| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| apple valley | 2 | eden prarie ak | victor chen |
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| apple valley | 3 | village rb | collin smith |
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| grapevine | 2 | strake jk | connor self |
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| grapevine | Doubles | harrison jp | panel |
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| grapevine | Quarters | lexington bf | panel |
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| grapevine | 3 | strake vc | jeong-wan choi |
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| information | 1 | any | any |
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| loyola | 2 | plano east ng | abishek rao |
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| loyola | 4 | portola as | joey georges |
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| loyola | 5 | strake js | jonah gentleman |
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| meadows | 2 | millard north nl | lena mizrahi |
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| meadows | 4 | harvard westlake kd | donald fagan lol |
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| meadows | Doubles | northern valley js | panel |
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| nano nagle | 2 | ayala am | joseph barquin |
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| nano nagle | 3 | south eugene ks | dylan jones |
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| nano nagle | 6 | harker ar | samantha mcloughlin |
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| nano nagle | Octas | archbishop mitty as | panel |
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| valley | 2 | harker ss | spencer orlowski |
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| valley | 4 | strake ms | maya xia |
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| valley | 5 | ayala am | joseph barquin |
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| valley | Semis | harrison aa | panel |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| apple valley | 2 | Opponent: eden prarie ak | Judge: victor chen 1ac - china |
| apple valley | 3 | Opponent: village rb | Judge: collin smith 1ac - china |
| grapevine | 2 | Opponent: strake jk | Judge: connor self 1ac - agonism |
| grapevine | Doubles | Opponent: harrison jp | Judge: panel 1ac - evergreening |
| grapevine | Quarters | Opponent: lexington bf | Judge: panel 1ac - evergreening |
| grapevine | 3 | Opponent: strake vc | Judge: jeong-wan choi 1ac - evergreening v2 |
| information | 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any cites |
| loyola | 2 | Opponent: plano east ng | Judge: abishek rao 1ac - cancer |
| loyola | 4 | Opponent: portola as | Judge: joey georges 1ac - korsgaard with tricks |
| loyola | 5 | Opponent: strake js | Judge: jonah gentleman 1ac - evergreening |
| meadows | 2 | Opponent: millard north nl | Judge: lena mizrahi 1ac - evergreening |
| meadows | 4 | Opponent: harvard westlake kd | Judge: donald fagan lol 1ac - evergreening |
| meadows | Doubles | Opponent: northern valley js | Judge: panel 1ac - evergreening |
| nano nagle | 2 | Opponent: ayala am | Judge: joseph barquin 1ac - evergreening |
| nano nagle | 3 | Opponent: south eugene ks | Judge: dylan jones 1ac - evergreening |
| nano nagle | 6 | Opponent: harker ar | Judge: samantha mcloughlin 1ac - evergreening |
| nano nagle | Octas | Opponent: archbishop mitty as | Judge: panel 1ac - evergreening |
| valley | 2 | Opponent: harker ss | Judge: spencer orlowski 1ac - evergreening |
| valley | 4 | Opponent: strake ms | Judge: maya xia 1ac - evergreening |
| valley | 5 | Opponent: ayala am | Judge: joseph barquin 1ac - evergreening |
| valley | Semis | Opponent: harrison aa | Judge: panel 1ac - evergreening |
| x | 1 | Opponent: xxx | Judge: xxx cites |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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contact infoTournament: information | Round: 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any he him his email: ceshcao@gmail.com phone: 6506679661 messenger: yesh rao | 11/6/21 |
nd - 1ac - china v1Tournament: apple valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: eden prarie ak | Judge: victor chen 1AC: PlanPlan – A just government of the People's Republic of China ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.That solves worker liberation, labor reforms, and re-establishes credible Collective Bargaining in China – establishing legal protection for Labor Unions reduces overall labor-related discontent.Dongfang 11 Han Dongfang 4-6-2011 "Liberate China's Workers" https://archive.md/7RvDG~~#selection-307.0-316.0 (director of China Labour Bulletin, a nongovernmental organization that defends the rights of workers in China.)Elmer 1AC: Soft Power AdvantageLack of Chinese Right to Strike devastates Collective Bargaining – undermines any legal leverage for Strikes.Friedman 17 Eli Friedman 4-20-2017 "Collective Bargaining in China is Dead: The Situation is Excellent" https://www.chinoiresie.info/collective-bargaining-in-china-is-dead-the-situation-is-excellent/ (Assistant Professor of International and Comparative Labour at Cornell University)Elmer Any credible union power is under-cut by detentions of labor activists.Merkley and McGovern 13 Jeff Merkley and James McGovern 12-20-2013 "Detention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges