Silver Creek Zhou Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Barkley Forum | 2 | Eden Prairie AG | Bilal Butt |
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| Barkley Forum | 3 | Riverside NS | Zaid Umar |
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| Jack Howe | 1 | Archbishop Mitty AB | Jared Burke |
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| Jack Howe | 3 | Harker AM | Luka Krause |
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| Loyola | 1 | King CP | Joseph Georges |
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| Loyola | 3 | Peninsula AB | Sreyaash Das |
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| Loyola | 5 | Peninsula EL | Aashir Sanjrani |
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| Nano Nagle | 1 | Immaculate Heart AW | Luka Krause |
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| Nano Nagle | 4 | Dwight Englewood EK | Quentin Clark |
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| Silver and Black | 1 | James Logan KL | Albert Cardenas |
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| Silver and Black | 4 | George Washington EC | Zaid Umar |
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| Silver and Black | Doubles | Denver East SB | Diana Alvarez, Zachary Reshovsky, Duncan Stewart |
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| cat cafe | 9 | small cat | kofi shop |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Barkley Forum | 2 | Opponent: Eden Prairie AG | Judge: Bilal Butt 1ac - hegel and cc |
| Barkley Forum | 3 | Opponent: Riverside NS | Judge: Zaid Umar 1ac - util space debris and africa |
| Jack Howe | 1 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AB | Judge: Jared Burke 1ac- hr aff |
| Jack Howe | 3 | Opponent: Harker AM | Judge: Luka Krause 1ac |
| Loyola | 1 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Joseph Georges 1ac access hr aff |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Peninsula AB | Judge: Sreyaash Das 1ac access hr disclosure |
| Loyola | 5 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Aashir Sanjrani 1ac access hr |
| Nano Nagle | 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Luka Krause 1ac- prag |
| Nano Nagle | 4 | Opponent: Dwight Englewood EK | Judge: Quentin Clark 1ac - access hr |
| Silver and Black | 1 | Opponent: James Logan KL | Judge: Albert Cardenas 1AC |
| Silver and Black | 4 | Opponent: George Washington EC | Judge: Zaid Umar 1ac - stock |
| Silver and Black | Doubles | Opponent: Denver East SB | Judge: Diana Alvarez, Zachary Reshovsky, Duncan Stewart 1ac - stock and disclosure |
| cat cafe | 9 | Opponent: small cat | Judge: kofi shop email zhoukatelyn@gmailcom |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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0 -- contact infoTournament: cat cafe | Round: 9 | Opponent: small cat | Judge: kofi shop please tell me if you have any trigger warnings, i completely understand. my triggers: graphic self-harm. being able to deb8 in the deb8 space comes first i want to meet disclosure, lmk your disclosure interpretations! just lmk all interps you want me to meet!! if you run spikes or tricks email me and i will tell you interps i want you to meet! :3 let's have an amazing round | 9/5/21 |
JF -- Hegel Aff v1Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 2 | Opponent: Eden Prairie AG | Judge: Bilal Butt | 1/28/22 |
JF -- Util v1Tournament: Barkley Forum | Round: 3 | Opponent: Riverside NS | Judge: Zaid Umar | 1/28/22 |
ND -- Stock Aff v1Tournament: Silver and Black | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Logan KL | Judge: Albert Cardenas Inherency
| 12/3/21 |
ND -- Stock Aff v2Tournament: Silver and Black | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Washington EC | Judge: Zaid Umar Inherency Brackets in original | 12/3/21 |
ND -- Stock Aff v4Tournament: Silver and Black | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Denver East SB | Judge: Diana Alvarez, Zachary Reshovsky, Duncan Stewart
| 12/4/21 |
SO -- Access HR Aff v1Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Joseph Georges I affirm and value morality as implied by the word “ought” in the resolution. However, such a critique would seem to be a mischaracterization of the preceding argument. One of the main benefits of the theory of human rights that has been presented is that it allows individuals to lead their lives however they see fit. Autonomy is not being imposed upon them; indeed, insofar as autonomy refers to the rational implementation of one’s will, it is impossible to impose it on someone. Individuals are free to use their right to autonomy however they so choose, even if it means deferring to others. The theory of human rights that has been presented places no emphasis on how individuals are to live and, in fact, leaves a great deal of room for cultural differentiation within such universal principles. Having effectively argued for the existence of and requisite respect for universal human rights, let us now turn to the question of the duties associated with such rights, beginning first with the duties of the state and related political institutions. Human rights are essential and fundamental standards of the legitimacy of a social and political order; even though such an order is their primary context and addressee, there are a number of reasons for an international order that aims to secure these rights. But their main point remains that, insofar as these rights are to establish the core of a justified social order, their normative ground is the basic claim to be respected