Solebury Nyberg Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Alta | 2 | Interlake DB | Albert Cardenas |
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| Alta | 4 | Denver East LF | Sara Erickson |
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| Alta | 6 | Marlborough LF | Josh WeinGarten |
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| Dowling Catholic | 5 | Millard North JS | Bishop, Garrett |
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| Dowling Catholic | 2 | Eagan AE | Baez, Alex |
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| Dowling Catholic | 4 | Rosemount RS | Sutton, Dylan |
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| Kansas City | 2 | stockdale RP | Hartter, Mika |
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| Kansas City | 4 | Appleton North MU | Molina Chavez Miguel |
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| Kansas City | 6 | Wichita East SR | Atkins, Sean |
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| Lexington | 2 | North Allegheny ST | Bahrani, Neda |
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| Lexington | 3 | Bronx Science BC | White, William |
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| Loyola | 2 | St Croix Prep AD | Phoenix Pittman |
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| Loyola | 3 | Westwood BJ | Asher Towner |
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| Loyola | 5 | Millard North JS | Ben Cortez |
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| Meadows | 1 | Canyon Crest SZ | KD Bond |
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| Meadows | 3 | Immac EL | Sam Larson |
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| Meadows | 5 | Southlake Carroll PK | Jacob Smith |
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| Nano Nagle | 1 | Southlake Carroll EP | Felicity Park |
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| Nano Nagle | 3 | Samammish LW | David Salazar |
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| Scarsdale | 4 | Stuyvesant IL | Joshua StPeter |
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| Scarsdale | 6 | Bronx RA | Victor Chen |
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| Scarsedale | 2 | Princeton PE | Andrew Chin |
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| Yale | 2 | Unionville PW | Lila Lavender |
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| Yale | 3 | Randolph CC | Mittal, Ashish |
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| Yale | 5 | Hunter AH | Wood, Tyler |
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| x | Finals | x | x |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Alta | 2 | Opponent: Interlake DB | Judge: Albert Cardenas 1AC-cap |
| Alta | 4 | Opponent: Denver East LF | Judge: Sara Erickson 1AC-cap |
| Alta | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough LF | Judge: Josh WeinGarten 1AC-cap |
| Dowling Catholic | 5 | Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Bishop, Garrett 1AC-cap |
| Dowling Catholic | 2 | Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Baez, Alex 1AC-cap |
| Dowling Catholic | 4 | Opponent: Rosemount RS | Judge: Sutton, Dylan 1AC-cap |
| Kansas City | 2 | Opponent: stockdale RP | Judge: Hartter, Mika 1AC-debris |
| Kansas City | 4 | Opponent: Appleton North MU | Judge: Molina Chavez Miguel 1AC-debris |
| Kansas City | 6 | Opponent: Wichita East SR | Judge: Atkins, Sean 1AC-debris |
| Lexington | 2 | Opponent: North Allegheny ST | Judge: Bahrani, Neda 1AC-stock |
| Lexington | 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science BC | Judge: White, William 1AC-lay |
| Loyola | 2 | Opponent: St Croix Prep AD | Judge: Phoenix Pittman 1AC-Evergreening |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Asher Towner 1AC-Evergreening |
| Loyola | 5 | Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Ben Cortez 1AC-Evergreening disclosure |
| Meadows | 1 | Opponent: Canyon Crest SZ | Judge: KD Bond 1AC-Evergreening |
| Meadows | 3 | Opponent: Immac EL | Judge: Sam Larson 1AC-eg |
| Meadows | 5 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Jacob Smith 1AC-eg |
| Nano Nagle | 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll EP | Judge: Felicity Park 1AC-Evergreening |
| Nano Nagle | 3 | Opponent: Samammish LW | Judge: David Salazar 1AC-Evergreening |
| Scarsdale | 4 | Opponent: Stuyvesant IL | Judge: Joshua StPeter 1AC-kant |
| Scarsdale | 6 | Opponent: Bronx RA | Judge: Victor Chen 1AC-kant |
| Scarsedale | 2 | Opponent: Princeton PE | Judge: Andrew Chin 1AC-lay |
| Yale | 2 | Opponent: Unionville PW | Judge: Lila Lavender 1AC-Evergreening |
| Yale | 3 | Opponent: Randolph CC | Judge: Mittal, Ashish 1AC-Evergreening |
| Yale | 5 | Opponent: Hunter AH | Judge: Wood, Tyler 1AC-Evergreening |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0--Broken InterpsTournament: x | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x | 2/5/22 |
0--Contact InfoTournament: x | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x | 2/5/22 |
0--Disclosure noteTournament: x | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x | 2/5/22 |
0--Organization NoteTournament: x | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x | 2/5/22 |
1--Open source DisclosureTournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Ben Cortez DisclosureInterp: Debaters must open source all broken constructive positions from TOC bid tournaments on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD wiki after they read them.Violation: They don'tStandards1~ Levels the playing field—Antonucci 05 ~Michael (Debate coach for Georgetown; former coach for Lexington High School); "~eDebate~ open source? resp to Morris"; December 8; http://www.ndtceda.com/pipermail/edebate/2005-December/064806.html ~ 2~ Evidence ethics—disclosure is the only way to verify ethically cut cards, 4 minutes is too short, ev ethics is part of being a good academic that's a voterEducation—it's the only takeaway from debateAccess—not everyone has a fair shot and equitable educationDrop the debater for norm settingNo RVI a~ debaters bait theory for RVI's making LD worse b~ you don't get a cookie for being fairCompeting interps Reasonability requires judge intervention | 1/12/22 |
2--Evergreening v1Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: St Croix Prep AD | Judge: Phoenix Pittman 1AC - EvergreeningAdvantage1~ Patent evergreening is a crucial factor in the Opioid epidemic, AIDS epidemic, and cost of even basic allergy drugs – the fix is easy and improves market innovationAV 20 ("'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ 2~ patent evergreening guts access to insulinKaplan 17 (Kaplan, W.A., Beall, R.F. The global intellectual property ecosystem for insulin and its public health implications: an observational study. J of Pharm Policy and Pract 10, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-016-0072-8 ~Affiliations. Warren A. Kaplan: Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health; Reed F. Beall: Population Health Program, Faculties of Medicine and of Law, University of Ottawa~)LK ~Accessed 8/22/21~ 3~ Lack of generics impacts millions – evergreening specifically is keyDewar et al 15 (Dewar, Heather, et al. "Why People with Diabetes Can't Buy Generic Insulin." Johns Hopkins Medicine, 18 Mar. 2015, www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/why_people_with_diabetes_cant_buy_generic_insulin. )LK ~Accessed 8/22/21~ 4~ Outweighs – it's the 3rd largest cause of death and err that the data is underreportedUPenn 17 (University of Pennsylvania. "Diabetes accounts for more US deaths than previously thought, study shows." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 January 2017. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170125145848.htm)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ 5~ Patent evergreening causes AIDS backsliding – kills almost a million people EACH YEARFrontline AIDS ("How Patents Affect Access to Hiv Treatment." Frontline AIDS, 2 October 2019, frontlineaids.org/how-patents-affect-access-to-hiv-treatment/)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ *pppy = per person per year 6~ Evergreen patents increase costs and stifle drug innovation – almost 80 of new patents were not for new drugsRobin 18 (Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 ~Robin Feldman, Hastings College of the Law, University of California~)LK ~Accessed 8/23/21~ 7~ Innovation solves disease, bioterror, antimicrobial resistance, and a host of existential threats. The response to COVID is the exception, not the rule, and more needs to be done to incentivize innovation even when high risk impacts aren't viewed as such by the general publicMarjanovic and Feijao 20 (Marjanovic, Sonja and Carolina Feijao, Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html)//LK ~Accessed 8/30/31~ 8~ Disease and bioweapons cause extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.Millett and Snyder-Beattie '17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity," Health Security, 15(4), PubMed AdvocacyThus, the plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ FramingThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives tooUnderview1AR theory –—-A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible. No 2n theory – kills resolvability because judge has to intervene in weighing interp and 2ar counterinterp.—-B~ drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory.—-C~ no RVIs – the 6-minute 2nr can collapse to a short shell and get away with infinite 1nc abuse via sheer brute force and time spent on theory.—-D~ Use competing interps – 1AR interps aren't bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time.Yes Aff RVIs—-A~ I have a 4 minute 1AR to answer T or Theory which skews my time from other arguments. T bites out of a higher percentage of my rebuttal time.—-B~ No risk issue for the negative, you can go for it in the 2nr if I undercover but if I overallocate you can just kick it.Fairness is a voter – debate is a competitive activity and needs both debaters to be on an equal playing field argumentatively. | 1/12/22 |
