1AC Larp 1NC T Ospec theory tjfs substantive justifications bad nc hobbes case 1ar - case multiple shells bad T theory 2nr - hobbes multiple shells bad T 2ar - hobbes multiple shells bad T
Yale University Invitational 2021
2
Opponent: Montville RP | Judge: Alex Rivera
1AC Evergreening 1NC Cap Case 1AR All 2NR All 2AR All
Yale University Invitational 2021
Triples
Opponent: Holy Trinity Episcopal BL | Judge: Ben Waldman, David Herrera, Bennett Fees
1AC Must have wiki Evergreening 1NC Kant Case 1AR Case Kant 2NR Kant Case 2AR Kant
Yale University Invitational 2021
Doubles
Opponent: Strake Jesuit VM | Judge: Andrea Chow, Alex Rivera, Anand Rao
1AC Evergreening v1 1NC Scientist CP Infrastructure DA Case 1AR All 2NR Scientist CP Case 2AR Case Scientist CP
Yale University Invitational 2021
6
Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Allison Aldridge
1AC Evergreening 1NC Incentives CP Robospec Hobbes NCC Case 1AR All 2NR A priori Robospec Hobbes Case 2AR Robospec a priori
Yale University Invitational 2021
3
Opponent: Scarsdale OL | Judge: David Herrera
1AC Evergreening 1NC Spec Medicine Kant Case 1AR All 2NR Kant Case 2AR Case Kant
Yale University Invitational 2021
Octas
Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: David Herrera, Abby Morris, Ben Waldman
1AC Evergreening 1NC Must Not be Temporary Must Spec if Fairness and Education are Voters Hobbes Indigenous Medicines PIC Case 1AR All 2NR PIC Case 2AR Case PIC
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Cites
Entry
Date
0 - Contact Info
Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hey! I'm Chris (he/him) Facebook is the fastest/easiest: friend me first (Christopher Bao) Email also works (christopher.bao2@gmail.com)
Please let me know if you want me to disclose any way! This is also terminal defense to any disclosure theory shells.
Also, if there are any trigger warnings you'd like me to provide, please let me know! My top priority is to have a safe debate!
If I read the same position twice, I won't redisclose absent card changes so the wiki doesn't get cluttered.
7/6/21
GENERAL - Comparative Worlds v1
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Scarsdale OL | Judge: David Herrera
The role of the ballot and judge is to determine the desirability of a topical plan relative to the status quo or a competitive alternative. To clarify – that means vote aff if you think the plan is a good idea – three net benefits:
a – Clash – abstraction rewards dogmatism and erases particular research around the res that cultivates epistemic humility and argumentative rigor – turns alt solvency because their opponents are better trained.
b – Reductivism – "you link, you lose" warps debate into a purity test that occludes nuanced epistemologies AND prioritizes intellectual frugality over actionable strategies – plan-stasis bakes in analysis of legal engagement – it’s key to develop detailed mechanisms and cost-benefit comparison that enable movements broadly.
c – Fairness – debate is a game – strategy overdetermines pedagogy because it’s the only incentive for the ballot – outweighs as it precludes the judges’ ability to adjudicate their truth claims, which concede the authority of fairness by asking to be evaluated fairly.
10/1/21
GENERAL - Comparative Worlds v2
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Allison Aldridge The role of the ballot and judge is to determine the desirability of a topical plan relative to the status quo or a competitive alternative. To clarify – that means vote aff if you think the plan is a good idea through comparative worlds – two net benefits: 1 – Clash – abstraction rewards dogmatism and erases particular research around the res that cultivates epistemic humility and argumentative rigor – turns alt solvency because their opponents are better trained. 2 - TT opens the door for a prioris and random tricks to win rounds, which is bad for
a) inclusivity since spikes are super difficult to sift through especially for people with disabilities, inclusivity o/w since otherwise nobody debates and its also key to preventing idealogical dogmatism with more voices b) discourages topic specific prep and incentivizes not doing research – we only have 2 months to debate the topic but infinite time to write a prioris which means we o.w on timeframe AND portable skills that we can use in the real world as policymakers.
10/1/21
GENERAL - Lay Util v1
Tournament: Virtual Scarsdale Invitational Scarvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll EP | Judge: Sara Bizarro
I value morality due to the resolution’s use of ought, which Marriam Webster defines as a moral obligation. Also, the resolution asks what a just government ought to do.
The value criterion is maximizing the greatest amount of good or pleasure, also known as utilitarianism. prefer this value criterion for the following reasons
1~ The only facts that have stood the test of time are that pleasure is good and pain is bad, so err heavily on the side of intuition: our biological programming has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to avoid pain, meaning that we should be concerned with avoiding it
2~ Death is the worst impact under utilitarianism because it causes a lot of pain and denies the ability for us to gain future pleasure.
That means extinction outweighs under util because it causes the most pain and prevents ability for future please
5. All government policies entail tradeoffs, that means governments specifically must aggregate consequences
Goodin ’90 Robert Goodin , Fellow in Philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, the contemporary viability of utilitarian political philosophy, 1990, p. 141-2 ~PHS-CB~ Consider, first, the argument from necessity. Public officials are obliged to make
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.
Even if they win their framework is more theoretically true, the only one that the government can use is mine as policy will always have trade offs between good and bad, and an unconditional right to strike clearly has more good impacts than bad
I affirm resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
I value morality because the resolution asks us to consider what a government ought to do, making it a question of moral obligation.
The value criterion is utilitarianism.
Prefer utilitarianism:
1~ The only facts that have stood the test of time are that pleasure is good and pain is bad, so err heavily on the side of intuition: our biological programming has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to avoid pain, meaning that we should be concerned with avoiding it
2~ Actor specificity – governments have to aggregate since collective actions necessarily benefit some people while hurting others either due to resource tradeoffs or scope of effect, deontic side constraints freeze action.
Goodin ’90 Robert Goodin , Fellow in Philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, the contemporary viability of utilitarian political philosophy, 1990, p. 141-2 ~PHS-CB~ Consider, first, the argument from necessity. Public officials are obliged to make
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.
Even if they win their framework is more theoretically true, the only one that the government can use is mine
3~ Death is the worst possible impact under util because it causes a lot of pain and prevents ability for gaining future pleasure. As such, extinction is the most important impact because it also prevents future generations and causes irreversible damage, and it should outweigh under any framework.