for Collective Bargaining in China" https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/detention-of-labor-representative-highlights-challenges-for (Representative and Co-Chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China)Elmer The Right to Strike re-balances China's Economy.Roberts 10 Dexter Roberts 8-5-2010 "Is the Right to Strike Coming to China" https://archive.md/hjNI7 (Editor at Bloomberg)Elmer Enhanced Unions and Labor Reforms key to sustained Chinese Economic Growth.Haack 21 Michael Haack 2-13-2021 "Could Biden Make US-China Trade Better for Workers?" https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/could-biden-make-us-china-trade-better-for-workers/ (Michael Haack currently a contractor with the China Labor Translation Project, a project of the Chinese Progressive Association. He previously worked with industrial workers in southern China. Michael holds master's degrees from SOAS, University of London and American University)Elmer China's Economy is hosed and threatened by rampant Inequality gaps that devastate consumption.Bloomberg 21 1-19-2021 "China's Wide Income Gap Undercut Spending as Growth Recovers" https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/china-s-strong-growth-masks-unbalanced-recovery-as-incomes-lag Elmer That's critical for Soft Power Projection BUT authoritarianism regarding activists puts efforts on the brink – re-establishing credibility of governance is important.Albert 18 Eleanor Albert 2-9-2018 "China's Big Bet on Soft Power" https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-big-bet-soft-power (a third-year PhD student concentrating in international relations and comparative politics)Elmer Chinese leadership solves existential threats.Yamei 18 Shen Yamei 18, Deputy Director and Associate Research Fellow of Department for American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, 1-9-2018, "Probing into the "Chinese Solution" for the Transformation of Global Governance," CAIFC, http://www.caifc.org.cn/en/content.aspx?id=4491 Chinese Economic Decline leads to all-out War – specifically over Taiwan.Joske 18 Stephen Joske 10-23-2018 "China's Coming Financial Crisis And The National Security Connection" https://warontherocks.com/2018/10/chinas-coming-financial-crisis-and-the-national-security-connection/ (senior adviser to the Australian Treasurer during the 1997–98 Asian crisis)re-cut by Elmer Taiwan goes Nuclear.Talmadge 18 ~Caitlin, Associate Professor of Security Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, "Beijing's Nuclear Option: Why a U.S.-China War Could Spiral Out of Control," accessible online at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option, published Nov/Dec 2018~re-cut by Elmer Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksChecked Chinese Economic Strength increases Economic Diplomacy Efforts, specifically OBOR, AND decreases need for Military Expansion.Cai 18, Kevin G. "The one belt one road and the Asian infrastructure investment bank: Beijing's new strategy of geoeconomics and geopolitics." Journal of Contemporary China 27.114 (2018): 831-847. (Associate Professor at Renison University College, University of Waterloo, Canada)Elmer Solves Central Asian and South Asia War.Muhammad et Al 19, Imraz, Arif Khan, and Saif ul Islam. "China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Peace, Prosperity and Conflict Resolution in the Region." (Lecturer, Department of Political Science, University of Buner)Elmer Central Asia Instability explodes globallyBlank 2k ~Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, "American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region", World Affairs. 9-22~ South Asia War goes Nuclear and causes Extinction.Menon 19 Prakash Menon, The nuclear cloud hanging over the human race, Nov 15, 2019, ~PhD from Madras University for his thesis "Limited War and Nuclear Deterrence in the Indo-Pak context"~ https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-nuclear-cloud-hanging-over-the-human-race/cid/1719608~~# SM Hong Kong – China's exploiting lack of Strike Protection to dismantle and de-power Hong Kong's unions.Wang 21 Maya Wang 9-22-2021 "China Is Dismantling Hong Kong's Unions" https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/22/china-dismantling-hong-kongs-unions~~# (China Senior Researcher for Human Rights Watch)Elmer China is Just and Moral – Legal Analysis proves.Moreira 20 Dario Moreira 10-29-2020 "How Morality Allows the CCP to Rule by Law whilst Upholding its Own Supremacy" https://cambridgeglobalist.org/2020/10/29/how-morality-allows-the-ccp-to-rule-by-law-whilst-upholding-its-own-supremacy/ (graduate in Contemporary Chinese Studies at the University of Oxford.)Elmer Isolating China as a uniquely unjust state is sinophobic – read China's rise contextually rather than through Western structural bias.Powers 21 Martin Powers 3-4-2021 "The West portrays itself as a defender of human rights, but does it still have a right to moral leadership?" https://archive.md/blSqg~~#selection-6315.0-6341.214 (Professor Emeritus at the University of Michigan. He has written three books on the history of social justice in China.)Elmer 1AC: FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can't act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it's a side constraint since we can't reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they're our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ | 11/6/21 |
