1AC - Kant RR 1NC - Util NC Infra DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - RVI 2AR - RVI
Grapevine
4
Opponent: James Logan SD | Judge: Delon Fuller
1AC - HIV AIDS 1NC - Risk Calculus NC Evergreening CP Innovation DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - CP DA Case 2AR - Case
Grapevine
Triples
Opponent: Strake DA | Judge: Holden
1AC - Kant 1NC - Climate Patents DA Util NC Case 1AR - AFC Must read a CP All 2NR - DA Case Shells 2AR - Case
Loyola
1
Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Ahuja
1AC - Biopiracy 1NC - Spec Reductions WHO CP Organic Materials CP InfraPolitics DA 1AR - All Condo 2NR - Spec Condo 2AR - Spec
Loyola
3
Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Zac Clough
1AC - Cap 1NC - Orphan Drugs PIC - InfraPolitics DA - Case 1AR - Condo Bad - PICs Bad - All 2NR - InfraPolitics DA - Case 2AR - All
Loyola
6
Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Gordo
1AC - Prag Evergreening 1NC - Consult WHO CP Util NC Case 1AR - AFC - Consult CPs Bad - Alt Actor Fiat Bad - Condo Bad - Prag FW - ADV - NC - CP 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Loyola
Triples
Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Russell, Larson, Castillo
1AC Genomics 1NC T-Medicine - Consult WHO - Case 1AR - Condo - Consult CP's Bad - T - CP - Case 2NR - T 2AR - Condo - T
Loyola
Doubles
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Das, Hunter, Dua
1AC - Dope 1NC - T-Reduce T-Medicine T-Vagueness Innovation DA Case 1AR - T-Medicine T-Reduce T-Vagueness Case DA 2NR - T 2AR - T
Peninsula
3
Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sam Larson
1AC - Storytelling 1NC - New Affs Bad T-FW Case 1AR - All 2NR - New Affs Bad 2AR - Case
UPS
3
Opponent: Interlake DB | Judge: Harris
1AC- LEO 1NC- Plans Bad - Liability CP - Xi DA 1AR - All 2NR - DA Case 2AR - Case DA
UPS
1
Opponent: forgot | Judge: Lei
1AC - Global Commons 1NC - Xi DA Hypersonics DA Case
UT
2
Opponent: Coppell VA | Judge: Alexander Yoakum
1AC - Whole Res 1NC - Util NC CP US CP Air Traffic CP UBI Air Traffic Control Strikes DA
x
1
Opponent: x | Judge: x
contact
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
00 -- Contact
Tournament: x | Round: 1 | Opponent: x | Judge: x FB - Jay Namdhari
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 3 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sam Larson Our Interpretation is the affirmative should only garner offense from the hypothetical implementation of the resolution – hold the line, CX and the 1AC prove there’s no I-meet – anything new in the 1AR is either extra-T since it includes the non-topical parts of the Aff or effects-T since it’s a future result of the advocacy which both link to our offense. Private Entities are non-government run. Brock and Reeves 20 , 12-30-2021, "Private Sector Definition," Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/private-sector.asp The private sector is the part of the economy that is run by individuals and companies for profit and is not state controlled. Therefore, it encompasses all for-profit businesses that are not owned or operated by the government. Companies and corporations that are government run are part of what is known as the public sector, while charities and other nonprofit organizations are part of the voluntary sector. outer space consists of regions outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies Tanabe 19 (Rosie, updater and writer at NWE) “Outer space,” New World Encyclopedia, 1/8/2019 JL Outer space (often called space) consists of the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace and terrestrial locations. There is no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, as the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases.