1~ Death is ontologically and morally bad – it comes before and link turns other theorizations of subjectivity
Paterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island. (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com) Rather, death in itself is an evil to us because it ontologically destroys the
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the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
11/13/21
GENERAL - Theory - Must Have Wiki
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Triples | Opponent: Holy Trinity Episcopal BL | Judge: Ben Waldman, David Herrera, Bennett Fees Interpretation: debaters competing at a TOC bid-distributing tournament must have a wiki page with the same name as the school they compete under in Tabroom
Violation: they don’t have a wiki see screenshots
Standards: 1 Safety – contact information is key to communicating before the round about trigger warnings or other accommodations for people like debaters with disabilities, which could cause serious in round violence. That’s an independent voter to inclusion since we can’t have debate unless ppl are included within the space 2 Depth of clash: I can’t learn anything about my opponent before the debate if I can’t contact them. That means we have worse debates since im forced to read generics and couldn’t properly engage with their args – controls the internal link to education since clash is the only unique impact we get from debate. 3 Strat skew - moots my prep time since I don’t get to tailor my strat to them – this violation is egregious because it prevents me from doing pre-tourney prep which skews every round. Controls the internal link to fairness debate is a prep based activity – means it’s structurally impossible for me to come up with a good strat Fairness: it’s constitutive of activities with wins and losses Education – it’s the reason school fund debate and host tournaments DTD – a) deter future abuse and set norms b) my strat has already been skewed CI: a) reasonability arbirtrary and causes judge intervention since we don’t know you abuse meter b) creates a race to the top where we set the best norms for debate No RVIS a) illogical – you don’t win for proving you’re fair b) incentivize baiting theory and prepping it out which leads to abusive practices
9/19/21
GENERAL - Underview v1
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Scarsdale OL | Judge: David Herrera
Theory Issues
1~ 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time.
2~ Permissibility and presumption affirm:
a) Probability: in a world where anything is permissible people don’t just do nothing they do whatever which means there’s a higher probability of the aff than the squo.
b) Negating an obligation requires proving a prohibition – means permissibility affirms because negating is prohibiting the aff action.
c) Otherwise people would have to justify neutral actions like drinking water
d) We believe things true before proving them false: i.e. you’d believe my name is Chris unless told otherwise
10/1/21
GENERAL - Underview v2
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Triples | Opponent: Holy Trinity Episcopal BL | Judge: Ben Waldman, David Herrera, Bennett Fees 1 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time.
2 PICs aren’t legit – they arbitrarily pick out of one tiny aspect of the aff, worsened by not having a solvency advocate which proves no topic lit – that wrecks the 1ar’s chances at education and also ruins fairness through inability to weigh. Reading it as a disad solves and is net better because it doesn’t incentivize silly affs that devolve into frivolous topicality debates.
9/19/21
GENERAL - Underview v3
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Octas | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: David Herrera, Abby Morris, Ben Waldman
Theory Issues
1~ 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time.
A~ AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible
B~ Drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory
C~ Competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time
D~ 1AR theory first – it’s a bigger percentage of the 1AR than neg theory is of the 1NC which means the abuse was probably worse
and only the 2NR has time to win multiple layers, and meta theory determines whether I could engage with theory in the first place
11/13/21
GENERAL - Util v1
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Montville RP | Judge: Alex Rivera
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act util. Prefer it:
1~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
If our selfish recklessness ends human history, we would be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
Method
1~ Policy education is key to portable advocacy
Nixon 2K Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project. "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing." Colorlines 3.2, 2000. Getting It in Writing Much of the work of framing what we stand for takes place
AND
to our vision of how things should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.
9/18/21
GENERAL - Util v2
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Scarsdale OL | Judge: David Herrera
The standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act util. Prefer it:
1~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
Sinnott-Armstrong 92 ~Walter, professor of practical ethics. "An Argument for Consequentialism" Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992.~ A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason
AND
explain moral substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons.
10/1/21
GENERAL - Util v3
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Triples | Opponent: Holy Trinity Episcopal BL | Judge: Ben Waldman, David Herrera, Bennett Fees The standard is maximizing expected well-being, or hedonistic act util. Prefer it" 1 Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse. Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 TDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
2 Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants: a Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. b No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 3 Extinction outweighs Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
4 Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework-threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
9/19/21
GENERAL - Util v4
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Octas | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: David Herrera, Abby Morris, Ben Waldman
1 – Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.
contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.
~c~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.
~d~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
3~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
Sinnott-Armstrong 92 ~Walter, professor of practical ethics. "An Argument for Consequentialism" Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992.~ A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason
AND
explain moral substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being: to clarify, hedonistic act util
1~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2~ Neuroscience- pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses.
these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
3~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must theoretically justified. Prefer our standard – a~ Ground: Both debaters are guaranteed access to ground – Aff gets plans and advantages, while Neg gets disads and counterplans. Additionally, anything can function as an impact as long as an external benefit is articulated, so all your offense applies. b~ Weighing ground: consequences lets us weigh the probability a scenario, its risk, scope, severity, etc. and we can even weigh between these standards. We can still run side constraints but they are compared to other impacts while other frameworks prevent weighing by making them absolute.
Ow on resolvability because if there is framing mechanism that we don’t know what offense matters. That’s an independent voter: because the judge literally cannot make a decision
1~ Moral realism must start by being mind-independent – realism wouldn’t make sense if there were a plethora of moral truths contingent on the agent’s cognitively predisposed capacity because then moral truths wouldn’t exist outside of the ways we cohere them - truth exists absent language because the action of killing someone is still bad even if we can’t put it into words or communicate with each other
2~ Strongly a priori knowledge is epistemically nonsensical because of the nature of moral disagreement – it’s required that ethicists indict the epistemological basis of one’s judgement before their claims are considered true.
Thus, moral naturalism prima facie justifies hedonism as the only ethical theory that can guide action. Naturalism demands empirical facts that are explained and physically verified from science which only a theory of pain and pleasure can provide since there is a psychological grounding for why they are good and bad. Thus, the standard is consistency with hedonic act utilitarianism. Prefer additionally:
1~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2~ Neuroscience- pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses.
these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
3~ Extinction outweighs under any framework
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must theoretically justified.
Prefer our standard –
b~ Weighing ground: consequences lets us weigh the probability a scenario, its risk, scope, severity, etc. and we can even weigh between these standards. We can still run side constraints but they are compared to other impacts while other frameworks prevent weighing by making them absolute – for example, with Hobbes you either follow the sovereign or you don’t, so if both debaters meet there’s no way to resolve issues. Ow on resolvability because if there is framing mechanism that we don’t know what offense matters. That’s an independent voter: because the judge literally cannot make a decision
c~ topic education – most of the lit is written for policymakers who use util, so discussing under our framework provides more net topic ed, whereas other fwks take lit to the margin and make args obscure
12/3/21
GENERAL - Util v7
Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Byram Hills EW | Judge: Abishek Stanley
1~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2~ Neuroscience- pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses.
these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
3~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework-threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.
these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
3~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action, and governments have to yes/no policies don’t have option to not act
4~ Policy education is key to portable advocacy
Nixon 2K Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project. "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing." Colorlines 3.2, 2000. Getting It in Writing Much of the work of framing what we stand for takes
AND
should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being: to clarify, hedonistic act util
1~ Actor specificity: util is the best for governments, which is the actor in the rez – multiple warrants:
~a~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
~b~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2~ Neuroscience- pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses.
these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
3~ Extinction outweighs
Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
4~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework-threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.
1AC - Method
~ Policy education is key to portable advocacy
Nixon 2K Makani Themba-Nixon, Executive Director of The Praxis Project. "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing." Colorlines 3.2, 2000. Getting It in Writing Much of the work of framing what we stand for takes
AND
should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.