nd - 1ac - china v2Tournament: apple valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: village rb | Judge: collin smith 1AC: PlanPlan – A just government of the People's Republic of China ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.That solves worker liberation, labor reforms, and re-establishes credible Collective Bargaining in China – establishing legal protection for Labor Unions reduces overall labor-related discontent.Dongfang 11 Han Dongfang 4-6-2011 "Liberate China's Workers" https://archive.md/7RvDG~~#selection-307.0-316.0 (director of China Labour Bulletin, a nongovernmental organization that defends the rights of workers in China.)Elmer 1AC: Soft Power AdvantageLack of Chinese Right to Strike devastates Collective Bargaining – undermines any legal leverage for Strikes.Friedman 17 Eli Friedman 4-20-2017 "Collective Bargaining in China is Dead: The Situation is Excellent" https://www.chinoiresie.info/collective-bargaining-in-china-is-dead-the-situation-is-excellent/ (Assistant Professor of International and Comparative Labour at Cornell University)Elmer Any credible union power is under-cut by detentions of labor activists.Merkley and McGovern 13 Jeff Merkley and James McGovern 12-20-2013 "Detention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges for Collective Bargaining in China" https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/detention-of-labor-representative-highlights-challenges-for (Representative and Co-Chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China)Elmer The Right to Strike re-balances China's Economy.Roberts 10 Dexter Roberts 8-5-2010 "Is the Right to Strike Coming to China" https://archive.md/hjNI7 (Editor at Bloomberg)Elmer Enhanced Unions and Labor Reforms key to sustained Chinese Economic Growth.Haack 21 Michael Haack 2-13-2021 "Could Biden Make US-China Trade Better for Workers?" https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/could-biden-make-us-china-trade-better-for-workers/ (Michael Haack currently a contractor with the China Labor Translation Project, a project of the Chinese Progressive Association. He previously worked with industrial workers in southern China. Michael holds master's degrees from SOAS, University of London and American University)Elmer China's Economy is hosed and threatened by rampant Inequality gaps that devastate consumption.Bloomberg 21 1-19-2021 "China's Wide Income Gap Undercut Spending as Growth Recovers" https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/china-s-strong-growth-masks-unbalanced-recovery-as-incomes-lag Elmer That's critical for Soft Power Projection BUT authoritarianism regarding activists puts efforts on the brink – re-establishing credibility of governance is important.Albert 18 Eleanor Albert 2-9-2018 "China's Big Bet on Soft Power" https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-big-bet-soft-power (a third-year PhD student concentrating in international relations and comparative politics)Elmer Chinese leadership solves existential threats.Yamei 18 Shen Yamei 18, Deputy Director and Associate Research Fellow of Department for American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, 1-9-2018, "Probing into the "Chinese Solution" for the Transformation of Global Governance," CAIFC, http://www.caifc.org.cn/en/content.aspx?id=4491 Chinese Economic Decline leads to all-out War – specifically over Taiwan.Joske 18 Stephen Joske 10-23-2018 "China's Coming Financial Crisis And The National Security Connection" https://warontherocks.com/2018/10/chinas-coming-financial-crisis-and-the-national-security-connection/ (senior adviser to the Australian Treasurer during the 1997–98 Asian crisis)re-cut by Elmer Taiwan goes Nuclear.Talmadge 18 ~Caitlin, Associate Professor of Security Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, "Beijing's Nuclear Option: Why a U.S.-China War Could Spiral Out of Control," accessible online at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option, published Nov/Dec 2018~re-cut by Elmer Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksChecked 1AC: FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can't act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it's a side constraint since we can't reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they're our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ 1AC: MethodScenario analysis is pedagogically valuable.Naazneen Barma et al. 16. May 2016, ~Advance Publication Online on 11/6/15~, Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, "'Imagine a World in Which': Using Scenarios in Political Science," International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf IR is reflexive and effective—-its track record of prediction proves. AND, sweeping criticisms of a fragmented field of research don't answer the specificity of our studies.Dan Reiter 15. Professor of Political Science at Emory University. "Scholars Help Policymakers Know Their Tools." War on the Rocks. 8-27-2015. https://warontherocks.com/2015/08/scholars-help-policymakers-know-their-tools/ Rational realism is the best way to understand state behavior—-anarchy drives states to compete. Peace is only possible if states account for material factors and information asymmetries—-that makes our theory different than historical realist theories that deny a role for cooperation.Charles Glaser 18. Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington. "A Realist Perspective on the Constructivist Project" in Mariano E. Bertucci, Jarrod Hayes, and Patrick James eds. Constructivism Reconsidered. University Michigan Press. 181-196. Foreign policy strategists aren't inherently driven towards intervention—-our "alternative worse" arguments are accurate.Jake Sullivan 18. Current National Security Advisor to U.S. President Joe Biden. At time of publication, Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He served as Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. Department of State in 2011–13 and as National Security Adviser to the U.S. Vice President in 2013–14. "More, Less, or Different?". Foreign Affairs. 12-11-2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2018-12-11/more-less-or-different | 11/6/21 |