Reject re-define args 1 obviously doesn’t solve any of our offense 2 multiple definitions means they will always find one that includes their aff 3 context is important they obviously don’t meet the core of the topic lit 2 Standards to Prefer: First - Fairness – radically re-contextualizing the resolution lets them defend any method tangentially related to the topic exploding Limits, which erases neg ground via perms and renders research burdens untenable by eviscerating predictable limits. Procedural questions come first – debate is a game and it makes no sense to skew a competitive activity as it requires effective negation which incentivizes argument refinement, but skewed burdens deck pedagogical engagement. Second - Clash – picking any grounds for debate precludes the only common point of engagement, which obviates preround research and incentivizes retreat from controversy by eliminating any effective clash. Only the process of negation distinguishes debate and discussion by necessitating iterative testing and effective engagement, but an absence of constant refinement dooms revolutionary potential. TVA –read a whole res aff with adv about strikes being key to socialist organization TVA is terminal defense – proves our models aren’t mutually exclusive - any response to the substance of the TVA is offense for us because it proves our model allows for clear contestation. Form over Content doesn’t take it out since we don’t restrict Form, just the substantive burden of the Aff. Prefer Competing Interpretations – reasonability is arbitrary and causes a race to the bottom. This means reject Aff Impact Turns predicated on their theory since we weren’t able to adequately prepare for it. T is DTD – controls evaluation of their arguments
1/23/22
JF -- T -- Plans Bad
Tournament: UPS | Round: 3 | Opponent: Interlake DB | Judge: Harris Interpretation: The aff may not defend that the appropriation of a specific subset of outer space is unjust. Violation: They spec Low Earth Orbit. Standards: 1 Limits and ground – their model allows affs to defend anything from teachers to doctors to the police— there's no universal DA since each has different functions and implications — that explodes prep and leads to random worker of the week affs which makes neg prep impossible. 2 TVA solves – 1 you can spec anything you want just not a specific part of space. You still get a litany of country and actor affs. Fairness – debate is a competitive activity that requires fairness for objective evaluation. Outweighs – it constrains your ability to evaluate the rest of the flow because they require fair evaluation. Drop the debater – to deter future abuse and set better norms for debate. Competing interps – reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention but we creates a race to the top where we create the best norms for debate. No RVIs – a illogical, you don’t win for proving that you meet the burden of being fair, logic outweighs since it’s a prerequisite for evaluating any other argument, b RVIs incentivize baiting theory and prepping it out which leads to maximally abusive practices 1AR theory is dta and reasonability – sandbagging o/w, irresolvable o/w RVI on 1AR theory – time skew o/w
1/7/22
JF -- Th -- New Affs Bad
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 3 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sam Larson Interpretation: Debaters must disclose affirmative frameworks and advocacy text thirty minutes before round if they haven’t read the affirmative before Violation: They didn’t – screenshots in doc Standards: 1 Clash- Not disclosing incentivizes surprise tactics and poorly refined positions that rely on artificial and vague negative engagement to win debates. Their interpretation limits the amount of time we have to prep and forces us to enter the debate with zero idea of what the affirmative is. Negatives are forced to rely on generics instead of smart contextual strategies destroying nuanced argumentation. 2 Shiftiness- Not knowing enough about the affirmative coming into round incentivizes 1ar shiftiness about what the aff is and what their framework/advocacy entails. That means even if we could read generics or find prep, they’d just find ways to recontextualize their obscure advocacy in the 1ar. 3 Testing: There are hundreds of potential aff positions, disclosure of the aff directs pre-round prep which ensures the debate is about the substance of the position as opposed to generics, which is key to nuanced clash and in depth debate. Their interpretation forces the negative to read frivolous theory or kritiks with overly broad points of disagreement with the aff.
Fairness and education are voters – debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and is the reason why schools fund debate Drop the debater—the abuse has already occurred and my time allocation which leads to severance in the 1ar which ow/s on magnitude b) to deter future abuse, big punishment incentivizes people to stop bad practices Competing interps – a reasonability is arbitrary and encourages judge intervention since there’s no clear norm b it creates a race to the top where we create the best possible norms for debate. No RVIs because its illogical – you wouldn’t win chess for playing properly – Prefer logic for it’s a litmus test for other arguments
1/23/22
ND -- CP -- Air Traffic
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell VA | Judge: Alexander Yoakum CP Text: Just governments should recognize the right of workers to strike except for Air Traffic Control workers.
12/4/21
ND -- CP -- UBI
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell VA | Judge: Alexander Yoakum Text: The 50 states and all relevant territories ought to establish a universal basic income at $1,000 a month to all legal adults - We defend a UBI Financed by the federal reserve - We do not fiat reducing established welfare programs
Boosts GDP, labor force participation, prices, and wages. Michalis Nikiforos, Marshall Steinbaum, and Gennaro Zezza 17, Michalis Nikiforos is a research scholar working in the State of the US and World Economies program, Marshall Steinbaum is Research Director and a Fellow at the Roosevelt Institute, Gennaro Zezza is an associate professor of economics at the University of Cassino, Italy, 8-29-2017, "Modeling the Macroeconomic Effects of a Universal Basic Income," Roosevelt Institute, http://rooseveltinstitute.org/modeling-macroeconomic-effects-ubi//HM
How would a massive federal spending program l AND in aggregate demand and therefore in the size of the economy.