as an agent who has a right to justification. The logic of justification combines reflexive, procedural as well as substantive, arguments for human rights, and every such right is to be seen as a claim that cannot be reciprocally rejected between persons who recognize that they owe one another a legal and political protection of their right to be a socially and politically autonomous agent of justification. Rights have to be understood horizontally, so to speak, as reciprocally justified and binding claims to a certain moral, as well as a legal, a political, and a social, status. They express forms of mutual recognition, and in their concrete form they are results of procedures of discursive construction. Rights are not goods received from some higher authority; rather, they are expressions of reciprocal respect between persons who accept that, whatever form these rights take, everyone to whom they apply has a basic right to be an agent of justification, such that no set of rights can be determined without adequate justification. The view I have explained is at odds with two rival ones. The first is a teleological view which grounds human rights in basic interests in well-being and derives basic rights to certain protections and realizations of these interests from them. The second regards human rights as having primarily a legal international existence, leaving their moral justification open. It seems to me these two views downplay the social and political point of human rights. They are not simply means to achieve or enjoy certain goods, and they are not primarily means to evaluate social structures from the outside in the international arena; rather, they are autonomous achievements of those who regard themselves and others as agents who resist being “mere” subjects of norms or institutions that are not responsive towards them. Their basic claim is one of status, but of a dynamic kind, namely no longer to be treated as a justificatory nullity, and thus the claim to “count” socially and politically. Rights confer upon agents social and political power, in the sense of “normative power”: the power to codetermine the conditions of one's social and political life. Human beings have a claim to such power, and human rights are a way to express that. 4. The Conjunction Fallacy Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Rank the following statements from most probable to least probable: 1. Linda is a teacher in an elementary school. 2. Linda works in a bookstore and takes Yoga classes. 3. Linda is active in the feminist movement. 4. Linda is a psychiatric social worker. 5. Linda is a member of the League of Women Voters. 6. Linda is a bank teller. 7. Linda is an insurance salesperson. 8. Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement. 89 of 88 undergraduate subjects ranked (8) as more probable than (6) (Tversky and Kahneman 1982). Since the given description of Linda was chosen to be similar to a feminist and dissimilar to a bank teller, (8) is more representative of Linda’s description. However, ranking (8) as more probable than (6) violates the conjunction rule of probability theory which states that p(A and B) _ p(A). Imagine a sample of 1,000 women; surely more women in this sample are bank tellers than are feminist bank tellers. Could the conjunction fallacy rest on subjects interpreting the experimental instructions in an unanticipated way? Perhaps subjects think that by “probable” is meant the probability of Linda’s description given statements (6) and (8), rather than the probability of (6) and (8) given Linda’s description. Or perhaps subjects interpret (6) to mean “Linda is a bank teller and is not active in the feminist movement.” Although many creative alternative hypotheses have been invented to explain away the conjunction fallacy, the conjunction fallacy has survived all experimental tests meant to disprove it; see e.g. Sides et al. (2002) for a summary. For example, the following experiment excludes both of the alternative hypotheses proposed above: Consider a regular six-sided die with four green faces and two red faces. The die will be rolled 20 times and the sequence of greens (G) and reds (R) will be recorded. You are asked to select one sequence from a set of three and you will win $25 if the sequence you chose appears on successive rolls of the die. Please check the sequence of greens and reds on which you prefer to bet. 1. RGRRR 2. GRGRRR 3. GRRRRR 125 undergraduates at UBC and Stanford University played this gamble with real payoffs. 65 of subjects chose sequence (2) (Tversky and Kahneman 1983). Sequence (2) is most representative of the die, since the die is mostly green and sequence (2) contains the greatest proportion of green faces. However, sequence (1) dominates sequence (2) because (1) is strictly included in (2), to get (2) you must roll (1) preceded by a green face. In the above task, the exact probabilities for each event could in principle have been calculated by the students. However, rather than go to the effort of a numerical calculation, it would seem that (at least 65 of) the students made an intuitive guess, based on which sequence seemed most “representative” of the die. Calling this “the representativeness heuristic” does not imply that students deliberately decided that they would estimate probability by estimating similarity. Rather, the representativeness heuristic is what produces the intuitive sense that sequence (2) “seems more likely” than sequence (1). In other words the “representativeness heuristic” is a built-in feature of the brain for producing rapid probability