2--Evergreening v2Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Asher Towner 1AC – Evergreening V2AdvantageInnovation low now – secondary patents gut the incentive and skyrocket price of Naloxone, HIV meds, insulin, and even basic allergy drugs – the only comprehensive studyAV 20 ("'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ They're endemic to the industry and 80 of patents were not for new drugs – their stats ignore the quality of the innovation which is nonexistantRobin 18 (Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 ~Robin Feldman, Hastings College of the Law, University of California~)LK ~Accessed 8/23/21~ Secondary patents are the root cause and less than 1/6 of revenues go to RandD – ignore their lies told by big pharmaRadhakrishnan 16 Priti Radhakrishnan 6-14-2016 "Pharma's secret weapon to keep drug prices high" https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/14/secondary-patent-gilead-sovaldi-harvoni/ (Priti Radhakrishnan is cofounder and director of the Initiative for Medicines, Access and Knowledge (I-MAK), a US-based nonprofit group of scientists and lawyers working globally to get people lifesaving medicines. Before founding I-MAK, she worked as a health attorney in the US, Switzerland, and India.)Elmer LK ~RCT~ Independently, it's the root cause of AIDS backsliding – kills millions each yearFrontline AIDS ("How Patents Affect Access to Hiv Treatment." Frontline AIDS, 2 October 2019, frontlineaids.org/how-patents-affect-access-to-hiv-treatment/)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ *pppy = per person per year We control uniqueness – innovation is low now and it solves disease, bioterror and antimicrobial resistance. The response to COVID is the exception, not the rule.Marjanovic and Feijao 20 (Marjanovic, Sonja and Carolina Feijao, Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html)//LK ~Accessed 8/30/31~ 3 Impacts:1~ Antimicrobial resistance triggers extinction.Srivatsa '17 (Kadiyali; specialist in pediatric intensive and critical care medicine in the UK. Invented the bacterial identification tool 'MAYA'; 1-12-2017; "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them", American Interest; https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/, Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) 2~ Pharma spills-over – has cascading global impacts that are necessary for human survival.NAS 8 National Academy of Sciences 12-3-2008 "The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America's Future Summary of a Workshop" Re-cut by Elmer Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html JW 3~ Disease and bioweapons cause extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.Millett and Snyder-Beattie '17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity," Health Security, 15(4), PubMed AdvocacyThus, the plan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ Framing —- UtilThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives tooUnderveiw1AR theory –—-A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible. No 2n theory – kills resolvability because judge has to intervene in weighing interp and 2ar counterinterp.—-B~ drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory.—-C~ no RVIs – the 6-minute 2nr can collapse to a short shell and get away with infinite 1nc abuse via sheer brute force and time spent on theory.—-D~ Use competing interps – 1AR interps aren't bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time.Yes Aff RVIs—-A~ I have a 4 minute 1AR to answer T or Theory which skews my time from other arguments. T bites out of a higher percentage of my rebuttal time.—-B~ No risk issue for the negative, you can go for it in the 2nr if I undercover but if I overallocate you can just kick it. | 1/12/22 |
2--Evergreening v3Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Ben Cortez 1AC – Evergreening V3AdvantageInnovation low now – secondary patents gut the incentive and skyrocket price of Naloxone, HIV meds, insulin, and even basic allergy drugs – the only comprehensive studyAV 20 ("'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ They're endemic to the industry and 80 of patents were not for new drugs – their stats ignore the quality of the innovation which is nonexistentRobin 18 (Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 ~Robin Feldman, Hastings College of the Law, University of California~)LK ~Accessed 8/23/21~ Secondary patents are the root cause and less than 1/6 of revenues go to RandD – ignore their lies told by big pharmaRadhakrishnan 16 Priti Radhakrishnan 6-14-2016 "Pharma's secret weapon to keep drug prices high" https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/14/secondary-patent-gilead-sovaldi-harvoni/ (Priti Radhakrishnan is cofounder and director of the Initiative for Medicines, Access and Knowledge (I-MAK), a US-based nonprofit group of scientists and lawyers working globally to get people lifesaving medicines. Before founding I-MAK, she worked as a health attorney in the US, Switzerland, and India.)Elmer LK ~RCT~ We control uniqueness – innovation is low now and it solves disease, bioterror and antimicrobial resistance. The response to COVID is the exception, not the rule.Marjanovic and Feijao 20 (Marjanovic, Sonja and Carolina Feijao, Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html)//LK ~Accessed 8/30/31~ 3 Impacts:1~ Antimicrobial resistance triggers extinction.Srivatsa '17 (Kadiyali; specialist in pediatric intensive and critical care medicine in the UK. Invented the bacterial identification tool 'MAYA'; 1-12-2017; "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them", American Interest; https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/, Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) 2~ Biotech is k2 reductions of CO2, particularly carbon sequestrationWakjira Tesfahun 6-11-2018, "Climate change Mitigation and Adaptation through Biotechnology Approaches: A review," https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/fulltext/climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation-through-biotechnology-approaches-a-review.ID.000154.php Carbon capture is k2 stopping climate changeAylin Woodward, 11-12-2020, "Any hope of keeping Earth habitable now requires sucking carbon back out of the atmosphere, a new study found," Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-too-late-carbon-capture-needed-2020-11 Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html JW AdvocacyThus, the plan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ Framing —- UtilThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives too | 1/12/22 |
2--Evergreening v4Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Unionville PW | Judge: Lila Lavender Evergreening v4AdvantageInnovation low now – secondary patents gut the incentive and skyrocket price of Naloxone, HIV meds, insulin, and even basic allergy drugs – the only comprehensive studyAV 20 ("'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ They're endemic to the industry and 80 of patents were not for new drugs – their stats ignore the quality of the innovation which is nonexistentRobin 18 (Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 ~Robin Feldman, Hastings College of the Law, University of California~)LK ~Accessed 8/23/21~ Secondary patents are the root cause and less than 1/6 of revenues go to RandD – ignore their lies told by big pharmaRadhakrishnan 16 Priti Radhakrishnan 6-14-2016 "Pharma's secret weapon to keep drug prices high" https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/14/secondary-patent-gilead-sovaldi-harvoni/ (Priti Radhakrishnan is cofounder and director of the Initiative for Medicines, Access and Knowledge (I-MAK), a US-based nonprofit group of scientists and lawyers working globally to get people lifesaving medicines. Before founding I-MAK, she worked as a health attorney in the US, Switzerland, and India.)Elmer LK ~RCT~ Independently, it's the root cause of AIDS backsliding – kills millions each yearFrontline AIDS ("How Patents Affect Access to Hiv Treatment." Frontline AIDS, 2 October 2019, frontlineaids.org/how-patents-affect-access-to-hiv-treatment/)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ *pppy = per person per year We control uniqueness – innovation is low now and it solves disease, bioterror and antimicrobial resistance. The response to COVID is the exception, not the rule.Marjanovic and Feijao 20 (Marjanovic, Sonja and Carolina Feijao, Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html)//LK ~Accessed 8/30/31~ 3 Impacts:1~ Antimicrobial resistance triggers extinction.Srivatsa '17 (Kadiyali; specialist in pediatric intensive and critical care medicine in the UK. Invented the bacterial identification tool 'MAYA'; 1-12-2017; "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them", American Interest; https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/, Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) 2~ Innovation is key to treat neglected tropical diseases – that revives global health diplomacyHotez 16, Peter J. Blue marble health: an innovative plan to fight diseases of the poor amid wealth. JHU Press, 2016. (Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology)Elmer LK ~RCT 9/15/2021~ Solves hotspot escalationNang and Martin 17, Roberto N., and Keith Martin. "Global health diplomacy: A new strategic defense pillar." Military medicine 182.1-2 (2017): 1456-1460. (MC, Global Health Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)Elmer 3~ Disease and bioweapons cause extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.Millett and Snyder-Beattie '17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity," Health Security, 15(4), PubMed AdvocacyThus, the plan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ Framing —- UtilThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives tooUnderveiw1AR theory –—-A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible. No 2n theory – kills resolvability because judge has to intervene in weighing interp and 2ar counterinterp.—-B~ drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory.—-C~ no RVIs – the 6-minute 2nr can collapse to a short shell and get away with infinite 1nc abuse via sheer brute force and time spent on theoryD~ Use competing interps – 1AR interps aren't bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time.Yes Aff RVIs—-A~ I have a 4-minute 1AR to answer T or Theory which skews my time from other arguments. T bites out of a higher percentage of my rebuttal time.—-B~ No risk issue for the negative, you can go for it in the 2nr if I undercover but if I overallocate you can just kick it.Fairness is a voter – debate is a competitive activity and needs both debaters to be on an equal playing field argumentatively. | 1/12/22 |
2--Evergreening v5Tournament: Yale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Randolph CC | Judge: Mittal, Ashish 1AC - EvergreeningThe sole Contention is evergreeningPatent Evergreening Is the practice of a company obtaining multiple patents for the same drug by making miniscule changes that don't have therapeutic benefits, they get a practically infinite monopoly on the drugPatent evergreening is a crucial factor in the Opioid epidemic, AIDS epidemic, and cost of even basic allergy drugs – the fix is easy and improves market innovationAV 20 ("'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ A – patent evergreening guts access to insulinKaplan 17 (Kaplan, W.A., Beall, R.F. The global intellectual property ecosystem for insulin and its public health implications: an observational study. J of Pharm Policy and Pract 10, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-016-0072-8 ~Affiliations. Warren A. Kaplan: Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health; Reed F. Beall: Population Health Program, Faculties of Medicine and of Law, University of Ottawa~)LK ~Accessed 8/22/21~ Lack of generics impacts millions – evergreening specifically is keyDewar et al 15 (Dewar, Heather, et al. "Why People with Diabetes Can't Buy Generic Insulin." Johns Hopkins Medicine, 18 Mar. 2015, www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/why_people_with_diabetes_cant_buy_generic_insulin. )LK ~Accessed 8/22/21~ Outweighs – it's the 3rd largest cause of death and err that the data is underreportedUPenn 17 (University of Pennsylvania. "Diabetes accounts for more US deaths than previously thought, study shows." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 January 2017. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170125145848.htm)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ B – Patent evergreening causes AIDS backsliding – kills almost a million people EACH YEARFrontline AIDS ("How Patents Affect Access to Hiv Treatment." Frontline AIDS, 2 October 2019, frontlineaids.org/how-patents-affect-access-to-hiv-treatment/)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ *pppy = per person per year AdvocacyThus, the plan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ FramingOnly structural violence can explain material situations. Bagg 16Samuel Bagg 16, Department of Political Science, Duke University, "Between Critical and Normative Theory: Predictive Political Theory as a Deweyan Realism," Political Research Quarterly June 2016 vol. 69 no. 2 233-244 Thus the standard is minimizing oppression. Prefer additionally—1~ All other frameworks presume an equal starting point which creates exclusion – that makes them arbitrary which is a side constraint on ethics because ethics should apply to everyone.2~ Probability firsta~ 1 doctrine is impossible to use - both acting and not acting always risk extinctionb~ 1 doctrine causes a race to the bottom to terrible scenarios with bigger impacts – guts education and makes debates worse quality3~ Ongoing violence outweighs – especially health crises. Any extinction first arg they read is complicit with the plan of the ruling class to distract you from real threats.Jackson 12 ~Richard; 8/5/12; Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Canterbury, Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Otago, Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, former senior lecturer at the University of Manchester; Richard Jackson Terrorism Blog, "The Great Con of National Security," https://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/the-great-con-of-national-security/; ABML~LK ~RCT 8/30/2021~ | 1/12/22 |