12/4/21
ND -- CP -- US
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell VA | Judge: Alexander Yoakum CP Text: Just governments except for the US should recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
12/4/21
ND -- DA -- Air Traffic Strikes
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell VA | Judge: Alexander Yoakum Low Air Traffic Strikes now due to lack of Right to Strike – the plan reverses penalties. Youn 19 Soo Youn 1-22-2019 "Why TSA and FAA workers can't just go on strike to end the shutdown" https://abcnews.go.com/US/tsa-faa-workers-strike-end-shutdown/story?id=60540070 (Freelance Journalist)Elmer
All over Twitter and Facebook, citizen commentators AND chapter hears a lot. But as a union leader, he's well aware of the penalties.
Strong Airline Industry key to global trade and the economy – strikes obliterate these benefits. PWC 16, Pricewaterhouse Coopers. "Economic impact of air traffic control strikes in Europe." (2016). (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP)Elmer 2.2.1 The importance of connectivity The International Civil AND linkage directly into our economic modelling of the impact of ATC strikes.
Collapse of Trade causes Hotspot Escalation – goes Nuclear. Kampf 20 David Kampf 6-16-2020 “How COVID-19 Could Increase the Risk of War” https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/28843/how-covid-19-could-increase-the-risk-of-war (Senior PhD Fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies at The Fletcher School)Elmer But that overlooked the ways in which the AND declining around the world, major wars could soon return.
12/4/21
ND -- NC -- Util
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell VA | Judge: Alexander Yoakum The standard is maximizing expected well-being. – we will spec – Hedonistic act Utilitarianism Prefer: 1 Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses. Evolutionary knowledge is reliable – broad consensus and robust neuroscience prove. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also AND This hypothesis further supports the concept that disruptions along these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2 Lexical Prerequisite – suffering creates lifelong conditions and threats on life that preclude the ability of actors being able to engage in other ethical evaluations since they are in a constant state of crisis. 3 Actor specificity -- Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Link turns calc indites because the alt would be no action. 5 No intent-foresight distinction— If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.
Extinction first – 1 – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible 2 – Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities 3 – Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people 4 – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical 5 – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about it
Counterplan Text: Member states of the World Trade Organization ought to consult the World Health Organization on whether or not to reduce intellectual property protections on medicines to the point that discoverable biological elements are not patentable outside of their country of origin. The World Health Organization ought to publicly declare that their decision will represent their future decisions on all intellectual property protections on medicines.
The Plan’s unilateral action by the WTO on medical IP undermines WHO legitimacy – forcing a perception of WHO action against Patents is key to re-assert it – they say yes.
Rimmer 4, Matthew. "The race to patent the SARS virus: the TRIPS agreement and access to essential medicines." Melbourne Journal of International Law 5.2 (2004): 335-374. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/''data/assets/pdf'file/0007/1681117/Rimmer.pdf (BA (Hons), LLB (Hons) (Australian National University), PhD (New South Wales); Lecturer at ACIPA, the Faculty of Law, The Australian National University)SidK + Elmer The WHO has been instrumental in coordinating the international AND adaptable to cope with the appearance of new infectious diseases.234
WHO Cred key to Global Right to Health – medicine access is critical.
Note the Bottom Paragraph is at the bottom of the PDF – I put a paragraph break to indicate it as such – no words are missing. Bluestone 3, Ken. "Strengthening WHO's position should be a priority for the new Director-General." The Lancet 361.9351 (2003): 2. (Senior Policy Adviser, Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO))Elmer To meet these challenges, WHO must AND . Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch.
Right to Health solves Nationalist Populism.
Friedman 17 Eric Friedman March 2017 "New WHO Leader Will Need Human Rights to Counter Nationalistic Populism" https://www.hhrjournal.org/2017/03/new-who-leader-will-need-human-rights-to-counter-populism/ (JD, Project Leader of the Platform for a Framework Convention on Global Health at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at the Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, DC)Elmer The need for WHO leadership on human rights—and for global leadership AND even as we stand against its destruction. WHO, right to health, and FCGH leadership ought to be a core part of that endeavor.
Populism is an existential threat.
de Waal 16 Alex de Waal 12-5-2016 "Garrison America and the Threat of Global War" http://bostonreview.net/war-security-politics-global-justice/alex-de-waal-garrison-america-and-threat-global-war (Executive Director of the World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School at Tufts University)Elmer Polanyi recounts how economic and financial crisis led to global calamity. AND without having to suffer the catastrophic traumas of trying everything else first.