judgments rather than a consciously adopted procedure. We are not aware of substituting judgment of representativeness for judgment of probability. The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to futurological forecasts. Two independent sets of professional analysts at the Second International Congress on Forecasting were asked to rate, respectively, the probability of “A complete suspension of diplomatic relations between the USA and the Soviet Union, sometime in 1983” or “A Russian invasion of Poland, and a complete suspension of diplomatic relations between the USA and the Soviet Union, sometime in 1983.” The second set of analysts responded with significantly higher probabilities (Tversky and Kahneman 1983). In Johnson et al. (1993), MBA students at Wharton were scheduled to travel to Bangkok as part of their degree program. Several groups of students were asked how much they were willing to pay for terrorism insurance. One group of subjects was asked how much they were willing to pay for terrorism insurance covering the flight from Thailand to the US. A second group of subjects was asked how much they were willing to pay for terrorism insurance covering the round-trip flight. A third group was asked how much they were willing to pay for terrorism insurance that covered the complete trip to Thailand. These three groups responded with average willingness to pay of $17.19, $13.90, and $7.44 respectively. According to probability theory, adding additional detail onto a story must render the story less probable. It is less probable that Linda is a feminist bank teller than that she is a bank teller, since all feminist bank tellers are necessarily bank tellers.Yet human psychology seems to follow the rule that adding an additional detail can make the story more plausible. People might pay more for international diplomacy intended to prevent nanotechnological warfare by China, than for an engineering project to defend against nanotechnological attack from any source. The second threat scenario is less vivid and alarming, but the defense is more useful because it is more vague. More valuable still would be strategies which make humanity harder to extinguish without being specific to nanotechnologic threats—such as colonizing space, or see Yudkowsky (2008) on AI. Security expert Bruce Schneier observed (both before and after the 2005 hurricane in New Orleans) that the U.S. government was guarding specific domestic targets against “movie-plot scenarios” of terrorism, at the cost of taking away resources from emergency-response capabilities that could respond to any disaster (Schneier 2005). Overly detailed reassurances can also create false perceptions of safety: “X is not an existential risk and you don’t need to worry about it, because A, B, C, D, and E”; where the failure of any one of propositions A, B, C, D, or E potentially extinguishes the human species. “We don’t need to worry about nanotechnologic war, because a UN commission will initially develop the technology and prevent its proliferation until such time as an active shield is developed, capable of defending against all accidental and malicious outbreaks that contemporary nanotechnology is capable of producing, and this condition will persist indefinitely.” Vivid, specific scenarios can inflate our probability estimates of security, as well as misdirecting defensive investments into needlessly narrow or implausibly detailed risk scenarios. More generally, people tend to overestimate conjunctive probabilities and underestimate disjunctive probabilities (Tversky and Kahneman 1974). That is, people tend to overestimate the probability that, e.g., seven events of 90 probability will all occur. Conversely, people tend to underestimate the probability that at least one of seven events of 10 probability will occur. Someone judging whether to, e.g., incorporate a new startup, must evaluate the probability that many individual events will all go right (there will be sufficient funding, competent employees, customers will want the product) while also considering the likelihood that at least one critical failure will occur (the bank refuses a loan, the biggest project fails, the lead scientist dies). This may help explain why only 44 of entrepreneurial ventures2 survive after 4 years (Knaup 2005). Dawes (1988, 133) observes: “In their summations lawyers avoid arguing from disjunctions (‘either this or that or the other could have occurred, all of which would lead to the same conclusion’) in favor of conjunctions. Rationally, of course, disjunctions are much more probable than are conjunctions.” The scenario of humanity going extinct in the next century is a disjunctive event. It could happen as a result of any of the existential risks we already know about—or some other cause which none of us foresaw. Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy. Reject specific disad link chains. Linear scenario planning is more likely to cause extinction than solve it. Skyttner 5 Today the socio-technical systems of the modern society are increasingly all embracing and tighter integrated. System-relations more and more stand out as untransparent, incomprehensible and unmanageable. Furthermore, the world around is so rapidly changed that circumstantial planning often is a thing of the past. The uncertainties regarding the nature of future combat therefore bring about great demands of flexibility and adaptability of our command and control systems. That qualities like information-advantage and a realistic surrounding-world apprehension call for increased integration of different sensors, arms and communication systems are nevertheless given. As given is that success in combat always is a function of how command is executed and how danger, stress, obscurity and general confusion which constantly exist will be handled. When the enemy no longer is seen in our binoculars and when we not even know who has released an attack against us, the need for creative thinking is of highest priority. Today an event of war even can lack the attacking component and imply hitherto unknown social phenomena. As compared with such circumstances, traditional military thinking could not be considered particularly successful. There tactical problems always have been reduced to easily recognizable situations with a well-learned standard response. Quite natural, critical thinking, questioning and creativity have not got a prominent role in this kind of education. Today the security policy situation of Sweden is radically different from the situation only ten years ago. New, extremely fragmented scenarios of a threat exist. A military threatening picture still exists even if it has deteriorated substantially after the end of the cold war. Russia still has attacking capability via distant and NBC-weapons. A military recovery in this country can result in nonmilitary information operations within a ten-year period. The development is difficult to judge but is coherent with the democratic development and the relations to the West. Just now the most probable threat comes from terrorism. The last years have signified a development towards an ever increasing extent of terrorist groups with better and better armaments. No doubt, some of these groups have NBC-weapons. Those who not have access to such weapons strive for them. Attacks resulting in thousands of victims among innocent people, today is a reality which has been demonstrated by the assault upon World Trade Centre. It is quite possible that such groups will choose to locate internal controversies to neutral ground like Stockholm with pertinent consequence like taking hostages, etc. When such things happen, the odds are against the anti terrorist forces. The terrorists only need to have success once while the combatting forces must be successful every time. A third kind of security policy threat are those which are information technology related. States as well as criminal gangs and terrorist organisations already today use IT-related systems as weapons apart from their ordinary use. Attacks can be targeted toward our own IT systems, electricity supply systems, telecommunications and economical systems. In our highly computerized society, a small group can cause damages which early required an army. That the danger of IT-attacks has increased can be related to the simple fact that the more something is exposed, the more the threatening picture is reinforced. A special problem in this context is the difficulty to discover if an attack exists at all. The defence against such information warfare will be a big problem in the foreseeable future for our vulnerable society. It is also not possible to leave out of account the threats coming from economical warfare. Even if the country today has a reasonably stable economy and is supported by the membership of EU, strongly increased fuel price during a period will destabilize society. Large-scale economical crimes pursued for example by the powerful drug mafia in Colombia can also be a real threat. This organisation has scarcely an interest to capture a geographical area. However, they want to consolidate and expand their economical flows. It is necessary to bear in mind that their financial annual turnover is bigger than most European countries. Consequently, it is necessary to realise that the old and exact security-policy classification into “war” and “peace” hardly is relevant today. A war-like terror action with disastrous consequence can happen without early warning in a situation which we apprehend to be in deepest peace. The goal can be to crush our basic values – not our geographical area. An enumeration of what the modern societies consider these values to be, can be the following: territorial integrity in the livingspace; political sovereignty and democracy; freedom of thought, religion and speech; a state governed by law with human rights and minority rights; free market economy; and the free university. In the protection of these values, the extensive invasion and mobilization defence with its mass army no longer has a justification. Not including the frontiers of land, sea and air combat, a new frontier has emerged where the battle is fought with global information systems. There the strategic goals have changed so that destruction has been replaced by manipulation, infiltration and assimilation. All this taken together is the reason why big-scale problem solving seldom work as before. The traditional way of managing war with a large quantity of troops fighting a well defined and localized enemy is barely no longer possible. The lack of success for traditional methods is visible also on civil frontiers like the war against poverty, the war against drugs, and the attempts to extinct AIDS. The new, multinational and complex threatening pictures which have replaced the old ones, can only be met with a smaller, more modern and flexible elite-force. The heavy striking-force with small command and intelligence resources will be reduced in favour of a network-defence based on the development within information and communication technology. The designation network will, however, not in the first instance represent the connecting of