2--Evergreening v6Tournament: Yale | Round: 5 | Opponent: Hunter AH | Judge: Wood, Tyler Evergreening v6AdvantageInnovation low now – secondary patents gut the incentive and skyrocket price of Naloxone, HIV meds, insulin, and even basic allergy drugs – the only comprehensive studyAV 20 ("'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ They're endemic to the industry and 80 of patents were not for new drugs – their stats ignore the quality of the innovation which is nonexistentRobin 18 (Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 ~Robin Feldman, Hastings College of the Law, University of California~)LK ~Accessed 8/23/21~ Secondary patents are the root cause and less than 1/6 of revenues go to RandD – ignore their lies told by big pharmaRadhakrishnan 16 Priti Radhakrishnan 6-14-2016 "Pharma's secret weapon to keep drug prices high" https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/14/secondary-patent-gilead-sovaldi-harvoni/ (Priti Radhakrishnan is cofounder and director of the Initiative for Medicines, Access and Knowledge (I-MAK), a US-based nonprofit group of scientists and lawyers working globally to get people lifesaving medicines. Before founding I-MAK, she worked as a health attorney in the US, Switzerland, and India.)Elmer LK ~RCT~ We control uniqueness – innovation is low now and it solves disease, bioterror and antimicrobial resistance. The response to COVID is the exception, not the rule.Marjanovic and Feijao 20 (Marjanovic, Sonja and Carolina Feijao, Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html)//LK ~Accessed 8/30/31~ 3 Impacts:1~ Antimicrobial resistance triggers extinction.Srivatsa '17 (Kadiyali; specialist in pediatric intensive and critical care medicine in the UK. Invented the bacterial identification tool 'MAYA'; 1-12-2017; "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them", American Interest; https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/, Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) 2~ Innovation is key to treat neglected tropical diseases – that revives global health diplomacyHotez 16, Peter J. Blue marble health: an innovative plan to fight diseases of the poor amid wealth. JHU Press, 2016. (Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology)Elmer LK ~RCT 9/15/2021~ Solves hotspot escalationNang and Martin 17, Roberto N., and Keith Martin. "Global health diplomacy: A new strategic defense pillar." Military medicine 182.1-2 (2017): 1456-1460. (MC, Global Health Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)Elmer 3~ Disease and bioweapons cause extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.Millett and Snyder-Beattie '17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity," Health Security, 15(4), PubMed AdvocacyThus, the plan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ Framing —- UtilThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives tooUnderveiw1AR theory –—-A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible. No 2n theory – kills resolvability because judge has to intervene in weighing interp and 2ar counterinterp.—-B~ drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory. | 1/12/22 |
3--Cap v1Tournament: Alta | Round: 2 | Opponent: Interlake DB | Judge: Albert Cardenas CAP AFFAdvantageCAP SUCKSCAP SUCKS – 3 Scenarios1~ Capitalism is entering a crisis of overaccumulation: economic stagnation driven by inequality and low consumption is inevitable under capitalism and causes military expansion that culminates in global war with Russia or China.Robinson 21 ~Robinson, William I., prof. sociology and global studies @ UCSB: "What are the real reasons behind the New Cold War?" ROAR Magazine, published 5-6-21, https://roarmag.org/essays/new-cold-war-crisis-capitalism/?fbclid=IwAR2RzXn0SMlPSiLfXcXNtTcDIybQa6GxH_eodUmyEww2i59lh5qHpZpcwhk~~//AD LK ~RCT 11/30/2021~ Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksPND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock's 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans' International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdf Re-cut by Elmer 2~ Multiple intertwined crises make collapse inevitable which means its try-or-die — we got charts.von Weizsäcker and Wijkman '17 Extinction – key tipping points are SOONAhmed 19 (Ahmed, Nafeez. "'High Likelihood of Human Civilization Coming to an End' in 2050, New Report Suggests." VICE, 3 June 2019, https://www.vice.com/en/article/597kpd/new-report-suggests-high-likelihood-of-human-civilization-coming-to-an-end-in-2050. ~Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is a British investigative journalist, author and academic. He is editor of the crowdfunded investigative journalism platform INSURGE intelligence. He is a former environment blogger for The Guardian from March 2013 to July 2014.~)LK ~Accessed 11/30/21~ PlanThus, the plan: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.1~ Status quo labor movements present a key opportunity for liberation, but state violence against strikers prevents it from catalyzing effectively – protections are key.Grevatt 21 (Grevatt, Martha. "Striketober!" Workers World, 20 Oct. 2021, https://www.workers.org/2021/10/59666/.)//LK ~Accessed 11/28/21~ 2~ Specifically, micro-work strikes collapse the tech industry – that spills overJones 21 (Phil Jones is a researcher for the think tank Autonomy. He regularly writes for publications such as the London Review of Books, the Guardian, the New Statesman and Novara Media). Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism. Verso Books, 2021. LHP AB The aff collectivizes micro workersDufresne 21 (Dufresne, Anne, and Cédric Leterme. "App Workers United." The Left in the European Parliament, European Parliamentary Group, Jan. 2021, https://mirador-multinationales.be/IMG/pdf/study_empl_version_finale_en.pdf. LHP AB) FramingThe Role of the Judge is to be a propagandist. Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 The standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose. | 1/12/22 |
3--Cap v2Tournament: Alta | Round: 4 | Opponent: Denver East LF | Judge: Sara Erickson CAP AFFAdvantageCAP SUCKSCAP SUCKS – 2 Scenarios1~ Capitalism is entering a crisis of overaccumulation: economic stagnation driven by inequality and low consumption is inevitable under capitalism and causes military expansion that culminates in global war with Russia or China.Robinson 21 ~Robinson, William I., prof. sociology and global studies @ UCSB: "What are the real reasons behind the New Cold War?" ROAR Magazine, published 5-6-21, https://roarmag.org/essays/new-cold-war-crisis-capitalism/?fbclid=IwAR2RzXn0SMlPSiLfXcXNtTcDIybQa6GxH_eodUmyEww2i59lh5qHpZpcwhk~~//AD LK ~RCT 11/30/2021~ Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksPND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock's 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans' International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdf Re-cut by Elmer 2~ Multiple intertwined crises make collapse inevitable which means its try-or-die — we got charts.von Weizsäcker and Wijkman '17 Extinction – key tipping points are SOONAhmed 19 (Ahmed, Nafeez. "'High Likelihood of Human Civilization Coming to an End' in 2050, New Report Suggests." VICE, 3 June 2019, https://www.vice.com/en/article/597kpd/new-report-suggests-high-likelihood-of-human-civilization-coming-to-an-end-in-2050. ~Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is a British investigative journalist, author and academic. He is editor of the crowdfunded investigative journalism platform INSURGE intelligence. He is a former environment blogger for The Guardian from March 2013 to July 2014.~)LK ~Accessed 11/30/21~ PlanThus, the plan: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.1~ Status quo labor movements present a key opportunity for liberation, but state violence against strikers prevents it from catalyzing effectively – protections are key.Grevatt 21 (Grevatt, Martha. "Striketober!" Workers World, 20 Oct. 2021, https://www.workers.org/2021/10/59666/.)//LK ~Accessed 11/28/21~ 2~ Specifically, micro-work strikes collapse the tech industry – that spills overJones 21 (Phil Jones is a researcher for the think tank Autonomy. He regularly writes for publications such as the London Review of Books, the Guardian, the New Statesman and Novara Media). Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism. Verso Books, 2021. LHP AB The aff collectivizes micro workersDufresne 21 (Dufresne, Anne, and Cédric Leterme. "App Workers United." The Left in the European Parliament, European Parliamentary Group, Jan. 2021, https://mirador-multinationales.be/IMG/pdf/study_empl_version_finale_en.pdf. LHP AB) FramingThe Role of the Judge is to be a propagandist. Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 The standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.DisclosureInterp: Debaters must open source all broken constructive positions except for anything relating to their identity from TOC bid tournaments on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD wiki after they read them.Violation: They don't and they read T which doesn't pertain to their identityLevels the playing field—Antonucci 05 ~Michael (Debate coach for Georgetown; former coach for Lexington High School); "~eDebate~ open source? resp to Morris"; December 8; http://www.ndtceda.com/pipermail/edebate/2005-December/064806.html ~ | 1/12/22 |