12/11/21
JF - Large Satellite Constellations v1
Tournament: Lexington Winter Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Olympia BO | Judge: Andrea Reier Sorry, cites aren't working for this one I'll try to get it fixed but it's o-sourced
1/15/22
JF - Whole Res Ban v1
Tournament: 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mercer Island KS | Judge: Jonah Gentleman Cites not working :
o-sourced tho!
|2/12/22
JF - Whole Res Ban v2
Tournament: 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Solebury LM | Judge: Phoenix Pittman
1AC
Plan
Plan: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities should be banned.
We’ll defend normal means as the signatories of the OST adding an optional protocol under Article II.
Tronchetti 7~Fabio Tronchetti is a professor at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2007, https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2007.pdf, 12-15-2021 amrita~ ARTICLE II OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY: A MATTER OF DEBATE The legal content
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the non-appropriative nature of outer space emerges in all its relevance.
Advantage 1 – Space War
Countries and their companies are making their own rules through patchwork which creates conflict—an international body is key
Foster 16 – Craig, J.D., University of Illinois College of Law, "EXCUSE ME, YOU’RE MINING MY ASTEROID: SPACE PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE U.S. SPACE RESOURCE EXPLORATION AND UTILIZATION ACT OF 2015", JOURNAL OF LAW, TECHNOLOGY and POLICY, No. 2, page 428-430, http://illinoisjltp.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Foster.pdf There are many reasons to be excited about the prospect of mining resources from space
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discussion stages and is likely to take a while to come to fruition.
Current space treaties have zero authority and lack clarity—which creates ineffective regulations
MacWhorter 16 – Kevin, J.D from William and Mary College and Contributor to the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, "Sustainable Mining: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining in the Name of Environmentalism", William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2016, https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1653andcontext=wmelpr Although an academic debate at this point, the legal status of property in space
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States, not to deal with private claims of property. 123 International.
Disputes and misperceptions create cascading effects towards space weaponization and an arms race—an international framework solves BUT unilateral action causes escalating space wars
Mallick and Rajagopalan 19 - Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA, Distinguished Fellow and Head of the Nuclear and Space Policy Initiative at Observer Research Foundation. She is also the Technical Adviser to the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS). (Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Senjuti Mallick, "If Space is ‘the Province of Mankind’, Who Owns its Resources? The Potential of Space Mining and its Legal Implications", ORF Occasional Paper No. 182, January 2019, Observer Research Foundation., https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/) NAR The first concern is establishing clear regulations regarding asteroid mining. With an intent to
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instead of earning admiration and exultation, will only be enmeshed in litigation.
Inevitable market expansion guarantees wars over property rights—governments get quickly involved
Funnell 18 – Anthony, Writer for Future Tense News Citing Dean of Law at University of Adelaide, "War in space 'inevitable' because there's so much money to be made, expert warns", ABC News, 8/23/2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/conflict-in-space-is-inevitable-expert-warns/10146314 A leading Australian space law experthas warned conflict over space assets is "inevitable
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for developing that technology. It makes for an exciting time," he said
Asteroid mining furthers tensions between the US, China and Russia and escalates
Jamasmie 21 Cecilia Jamasmie ~Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World’s Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia.~, 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/ DD AG A brewing war to set a mining base in space is likely to see China
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2020, more than 50 years after the US reached the lunar surface.
Space wars go nuclear
Grego 18 – Laura, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf Why space is a particular problem for crisis stability For a number of reasons,
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same value to a given target or same escalatory nature to different weapons.
Nuclear war causes extinction.
Starr ’17 (Steven; director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility, Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, expert in the environmental consequences of nuclear war; 1/9/17; "Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies"; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; Federation of American Scientists; accessed 11/24/18; TV) ~AV~ The detonation of an atomic bomb with this explosive power will instantly ignite fires over
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predicted by the 1983 studies and described this as a "nuclear autumn."
Advantage 2 – Collisions
Unregulated mining is existential and causes collisions – multiple scenarios
Scenario 2 is satellite collisions
Mining creates space debris
Boley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE Mining can generate serious operational concerns. Lunar dust is a known challenge to operations
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they demonstrate how easily human actions can change the near-Earth environment.
An increase in space debris and dust from mining collides with key defense satellites
Scoles 15 Sarah Scoles ~Freelance science writer, and a contributing writer at WIRED Science, with articles in places like Popular Science, the New York Times, Scientific American, Vice, Outside, and others.~, 5-27-2015, "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/ DD AG IF THE gold mine is too far from home, why not move it nearby
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worry about cascades of collisions like the one depicted in the movie Gravity.
Collisions with high-value satellites guarantee nuclear escalation.
Egeli 21 ~Sitki Egeli is an assistant professor in the Political Science and International Relations Department of Izmir University of Economics. He was previously a director for foreign affairs in Turkey’s Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) and vice president in charge of the defense and aerospace sectors of an international consulting firm.~ "Space-to-Space Warfare and Proximity Operations: The Impact on Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications and Strategic Stability," Published 25 Jun 2021, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1942681, VM "Amid increased tensions, perhaps even an imminent military confrontation between two nuclear-
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spilling down to Earth so as to further aggravate an already tense situation.?"
Squo debris is goldilocks – current orbital debris deters space aggression, but adding more generates more risk than reward
Miller 21 ~Gregory D., PhD PSci from Ohio State University, Prof and Chair of Dept of Spacepower and Director of Space Scholars program at Air Command and Staff College~. "Deterrence by Debris: The Downside to Cleaning up Space." Space Policy, Vol 58, Nov 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2021.101447 TG The danger of kinetic strikes increasing orbital debris is a common theme in the literature
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more states develop space capabilities and as states develop more nonkinetic ASAT capabilities.
2/12/22
LARP AC v3
Tournament: Ridge Debates | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Montville RP | Judge: Lucas Bailey, Ganapathi Subramanian, Catherine Zheng
1AC
Framing
I affirm resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
I have ONE observation about the resolution:
The word UNCONDITIONAL means the removal of restrictions that directly limit striking. In other words, strikes that break a law separate from striking, for example, security from violence or protections for property, wouldn’t be recognized. Instead, the affirmative ONLY removes ALL of the restrictions for the actual right to strike. NLRB 85 ~National Labor Relations Board; "Legislative History of the Labor Management
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health and welfare of our people in order to attain a selfish end.
I value morality because the resolution asks us to consider what a government ought to do, making it a question of moral obligation.
The value criterion is utilitarianism.
Prefer utilitarianism:
1~ The only facts that have stood the test of time are that pleasure is good and pain is bad, so err heavily on the side of intuition: our biological programming has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to avoid pain, meaning that we should be concerned with avoiding it
2~ Actor specificity – governments have to aggregate since collective actions necessarily benefit some people while hurting others either due to resource tradeoffs or scope of effect, deontic side constraints freeze action.
Goodin ’90 Robert Goodin , Fellow in Philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, the contemporary viability of utilitarian political philosophy, 1990, p. 141-2 ~PHS-CB~ Consider, first, the argument from necessity. Public officials are obliged to make
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, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.
