutton is a fellow for National Security and International Policy at the Center for American Progress. Andy Green is managing director of Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress. Center for American Progress, July 29, 2020, 12:01 am. "WTO Reform Must Start at the Top" https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2020/07/29/488261/wto-reform-must-start-top/ brett Unsustainable globalization causes rising inequality and right-wing populism—-locks in slow growth, polarization, and global warFlaherty and Rogowski 21 ~Thomas M. Flaherty is a PhD candidate and NSF Graduate Fellow at the University of California, San Diego. He can be reached at t1flaher@ucsd.edu. Ronald Rogowski is Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Weatherhead Scholar at Harvard University (2019–2021). "Rising Inequality As a Threat to the Liberal International Order." https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/rising-inequality-as-a-threat-to-the-liberal-international-order/4CDE05DEB3AB076CE338E1AA4A9C8087~~ WTO credibility de-escalates every conflict — loss of credibility tips every flashpoint.GEORGIA L. Hamann 9, associate in Lewis, Roca, Rothberger's Litigation Practice Group, J.D. from Vanderbilt University Law School. May 2009, "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System", http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/hamann-cr_final_final.pdf brett 1AC — SolvencyPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett Public funding and massive pre-purchases are superior incentives to patents in a pandemic.Lindsey 21, Brink Lindsey, Vice President @ Niskanen Center "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/ brett 1AC — FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act utilitarianism.1~ Bindingness — if I put my hand on a hot stove I'd automatically pull it back before a signal is sent to my brain — proves Util is intrinsic to action2~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.3~ Extinction first:A~ Future lives — trillions of future lives are lost. They are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.B~ Reversibility — extinction forecloses future improvement; prefer — if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true, we should preserve it to figure things out.1AC — Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR can brute force me every time. | 1/16/22 |
SO- 1AC- whole resTournament: Holy Cross | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harrison JC | Judge: Stephen Baker 1ACI affirm the resolution resolved: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.We do this through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—this card is a description of how the process worksJones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a 'Patent Waiver' Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett Public funding and massive pre-purchases are superior incentives to patents in a pandemic.Lindsey 21, Brink Lindsey, Vice President @ Niskanen Center "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/ brett FramingThe value is morality because the word ought in the resolution implies a moral obligation.The value criterion is maximizing expected well-being. Also known as hedonistic act utilitarianism.Prefer our value criterion:1~ Maximizing expected well-being is intrinsic to every action we take — for example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, you'd pull it back before your brain sends a signal to pull it back. Neuroscience proves.Blum et al. 18 ~Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/~~ R.S. 2~ Actor specifity—governments must use utilitarianism because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—for example, the US congress has tons of people with differing views so a universal obligation is nonsensical.3~ Extinction first:A~ Future lives — trillions of future lives are lost. They are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.B~ Reversibility — extinction forecloses future improvement; prefer — if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true, we should preserve it to figure things out.Contention: COVIDThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett Absent expanding vaccine access NOW, continued COVID spread renders current vaccines ineffectiveDransfield 21 Sarah Dransfield, 3-30-2021, "Two-thirds of epidemiologists warn mutations could render current COVID vaccines ineffective in a year or less", https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-thirds-epidemiologists-warn-mutations-could-render-current-covid-vaccines, accessed 7/23/2021 EH and brett Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global vaccine exports. A litany of countries possess the capacity to make vaccines but lack the knowledge that's necessary.