o - important wikify noteTournament: x | Round: 1 | Opponent: xxx | Judge: xxx | 9/10/21 |
so - 1ac - cancerTournament: loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: plano east ng | Judge: abishek rao 1ac loyola r21AC—-PlanPlan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for cancer medications.1AC—-AdvantageLack of access to essential medicines ensures cancer will ravage developing countries—-imperiling economic development AND burdening public health resources. The plan solves by compelling licensing of cancer medicines via TRIPs.Ragavan and Vanni 20. *Srividya Ragavan is a professor of Law at the University of Oklahoma, College of Law with a focus on intellectual property, trade, and development. Dr. Amika Vanni is a lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds, where she is affiliated with the Centre for Business Law and Practice (CBLP), and Centre for Law and Social Justice. Her work lies at the intersection of international economic law, development, and global governance. Her research and teaching are on intellectual property law, international trade law, philianthropy, critical legal theory and history. February 2020. "Can International Patent Law Help Mitigate Cancer Inequity in LMICs?" https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32048580/. Cancer medications are uniquely expensive. That either drains developing countries public health resources OR forces them to forego treatment altogether.Brittany L. Bychkovsky 16. Oncologist, teaches at Harvard Medical School. 2016. "Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications?" https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jgo.2016.005363. Numerous case studies evince solvency.Brittany L. Bychkovsky 16. Oncologist, teaches at Harvard Medical School. 2016. "Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications?" https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jgo.2016.005363. Unchecked, cancer decimates achievement of sustainable development goals across the board—-even if not now, cancer in developing states will accelerate. Cost-effective treatment is key—-otherwise, cancer drains disease response resources across the board.UICC 17. The Union for International Cancer Control. 2017. International NGO in every country founded in the 1930w. "Cancer and SDGs." https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/advocacy/global-commitment/cancer-and-sdgs. That's key to head off a laundry list of interacting catastrophic risks including pandemics and environmental collapse, the combination of which risks extinction AND amplifies every other threat.Tom Cernev and Richard Fenner 20, Australian National University; Centre for Sustainable Development, Cambridge University Engineering Department, "The importance of achieving foundational Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global risk," Futures, Vol. 115, January 2020, Elsevier. Weak states are existential. Err AFF to account for non-linearity and unpredictable cascades.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Given the preponderance of possible existential events, it is important to focus on creating good governance strategies broadly that reduce cumulative risk over one-shot scenarios.hÉigeartaigh 17 – Professor @ Cambridge, PhD in Genomics from Trinity College Dublin (Sean, "Technological Wild Cards: Existential Risk and a Changing Humanity", https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-wild-cards-existential-risk-and-a-changing-humanity/)// gcd Prefer a model of risk calculus that prioritizes non-linear existential risks over one-shot linear scenarios.Liu et al. 18. Hin-Yan Liu, Associate Professor, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen; Kristian Cedervall Lauta, Associate Professor, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen; Matthijs Michiel Maas, PhD Fellow, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen. 09/2018. "Governing Boring Apocalypses: A New Typology of Existential Vulnerabilities and Exposures for Existential Risk Research." Futures, vol. 102, pp. 6–19. 1AC - FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can't act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it's a side constraint since we can't reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they're our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. 4~ Extinction outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ | 9/4/21 |