Even if they win their framework is more theoretically true, the only one that the government can use is mine
3~ Death is the worst possible impact under util because it causes a lot of pain and prevents ability for gaining future pleasure. As such, extinction is the most important impact because it also prevents future generations and causes irreversible damage, and it should outweigh under any framework.
it wasn't all bad for American democracy, according to Silva-Leander.
Strikes spill-over to broader support of the labor movement and unions – every strike encourages more strikes
Hertel-Fernandez et al. 20 ~Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, associate professor of public affairs at Columbia University, where he studies American political economy, with a focus on the politics of business, labor, wealthy donors, and policy, Suresh Naidu, professor of economics and public affairs at Columbia University, where he researches economic effects of political transitions, the economic history of slavery and labor institutions, international migration, and economic applications of naturallanguage processing, and Adam Reich, associate professor of sociology at Columbia University, where he studies economic and cultural sociology, especially how people make sense of their economic activities and economic positions within organizations, 2020, "Schooled by Strikes? The Effects of Large-Scale Labor Unrest on Mass Attitudes toward the Labor Movement," American Political Science Association, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001279~~/ Strikes and Labor Power in an Era of Union Decline We examined the political consequences
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suggests that the strike must be a central strategy of the labor movement.
Civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.
McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ Justin Labor organizer Helen Marot once observed, "The labor unions are group efforts in
AND
a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process."
US democracy is the greatest international stabilizer—-the alternative is global conflict which leads to extinction
Yulis 17 (Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/) Over the past decade, international headlines have been bombarded with stories about the unraveling
AND
lived trend, or a more ominous warning for the world at large.
Additionally, civic engagement via strikes is key to comprehensive climate action globally.
Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893'Climate'activism'and'its'effects~~ Justin As coordinated school strikes have taken place around the world to draw attention to the
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large, most of these strikes involve relatively small proportions of overall populations.
first century and propagate into the future for many thousands of years."
Contention 3: An Unconditional Right to Strike is Key
Limits on the right to strike impede its effectiveness.
Reddy, 21 Diana S. Reddy (Doctoral Fellow at the Law, Economics, and Politics Center at UC Berkeley Law). "‘There Is No Such Thing as an Illegal Strike’: Reconceptualizing the Strike in Law and Political Economy." Yale Law Journal. 6 January 2021. JDN. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy. The National Labor Relations Board—the institution charged with enforcing the policies of the Act—summarizes these "qualifications and limitations" on the right to strike on its website in the following way: The lawfulness of a strike may depend on the object, or purpose, of the strike, on its timing, or on the conduct of the strikers. The object, or objects, of a strike and whether the objects are lawful ~is~ are matters that are not always easy to determine. Such issues often have to be decided by the National Labor Relations Board. The consequences can be severe to striking employees and struck employers, involving as they do questions of reinstatement and backpay.93 The "right" to strike, it seems, is filled with uncertainty and peril. Collectively, ~and~ these rules prohibit many of the strikes which helped build the labor movement~.~ in its current form. Ahmed White accordingly argues that law prohibits effective strikes,
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been treated accordingly by courts, Congress, and other elite authorities."94
12/11/21
ND - LARP - Democracy v1
Tournament: Virtual Scarsdale Invitational Scarvite | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll EP | Judge: Sara Bizarro
Contention 1: Democracy
Global democracy is collapsing now.
Freedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ Washington - March 3, 2021 — Authoritarian actors grew bolder during 2020 as major
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environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices.
McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ Labor organizer Helen Marot once observed, "The labor unions are group efforts in
AND
a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process."
Independently, our coordinated civic engagement is key to comprehensive climate action globally.
Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893'Climate'activism'and'its'effects~~ As coordinated school strikes have taken place around the world to draw attention to the
AND
large, most of these strikes involve relatively small proportions of overall populations.
Climate change causes extinction.
Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ The current climate crisis, they say, is larger and more complex than any
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and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it."
Second, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.
IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ The United Nations’ Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of
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this right, and a negative obligation not to interfere with its exercise."
Third, electoral legitimacy – striking is critical to political influence which can check electoral illegitimacy and broader fascism.
Luce 20 ~Stephanie; Professor, received her B.A. in economics from the University of California, Davis and both her Ph.D in Sociology and her M.A. in Industrial Relations from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Her research focuses on low-wage work, globalization and labor standards, and labor-community coalitions. She is the author of Labor Movements: Global Perspectives. Well-known for her research on living wage campaigns and movements, she is also the author of Fighting for a Living Wage and co-author (with Robert Pollin) of The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy. She is co-author of A Measure of Fairness; and co-editor of What Works for Workers?: Public Policies and Innovative Strategies for Low-Wage Workers. She has published numerous reports on labor and wages in the New York City area, including the annual "State of the Unions" report co-authored with Ruth Milkman; "Strike for Democracy!" 10/26/20; OrgUP; https://www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/~~ Trump and the Republican Party have launched a full-fledged assault on the electoral
AND
don’t teach strikes, we don’t talk the language of strikes in labor."
Democratic backsliding causes extinction.
Kendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ It is rare that policymakers, analysts, and academics agree. But there is
AND
policy, but it would ensure that we are having the right conversation.
Plan: A just government ought to recognize a right for workers to strike.
Wage stagnant now – empirical studies prove labor market power overwhelms competition
Naidu et al., 4-6-2018 (Suresh Naidu is associate professor of economics and public affairs at Columbia University, and a contributor to the CORE project www.core-econ.org. Eric Posner is a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Glen Weyl is a principal researcher at Microsoft Research New England, a visiting senior research scholar at Yale's economics department and law school, More and more companies have monopoly power over workers’ wages. That’s killing the economy, Vox, https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/4/6/17204808/wages-employers-workers-monopsony-growth-stagnation-inequality) – RK Unions and regulation once kept employers’ labor market power in check While employers have taken
AND
time and that this concentration is associated with lower wages across labor markets.
Collective Bargaining is key to reducing income inequality and wages. The link is reversal causal.
their income, while those in the bottom 20 percent spend 99 percent.
Higher wages boost economic growth- research consensus- multiple reasons
Wolfers 15 (Justin is professor of economics and professor of public policy at University of Michigan. "Higher Wages for Low-Income Workers Lead to Higher Productivity." January 13, 2015. Peterson Institute for International Economics. https://piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/higher-wages-low-income-workers-lead-higher-productivity) Economists have long argued that increases in worker pay can lead to improvements in productivity
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this point, showing that productive cashiers motivate their coworkers to work faster.
Slow economic growth erodes international institutions – causes conflict
Haass 17 — Richard Haass (Ph.D. and M.A. from Oxford University, B.A. from Oberlin College, president of the Council on Foreign Relations, former vice president and director of foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution, the Sol M. Linowitz visiting professor of international studies at Hamilton College, a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a lecturer in public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, research associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and State Department aide; Project Syndicate),"A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017, (Print) - MZhu A large portion of the burden of creating and maintaining order at the regional or
AND
than what it is doing and, more important, not doing.4
inferiority and as a sort of license for their own abuses of power."
Teacher union legitimacy is key to strengthen democracy – multiple internal links.