9/4/21
SO -- CP -- Evergreening
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Logan SD | Judge: Delon Fuller CP: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should implement a one-and-done approach for patent protection. That solves, it enables generics and access while maintaining incentives for innovation. Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer I believe that one period of protection should be enough. AND the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great.
Reforming the Patent Process would lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market. Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting “evergreening” for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer At issue in the Indian case was “evergreening,” a now widespread AND choice but to invest more in innovative drug development to maintain their profits.
Counterplan Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization will reduce intellectual property protections on organic materials.
9/4/21
SO -- CP -- Orphan Drugs
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Zac Clough Counterplan Text - Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines excluding orphan drugs. Orphan drug legislation is specifically key to stimulate research into rare diseases because the small number of patients would make the drug otherwise infeasible to manufacture. Horgan et. al 20 D, Moss B, Boccia S, Genuardi M, Gajewski M, Capurso G, Fenaux P, Gulbis B, Pellegrini M, Mañú Pereira M, M, Gutiérrez Valle V, Gutiérrez Ibarluzea I, Kent A, Cattaneo I, Jagielska B, Belina I, Tumiene B, Ward A, Papaluca M: Time for Change? The Why, What and How of Promoting Innovation to Tackle Rare Diseases – Is It Time to Update the EU’s Orphan Regulation? And if so, What Should be Changed? Biomed Hub 2020;5:1-11. doi: 10.1159/000509272 https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/509272#sid The European Union’s (EU) Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 on orphan medicinal products (OMPs) (referred to as “the regulation” in this paper) states that “patients suffering from rare conditions should be entitled to the same quality of treatment as other patients,” and concludes that “it is therefore necessary to stimulate the research, development and bringing to the market of appropriate medications by the pharmaceutical industry” 1. Rare diseases had already been identified as a priority area for Community action within the framework for action in the field of public health 2, and the regulation’s stated aim is – “to provide incentives for the research, development and placing on the market of designated orphan medicinal products.” It set up a mechanism to ensure that “orphan medicinal products eligible for incentives should be easily and unequivocally identified,” with the condition that “objective criteria for designation should be established” 3. The core incentive of the regulation is the granting of 10 years (+2 years for paediatric orphan medicines) of marketing exclusivity and a range of financial and scientific provisions granted via the European Medicines Agency to support product development and application for Marketing Authorisation. Nearly two decades later, the success of the measure has been demonstrated. Investment both from public research funders and from companies of all sizes in rare disease research has resulted in the approval of more than 150 orphan drugs – compared with just eight therapies for rare diseases available before the adoption of the regulation. That translates into a lot of patient benefit. With clinical research stimulated by the legislation, the EU sees some 2,000 clinical trials providing still more innovation or hope for treatments in the current RandD pipeline 4. But over the intervening years, the limitations in the functioning of the legislation have become apparent too, and these merit attention if the beneficial effects for patients and caregivers are to be maximised 5. This paper explores the successes and limitation of both the regulation and its implementation mechanisms in the current regulatory context, and suggests some improvements that could maximise its benefits and boost rare disease research even further. The discussion needs to be precise if it is to be effective. Review of the functioning of the regulation may coincide with a period of more intense scrutiny and concerns over containing the rise of expenditure to ensure sustainability of healthcare systems, with a particular focus on expensive innovation which are often developed within the orphan conditions. While there is undoubted importance in the wider but distinct debate over healthcare costs, it does not bear directly on reviewing the orphan medicines regulation 6. At the same time, economic questions do, however, have relevance to the debate on orphans, since patients’ access to the medicines that become available is conditioned by the national arrangements for reimbursement or listing of products: there is an increasing tension between the potential access to agents that can modify or even cure rare diseases, and the models for reimbursement available to European payers. Part of this hesitancy can be ascribed to the novelty of the challenges presented by many innovative treatments, which by their nature present unknowns to payers. Clearly, there is also a need to deal with uncertainty with regard to value demonstration, especially when value or values are perceived not to be sufficiently demonstrated. The risk is that such powerful economic reservations can have a cumulative negative impact on the motivation for pursuing research into rare disease treatments – thus running counter to the guiding principle of the legislation itself 7. Current value assessment rules across Europe for orphan drugs remain largely inadequate and can become a real fourth hurdle to effective patient access to those treatments 8. The regulation’s stimulation of new product development has also helped promote the development of EU biotech companies. The last two decades have witnessed