different technical systems. Instead it will represent a more flexible way of handling a new situation – to combine different entities and components for more complex tasks. One of its main duties will be peace-keeping international contributions. Another task will be to handle attacks realised with nerve-gas or bacteria. High-technological data-virus should also be possible to combat. The building up of such a defence will demand an entirely new way of thinking regarding decision-making, command and control and use of modern technology. Internationally, this kind of thinking has attracted great interest and got the designation “Revolution in Military Affairs” (RMA). The term is based on a number of technological breakthroughs which have occurred after the end of the cold war about 1990. In several ways, these have changed the ground for modern warfare. Here the most important achievements have been the information-technological progresses which will permit the use of lots of sensors and the capability to transfer and manage big information-flows. Realistic training with the aid of virtual three-dimensional computer scenarios (“Battlefield Computer Games”), has signified a pronounced increase in the combat-skill of tank-crews. Some important trends within the RMA-concept is presented below: Unmanned fighting vehicles and aircrafts. Automated, computerized technology will replace drivers and pilots. Start navigation, interpreting of the surrounding world, target-interpretation, target combatting and possible landing, is handled completely automatic. The opportunity of human handling and target combats remain. No consideration regarding the weight of the pilot, G-forces and life-supporting systems is necessary. The construction can be lighter, stronger, more rapid and cheaper. The instruction time can be shorter. Data-streams, threat-analyses and military preparedness. Miniaturized networks of cheap sensors deliver data from areas which earlier have not been accessible. Immediate processing creates information which is distributed via coded broadband to all units needing it. Chemical, bacteriological, radiological detection and protection. Micro sensors integrated in new protective clothes will dramatically increase the ability to move and increase freedom of action in contaminated areas. High sensibility and selectivity will make possible an immediate detection of the threat. Body-armour for fighting soldiers. Extremely strong and light bullet proof materials increase the survival on the battlefield. Field-equipment of lightweight type. New, lightweight materials will decrease the total carrying load for the soldier. Hence endurance and strength will increase. This holds well for uniforms, personal weapons, communication equipment and darkness-optics. New bio-treatment for augmented performance. Without the use of drugs, human staying power can be doubled. Lack of sleep and impaired vigilance now can be compensated for as well as the impact of physical damage. A science of command and control Today's military command and control embrace different kinds of affairs from battle conduct to more administrative activities. It takes place on different strata from lower tactical levels to the highest strategical level. In contrast to civil command and control it includes fundamental questions regarding life and death for involved persons. In battlefields the unmasked principle of causality always rules. There the connection between conclusions and orders and their consequences are terrifyingly short. A simple definition of the aim of command and control could be the coordination of human actions with different resources to get effects. In practise, this is often considered as something diffuse. Difficulties often arise when analysing the content and form of the activity. Problem solutions too often are seen as applied science without either theories or scientific method. Obstacles to attain a comprehensive view with hitherto used frames of reference have been experienced by both commanders and military theorists. With this background, an attempt to regard command and control as part of “The Art of War” may be understandable. As an art, it can only be developed and reach its fulfilment inside the born leader with his special creativity, intuition capability and the divine vestige, existing in very few persons. However, such a view will have some less successful consequences, especially for the education of higher commanders. The divine vestige is scarcely possible to gauge and the number of born leaders is not in enough supply for the demands of society. At all events it cannot be the foundation for the recruitment of general staff candidates. Here more measurable and tangible properties must be decisive. A more fruitful attitude therefore has appeared to be an integration of the problems of military management into a general scientific educational frame and denote it a science of command and control. The military competent at once realise that this area has two central questions at issue, on the one hand to make relevant decisions and on the other to carry them out adequately. With a slight reformulation it is possible to say that decision-making is to determine what should be done. The realization, the command, concerns how it should be done. Here the continuous existing aspect of time is present with its deadlines for thinking, planning, decision-making, taking measures, etc. This kind of activity always embraces the old truism of the equal importance of making the right things as doing things right. Regarding civil decision-making and execution, it