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, brett Boosting vaccine manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVIDJecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett Only limiting IPRs allows response to variants — pharma monopoly power favors wealthy statesBeatrice Adler-Bolton and Artie Vierkant 9-13, co-hosts of the Death Panel podcast with Phil Rocco, and co-authors of the forthcoming book Health Communism: A surplus manifesto (Verso, October 2022). SEPTEMBER 13, 2021 The New Inquiry, "Pfizer Walk With Me" https://thenewinquiry.com/pfizer-walk-with-me/ brett Unchecked COVID spread causes massive global instability and provides a cover for warfare which leads to extinctionRECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett Allowing continued COVID spread is morally abhorrent — it drastically harms the worst off populations and kills food accessC G Nicholas Mascie-Taylor and K Moji 20, Nick Mascie-Taylor is Professor of Human Population Biology and Health and Director of Research in Global Health at the University of Cambridge, UK and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. Kazuhiko Moji is Professor of Human Ecology and the Dean of Nagasaki University School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Director of Department of Global Health at Graduate School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health. October 31-November 1, and November 14-15, 2020 (Japan Time). A Working Paper presented to The 75th Anniversary Nagasaki Nuclear-Pandemic Nexus Scenario Project "Pandemics" https://www.recna.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/recna/bd/files/Taylor_Moji_Nagasaki_WP_20201012_final.pdf brett | 9/27/21 |
SO- 1AC- whole res v2Tournament: Holy Cross | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dallastown OL | Judge: Qi Ling 1ACI affirm the resolution resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.FramingThe value is morality because the word ought in the resolution implies a moral obligation.The value criterion is maximizing expected well-being. Also known as hedonistic act utilitarianism.Prefer our value criterion:1~ Maximizing expected well-being is intrinsic to every action we take — for example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, you'd pull it back before your brain sends a signal to pull it back. Neuroscience proves.Blum et al. 18 ~Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/~~ R.S. 2~ Actor specifity—governments must use utilitarianism because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—for example, the US congress has tons of people with differing views so a universal obligation is nonsensical.3~ Extinction outweighs everything else—A~ Magnitude — trillions of future lives are lost that are just as valuable as current ones – anything else says some lives are worth less than others which is a slippery slope to genocide.B~ Reversibility — extinction forecloses future improvement; prefer — if we're unsure about which interpretation of the world is true, we should preserve it to figure things out.Contention: COVIDThe time to expand vaccination on a global level is now—-highly contagious mutations facilitate continued spread.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, EH and brett Absent expanding vaccine access NOW, continued COVID spread renders current vaccines ineffectiveDransfield 21 Sarah Dransfield, 3-30-2021, "Two-thirds of epidemiologists warn mutations could render current COVID vaccines ineffective in a year or less", https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-thirds-epidemiologists-warn-mutations-could-render-current-covid-vaccines, accessed 7/23/2021 EH and brett Waiving IP protections is essential to expand manufacturing and global vaccine exports. A litany of countries possesses the capacity to make vaccines but lack the knowledge that's necessary.Kumar 7-12 Rajeesh Kumar, Rajeesh Kumar is Associate Fellow at Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi., 7-12-2021, "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," Manohar Paprikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721, /brett Boosting vaccine manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVIDJecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett Only limiting IPRs allows response to variants — pharma monopoly power favors wealthy statesBeatrice Adler-Bolton and Artie Vierkant 9-13, co-hosts of the Death Panel podcast with Phil Rocco, and co-authors of the forthcoming book Health Communism: A surplus manifesto (Verso, October 2022). SEPTEMBER 13, 2021 The New Inquiry, "Pfizer Walk With Me" https://thenewinquiry.com/pfizer-walk-with-me/ brett Unchecked COVID spread causes massive global instability and provides a cover for warfare which escalates to extinction from nuclear war and proliferationRECNA et al. 21, Research Center for Nuclear Weapons Abolition, Nagasaki University (RECNA), Asia Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), and the Nautilus Institute. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Volume 4, 2021. "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report" https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 brett Allowing continued COVID spread is morally abhorrent — it drastically harms the worst off populations and kills food accessC G Nicholas Mascie-Taylor and K Moji 20, Nick Mascie-Taylor is Professor of Human Population Biology and Health and Director of Research in Global Health at the University of Cambridge, UK and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. Kazuhiko Moji is Professor of Human Ecology and the Dean of Nagasaki University School of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Director of Department of Global Health at Graduate School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health. October 31-November 1, and November 14-15, 2020 (Japan Time). A Working Paper presented to The 75th Anniversary Nagasaki Nuclear-Pandemic Nexus Scenario Project "Pandemics" https://www.recna.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/recna/bd/files/Taylor_Moji_Nagasaki_WP_20201012_final.pdf brett | 9/27/21 |
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