so - 1ac - korsgaardTournament: loyola | Round: 4 | Opponent: portola as | Judge: joey georges 1AC FrameworkEthics must begin a priori:~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it's impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others' experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don't experience the same.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone's ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It's impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedomThus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~B~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn't solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can't lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can't assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. Impact calc: ~A~ There's an act/omission distinction – otherwise we'd be held infinitely culpable for every omission which kills any conception of morality.1AC Offense~1~ Intellectual property protection violates the formula of autonomy – multiple warrants.Hale 18 Zachary A., 4-4-2018, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection," Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/ JGBefore entering discussion of more recent institutional developments, it is germane to the object of this paper to examine the role of intellectual property in the United Nations preceding the incorporation of the WIPO. As noted above, intellectual property rights were included in the UDHR. Article 27 of the UDHR states that: 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.~17~ This should not be interpreted as a consensus amongst the international community on how intellectual property should be regulated, or even on how to define the "moral and material" interests that deserved protection. As with many aspects of the UDHR, the inclusion of intellectual property was highly contested.~18~ While a large number of states disagreed with Article 27, they were overpowered by states convinced of the material value of intellectual property protection. As Paul Torremans notes: ~T~he initial strong criticism that ~intellectual property~ was not properly speaking a Human Right or that it already attracted sufficient protection under the regime of protection afforded to property rights in general was eventually defeated by a coalition of those who primarily voted in favour because they felt that the moral rights deserved and needed protection and met the Human Rights standard and those who felt the ongoing internationalization of copyright needed a boost and that this could be a tool in this respect.~19~ This shift from discussion of intellectual property as a matter of trade law to discussion of intellectual property as a matter of human rights was furthered by the inclusion of intellectual property rights in Article 15 of the ICESCR, which took force in January of 1976. Article 15 states: 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life; (b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications; (c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture. 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. 4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields.~20~ The sub-clauses of 15.1 are essentially a reiteration of Article 27, but the mention of "development and diffusion" in 15.2 and "co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields" in 15.4 represent a radical shift in intellectual property interpretation. The conception of innovation in terms of market value and incentive systems was being challenged by ideas about human development, as is reflected in the suggestion that "the full realization" of the human rights aspect of intellectual property requires "the diffusion of science and culture," a suggestion that was not present in the UDHR.~21~ The Patents Cooperation Treaty (PCT),~22~ arguably the most important development in international intellectual property law between the ICESCR (1976) and the TRIPs (1995), serves as an example of the continued dominance of traditional intellectual property notions, even within the diverse arena of the United Nations. The PCT came into effect under the authority of the United Nations in 1978, four years after the incorporation of the WIPO. This treaty, certainly the most consequential undertaking of the international intellectual property community since the 19th century, was engineered by a group of neoliberal economists led by Edward Brenner (US Commissioner of Patents) and Arpad Bogsch (Deputy Director of BIRPI and first Director General of WIPO) in response to the concerns of multinational corporations about international patent applicability.~23~ The PCT set out to ensure that corporations with patents enjoyed equal protection in every country. This meant that a large pharmaceutical company could prosecute pharmaceutical actors around the world for using patented formulas as a starting point for generic drugs development. This protection provides a particular advantage to companies that already hold a large number of patents, as they can use patent-extending strategies to maintain a monopoly over formulas and technologies beyond the standard twenty-year limit.~24~ Thus, twelve years after United Nations member states affirmed the value of diffusing scientific and cultural knowledge in the ICESCR, the WIPO became responsible for overseeing the regulation of such knowledge through the PCT. This protection, which largely favors companies with pre-existing patents,~25~ set the tone for the most controversial institutionalization of intellectual property thus far, the TRIPs.~26~ The TRIPs, established in the 1994 Uruguay Round of the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, was the first attempt to put forth comprehensive protection for intellectual property through the World Trade Organization (WTO).