the emergence of more than 150 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) focusing on rare diseases. No wonder that one of the prominent Members of the European Parliament over this period, Francoise Grossetête, emphasised the importance of the regulation in addressing “real medical needs” and generating “therapeutic breakthroughs” 9. The underlying strength of the concept of providing incentives for RandD in areas of unmet need is confirmed by the fact that Germany and other Member States are now exploring whether OMP-type incentives could contribute to solving the major risks of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), through promoting development of new anti-bacterials even where simple market economics do not provide sufficient motivation for investment 10. Thanks to increased investments and the associated efforts thus made possible, some rare diseases now benefit from effective treatments. There are leading examples in the area of haemophilia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), and some lysosomal storage diseases such as Gaucher. The full list of conditions for which “orphans medicines” have been launched in Europe is too extensive to reproduce here, but by way of illustration it ranges from rare cancers to rare variants of common diseases (pulmonary hypertension, neonatal diabetes) and to rare congenital, mostly childhood-onset disorders (Gaucher, cystinosis, inherited hyperammonaemias) 11. However, these tales of success should not lead to any delusions that the process has been – or is becoming – easy. Successes in developing innovative treatments are hard-won. Without consistent and determined effort, innovation does not happen – and innovation in rare diseases is all the more challenging. The key elements of the innovation process are well documented, but the nature of the challenges is perhaps not always fully appreciated by those outside the healthcare sector, being seen as costs and not as investments. Rare diseases are categorized as “orphan diseases” because their occurrence in a small number of patients means that, despite apparent high unmet medical need, there is limited scientific understanding, making it difficult to justify the development risk and investment to develop new treatments. The OMP regulation was developed explicitly to support efforts in this field of innovation 12. Now is an especially bad time to remove OD protections – COVID has slashed funding which makes maintaining existing incentives key. Chowdhury et. al 4/15 , S. F., Sium, S., and Anwar, S. (2021). Research and Management of Rare Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Challenges and Countermeasures. Frontiers in public health, 9, 640282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.640282sid The impact of COVID-19 on the currently ongoing research projects and funding was so crippling and will undoubtedly be long-lasting. Many organizations that usually fund research on rare diseases are now facing financial crises (44). NIH (45), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) (46), and other major funders took prompt measures for making the proper guideline on proposal submission and fund distribution that allows grant personnel to be paid in a relaxed timeline. Research institutions prioritize COVID-19 related research proposals while other proposals are delayed or postponed (47). Also, governments are spending a considerable portion of their out-of-pocket budget to manage the COVID-19 situation. Many organizations are moving their money to start COVID-19 related works (48, 49). The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was released in early January 2020, just weeks after the first reported cases, significantly accelerated research and therapeutic development on COVID-19. As of March 14th 2021, over 5,017 clinical trial studies related to COVID-19 are registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (50). After almost 5 months since the genetic sequence release, 148 studies associated with hydroxychloroquine, 13 with remdesivir, 50 with vaccines, and 100 with diagnostic testing were registered (51). Another 3,733 different studies are registered on the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) (52). Furthermore, as the world has recently seen a huge blow due to an infectious disease, we may observe a flow of money toward infectious disease research from non-communicable and rare disease research in the coming future (25, 53). In the long run, the pandemic will possibly force the reallocation of research grants at the expense of research areas funded before the pandemic.
9/5/21
SO -- DA -- Climate Patents
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Strake DA | Judge: Holden Climate Patents and Innovation high now and solving Warming but COVID waiver sets a dangerous precedent for appropriations - the mere threat is sufficient is enough to kill investment. Brand 5-26, Melissa. “Trips Ip Waiver Could Establish Dangerous Precedent for Climate Change and Other Biotech Sectors.” IPWatchdog.com | Patents and Patent Law, 26 May 2021, www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/05/26/trips-ip-waiver-establish-dangerous-precedent-climate-change-biotech-sectors/id=133964/. sid
The biotech industry is making remarkable advances towards climate change AND it is unlikely they will continue to invest at the current and required levels.
Private sector innovation is key to solve climate change – short term politicking and priority shifts means government can’t solve alone. Henry 17, Simon. “Climate Change Cannot Be Solved by Governments Alone. How Can the Private Sector Help?” World Economic Forum, 21 Nov. 2017, www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/governments-alone-cannot-halt-climate-change-what-can-private-sector-do/. Programme Director, International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance (ICROA) sid
Climate leadership is also an opportunity for many organizations, AND contribute to the solution to help secure the viability of their businesses.