3--Cap v3Tournament: Alta | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough LF | Judge: Josh WeinGarten CAP AFFAdvantageCAP SUCKSCAP SUCKS – 3 Scenarios1~ Capitalism is entering a crisis of overaccumulation: economic stagnation driven by inequality and low consumption is inevitable under capitalism and causes military expansion that culminates in global war with Russia or China.Robinson 21 ~Robinson, William I., prof. sociology and global studies @ UCSB: "What are the real reasons behind the New Cold War?" ROAR Magazine, published 5-6-21, https://roarmag.org/essays/new-cold-war-crisis-capitalism/?fbclid=IwAR2RzXn0SMlPSiLfXcXNtTcDIybQa6GxH_eodUmyEww2i59lh5qHpZpcwhk~~//AD LK ~RCT 11/30/2021~ Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksPND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock's 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans' International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdf Re-cut by Elmer 2~ Multiple intertwined crises make collapse inevitable which means its try-or-die — we got charts.von Weizsäcker and Wijkman '17 Extinction – key tipping points are SOONAhmed 19 (Ahmed, Nafeez. "'High Likelihood of Human Civilization Coming to an End' in 2050, New Report Suggests." VICE, 3 June 2019, https://www.vice.com/en/article/597kpd/new-report-suggests-high-likelihood-of-human-civilization-coming-to-an-end-in-2050. ~Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is a British investigative journalist, author and academic. He is editor of the crowdfunded investigative journalism platform INSURGE intelligence. He is a former environment blogger for The Guardian from March 2013 to July 2014.~)LK ~Accessed 11/30/21~ PlanThus, the plan: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.1~ Status quo labor movements present a key opportunity for liberation, but state violence against strikers prevents it from catalyzing effectively – protections are key.Grevatt 21 (Grevatt, Martha. "Striketober!" Workers World, 20 Oct. 2021, https://www.workers.org/2021/10/59666/.)//LK ~Accessed 11/28/21~ 2~ Specifically, micro-work strikes collapse the tech industry – that spills overJones 21 (Phil Jones is a researcher for the think tank Autonomy. He regularly writes for publications such as the London Review of Books, the Guardian, the New Statesman and Novara Media). Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism. Verso Books, 2021. LHP AB The aff collectivizes micro workersDufresne 21 (Dufresne, Anne, and Cédric Leterme. "App Workers United." The Left in the European Parliament, European Parliamentary Group, Jan. 2021, https://mirador-multinationales.be/IMG/pdf/study_empl_version_finale_en.pdf. LHP AB) 3~ Strikes represent a school of war for class struggle – even if unions are bad, we need to preserve the possibility of grass roots labor organizingSmith '11 ~Sharon, author of Subterranean Fire: A History of Working-Class Radicalism in the United States (Haymarket, 2006) and Women and Socialism: Class, Race, and Capital (revised and updated, Haymarket, 2015). July 2011. "Marxism, unions, and class struggle: The future in the present," https://isreview.org/issue/78/marxism-unions-and-class-struggle/index.html~~ pat FramingThe Role of the Judge is to be a propagandist. Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 The standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission | 1/12/22 |
3--Cap v4Tournament: Dowling Catholic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Baez, Alex CAP AFFAdvantageCAP SUCKSCAP SUCKS – 3 Scenarios1~ Capitalism is entering a crisis of overaccumulation: economic stagnation driven by inequality and low consumption is inevitable under capitalism and causes military expansion that culminates in global war with Russia or China.Robinson 21 ~Robinson, William I., prof. sociology and global studies @ UCSB: "What are the real reasons behind the New Cold War?" ROAR Magazine, published 5-6-21, https://roarmag.org/essays/new-cold-war-crisis-capitalism/?fbclid=IwAR2RzXn0SMlPSiLfXcXNtTcDIybQa6GxH_eodUmyEww2i59lh5qHpZpcwhk~~//AD LK ~RCT 11/30/2021~ Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksPND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock's 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans' International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdf Re-cut by Elmer 2~ Multiple intertwined crises make collapse inevitable which means its try-or-die — we got charts.von Weizsäcker and Wijkman '17 PlanThus, the plan: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.1~ Status quo labor movements present a key opportunity for liberation, but state violence against strikers prevents it from catalyzing effectively – protections are key.Grevatt 21 (Grevatt, Martha. "Striketober!" Workers World, 20 Oct. 2021, https://www.workers.org/2021/10/59666/.)//LK ~Accessed 11/28/21~ 2~ Specifically, micro-work strikes collapse the tech industry – that spills overJones 21 (Phil Jones is a researcher for the think tank Autonomy. He regularly writes for publications such as the London Review of Books, the Guardian, the New Statesman and Novara Media). Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism. Verso Books, 2021. LHP AB The aff collectivizes micro workersDufresne 21 (Dufresne, Anne, and Cédric Leterme. "App Workers United." The Left in the European Parliament, European Parliamentary Group, Jan. 2021, https://mirador-multinationales.be/IMG/pdf/study_empl_version_finale_en.pdf. LHP AB) 3~ Strikes represent a school of war for class struggle – even if unions are bad, we need to preserve the possibility of grass roots labor organizingSmith '11 ~Sharon, author of Subterranean Fire: A History of Working-Class Radicalism in the United States (Haymarket, 2006) and Women and Socialism: Class, Race, and Capital (revised and updated, Haymarket, 2015). July 2011. "Marxism, unions, and class struggle: The future in the present," https://isreview.org/issue/78/marxism-unions-and-class-struggle/index.html~~ pat FramingThe Role of the Judge is to be a propagandist. Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 The standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives too1AC—-Theory(37 sec) ~ 1AR theory –—-A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible. | 1/12/22 |
3--Cap v5Tournament: Dowling Catholic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rosemount RS | Judge: Sutton, Dylan CAP AFFAdvantageCAP SUCKSCapitalism is entering a crisis of overaccumulation: economic stagnation driven by inequality and low consumption is inevitable under capitalism and causes military expansion that culminates in global war with Russia or China.Robinson 21 ~Robinson, William I., prof. sociology and global studies @ UCSB: "What are the real reasons behind the New Cold War?" ROAR Magazine, published 5-6-21, https://roarmag.org/essays/new-cold-war-crisis-capitalism/?fbclid=IwAR2RzXn0SMlPSiLfXcXNtTcDIybQa6GxH_eodUmyEww2i59lh5qHpZpcwhk~~//AD LK ~RCT 11/30/2021~ Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksPND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock's 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans' International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdf Re-cut by Elmer PlanThus, the plan: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.1~ Status quo labor movements present a key opportunity for liberation, but state violence against strikers prevents it from catalyzing effectively – protections are key.Grevatt 21 (Grevatt, Martha. "Striketober!" Workers World, 20 Oct. 2021, https://www.workers.org/2021/10/59666/.)//LK ~Accessed 11/28/21~ 2~ Specifically, micro-work strikes collapse the tech industry – that spills overJones 21 (Phil Jones is a researcher for the think tank Autonomy. He regularly writes for publications such as the London Review of Books, the Guardian, the New Statesman and Novara Media). Work Without the Worker: Labour in the Age of Platform Capitalism. Verso Books, 2021. LHP AB The aff collectivizes micro workersDufresne 21 (Dufresne, Anne, and Cédric Leterme. "App Workers United." The Left in the European Parliament, European Parliamentary Group, Jan. 2021, https://mirador-multinationales.be/IMG/pdf/study_empl_version_finale_en.pdf. LHP AB) 3~ Strikes represent a school of war for class struggle – even if unions are bad, we need to preserve the possibility of grass roots labor organizingSmith '11 ~Sharon, author of Subterranean Fire: A History of Working-Class Radicalism in the United States (Haymarket, 2006) and Women and Socialism: Class, Race, and Capital (revised and updated, Haymarket, 2015). July 2011. "Marxism, unions, and class struggle: The future in the present," https://isreview.org/issue/78/marxism-unions-and-class-struggle/index.html~~ pat 4~ Communist organizing requires collective struggle and the establishment of centralized organization to inform both theory and practice – only the party and the vanguard can provide for the needs of the masses.Kuhn '18 ~Gabriel, Austrian-born writer and translator living in Sweden. Among his book publications is "All Power to the Councils! A Documentary History of the German Revolution of 1918-1919". March 2018. "Don't Mourn, Organize! Is Communism a Pipe Dream—or a Viable Future?" https://brooklynrail.org/2018/03/field-notes/Dont-Morn-Organize-Is-Communism-a-Pipe-Dreamor-a-Viable-Future~~ pat FramingThe Role of the Judge is to be a propagandist. Studies prove debate is inevitably implicated in the context of propaganda – voting aff aligns with a model predicated on communist base-building.Greene and Hicks '6 The standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission | 1/12/22 |
3--Kant v1Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stuyvesant IL | Judge: Joshua StPeter 1AC v1FrameworkThe meta-ethic is practical reason~1~ Regress – we can always ask why we should follow a theory, because we don't have a starting point. Practical reason solves – When we ask why we should follow reason, we demand a reason, which concedes to the authority of reason itself, so we have a starting point~2~ Action Theory – every action can be broken down to infinite amounts of movements, only reason can unify these movements because we use it to achieve our goals, means all actions collapse to reason.~3~ Inescapability – the exercise of practical rationality requires that one sets an end, to set an end you must believe that it is good, making your ability to set an end good, and your ability to set an end is practical rationality this means rationality must be intrinsically good.~4~ Epistemology – ethics must begin a priori, meaning they can't be derived from our experience.~A~ Representations of space – we can only access our experiences if we can interpret the space around us, but that requires the a priori. Thinking of the absence of space is impossible – we can think of empty space but never the lack of space itself. Imagining space through a priori thoughts is the only way we can even begin to have a conception of experience.~B~ Uncertainty – every person has different experiences so we can't have a unified perspective on what is good if we each have different conceptions of it – even if we can roughly aggregate it's not enough because there'll always be a case when it fails so the framework o/w on probability.We have a unified perspective – If I say that 2+24, I understand not only that I know that 2+2=4, but that everyone around can arrive at the same conclusion too because they create practical syllogisms to justify their conclusion. But, willing a maxim that violates the freedom of others is a contradiction – that's bad. ==== Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.To clarify, the framework does not value the ability to set any end, but rather the ability to decide which ends to pursue.Ripstein 1, (Arthur Ripstein, Arthur Ripstein is Professor of Law and Philosophy and University Professor. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987, promoted to Full Professor in 1996, appointed to the Faculty of Law in 1999, and appointed to the rank of University Professor in 2016. He received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Pittsburgh, a master's degree in law from Yale, and an undergraduate degree from the University of Manitoba. He was Chair of the Philosophy Department 2011-14 and Acting Chair 2019-20., 2009, accessed on 8-18-2020, Harvard University Press, "Force and Freedom",) NP 8/4/16. rct st Impact calc –1~ Ethics are based on intent, but the state does not have intentions and cannot know the intentions of other agents. Instead, the state acts a procedural mechanism to punish those who violate rights claims. Those rights are derived from the structure of intent.2~ The state does not have the authority to act to preempt future rights violations, because consequences of action are contingent and cannot be derived from the structure of the maxim on which one acts. Thus, the state does not have the jurisdiction to take them into account.3~ Only the categorical imperative can motivate action – it's external to wills of agents so it can obligate them all to follow certain rules – unilateral wills fail since they would involve one person coercing other people under their will and there would be no obligation to follow a person.4~ Consequences fail –A) Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is in itself a form of induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that's circularB) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences that stem from it – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war in one hundred yearsC) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure which makes it impossible to measureD) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it's impossible to assign obligations since you can't pinpoint an actor that causes a consequence5~ Hindering a hinderance to freedom doesn't violate the categorical imperative – that doesn't mean states can preempt potential bad consequences, as they are not intrinsic to the maxim of the action, but states can restrict the freedom of agents to set maxims that restrict other agents freedom.Prefer additionally –1~ Yes act omission distinctionA~ infinite regress – holding agents accountable for failing to act means every agent is almost always morally wrong – there's an infinite amount of bad actions anyone could be preventing at any one timeB~ illogical – we intuitively don't hold Switzerland as culpable for WWII as Nazi Germany2~ ASpecA~ Manslaughter is different from murder in law – states account for intent when making judicial decisionsB~ governments don't have access to perfect informationC~ Actor spec – governments use libertarian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.Ripstein 15 ~Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15~ lm Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recogni~ze~tion of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents.OffenseI defend "Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike." as a general principle.Not recognizing the right to strike is not universalizable – affirm:~1~ Respecting agents – the right to strike gives workers more power over their freedom and forces companies to respect their dignity.Gourevitch (Alex Gourevitch, Norman E. Bowie is professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota. Until his retirement in 2009 he was Elmer L Andersen Chair of Corporate Responsibility and served in the departments of strategic management and of philosophy., June 2016, accessed on 10-4-2021, American Political Science Association, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike", doi:10.1017/S1537592716000049)st *brackets for grammar* ~2~ The formula of autonomy demands a workers' right to strike. The NC's universalizability objections WILL miss the boat – it's a question of how workers exercise their agency and autonomy which outweighs
Underview ~Gross~1~ The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best proves the truth or falsity of the Resolution; the aff must prove it true and the neg must prove it false.That truth should be determined contextualized to an indexReichardt, Reichardt, Bastian. "Studies in Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric." University Bonn (n.d.): n. pag. Print.Scopa Second-Order Moral Relativism is a statement about the indexicality of moral truth. A sentence like "Polygamy is morally wrong" is not true simpliciter but rather true relative to a given moral frame of reference and false relative to another one. By indexing moral truth relativists do~es~ not assume that moral disagreements are contradictions. If a moral sentence is true relative to one frame of reference and false to another one, then people from these different cultures do not contradict each other. Just like the sentence that an object is moving might be true relative to one frame of reference and false to another one is not a contradiction but a valid consequence from the special theory of relativity. Prefer for resolvability – any other interpretation of truth causes infinite regress because I can always ask for an index for your index – IE if the res is better under the index of Kant I can ask Kant – if Kant is better under the index of regress I can ask why regress, etcPrefer: ~A~ Text: Five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means the sole judge obligation is to vote on the resolution's truth or falsity. Any other role of the ballot enforces an external norm on debate, but only truth testing is intrinsic to the process of debate i.e. proving statements true or false through argumentation. Constitutivism outweighs because you don't have the jurisdiction not to truth test.~B~ Logic: Any counter role of the ballot collapses to truth testing because every property assumes truth of the property i.e. if I say, "I am awake" it is the same as "it is true that I am awake" It means their ROB warrants aren't mutually exclusive with mine.~C~ Inclusion: Any offense can function under truth testing whereas your specific role of the ballot excludes all strategies but yours. Truth testing solves because you can do what you're good at and so can I. This is also better for education because me engaging in a debate I know nothing about doesn't help anyone.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirmA~ permissibility affirms – 1~ if all moral statements are permissible then so is voting aff 2~ having to prove an obligationfor every moral action freezes action because you cant do things like drink water 3~ 7-6-4-3 time skew means if I had more time I'd be better able to prove my moral theory or my offense – applies to both permissibility and presumptionB~ presumption affirms – 1~ presume statements true until proven false IE if I told you my name you'd believe me 2~ correct for cognitive status quo bias – you're afraid of change which means there's probably more offense then you think 3~ cross apply time skew3~ The ballot says that if the aff is true, you should vote aff – disproving the antecedent is not sufficientStanford ~Stanford University, "An Introduction to Philosophy," Abbreviated Dictionary of Philosophical Terminology, https://web.stanford.edu/~~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html~~/ lm 4~ 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, meaning they always win the theory debate – this also means you evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren't bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. e) Fairness because debate's a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education since it gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.5~ AFC~1~ Strat skew – The NC can adapt to the 1AC – but the 1AC can't adapt to the NC. The 1AC is already behind on strategy because it has to commit to a strategy since they talk first, but AFC levels the playing field.~2~ Contention level debate – We only have the topic for two months, but we can debate FW every single round. That means contention level offense OW and we should commit to deeper substantive clash.~3~ Ground – I can't cut cards and have ground under their framework in 4 minutes of prep time, – ground outweighs because there's no way I can win without making arguments. They can answer the aff though because its disclosed 30 minute before the round and have access to unique positions to Nibs and T6~ There are infinite worlds, the aff is logical in one which is sufficient.Vaidman 2 Vaidman, Lev, 3-24-2002, "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," No Publication, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ | 1/12/22 |
3--Kant v2Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx RA | Judge: Victor Chen 1AC v1FrameworkThe meta-ethic is practical reason~1~ Regress – we can always ask why we should follow a theory, because we don't have a starting point. Practical reason solves – When we ask why we should follow reason, we demand a reason, which concedes to the authority of reason itself, so we have a starting point~2~ Action Theory – every action can be broken down to infinite amounts of movements, only reason can unify these movements because we use it to achieve our goals, means all actions collapse to reason.~3~ Inescapability – the exercise of practical rationality requires that one sets an end, to set an end you must believe that it is good, making your ability to set an end good, and your ability to set an end is practical rationality this means rationality must be intrinsically good.~4~ Epistemology – ethics must begin a priori, meaning they can't be derived from our experience.~A~ Representations of space – we can only access our experiences if we can interpret the space around us, but that requires the a priori. Thinking of the absence of space is impossible – we can think of empty space but never the lack of space itself. Imagining space through a priori thoughts is the only way we can even begin to have a conception of experience.~B~ Uncertainty – every person has different experiences so we can't have a unified perspective on what is good if we each have different conceptions of it – even if we can roughly aggregate it's not enough because there'll always be a case when it fails so the framework o/w on probability.We have a unified perspective – If I say that 2+24, I understand not only that I know that 2+2=4, but that everyone around can arrive at the same conclusion too because they create practical syllogisms to justify their conclusion. But, willing a maxim that violates the freedom of others is a contradiction – that's bad. ==== Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.To clarify, the framework does not value the ability to set any end, but rather the ability to decide which ends to pursue.Ripstein 1, (Arthur Ripstein, Arthur Ripstein is Professor of Law and Philosophy and University Professor. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987, promoted to Full Professor in 1996, appointed to the Faculty of Law in 1999, and appointed to the rank of University Professor in 2016. He received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Pittsburgh, a master's degree in law from Yale, and an undergraduate degree from the University of Manitoba. He was Chair of the Philosophy Department 2011-14 and Acting Chair 2019-20., 2009, accessed on 8-18-2020, Harvard University Press, "Force and Freedom",) NP 8/4/16. rct st Impact calc –1~ Ethics are based on intent, but the state does not have intentions and cannot know the intentions of other agents. Instead, the state acts a procedural mechanism to punish those who violate rights claims. Those rights are derived from the structure of intent.2~ The state does not have the authority to act to preempt future rights violations, because consequences of action are contingent and cannot be derived from the structure of the maxim on which one acts. Thus, the state does not have the jurisdiction to take them into account.3~ Only the categorical imperative can motivate action – it's external to wills of agents so it can obligate them all to follow certain rules – unilateral wills fail since they would involve one person coercing other people under their will and there would be no obligation to follow a person.4~ Consequences fail –A) Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is in itself a form of induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that's circularB) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences that stem from it – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war in one hundred yearsC) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure which makes it impossible to measureD) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it's impossible to assign obligations since you can't pinpoint an actor that causes a consequence5~ Hindering a hinderance to freedom doesn't violate the categorical imperative – that doesn't mean states can preempt potential bad consequences, as they are not intrinsic to the maxim of the action, but states can restrict the freedom of agents to set maxims that restrict other agents freedom.Prefer additionally –1~ Yes act omission distinctionA~ infinite regress – holding agents accountable for failing to act means every agent is almost always morally wrong – there's an infinite amount of bad actions anyone could be preventing at any one timeB~ illogical – we intuitively don't hold Switzerland as culpable for WWII as Nazi Germany2~ ASpecA~ Manslaughter is different from murder in law – states account for intent when making judicial decisionsB~ governments don't have access to perfect informationC~ Actor spec – governments use libertarian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.Ripstein 15 ~Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15~ lm Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recogni~ze~tion of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents.OffenseI defend "Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike." as a general principle.Not recognizing the right to strike is not universalizable – affirm:~1~ Respecting agents – the right to strike gives workers more power over their freedom and forces companies to respect their dignity.Gourevitch (Alex Gourevitch, Norman E. Bowie is professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota. Until his retirement in 2009 he was Elmer L Andersen Chair of Corporate Responsibility and served in the departments of strategic management and of philosophy., June 2016, accessed on 10-4-2021, American Political Science Association, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike", doi:10.1017/S1537592716000049)st *brackets for grammar* ~2~ The formula of autonomy demands a workers' right to strike. The NC's universalizability objections WILL miss the boat – it's a question of how workers exercise their agency and autonomy which outweighs
Underview ~Gross~1~ The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best proves the truth or falsity of the Resolution; the aff must prove it true and the neg must prove it false.That truth should be determined contextualized to an indexReichardt, Reichardt, Bastian. "Studies in Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric." University Bonn (n.d.): n. pag. Print.Scopa Second-Order Moral Relativism is a statement about the indexicality of moral truth. A sentence like "Polygamy is morally wrong" is not true simpliciter but rather true relative to a given moral frame of reference and false relative to another one. By indexing moral truth relativists do~es~ not assume that moral disagreements are contradictions. If a moral sentence is true relative to one frame of reference and false to another one, then people from these different cultures do not contradict each other. Just like the sentence that an object is moving might be true relative to one frame of reference and false to another one is not a contradiction but a valid consequence from the special theory of relativity. Prefer for resolvability – any other interpretation of truth causes infinite regress because I can always ask for an index for your index – IE if the res is better under the index of Kant I can ask Kant – if Kant is better under the index of regress I can ask why regress, etcPrefer: ~A~ Text: Five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means the sole judge obligation is to vote on the resolution's truth or falsity. Any other role of the ballot enforces an external norm on debate, but only truth testing is intrinsic to the process of debate i.e. proving statements true or false through argumentation. Constitutivism outweighs because you don't have the jurisdiction not to truth test.~B~ Logic: Any counter role of the ballot collapses to truth testing because every property assumes truth of the property i.e. if I say, "I am awake" it is the same as "it is true that I am awake" It means their ROB warrants aren't mutually exclusive with mine.~C~ Inclusion: Any offense can function under truth testing whereas your specific role of the ballot excludes all strategies but yours. Truth testing solves because you can do what you're good at and so can I. This is also better for educationbecause me engaging in a debate I know nothing about doesn't help anyone.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirmA~ permissibility affirms – 1~ if all moral statements are permissible then so is voting aff 2~ having to prove an obligationfor every moral action freezes action because you cant do things like drink water 3~ 7-6-4-3 time skew means if I had more time I'd be better able to prove my moral theory or my offense – applies to both permissibility and presumptionB~ presumption affirms – 1~ presume statements true until proven false IE if I told you my name you'd believe me 2~ correct for cognitive status quo bias – you're afraid of change which means there's probably more offense then you think 3~ cross apply time skew3~ The ballot says that if the aff is true, you should vote aff – disproving the antecedent is not sufficientStanford ~Stanford University, "An Introduction to Philosophy," Abbreviated Dictionary of Philosophical Terminology, https://web.stanford.edu/~~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html~~/ lm 4~ 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, meaning they always win the theory debate – this also means you evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren't bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. e) Fairness because debate's a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education since it gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.5~ AFC~1~ Strat skew – The NC can adapt to the 1AC – but the 1AC can't adapt to the NC. The 1AC is already behind on strategy because it has to commit to a strategy since they talk first, but AFC levels the playing field.~2~ Contention level debate – We only have the topic for two months, but we can debate FW every single round. That means contention level offense OW and we should commit to deeper substantive clash.~3~ Ground – I can't cut cards and have ground under their framework in 4 minutes of prep time, – ground outweighs because there's no way I can win without making arguments. They can answer the aff though because its disclosed 30 minute before the round and have access to unique positions to Nibs and T6~ There are infinite worlds, the aff is logical in one which is sufficient.Vaidman 2 Vaidman, Lev, 3-24-2002, "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," No Publication, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ | 1/12/22 |
3--PettitTournament: Scarsedale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Princeton PE | Judge: Andrew Chin 1ACFrameworkI affirm the resolution, A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right to a workers strike.The value is consistency with morality as per the word ought in the resolution.Freedom follows morality as a primary moral obligation—1~ In setting an end, every agent must recognize freedom as a necessary good, Gewirth 84~Alan Gewirth, () "The Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critique and an Alternative" American Journal Of Jurisprudence: Vol. 29: Iss. 1 Article 5, 1984, https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ajj/vol29/iss1/5/, DOA:9-10-2018 WWBW Recut LHP AV~ 2~ it's the only way to make sure ethics are binding—if we don't freely choose our actions we cant be ethically responsible for our actionsBinding ethics comes first a~ otherwise actors can get away with anything b~ since ought implies a moral obligation a binding ethic is necessary3~ We identify freedom as non-domination, or the resistance of the state having the complete ability to interfere with the individual regardless of situationWaltman 2 Jerry Waltman (taught political science at the University of Southern Mississippi for 25 years; in 15 of those he participated in the British Studies Program. He currently holds an endowed professorship in political science at Baylor University, where he teaches British politics and comparative public law. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University, and is the author of eight books and numerous articles in academic journals on both British and American politics. In addition to his years spent on the British Studies Program, he has traveled and taught in the UK on many occasions). "Civic Republicanism, The Basic Income Guarantee, and the Living Wage." USBIG Discussion Paper. No. 25, March 2002. Thus the value criterion is consistency with non-domination.Additionally Prefer:1~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that's the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. 2~ Willing to abide by their ethical theory presupposes we have freedom in the first place. Thus, making an argument for another standard concedes the authority to mine.3~ Consequences Fail:A~ Butterfly effect- every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause anotherB~ Induction is circular because to prove induction we must use our past experience which is inductionC~ Action theory- every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an actionD~ Naturalistic fallacy- experience only tells us what is, not what ought to be, but it's impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises so there needs to be a priori premises.4~ Exceptions don't negate the resolution, since we defend it as a general principle and not every specific instanceOffenseAbsent a right to strike, workers are dominated –1~ Structural Domination – a labor market structurally requires exploitation and domination – workers need an alternative, Gourevitch 16:Gourevitch, A.. "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike." Perspectives on Politics 14 (2016): 307 - 323. LHP AV Accessed 7/4/21 2~ Workplace Domination – authority within the workplace arbitrarily resides in the hands of employers, which alienates and dominates workers, Gourevitch 2:Gourevitch, A.. "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike." Perspectives on Politics 14 (2016): 307 - 323. LHP AV Accessed 7/4/21 Thus, the plan: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. Gourevitch 3:Gourevitch, A.. "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike." Perspectives on Politics 14 (2016): 307 - 323. LHP AV Accessed 7/4/21 Current legal norms effectively eliminate a right to strike – the aff's philosophical defense grounds an unconditional right to strike that's distinct from the traditional voluntarist version, Gourevitch 4:Gourevitch, A.. "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike." Perspectives on Politics 14 (2016): 307 - 323. LHP AV Accessed 7/4/21 Affirming solves—1~ Power – it reverses power relationships and challenges the structure of economic control itself – that alleviates domination, Gourevitch 5:Gourevitch, A.. "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike." Perspectives on Politics 14 (2016): 307 - 323. LHP AV Accessed 7/4/21 2~ Decommodification – strikes challenge the notion of labor as a mere commodity – that empowers workers and resists arbitrary managerial authority, Gourevitch 6:Gourevitch, A.. "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike." Perspectives on Politics 14 (2016): 307 - 323. LHP AV Accessed 7/4/21 | 1/12/22 |