~27~ This agreement represented a monumental change in the field of international intellectual property law, pushing the protection of intellectual property into the center of international trade law.~28~ It forced a minimum standard of copyright and patent protection on all 162 WTO members, severely hindering the distribution and development of agricultural and pharmaceutical innovations.~29~ Though there have been subsequent agreements aimed at increasing access to "essential drugs,"~30~ the TRIPs and its restrictive prescriptions continue to dominate the institutional framework of international intellectual property.~31~ III. Conflict Between Intellectual Property Protection and Human Rights Although the right to the protection of "moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary, or artistic production,"~32~ is a human right as defined in the UDHR and the ICESCR, the current system of intellectual property protection conflicts with and even violates rights that are considered to be fundamental to human life. Although intellectual property instruments are certainly used to violate essential civil and political freedoms like the freedom of expression, and economic and social freedoms like the freedom to share in the scientific advancements of society, the most blatant violations of human rights caused by intellectual property protection occur in the fields of nutrition, healthcare, and culture.~33~ Of these essential entitlements, the rights to food and health are made even more significant by their relationship to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life.1AC AdvantageOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin Practices are assumed to exist for the purposes of discussion. However, denying the assumptions behind statements just proves them valid. The only time the statement is invalid is when the consequent is false – means should be read as tacit ballot conditionalsStanford https://web.stanford.edu/~~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html Uneven development causes extinction and turns every impact.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. Re-Cut Justin Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school's O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What's needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin 1AC Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory and RVIs – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there's no way to check against this. 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – ~1~ the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance, ~2~ the neg can win their shell and beat mine back in the long 2NR, whereas it's impossible for me to win both layers in a 2AR that's only half as long. If I win one layer, vote aff a) they have 7 minutes to uplayer and nullify my offense b) forces engagement with the aff since they have to defend all arguments which means they read better ones. All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue which means you need an RVI to become offensive. No RVIs because aff speeches are too short to develop offense that's not no risk. You should accept all aff interps and assume I meet neg theory since the aff speaks in the dark and I have to take a stance on something, you can at least react and adapt. Reject 1NC responses– you're psychologically skewed to believe them because the 1NC is longer. Reject theory on arguments in the 1ac – it's infinitely regressive and never resolves abuse. Action under one framework doesn't preclude action under another. This means other framing or offense doesn't exclude mine. No 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs because a) It becomes impossible to check NC abuse if you can dump on reasons the shell doesn't matter in the 2n. and b) they have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. No new 2N framing issues or responses. a) Destroys aff ability to frame the round, k2 recourse because the neg can uplayer in the 1N unchecked, makes the 4 minute 1AR impossible because either I have to respond to every layer or I have to make a weaker uplayering that is stomped by the 6 min 2N b) Reciprocity – I can't make new 2AR responses because there's no 3N, so you shouldn't be able to pin the aff to defense. c) Implications are clear out of the AC per arguments – you can respond to the new parts of extended interps like violations and voters, but not the arguments themselves.~2~ Affirming is harder – link turns all neg theory arguments and means we get a permutation against anything because we can't sufficiently respond A~ Neg is reactive – they tailor the 1NC before the round to exploit the aff's weakness. Not reciprocal – affs enter the round unaware. Also means no neg weighing – it supercharges the abuse since they can collapse in the 2NR and outweigh any turns I make. B~ Aff extends twice – takes valuable time from already most time-pressed speeches. That means reject neg fairness concerns – the aff is structurally skewed from the start so they have no excuse – responding to this assumes you get neg fairness which is your fault because you introduced the contradiction so you still vote aff. C~ 1AR is split between multiple layers while the 2NR goes for one thing – we get destroyed on time skew. Fairness comes first, every argument presupposes fair judge evaluation which means it's a prerequisite to anything else. | 9/5/21 |
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