Khalenberg 16 Kahlenberg, — Richard D. "How Defunding Public Sector Unions Will Diminish Our Democracy." The Century Foundation, 5 Oct. 2016, tcf.org/content/report/how-defunding-public-sector-unions-will-diminish-our-democracy/?session=1. ~Richard D. Kahlenberg is director of K–12 equity and senior fellow at The Century Foundation. The author or editor of seventeen books, he has expertise in education, civil rights, and equal opportunity. Kahlenberg has been called "the intellectual father of the economic integration movement" in K–12 schooling and "arguably the nation’s chief proponent of class-based affirmative action in higher education admissions." He is also an authority on teachers’ unions, private school vouchers, charter schools, community colleges, housing segregation, and labor organizing.~dhsNJ Check government power Unions increase middle class which prevents wealthy from controlling politicians
AND
democracy in action, underlining the lessons found in the civics books."45
US democracy is the greatest international stabilizer—-the alternative is global conflict which leads to extinction
Yulis 17 (Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/) Over the past decade, international headlines have been bombarded with stories about the unraveling
AND
lived trend, or a more ominous warning for the world at large.
The alternative to democracy is violent civil wars, ethnic cleansing, and genocide—-the best research confirms
Cortright 13, David Cortright is the director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, Chair of the Board of Directors of the Fourth Freedom Forum, and author of 17 books, Kristen Wall is a Researcher and Analyst at the Kroc Institute, Conor Seyle is Associate Director of One Earth Future, Governance, Democracy, and Peace How State Capacity and Regime Type Influence the Prospects of War and Peace, http://oneearthfuture.org/sites/oneearthfuture.org/files//documents/publications/Cortright-Seyle-Wall-Paper.pdf The classic statement of Kantian peace theory applies to interstate conflict and focuses on dyadic
AND
cosmopolitanism and trade— "another trifecta" for liberal peace theory.99
1AC - Solvency
Thus, the plan Resolved: A just United States ought to recognize teachers’ unconditional right to strike. To clarify, to be just, the US ought to follow the plan. Enforcement through the court of law, and ought is defined as a moral obligation. Ask about topicality violations in CX or assume I-meet on shells to best preserve substantive debate
Shanker 73’ ~SHANKER, ALBERT L. "Why Teachers Need the Right to Strike." Monthly Labor Review, vol. 96, no. 9, 1973, pp. 48–51. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41839103. Accessed 21 June 2021.~ INSTEAD of talking about alternatives to strikes, we ought to be talking about trying
AND
legislatures have found it possible to create mecha-nisms for collective bargaining.
Empirics confirm right to strike improves teacher union legitimacy
DiSalvo, Daniel, and Michael Hartney. "Teachers Unions in the Post-Janus World." Education Next, 2 Sept. 2020, www.educationnext.org/teachers-unions-post-janus-world-defying-predictions-still-hold-major-clout/~ Daniel Disalvo Professor and Chair of Political Science at the City College of New York Michael Hartney
AND
donate blood plasma to pay the bills. I’m a teacher in America!"
inferiority and as a sort of license for their own abuses of power."
Teacher union legitimacy is key to strengthen democracy – multiple internal links.
Khalenberg 16 Kahlenberg, — Richard D. "How Defunding Public Sector Unions Will Diminish Our Democracy." The Century Foundation, 5 Oct. 2016, tcf.org/content/report/how-defunding-public-sector-unions-will-diminish-our-democracy/?session=1. ~Richard D. Kahlenberg is director of K–12 equity and senior fellow at The Century Foundation. The author or editor of seventeen books, he has expertise in education, civil rights, and equal opportunity. Kahlenberg has been called "the intellectual father of the economic integration movement" in K–12 schooling and "arguably the nation’s chief proponent of class-based affirmative action in higher education admissions." He is also an authority on teachers’ unions, private school vouchers, charter schools, community colleges, housing segregation, and labor organizing.~dhsNJ Check government power Unions increase middle class which prevents wealthy from controlling politicians
AND
democracy in action, underlining the lessons found in the civics books."45
US democracy is the greatest international stabilizer—-the alternative is global conflict which leads to extinction
Yulis 17 (Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/) Over the past decade, international headlines have been bombarded with stories about the unraveling
AND
lived trend, or a more ominous warning for the world at large.
1AC - Solvency
Thus, the plan Resolved: A just United States ought to recognize teachers’ unconditional right to strike. To clarify, to be just, the US ought to follow the plan. Enforcement through the court of law, and ought is defined as a moral obligation. Ask about topicality violations in CX or assume I-meet on shells to best preserve substantive debate
Shanker 73’ ~SHANKER, ALBERT L. "Why Teachers Need the Right to Strike." Monthly Labor Review, vol. 96, no. 9, 1973, pp. 48–51. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41839103. Accessed 21 June 2021.~ INSTEAD of talking about alternatives to strikes, we ought to be talking about trying
AND
legislatures have found it possible to create mecha-nisms for collective bargaining.
Empirics confirm right to strike improves teacher union legitimacy
DiSalvo, Daniel, and Michael Hartney. "Teachers Unions in the Post-Janus World." Education Next, 2 Sept. 2020, www.educationnext.org/teachers-unions-post-janus-world-defying-predictions-still-hold-major-clout/~ Daniel Disalvo Professor and Chair of Political Science at the City College of New York Michael Hartney
AND
donate blood plasma to pay the bills. I’m a teacher in America!"
inferiority and as a sort of license for their own abuses of power."
Teacher union legitimacy is key to strengthen democracy – multiple internal links.
Khalenberg 16 Kahlenberg, — Richard D. "How Defunding Public Sector Unions Will Diminish Our Democracy." The Century Foundation, 5 Oct. 2016, tcf.org/content/report/how-defunding-public-sector-unions-will-diminish-our-democracy/?session=1. ~Richard D. Kahlenberg is director of K–12 equity and senior fellow at The Century Foundation. The author or editor of seventeen books, he has expertise in education, civil rights, and equal opportunity. Kahlenberg has been called "the intellectual father of the economic integration movement" in K–12 schooling and "arguably the nation’s chief proponent of class-based affirmative action in higher education admissions." He is also an authority on teachers’ unions, private school vouchers, charter schools, community colleges, housing segregation, and labor organizing.~dhsNJ Check government power Unions increase middle class which prevents wealthy from controlling politicians
AND
democracy in action, underlining the lessons found in the civics books."45
US democracy is the greatest international stabilizer—-the alternative is global conflict which leads to extinction
Yulis 17 (Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/) Over the past decade, international headlines have been bombarded with stories about the unraveling
AND
lived trend, or a more ominous warning for the world at large.
The alternative to democracy is violent civil wars, ethnic cleansing, and genocide—-the best research confirms
Cortright 13, David Cortright is the director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, Chair of the Board of Directors of the Fourth Freedom Forum, and author of 17 books, Kristen Wall is a Researcher and Analyst at the Kroc Institute, Conor Seyle is Associate Director of One Earth Future, Governance, Democracy, and Peace How State Capacity and Regime Type Influence the Prospects of War and Peace, http://oneearthfuture.org/sites/oneearthfuture.org/files//documents/publications/Cortright-Seyle-Wall-Paper.pdf The classic statement of Kantian peace theory applies to interstate conflict and focuses on dyadic
AND
cosmopolitanism and trade— "another trifecta" for liberal peace theory.99
And, democracies are not a monolithic system—some democracies are problematic, but ones with more accountability and civic engagement are less likely to engage in regional warfare, have armed conflict, etc.