4--Debris v1Tournament: Kansas City | Round: 2 | Opponent: stockdale RP | Judge: Hartter, Mika 1ACAdvocacyI affirm resolved: the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.We'll defend normal means as the signatories of the OST adding an optional protocol under Article II.Implementation and plans are topical – proving the contrapositive of a statement is logically equivalent to proving the statement. The statement "a just world doesn't have private appropriation of outer space" is the contrapositive of the statement "private appropriation of outer space is unjust."Tronchetti 7~Fabio Tronchetti is a professor at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2007, https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2007.pdf, 12-15-2021 amrita~ Advantage 1 is DebrisKessler syndrome is REAL and coming soon – space is unusable in practice long before it fully takes hold.Kelvey 22 (Kelvey, Jon. "Kessler Syndrome: How Runaway Space Junk Could Trap Humans on Earth." Inverse, Inverse, 3 Jan. 2022, https://www.inverse.com/science/what-is-kessler-syndrome. ~Jon Kelvey is a science writer covering space, aerospace, and biosciences. His work has appeared in publications such as Air and Space Magazine, Earth and Space News, Slate, and Smithsonian in addition to Inverse. Kelvey studied cognitive neuroscience at UC Berkeley and prior to a career in journalism worked in the California wine industry, in construction as an electrician, and as a motel housekeeper.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ 2 internal links:1~ Megaconstellations make management impossibleBoley/Byers, 5/20/2021 – University of British Columbia Professors Starlink is responsible for HALF of all dangerous space near-collisions – full megaconstellation can make collisions ten times more likely and debris avoidance software doesn't checkPultarova, 8/18/2021 – journalist, quoting Europe's leading space debris expert 2~ Mining – masses of dust, sublimation, and other causesBoley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE 2 impacts1~ Access to LEOs through research satellites are uniquely key to fight climate change – monitoring, enforcement, and mitigation all require Satellite techBender and Custodio 21 (Bender, Bryan, and Jonathan Custodio. "'It Is a Game Changer': Waging War on Climate Change from Space." POLITICO, POLITICO, 4 Nov. 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/31/climate-change-space-satellites-517773. ~Bryan Bender is a senior national correspondent for POLITICO, where he focuses on the Pentagon, NASA, and the defense and aerospace industries. He was previously the national security reporter for the Boston Globe, where he covered U.S. military operations in the Middle East, Asia, Latin America, and the Balkans. He also writes about terrorism and government secrecy. He is an adjunct professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University and the author of "You Are Not Forgotten," the story of an Iraq War veteran's search for a missing World War II fighter pilot in the South Pacific. Jonathan Custodio is a POLITICO fellow currently reporting for the energy team. Past POLITICO experience includes a three-month rotation on World and National Security and an internship in the New York office, where he contributed regularly to New York Playbook and the New York Real Estate newsletter and covered city campaigns.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ 2~ Space junk guts astronomy – makes discoveries and detection impossibleTurner 21 (Turner, Ben. "Space Junk Is Blocking Our View of the Stars, Scientists Say." LiveScience, Purch, 29 Apr. 2021, https://www.livescience.com/space-junk-blocks-view-of-cosmos.html. ~Ben Turner is a U.K. based staff writer at Live Science. He covers physics and astronomy, among other topics like weird animals and climate change. He graduated from University College London with a degree in particle physics before training as a journalist.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ Asteroids cause extinction and without top-notch astronomical detection capabilities, a hit is inevitableDreier 21, Casey Dreier is Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, an independent nonprofit organization based in California. "Why an Asteroid Strike Is Like a Pandemic", July 25, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-an-asteroid-strike-is-like-a-pandemic/, accessed 12/3/21, sb Independently, Megaconstellations like Starlink make asteroid detection impossibleFish 20, Tom Fish is a science reporter at Express.co.uk. Tom started his career in the industry as a press photographer, before working as a picture desk editor. He then proceeded to manage a picture desk at Bancroft Media, before becoming a reporter at DailyStar.co.uk. "Asteroid shock: SpaceX Starlink to make spotting new city-killers 'very difficult'", UPDATED: 15:07, Mon, Mar 16, 2020, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1254549/asteroid-news-spacex-starlink-elon-musk-difficult-astronomy-detect-new-city-killer, accessed 12/1/21, sb Framing – ShortThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.2~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives too—-C~ Moral uncertainty means you should err towards preserving your ability to decide what is moral – that means preventing extinction | 1/29/22 |
4--Debris v2Tournament: Kansas City | Round: 4 | Opponent: Appleton North MU | Judge: Molina Chavez Miguel 1ACAdvocacyI affirm resolved: the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.We'll defend normal means as the signatories of the OST adding an optional protocol under Article II.Implementation and plans are topical – proving the contrapositive of a statement is logically equivalent to proving the statement. The statement "a just world doesn't have private appropriation of outer space" is the contrapositive of the statement "private appropriation of outer space is unjust."Tronchetti 7~Fabio Tronchetti is a professor at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2007, https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2007.pdf, 12-15-2021 amrita~ Advantage 1 is DebrisKessler syndrome is REAL and coming soon – space is unusable in practice long before it fully takes hold.Kelvey 22 (Kelvey, Jon. "Kessler Syndrome: How Runaway Space Junk Could Trap Humans on Earth." Inverse, Inverse, 3 Jan. 2022, https://www.inverse.com/science/what-is-kessler-syndrome. ~Jon Kelvey is a science writer covering space, aerospace, and biosciences. His work has appeared in publications such as Air and Space Magazine, Earth and Space News, Slate, and Smithsonian in addition to Inverse. Kelvey studied cognitive neuroscience at UC Berkeley and prior to a career in journalism worked in the California wine industry, in construction as an electrician, and as a motel housekeeper.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ 2 internal links:1~ Megaconstellations make management impossibleBoley/Byers, 5/20/2021 – University of British Columbia Professors Starlink is responsible for HALF of all dangerous space near-collisions – full megaconstellation can make collisions ten times more likely and debris avoidance software doesn't checkPultarova, 8/18/2021 – journalist, quoting Europe's leading space debris expert 2~ Mining – masses of dust, sublimation, and other causesBoley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE 3 impacts1~ Access to LEOs through research satellites are uniquely key to fight climate change – monitoring, enforcement, and mitigation all require Satellite techBender and Custodio 21 (Bender, Bryan, and Jonathan Custodio. "'It Is a Game Changer': Waging War on Climate Change from Space." POLITICO, POLITICO, 4 Nov. 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/31/climate-change-space-satellites-517773. ~Bryan Bender is a senior national correspondent for POLITICO, where he focuses on the Pentagon, NASA, and the defense and aerospace industries. He was previously the national security reporter for the Boston Globe, where he covered U.S. military operations in the Middle East, Asia, Latin America, and the Balkans. He also writes about terrorism and government secrecy. He is an adjunct professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University and the author of "You Are Not Forgotten," the story of an Iraq War veteran's search for a missing World War II fighter pilot in the South Pacific. Jonathan Custodio is a POLITICO fellow currently reporting for the energy team. Past POLITICO experience includes a three-month rotation on World and National Security and an internship in the New York office, where he contributed regularly to New York Playbook and the New York Real Estate newsletter and covered city campaigns.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ 2~ Space junk guts astronomy – makes discoveries and detection impossibleTurner 21 (Turner, Ben. "Space Junk Is Blocking Our View of the Stars, Scientists Say." LiveScience, Purch, 29 Apr. 2021, https://www.livescience.com/space-junk-blocks-view-of-cosmos.html. ~Ben Turner is a U.K. based staff writer at Live Science. He covers physics and astronomy, among other topics like weird animals and climate change. He graduated from University College London with a degree in particle physics before training as a journalist.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ Asteroids cause extinction and without top-notch astronomical detection capabilities, a hit is inevitableDreier 21, Casey Dreier is Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, an independent nonprofit organization based in California. "Why an Asteroid Strike Is Like a Pandemic", July 25, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-an-asteroid-strike-is-like-a-pandemic/, accessed 12/3/21, sb Independently, Megaconstellations like Starlink make asteroid detection impossibleFish 20, Tom Fish is a science reporter at Express.co.uk. Tom started his career in the industry as a press photographer, before working as a picture desk editor. He then proceeded to manage a picture desk at Bancroft Media, before becoming a reporter at DailyStar.co.uk. "Asteroid shock: SpaceX Starlink to make spotting new city-killers 'very difficult'", UPDATED: 15:07, Mon, Mar 16, 2020, https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1254549/asteroid-news-spacex-starlink-elon-musk-difficult-astronomy-detect-new-city-killer, accessed 12/1/21, sb Advantage 2 is Space WarAsteroid mining furthers tensions between the US, China and Russia and escalatesJamasmie 21 Cecilia Jamasmie ~Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World's Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia.~, 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/ DD AG Framing – ShortThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.2~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives too—-C~ Moral uncertainty means you should err towards preserving your ability to decide what is moral – that means preventing extinction | 1/29/22 |
4--Lay v1Tournament: Lexington | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bronx Science BC | Judge: White, William 1AC—shellPart 1: BurdensI affirm the resolution—The aff burden is to prove that space appropriation is inconsistent with legal norms, the neg burden is the inverse:1~ Five dictionaries define just as legally correct, lawful that means the correct interpretation of the topic is one of legality—semantics comes first A~ it's the only stasis point of debate B~ makes pre-round prep predictable C~ treat this a syllogism proving our framework trueEven if they re-define just as an ethical obligation ought is defined as consistency with legal norms.