Warming causes Extinction Kareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Re-cut by Elmer
In summary, six of the nine proposed planetary boundaries AND understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change.
Biden’s infrastructure bill will pass through reconciliation but absolute Dem Unity is key.
Turns Structural Violence Pramuk and Franck 8-25 Jacob Pramuk and Thomas Franck 8-25-2021 "Here’s what happens next as Democrats try to pass Biden’s multitrillion-dollar economic plans" https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/what-happens-next-with-biden-infrastructure-budget-bills-in-congress.html (Staff Reporter at CNBC)Elmer WASHINGTON — House Democrats just patched up a party fracture to take a critical AND have the adverse effect of fueling inflation.
Pharma backlashes to the Plan – they’re aggressive lobbyists and will do anything to preserve patent rights.
Turns Case – Waters down the Plan due to lobbying Optional Card – still thinking on if its necessary ~note from Elmer~ Huetteman 19 Emmarie Huetteman 2-26-2019 "Senators Who Led Pharma-Friendly Patent Reform Also Prime Targets For Pharma Cash" https://khn.org/news/senators-who-led-pharma-friendly-patent-reform-also-prime-targets-for-pharma-cash/ (former NYT Congressional correspondent with an MA in public affairs reporting from Northwestern University’s Medill School)Elmer Early last year, as lawmakers vowed to curb rising drug prices, AND direct controls on drug prices. The Senate has not voted on the bill.
They choose Infrastructure as backlash – they bill costs Pharma millions – lobbyists can derail the Agenda.
Brennan 8-2 Zachary Brennan 8-2-2021 "How the biopharma industry is helping to pay for the bipartisan infrastructure bill" https://endpts.com/how-the-biopharma-industry-is-helping-to-pay-for-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill/ (Senior Editor at Endpoint News)Elmer Senators on Sunday finalized the text of a massive, bipartisan infrastructure AND that the whole thing blows up and we get nothing on either side," Lawson said.
Democrat Senators in Big Pharma’s pocket derails the Plan.
Sirota 8-23 David Sirota 8-23-2021 "Dem Obstructionists Are Bankrolled By Pharma And Oil" https://www.dailyposter.com/dem-obstructionists-are-bankrolled-by-pharma-and-oil/ (an American journalist, columnist at The Guardian, and editor for Jacobin. He is also a political commentator and radio host based in Denver. He is a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, political spokesperson, and blogger)Elmer The small group of conservative Democratic lawmakers that has AND she received $519,000 from donors in the pharmaceutical and health products industries.
Infrastructure reform solves Existential Climate Change – it results in spill-over.
Warming causes extinction in mere decades – scientific consensus proves.
Schultz 16 (Robert Schultz ~Retired Professor and Chair of Computer Information Systems at Woodbury University~ "Modern Technology and Human Extinction," http://proceedings.informingscience.org/InSITE2016/InSITE16p131-145Schultz2307.pdf) RW There is consensus that there is a relatively short window to reduce carbon emissions before drastic effects AND This assumes the release of methane from the arctic will take place around then.
9/4/21
SO -- DA -- Innovation
Tournament: Loyola | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Das, Hunter, Dua Innovation is doing great now – answers all your warrants. Lisa Jarvis, 1-17-2020, (Based in Chicago, Lisa has been covering the biotech and pharmaceutical industries at CandEN since 2006. She writes feature articles that weave together the business and science of developing drugs, while also serving as pharmaceuticals editor for the magazine. She has a particular interest in rare diseases, innovative models for drug discovery, and emerging technologies.) "The new drugs of 2019," Chemical andamp; Engineering News, https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/drug-development/new-drugs-2019/98/i3Jay
Although pharmaceutical companies last year were unable to top the AND medicines. Last year’s 11 cancer treatments accounted for roughly 23 of approvals.