Cortright 13 ~David Cortright, American Scholar and peace activist, director of policy studies at the Kroc Institute for international peace studies at the university of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom forum, "How State Capacity and Regime Type Influence the prospects for war and peace, https://oefresearch.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/Cortright-Seyle-Wall-Paper.pdf ~ JJ A recurring trend runs through nearly all of the empirical studies on the democratic peace
AND
conflict and are part of the process through which good governance promotes peace.
1AC - Solvency
Thus, the plan Resolved: A just United States ought to recognize teachers’ unconditional right to strike. To clarify, to be just, the US ought to follow the plan. Enforcement through the court of law, and ought is defined as a moral obligation. Ask about topicality violations in CX or assume I-meet on shells to best preserve substantive debate
Shanker 73’ ~SHANKER, ALBERT L. "Why Teachers Need the Right to Strike." Monthly Labor Review, vol. 96, no. 9, 1973, pp. 48–51. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41839103. Accessed 21 June 2021.~ INSTEAD of talking about alternatives to strikes, we ought to be talking about trying
AND
legislatures have found it possible to create mecha-nisms for collective bargaining.
Empirics confirm right to strike improves teacher union legitimacy
DiSalvo, Daniel, and Michael Hartney. "Teachers Unions in the Post-Janus World." Education Next, 2 Sept. 2020, www.educationnext.org/teachers-unions-post-janus-world-defying-predictions-still-hold-major-clout/~ Daniel Disalvo Professor and Chair of Political Science at the City College of New York Michael Hartney
AND
donate blood plasma to pay the bills. I’m a teacher in America!"
Strikes spill-over to broader support of the labor movement and unions – every strike encourages more strikes
Hertel-Fernandez et al. 20 ~Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, associate professor of public affairs at Columbia University, where he studies American political economy, with a focus on the politics of business, labor, wealthy donors, and policy, Suresh Naidu, professor of economics and public affairs at Columbia University, where he researches economic effects of political transitions, the economic history of slavery and labor institutions, international migration, and economic applications of naturallanguage processing, and Adam Reich, associate professor of sociology at Columbia University, where he studies economic and cultural sociology, especially how people make sense of their economic activities and economic positions within organizations, 2020, "Schooled by Strikes? The Effects of Large-Scale Labor Unrest on Mass Attitudes toward the Labor Movement," American Political Science Association, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001279~~/ Strikes and Labor Power in an Era of Union Decline We examined the political consequences
AND
suggests that the strike must be a central strategy of the labor movement.
Civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.
McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ Justin Labor organizer Helen Marot once observed, "The labor unions are group efforts in
AND
a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process."
Democracies are not a monolithic system—even if some democracies are problematic, ones with more accountability and civic engagement are less likely to engage in regional warfare, have armed conflict, etc.
Cortright 13 ~David Cortright, American Scholar and peace activist, director of policy studies at the Kroc Institute for international peace studies at the university of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom forum, "How State Capacity and Regime Type Influence the prospects for war and peace, https://oefresearch.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/Cortright-Seyle-Wall-Paper.pdf ~ JJ A recurring trend runs through nearly all of the empirical studies on the democratic peace
AND
conflict and are part of the process through which good governance promotes peace.
Civic engagement via strikes is key to comprehensive climate action globally.
Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893'Climate'activism'and'its'effects~~ Justin As coordinated school strikes have taken place around the world to draw attention to the
AND
large, most of these strikes involve relatively small proportions of overall populations.
Warming causes mass death
Specktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The current climate crisis, they say, is larger and more complex than any
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and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it."
Contention 2: Income Inequality
Wage stagnant now – empirical studies prove labor market power overwhelms competition
Naidu et al., 4-6-2018 (Suresh Naidu is associate professor of economics and public affairs at Columbia University, and a contributor to the CORE project www.core-econ.org. Eric Posner is a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Glen Weyl is a principal researcher at Microsoft Research New England, a visiting senior research scholar at Yale's economics department and law school, More and more companies have monopoly power over workers’ wages. That’s killing the economy, Vox, https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/4/6/17204808/wages-employers-workers-monopsony-growth-stagnation-inequality) – RK Unions and regulation once kept employers’ labor market power in check While employers have taken
AND
time and that this concentration is associated with lower wages across labor markets.
Collective Bargaining is key to reducing income inequality and wages. The link is reversal causal.
, while those in the bottom 20 percent spend 99 percent.
12/4/21
ND - Lay AC v2
Tournament: Ridge Debates | Round: 1 | Opponent: CR North KL | Judge: James Grey
1AC
Framing
I affirm resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
I have ONE observation about the resolution:
The word UNCONDITIONAL means the removal of restrictions that directly limit striking. In other words, strikes that break a law separate from striking, for example, security from violence or protections for property, wouldn’t be recognized. Instead, the affirmative ONLY removes ALL of the restrictions for the actual right to strike. NLRB 85 ~National Labor Relations Board; "Legislative History of the Labor Management
AND
health and welfare of our people in order to attain a selfish end.
I value morality because the resolution asks us to consider what a government ought to do, making it a question of moral obligation.
The value criterion is utilitarianism.
Prefer utilitarianism:
1~ The only facts that have stood the test of time are that pleasure is good and pain is bad, so err heavily on the side of intuition: our biological programming has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to avoid pain, meaning that we should be concerned with avoiding it
2~ Actor specificity – governments have to aggregate since collective actions necessarily benefit some people while hurting others either due to resource tradeoffs or scope of effect, deontic side constraints freeze action.
Goodin ’90 Robert Goodin , Fellow in Philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, the contemporary viability of utilitarian political philosophy, 1990, p. 141-2 ~PHS-CB~ Consider, first, the argument from necessity. Public officials are obliged to make
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.
Even if they win their framework is more theoretically true, the only one that the government can use is mine
3~ Death is the worst possible impact under util because it causes a lot of pain and prevents ability for gaining future pleasure. As such, extinction is the most important impact because it also prevents future generations and causes irreversible damage, and it should outweigh under any framework.
Contention 1: Democracy
Strikes spill-over to broader support of the labor movement and unions – every strike encourages more strikes
Hertel-Fernandez et al. 20 ~Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, associate professor of public affairs at Columbia University, where he studies American political economy, with a focus on the politics of business, labor, wealthy donors, and policy, Suresh Naidu, professor of economics and public affairs at Columbia University, where he researches economic effects of political transitions, the economic history of slavery and labor institutions, international migration, and economic applications of naturallanguage processing, and Adam Reich, associate professor of sociology at Columbia University, where he studies economic and cultural sociology, especially how people make sense of their economic activities and economic positions within organizations, 2020, "Schooled by Strikes? The Effects of Large-Scale Labor Unrest on Mass Attitudes toward the Labor Movement," American Political Science Association, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001279~~/ Strikes and Labor Power in an Era of Union Decline We examined the political consequences
AND
suggests that the strike must be a central strategy of the labor movement.
Civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.
McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ Justin Labor organizer Helen Marot once observed, "The labor unions are group efforts in
AND
a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process."
Democracies are not a monolithic system—even if some democracies are problematic, ones with more accountability and civic engagement are less likely to engage in regional warfare, have armed conflict, etc.
Cortright 13 ~David Cortright, American Scholar and peace activist, director of policy studies at the Kroc Institute for international peace studies at the university of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom forum, "How State Capacity and Regime Type Influence the prospects for war and peace, https://oefresearch.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/Cortright-Seyle-Wall-Paper.pdf ~ JJ A recurring trend runs through nearly all of the empirical studies on the democratic peace
AND
conflict and are part of the process through which good governance promotes peace.
Civic engagement via strikes is key to comprehensive climate action globally.
Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893'Climate'activism'and'its'effects~~ Justin As coordinated school strikes have taken place around the world to draw attention to the
AND
large, most of these strikes involve relatively small proportions of overall populations.
first century and propagate into the future for many thousands of years."
Contention 2: Income Inequality
Wage stagnant now – empirical studies prove labor market power overwhelms competition
Naidu et al., 4-6-2018 (Suresh Naidu is associate professor of economics and public affairs at Columbia University, and a contributor to the CORE project www.core-econ.org. Eric Posner is a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Glen Weyl is a principal researcher at Microsoft Research New England, a visiting senior research scholar at Yale's economics department and law school, More and more companies have monopoly power over workers’ wages. That’s killing the economy, Vox, https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/4/6/17204808/wages-employers-workers-monopsony-growth-stagnation-inequality) – RK Unions and regulation once kept employers’ labor market power in check While employers have taken
AND
time and that this concentration is associated with lower wages across labor markets.
Collective Bargaining is key to reducing income inequality and wages. The link is reversal causal.
factor driving a wedge between middle- and high-wage workers.17
Contention 3: An Unconditional Right to Strike is Key
Limits on the right to strike impede its effectiveness.
Reddy, 21 Diana S. Reddy (Doctoral Fellow at the Law, Economics, and Politics Center at UC Berkeley Law). "‘There Is No Such Thing as an Illegal Strike’: Reconceptualizing the Strike in Law and Political Economy." Yale Law Journal. 6 January 2021. JDN. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy. The National Labor Relations Board—the institution charged with enforcing the policies of the Act—summarizes these "qualifications and limitations" on the right to strike on its website in the following way: The lawfulness of a strike may depend on the object, or purpose, of the strike, on its timing, or on the conduct of the strikers. The object, or objects, of a strike and whether the objects are lawful ~is~ are matters that are not always easy to determine. Such issues often have to be decided by the National Labor Relations Board. The consequences can be severe to striking employees and struck employers, involving as they do questions of reinstatement and backpay.93 The "right" to strike, it seems, is filled with uncertainty and peril. Collectively, ~and~ these rules prohibit many of the strikes which helped build the labor movement~.~ in its current form. Ahmed White accordingly argues that law prohibits effective strikes, strikes which could actually change employer behavior: "Their inherent affronts to property and public order place them well beyond the purview of what could ever constitute a viable legal right in liberal society; and they have been treated accordingly by courts, Congress, and other elite authorities."94
Restrictions on the right to strike have reduced it to meaninglessness.
Pope et al, 17 James Gray Pope (Professor of Law and Sidney Reitman Scholar at Rutgers University), Ed Bruno (former director of the United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers of America, and past southern director for the National Nurses Union), and Peter Kellman (past president of the Southern Maine Labor Council and is currently working with the Movement Building/Education Committee of the Maine AFL-CIO). "The Right to Strike." Boston Review, Spring 2017. JDN. https://bostonreview.net/forum/james-gray-pope-ed-bruno-peter-kellman-right-strike. But prospects are not as grim as they appear. Over the past decade,
AND
to be engaging in an illegal secondary strike. ~5:30~
Didn’t read
Reducing income inequality is key to recover from the current recession and prevent future ones.
short. In many ways, human consciousness became infectious diseases’ worthiest adversary.
11/13/21
NOTE - Scarsdale R5
Tournament: Virtual Scarsdale Invitational Scarvite | Round: 5 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll | Judge: Christopher Pascall Sorry about this one! I lost the doc and am not sure what args I read but in the meantime, I used some of the democracy cards (Democracy v1) and some econ cards. Not sure which ones exactly but I'll disclose the econ cards I have for now and update it if I find the doc.
11/14/21
SO - CP - Indigenous PIC
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Octas | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: David Herrera, Abby Morris, Ben Waldman
Idea of property ownership is entrenched in colonialism—the settler uses property law to create and maintain racial hierarchies to justify exploitation of natives and slaves. Bhandar 18 Brenna; Colonial Lives of Property (Law, Land, and Racial Regimes of Ownership); 2018 Duke University Press
Being an owner and having the capacity to appropriate have long
AND
worked in conjunction to produce laws of property and racial subjects.
11/13/21
SO - LARP - Evergreening
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Montville RP | Judge: Alex Rivera
1AC: Innovation
Advantage 1 is Innovation
We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration.
Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Drug companies have brought great innovations to market. Society rewards innovation with patents,
AND
look for new things, not to recycle existing drugs for minimal benefit.
The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopolies
Arnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer In 2011, Elsa Dixler was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. That August, she
AND
billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs."
Specifically, prevents effective cancer treatment via skyrocketing prices.
Kantarjian 15 ~Hagop Kantarjian, M.D., is the Chair of the Leukemia department at MD Anderson Cancer Center. March 16, 2015. "Why Are Cancer Drugs So Expensive in the United States, and What Are the Solutions?". https://www.mayoc linicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(15)00101-9/fulltext~#20~ Dhruv Is there a clear trigger for the recent skyrocketing of cancer drug prices? Influenced
AND
lobbying spending of the defense, aerospace, and gas and oil companies.
Contagious Cancer is a major and legitimate threat AND causes extinction.
to leap to another body. Otherwise, contagious cancer would be everywhere.
Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe’s key.
Sobti 19 ~Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv The United Nations has called antimicrobial resistance a "global crisis."
AND
generations to come and secure the future from drug-resistant diseases."
Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply.
Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer It is by now no secret that the human species is locked in a race of its own making
AND
A flu-like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3
Pharma spills-over – has cascading global impacts that are necessary for human survival.
NAS 8 National Academy of Sciences 12-3-2008 "The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America's Future Summary of a Workshop" Re-cut by Elmer Fostering Industries to Counter Global Problems The life sciences have applications in areas
AND
biological processes at work in the oceans can humans live sustainably on earth.
Expanding breadth of Pharma Innovation into neglected diseases results in global linkages that revitalizes global health diplomacy.