2~ Reciprocal ground—it's a 1:1 ratio on ground, I have to prove it illegal, and you have to prove it legal. Reciprocity controls the internal link to fairness, if the round is not reciprocal than we don't have an equal chance at a ballot.3~ Debatability—discussions of abstract moral principles and unlikely extinction scenarios is impossible to evaluate, since judges will be bias to what they already believe but the legality of an issue is a binary and simple.4~ Its best for education Learning about the law spills over into all other forms of education. Virgo (Graham Virgo, Why Study Law at University if I don't want to become a lawyer, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Law) One of the real benefits of studying Law at university is that the law is not taken at face value as something which is unchanging, but rather is something which can moulded and developed. This may be through careful interpretation of the rules or through careful assessment of old precedents to see how they can be applied to new problems. But Law students also engage in discussions and thinking about more radical reform of the law. Law students are encouraged to reflect on the law, to think critically about the law, to consider whether the law is satisfactory, to identify the policies which underpin particular rules and to suggest alternatives. Law is consequently a very important and useful subject for students to study if they are interested in questions of justice, rights, social policy and law reform. 4. Intellectual engagement Finally, students who study Law at University engage in an academic discipline with a very long pedigree. They discuss the work of ancient philosophers and modern theorists ~and~; they examine the meaning of justice; they consider the operation of financial markets, corporations and commerce; they engage with the operation of law in a European and global arena; they analyse social policy and change.That is a pre-req to any K, we need to understand the law to be able to change the critique it.5~ ABC: A~ there is a 6-7, 4-6, time skew that lets the neg spread out the aff in every debate by introducing multiple layers that I must respond too—forcing the debate to one layer gives me a winning ballot B~ the burden uplayers and frames out every other argument in the debate—A~ its k2 minimizing timeskew B~ logic—the burden is the starting point of debate because its how we structure cases, come up with strategy etc. C~ I cant cut cards that conform to their burden in 4 minutes of prep6~ And appropriation is defined as the act of taking or using something especially in a way that is illegal, unfair, etc.7~ Consequences don't matter:A~ Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that's circularB~ Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it's impossible to assign obligations since you can't pinpoint an actor that causes a consequenceC~ Illogical—they can't prove the burden true through consequencesPart 2: LegalityI affirm that the whole res – "The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust." Cx checks all T and theory, solves shells on aff abuse and incentivizes substance over friv theory dumps. I'll defend the res as a general principle as per NSDA rules –NSDA 21 ~2021-22 Lincoln-Douglas Ballot, https://www.speechanddebate.org/wp-content/uploads/Sample-Lincoln-Douglas-Debate-Ballot-Blank.pdf~~ To clarify, we don't defend implementation – the wording of the res isnt a question of the hypothetical implementation of the plan it's a descriptive claim of justice, which implies the burden of the aff is only to defend the truth of the res in general which justifies our interpretation of debate.Webster ND Definition of IS," Merriam Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/is IS Dialectical present tense means logical coherence which implies no implementationYour Dictionary ND, , "Dialectical Meaning," No Publication, https://www.yourdictionary.com/dialectical Cho "BE" is a linking verb, not an action verb so implementation is incoherentGrammar Monster ND "Linking Verbs," Grammar Monster, https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/linking_verbs.htm CHO Private appropriation of outer space is denied under the OSTTronchetti 7 Part 3: Space RaceSpace weaponization is constrained by the OST now, but private appropriation of outer space causes a shift from militarization to weaponization of space by militaries to protect commercial interests – that sparks global arms racing, and conflict.Finkelstein and Nevitt 18 Claire Finkelstein, Claire Finkelstein is the Algernon Biddle Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy, and director of the Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law at the University of Pennsylvania. Mark Nevitt is the Sharswood Fellow at University of Pennsylvania Law School. "Trump risks leading the world into a space arms race." TheHill, 21 Aug. 2018, thehill.com/opinion/national-security/402640-trump-risks-leading-the-world-into-a-space-arms-race. ~Quality Control~ Space conflicts go nuclearGrego 15 ~LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war~~ Part 4: Truth1~ Permissibility and presumption affirmA~ permissibility affirms – 1~ if all moral statements are permissible then so is voting aff 2~ having to prove an obligation for every moral action freezes action because you cant do things like drink water 3~ 7-6-4-3 time skew means if I had more time I'd be better able to prove my moral theory or my offense – applies to both permissibility and presumptionB~ presumption affirms – 1~ presume statements true until proven false IE if I told you my name you'd believe me 2~ correct for cognitive status quo bias – you're afraid of change which means there's probably more offense then you think 3~ cross apply time skew2~ The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best proves the truth or falsity of the Resolution; the aff must prove it true and the neg must prove it false.That truth should be determined contextualized to an indexReichardt, Reichardt, Bastian. "Studies in Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric." University Bonn (n.d.): n. pag. Print.Scopa Second-Order Moral Relativism is a statement about the indexicality of moral truth. A sentence like "Polygamy is morally wrong" is not true simpliciter but rather true relative to a given moral frame of reference and false relative to another one. By indexing moral truth relativists do~es~ not assume that moral disagreements are contradictions. If a moral sentence is true relative to one frame of reference and false to another one, then people from these different cultures do not contradict each other. Just like the sentence that an object is moving might be true relative to one frame of reference and false to another one is not a contradiction but a valid consequence from the special theory of relativity. Prefer for resolvability – any other interpretation of truth causes infinite regress because I can always ask for an index for your index – IE if the res is better under the index of Kant I can ask Kant – if Kant is better under the index of regress I can ask why regress, etcPrefer: ~A~ Text: Five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means the sole judge obligation is to vote on the resolution's truth or falsity. Any other role of the ballot enforces an external norm on debate, but only truth testing is intrinsic to the process of debate i.e. proving statements true or false through argumentation. Constitutivism outweighs because you don't have the jurisdiction not to truth test.\ | 1/15/22 |
4--Starwars v1Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: North Allegheny ST | Judge: Bahrani, Neda Stock AC~brackets for clarification~ 1AC – AdvantageSpace race happening now – private sector is blindly accelerating space travel – they ignore risks for profit.Thompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ 1~ Private entities uniquely spikes space debris, which proliferates pollution and collisions.Maury 20 ~Alain Maury, Alain J. Maury is a French astronomer, San Pedro de Atacama Celestial Explorations, Space Obs, "Is wild capitalism the best humanity has to offer to the Solar System ? (updated May 30th 2020)" May 30th 2020, https://www.spaceobs.com/en/Alain-Maury-s-Blog/Is-wild-capitalism-the-best-humanity-has-to-offer-to-the-Solar-System-updated-May-30th-2020~~/ lm Space debris cause accidental collisions which get misinterpreted and escalate to nuclear war.Beauchamp 14 ~Zack Beauchamp. Senior correspondent at Vox who covers foreign policy. "How space trash could start a nuclear war". 4-21-2014. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2014/4/21/5625246/space-war-china-north-korea-iran~~ Even limited nuclear war would result in extinction.Starr 15 ~Steven Starr "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~ And space debris damages satellites that are key to fighting climate change.Alonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ 2~ Squo solves warming — new tech geoengineers the climateFred Pearce 19 is a climate author, 05-29, "Geoengineer the Planet? More Scientists Now Say It Must Be an Option," Yale E360, https://e360.yale.edu/features/geoengineer-the-planet-more-scientists-now-say-it-must-be-an-option, smarx SJP Private entities are dependent on the fossil fuel industry for launches and dramatically increase emissions –Levine 15 ~Nick Levine is an MPhil candidate in history of science at the University of Cambridge, Jacobin, "Democratize the Universe" 3/21/2015, https://jacobinmag.com/2015/03/space-industry-extraction-levine~~/ lm And best scientific models prove climate change causes extinction.Strona 18 Giovanni, Flinders University, Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Scientific Reports, Science Daily, "Climate Change risks 'extinction domino effect,'" https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181129122506.htm 3~ Commercial space activity spikes disease – alien micro-organism hitchhike on rocket ships, and microgravity creates variants and activates earth diseases.NW 21 ~News Nation World, Nation World News Desk, Science, "https://nationworldnews.com/experts-warn-that-alien-pathogens-can-hitchhike-to-earth-and-we-are-completely-unprepared/," 19/11/2021,~/ lm There are millions of potentially existential diseases dormant on earth that could be activated by commercial space activity.The Indian Express 20 ~Explained Desk, New Delhi, The Indian Express, "Explained: Likelihood of future pandemics, their damage potential, as per a new report," november 5th 2020 https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/likelihood-of-future-pandemics-their-damage-potential-ipbes-6945649/ ~ lm Space antimicrobials trigger extinctionSrivatsa '17 (Kadiyali; specialist in pediatric intensive and critical care medicine in the UK. Invented the bacterial identification tool 'MAYA'; 1-12-2017; "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them", American Interest; https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/, Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) Ignore generic burnout and intervening actors ev—space viruses are uniquely bad c/a NW 21, and they are more common than earth antimicrobials1AC – PlanThus, I affirm the whole rez, "Appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust"The aff doesn't have to prove solvency—the rez is a question of what it would be like if there was zero private space appropriation, it's not a question of Ilaw or policy if we prove that it would be bad to go to space under our framework you can vote aff A~ no actor means no action B~ its in passive not active voice so it's a value claim—this also means counterplans don't negate since they don't answer they question of whether space appropriation is unjust, they just say there might be another option C~ solvency is literally in our cards—they are all based on a private space race happeningRegulations fail – outer space is too big to enforce law on companies.Torres 19 ~Phil Torres is the director of the Project for Human Flourishing and the author of Morality, Foresight, and Human Flourishing: An Introduction to Existential Risks, Nautilus, "Why We Should Think Twice About Colonizing Space," February 18th 2019, https://nautil.us/blog/-why-we-should-think-twice-about-colonizing-space~~/ lm 1AC – FramingThe value is morality.The value criterion is maximizing expected well being.1~ Actor specificity—-A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.—-B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives too1AC – Underview1~ Presumption affirms –A~ We presume things to be true until proven false – i.e. if I told you my name was Liam, you'd believe me.B~ We wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning otherwise – answering this proves since any arguments presumes that the rules of logic are true.2~ Permissibility affirms –A~ Actions fall into three moral categories – obligatory, prohibited, or permissible. Even if I fail to prove that the action of the res is obligatory, if my opponent fails to prove it's morally prohibited then it's permissible.B~ Anything else freezes all actions since it would require giving justifications to do frivolous things like drink water.3~ 1AR theory –—-A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible. | 1/15/22 |
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