Reducing IP protections chills future investment – even the perception of wavering commitment scares off companies. Grabowski et al. ’15 (Harry; Professor Emeritus of Economics at Duke, and a specialist in the intersection of the pharmaceutical industry and government regulation of business; February 2015; “The Roles Of Patents And Research And Development Incentives In Biopharmaceutical Innovation”; Health Affairs; https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1047; Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) Patents and other forms of intellectual property protection play e
AND
technology areas (accounting for 36 percent of all university patent awards in 2012). 13 Cannabis wipes out superbugs and kills developing mutations, but further research and investments are required. Sample ’20 Ian; journalist at New Scientist and worked at the Institute of Physics as a journal editor, PhD in biomedical materials; 1-19-2020; "Cannabis compound could be weapon in fight against superbugs", Guardian; https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/19/cannabis-compound-could-be-weapon-in-fight-against-superbugs, accessed 4-16-2021 A compound made by cannabis plants has been found to wipe out drug-resistant bacteria, AND the newest date back to discoveries made more than 30 years ago. Only CBD solves superbugs. Stevens ’21 Kylie; reporter covering medical breakthrough by Researchers at University of Queensland’s Institute for Molecular Bioscience and the peer-reviewed Communications Biology journal; 1-19-2021; Mail Online; https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9165415/Medical-breakthrough-revealed-cannabis-kill-superbugs-save-10million-lives-year.html, accessed 4-16-2021; RG Laboratory studies have shown synthetic cannabidiol, the main nonpsychoactive component of cannabis
AND
outer cell membranes, but we don't know yet exactly how it does that, and need to do further research.'
9/6/21
SO -- DA -- Innovation v2
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Logan SD | Judge: Delon Fuller Pharma innovation is doing great now – answers all your warrants. Lisa Jarvis, 1-17-2020, (Based in Chicago, Lisa has been covering the biotech and pharmaceutical industries at CandEN since 2006. She writes feature articles that weave together the business and science of developing drugs, while also serving as pharmaceuticals editor for the magazine. She has a particular interest in rare diseases, innovative models for drug discovery, and emerging technologies.) "The new drugs of 2019," Chemical andamp; Engineering News, https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/drug-development/new-drugs-2019/98/i3Jay
Although pharmaceutical companies last year were unable to top AND year’s 11 cancer treatments accounted for roughly 23 of approvals.
Eliminating IP protections chills future investment – even the perception of wavering commitment scares off companies. Grabowski et al. ’15 (Harry; Professor Emeritus of Economics at Duke, and a specialist in the intersection of the pharmaceutical industry and government regulation of business; February 2015; “The Roles Of Patents And Research And Development Incentives In Biopharmaceutical Innovation”; Health Affairs; https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1047; Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) Patents and other forms of intellectual property protection play essential AND in 2011, with biotechnology and pharmaceuticals being the top two technology areas (accounting for 36 percent of all university patent awards in 2012). 13
RandD’s key to innovation – otherwise, future pandemics. Marjanovic et al. ’20 (Sonja; Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge; May 2020; “How to Best Enable Pharma Innovation Beyond the COVID-19 Crisis”; RAND; https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html; Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) As key actors in the healthcare innovation landscape, AND public health threats to an even greater extent under improved innovation conditions.
Evolving superbugs and AMR trigger extinction. Srivatsa ’17 (Kadiyali; specialist in pediatric intensive and critical care medicine in the UK. Invented the bacterial identification tool ‘MAYA’; 1-12-2017; "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them", American Interest; https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/, Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) It is by now no secret that the human species is locked in a race AND lose most of the medical advances we have made over the past fifty years.
Actions that are targeted at singular medicines have perception-based spill-over effects that spark fear. Asgari et al. ’21 (Nikou; writer for the Financial Times; 5-6-2021; “Pharma industry fears Biden’s patent move sets precedent”; Financial Times; https://www.ft.com/content/f54bf71b-87be-4290-9c95-4d110eec7a90; Accessed: 8-31-2021; AU) Profits in the pharmaceutical industry are protected by a AND drugmakers would be more cautious when investing in pioneering therapies in the future.
9/11/21
SO -- NC -- Epistemological Uncertainty
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Logan SD | Judge: Delon Fuller The standard is minimizing existential risk
Epistemological uncertainty Jablonowski, 10 (Mark, April, Lecturer in Economics at the University of Hartford, “Implications of Fuzziness for the Practical Management of High-Stakes Risks,” International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol.3, No. 1, JKS) “Danger” is an inherently fuzzy concept. Considerable knowledge AND view allows a very workable approach to achieving safe progress. 2. Turns their offense – war/warming disproportionately harms minority populations who can’t access shelters or resources – material violence outweighs – it’s the reason we care about abstract theory. 3. Precludes engaging in their method – no one can challenge structural violence if we are dead. 4 – Totalization – even if you think life doesn’t matter and that some people have zero vtl you don’t get to make that decision for all people 5 – Objectivity – body count is quantitative – VTL is subjective and can’t be weighed
9/11/21
SO -- NC -- Util
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Gordo The standard is maximizing expected well-being. – we will spec – Hedonistic act Utilitarianism Prefer: 1 Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses. Evolutionary knowledge is reliable – broad consensus and robust neuroscience prove. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also AND This hypothesis further supports the concept that disruptions along these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2 Lexical Prerequisite – suffering creates lifelong conditions and threats on life that preclude the ability of actors being able to engage in other ethical evaluations since they are in a constant state of crisis. 3 Actor specificity -- Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Link turns calc indites because the alt would be no action. 5 No intent-foresight distinction— If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.