Hotez 16, Peter J. Blue marble health: an innovative plan to fight diseases of the poor amid wealth. JHU Press, 2016. (Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology)Elmer We also need to better understand how these NTDs are actually transmitted
AND
including Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, and Niger, as well as Nigeria.
Solves hotspot escalation
Nang and Martin 17, Roberto N., and Keith Martin. "Global health diplomacy: A new strategic defense pillar." Military medicine 182.1-2 (2017): 1456-1460. (MC, Global Health Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)Elmer INTRODUCTION: FORCE IF NECESSARY BUT NOT NECESSARILY FORCE The world appears unhinged.
AND
United States has the ability and authority to do so in the national and international interest.
1AC: Plan
Plan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent protection.
The Plan solves Evergreening.
Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer I believe that one period of protection should be enough. We should make
AND
right now, the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great.
Reforming the Patent Process would lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market.
Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting "evergreening" for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer At issue in the Indian case was "evergreening," a now widespread practice
AND
but to invest more in innovative drug development to maintain their profits.
9/18/21
SO - LARP - Evergreening v2
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Scarsdale OL | Judge: David Herrera 1AC: Innovation Advantage 1 is Innovation We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration. Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Drug companies have brought great innovations to market. Society rewards innovation with patents,
AND
look for new things, not to recycle existing drugs for minimal benefit.
The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopolies Arnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer In 2011, Elsa Dixler was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. That August, she
AND
billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs."
Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe’s key. Sobti 19 Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv The United Nations has called antimicrobial resistance a "global crisis."
AND
generations to come and secure the future from drug-resistant diseases."
Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply. Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer It is by now no secret that the human species is locked in a race of its own making
AND
A flu-like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3
Expanding breadth of Pharma Innovation into neglected diseases results in global linkages that revitalizes global health diplomacy. Hotez 16, Peter J. Blue marble health: an innovative plan to fight diseases of the poor amid wealth. JHU Press, 2016. (Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology)Elmer We also need to better understand how these NTDs are actually transmitted
AND
including Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, and Niger, as well as Nigeria.
Solves hotspot escalation Nang and Martin 17, Roberto N., and Keith Martin. "Global health diplomacy: A new strategic defense pillar." Military medicine 182.1-2 (2017): 1456-1460. (MC, Global Health Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)Elmer INTRODUCTION: FORCE IF NECESSARY BUT NOT NECESSARILY FORCE The world appears unhinged.
AND
United States has the ability and authority to do so in the national and international interest.
1AC: Plan Plan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent protection. The Plan solves Evergreening. Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer I believe that one period of protection should be enough. We should make
AND
right now, the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great.
Reforming the Patent Process would lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market. Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting "evergreening" for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer At issue in the Indian case was "evergreening," a now widespread practice
AND
but to invest more in innovative drug development to maintain their profits.
10/1/21
SO - LARP - Evergreening v3
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Allison Aldridge 1AC: Innovation Advantage 1 is Innovation We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration. Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Drug companies have brought great innovations to market. Society rewards innovation with patents,
AND
look for new things, not to recycle existing drugs for minimal benefit.
The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopolies Arnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer In 2011, Elsa Dixler was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. That August, she
AND
billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs."
Specifically, prevents effective cancer treatment via skyrocketing prices. Kantarjian 15 Hagop Kantarjian, M.D., is the Chair of the Leukemia department at MD Anderson Cancer Center. March 16, 2015. "Why Are Cancer Drugs So Expensive in the United States, and What Are the Solutions?". https://www.mayoc linicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(15)00101-9/fulltext#20 Dhruv Is there a clear trigger for the recent skyrocketing of cancer drug prices? Influenced
AND
lobbying spending of the defense, aerospace, and gas and oil companies.
Contagious Cancer is a major and legitimate threat AND causes extinction. Johnson 16 George Johnson 2-23-2016 "Scientists Ponder the Prospect of Contagious Cancer" https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/science/scientists-ponder-the-prospect-of-contagious-cancer.html?mcubz=0 (columnist and science journalist for the New York Times, M.A. in Journalism and Public Affairs, American University)Elmer For all its peculiar horror, cancer comes with a saving grace. If nothing
AND
to leap to another body. Otherwise, contagious cancer would be everywhere.
Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe’s key. Sobti 19 Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv The United Nations has called antimicrobial resistance a "global crisis."
AND
generations to come and secure the future from drug-resistant diseases."
Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply. Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer It is by now no secret that the human species is locked in a race of its own making
AND
A flu-like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3
Pharma spills-over – has cascading global impacts that are necessary for human survival. NAS 8 National Academy of Sciences 12-3-2008 "The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America's Future Summary of a Workshop" Re-cut by Elmer Fostering Industries to Counter Global Problems The life sciences have applications in areas
AND
biological processes at work in the oceans can humans live sustainably on earth.
1AC: Plan Plan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent protection. The Plan solves Evergreening. Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer I believe that one period of protection should be enough. We should make
AND
right now, the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great.
Reforming the Patent Process would lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market. Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting "evergreening" for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer At issue in the Indian case was "evergreening," a now widespread practice
AND
but to invest more in innovative drug development to maintain their profits.
10/1/21
SO - LARP - Evergreening v4
Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Triples | Opponent: Holy Trinity Episcopal BL | Judge: Ben Waldman, David Herrera, Bennett Fees 1AC: Innovation Advantage 1 is Innovation We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration. Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Drug companies have brought great innovations to market. Society rewards innovation with patents,
AND
look for new things, not to recycle existing drugs for minimal benefit.
The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopolies Arnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer In 2011, Elsa Dixler was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. That August, she
AND
billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs."
Specifically, prevents effective cancer treatment via skyrocketing prices. Kantarjian 15 Hagop Kantarjian, M.D., is the Chair of the Leukemia department at MD Anderson Cancer Center. March 16, 2015. "Why Are Cancer Drugs So Expensive in the United States, and What Are the Solutions?". https://www.mayoc linicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(15)00101-9/fulltext#20 Dhruv Is there a clear trigger for the recent skyrocketing of cancer drug prices? Influenced
AND
lobbying spending of the defense, aerospace, and gas and oil companies.
Contagious Cancer is a major and legitimate threat AND causes extinction. Johnson 16 George Johnson 2-23-2016 "Scientists Ponder the Prospect of Contagious Cancer" https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/science/scientists-ponder-the-prospect-of-contagious-cancer.html?mcubz=0 (columnist and science journalist for the New York Times, M.A. in Journalism and Public Affairs, American University)Elmer For all its peculiar horror, cancer comes with a saving grace. If nothing
AND
to leap to another body. Otherwise, contagious cancer would be everywhere.
Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe’s key. Sobti 19 Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv The United Nations has called antimicrobial resistance a "global crisis."
AND
generations to come and secure the future from drug-resistant diseases."
Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply. Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer It is by now no secret that the human species is locked in a race of its own making
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A flu-like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3
1AC: Plan Plan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent protection. The Plan solves Evergreening. Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer I believe that one period of protection should be enough. We should make
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right now, the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great.
Reforming the Patent Process would lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market. Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting "evergreening" for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer At issue in the Indian case was "evergreening," a now widespread practice
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but to invest more in innovative drug development to maintain their profits.