often differs marginally (in principle) from the military counterpart. Thus, it is possible to speak of a general science of command and control. In English, the area is denoted by the words command, control, communication and information with the acronym C3I. Command implies goal-oriented conduct and action, executed by people over people who all are living creatures and thereby process information for their survival. The process of life is to adapt the own situation to an ever-changing environment and a relation between information and control. Control comprises the processing of information, programming, decision and communication. Two-way communication between the controller and the controlled feeds back the result of the action for necessary justification and new activity. In reality, the described control and command process is a very complex phenomenon. The physical and mental status of the decision-maker as well as deeply existing conceptions and preferences influence the procedure. Also organisational structures and technical equipment will influence the result. “Everything is connected to everything else”. Later in the text, it will be evident that the used English keywords can represent subsets of a comprehensive theory. Without this theory the term science in the label “A science of command and control” should be irrelevant. To synthesize a new subject field like command and control will imply the finding and understanding of the joint factors existing within different kinds of the area. It also demands definitions regarding basic terms and concepts as a starting point for problem-solving and various kinds of reasoning. Below some fundamental concept are presented. The theory of command and control is founded on a number of related academic areas. The integration of these creates the theoretical basis which allows a commander to understand the function of command and control. That is to master the prerequisite for relevant decisions and their transformation into reality. The science of command and control is the application of the theory in a real world. It indicates how a system of command and control should be designed and used for decision-making, execution, followup, and government in a mainly unpredictable and chaotic environment (especially the combat). A system of command and control is an integrated gathering of people, functions, procedures and equipment which together constitute the function of command and control. This system is the tool of the commander and secures that the capacity of the directed unity is utilized in the best manner in order to fulfill the goal. The research problem of the science of command and control can be formulated as: How should the intentions of the commander be converted into reality as completely as possible? Something which must be elucidated in the definitions above is the concept of a commander. The presumption that one can count with an unambiguous, conclusive commander as in military units, civil service departments or oil-tankers are not always correct. A committee, a board or some kind of collective often is the equivalent. This must be considered the rule when controversial political problems should be solved. The concept of a commander implies that somebody (sometimes several) can formulate a criterion for the best problem solution and take the responsibility for a decision. Likewise that this (or these) people finally shoulder the responsibility for execution even if this can be transferred to other instances. Today a science of command and control is necessary to adapt managing power and exercise of command to new kinds of organisations and new operational principles. The area is transformed at a rapid pace by social changes and new trends like the internationalisation of economies and knowledge production, globalization of media and knowledge mediation and also changed forms of cooperation and conflicts. Moreover, modern leadership is often executed at a distance which implies both possibilities and risks. Today's communication technology will permit operations (both surgical and military!) to be literally managed and controlled from the other side of the globe. Modern dispersed organisations thus have their specific problems which cannot be neglected. How should social relations be managed when the personal encounter becomes a rare event and directors are dematerialized to a voice in a satellite-mediated phone call? Regarding military command and control systems, they are today typically multi-component phenomena. The deciding functions are performed by people, simple decision-support systems in computer-based algorithms and advanced expert-systems. The decision-components are geographically dispersed dependent on the appearance of the environment but also for reason of survival. This distributed system gets its character by the quality of the sensors together with velocity and effectiveness of actual weapons. The need for a comprehensive theory For the military scientist it is obvious that studies in such a complex area as command and control scarcely are possible without the help of a theory of generalization, a meta-theory. Such a theory must be able to sum up and explain common factors and problems existing in all kinds of command and control. It must also be able to integrate different knowledge and reflections from various subject fields, which apparently do not seem to be related. In addition it must preferably furnish a hierarchy of theories and models where key-variables and their changes are intelligible and measurable. The supply of relevant models to facilitate studies, simulations and calculations defines the limits for both knowledge acquisition and information-dispersal. A meta-theory likewise must supply general definitions and a common language, joining all subareas which taken together, will constitute a science of command and control. The application must take place in an area which has an ever growing need for rapid decisions and the mastering of very complex processes despite tight margins, ambiguous and disturbed information. As a frame of reference it must also be able to answer the same questions like other scientific areas, namely: what theories represent the core of the field? which methods are used? which sources are used? and to what extent are these theories, methods and sources universally applicable? Does such a theory exist? From the viewpoint of the systems-scientist, the answer is affirmative. General Systems Theory (GST) studies patterns which do not relate to a specific area. It examines generalizations, applicable on specific problems, e.g. in command and control. As meta-discipline it can transfer its knowledge-structure to other areas without calling in question their content. It can supplement a great number of areas and integrate phenomena which had not been successfully handled. Above all this theory will support the generalist, who often is found to solve today's problem better than the specialist with his narrow limits. A popular formulation could be that systems theory creates a knowledge structure which facilitates the providing of fact to the right place and creates possibilities to see a connected whole. A locution is that its main task is to help scientists to elucidate the complexity of the existence, technologists to make use of it and generalists to learn to live with it. Adv I. THE NEED FOR CHANGE
TRIPS currently allows for countries to put profit over the lives of their citizens. Oh ‘00 Plan Defining the term essential medications solves, decreases the human rights violations around the globe, and does not decrease innovation. Subhan ‘06 | 9/5/21 |
SO -- Access HR Aff v2Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Peninsula AB | Judge: Sreyaash Das | 9/5/21 |
SO -- Access HR Aff v3Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Aashir Sanjrani However, such a elated political institutions. Human rights are to express that. Could the unpoetic-sounding prophecy. Reject specific disad link chains. Linear scenario planning is more likely to cause extinction than solve it. Skyttner 5 Today the socio-technical live with it. Adv I. THE NEED FOR and developing nations.120 TRIPS currently allows for countries to put profit over the lives of their citizens. Oh ‘00 Plan Defining the term essential medications solves, decreases the human rights violations around the globe, and does not decrease innovation. Subhan ‘06
| 9/5/21 |
SO -- Access HR Aff v4Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 1 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AB | Judge: Jared Burke However, such a related political institutions. Human rights are to express that. Could the conjunction unpoetic-sounding prophecy. Reject specific disad link chains. Linear scenario planning is more likely to cause extinction than solve it. Skyttner 5 Today the socio-technical to live with it. Adv I. THE NEED FOR and developing nations.120 TRIPS currently allows for countries to put profit over the lives of their citizens. Oh ‘00 Plan Defining the term essential medications solves, decreases the human rights violations around the globe, and does not decrease innovation. Subhan ‘06
| 9/18/21 |
SO -- Access HR Aff v5Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker AM | Judge: Luka Krause However, such a related political institutions. Human rights are to express that. Could the conjunction unpoetic-sounding prophecy. Reject specific disad link chains. Linear scenario planning is more likely to cause extinction than solve it. Skyttner 5 Today the socio-technical to live with it. Adv I. THE NEED FOR and developing nations.120 TRIPS currently allows for countries to put profit over the lives of their citizens. Oh ‘00 Plan Defining the term essential medications solves, decreases the human rights violations around the globe, and does not decrease innovation. Subhan ‘06 1ar theory since the neg can do bad things and I can’t check. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. NO 2NR theory. No RVI since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention. | 9/19/21 |
SO -- Access HR Aff v6Tournament: Nano Nagle | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dwight Englewood EK | Judge: Quentin Clark However, such a related political institutions. Human rights are to express that. Could the conjunction unpoetic-sounding prophecy. Reject specific disad link chains. Linear scenario planning is more likely to cause extinction than solve it. Skyttner 5 Today the socio-technical live with it. Adv I. THE NEED FOR and developing nations.120 TRIPS currently allows for countries to put profit over the lives of their citizens. Oh ‘00 Plan Defining the term essential medications solves, decreases the human rights violations around the globe, and does not decrease innovation. Subhan ‘06
| 10/9/21 |
SO -- Democracy AffTournament: Nano Nagle | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Luka Krause | 10/9/21 |
Open Source
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1/28/22 | zhoukatelyn@gmailcom |
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9/18/21 | zhoukatelyn@gmailcom |
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