Extinction first – 1 – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible 2 – Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities 3 – Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people 4 – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical 5 – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about it
Tournament: Loyola | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Das, Hunter, Dua Interpretation – Marijuana isn’t a Medicine Mosley 20, Mark. "Medical Marijuana Is a Dangerous Lie." Emergency Medicine News 42.8 (2020): 2-3. (Dr. Mark Mosley is an emergency medicine physician in Wichita, Kansas and is affiliated with Wesley Healthcare Center. He received his medical degree from University of Oklahoma College of Medicine and has been in practice for more than 20 years.)Elmer Marijuana is not a medical drug. It is a slang term for a plant of the Cannabis family that contains more than 60 different cannabinoid substances and more than 80 biologically active compounds. Using the term marijuana in place of THC would be like using willow tree in place of acetylsalicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin. FDA and CDC definitions prove. CDC ’18 (CDC; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 3-7-2018; “Is marijuana medicine?”; CDC; https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/faqs/is-marijuana-medicine.html; Accessed: 9-4-2021; AU) The marijuana plant has chemicals that may help symptoms for some health problems. More and more states are making it legal to use the plant as medicine for certain conditions. But there isn’t enough research to show that the whole plant works to treat or cure these conditions. Also, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not recognized or approved the marijuana plant as medicine. Because marijuana is often smoked, it can damage your lungs and cardiovascular system (e.g., heart and blood vessels). These and other damaging effects on the brain and body could make marijuana more harmful than helpful as a medicine. Another problem with marijuana as a medicine is that the ingredients aren’t exactly the same from plant to plant. There’s no way to know what kind and how much of a chemical you’re getting. Violation – the resolution calls for reductions on IP protections for medicines, but the aff prevents future patents for cannabis-derived products. Vote neg for limits and ground. Expanding the definition of “medicine” to anything that could be used in a medical setting floods the neg with cases to prep for – everything from new methods of chemo to upgrading stethoscopes becomes topical. At best – they’re extra-T since Cannabis isn’t intrinsically medicinal, it just has medicinal uses so they would reduce Recreational Marijuana patents too which isn’t topical and explodes limits. Johnson 20 Ian Johnson 1-20-2020 "Cannabis Patents 2000 – 2019: Trends Following Legalization" https://plantlaw.com/2020/01/20/cannabis-trends-medical-recreational/ (Registered Patent Agent, Plant and Planet Law Firm)Elmer These findings correspond to the overall increase in cannabis-related patents and demonstrate that the recreational patent sector is growing at an even greater rate than cannabis patents generally. This supports the theory that recreational markets and expansion of legal personal use of cannabis have resulted in an increase in patent activity in the industry. Again, publication totals are not necessarily the most accurate reflection of patent behavior by cannabis businesses. Therefore, it is useful to examine filing and provisional trends for recreational patents. These results are subject to the same 18-month delay problems noted above, and therefore actual and projected values are provided. Using actual filing data for 2017, there has been a 181 increase in filing activity since 2012. Using projected filing data for 2019, there has been a 257 increase in recreational filing activity since 2012. Using actual priority claims for 2017, there has been a 196 increase in provisional filing activity since 2012. Using projected priority claims for 2019, there has been a 289 increase in recreational provisional filing activity since 2012. The following charts demonstrate recreational filing trends from 2012 to 2019. Patents that could be classified as recreational made up approximately 53 of all filings between 2000 and 2011. However, following legalization the percent of patents and applications considered recreational has increased to approximately 77 of filings in 2018. The chart below demonstrates the growth of the recreational sector’s share of cannabis patent activity. C/A Paradigm Issues
9/6/21
SO -- T -- Reduce
Tournament: Loyola | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Das, Hunter, Dua 1 Interpretation – Reduce means to cancel. Black’s Law 90 Black’s Law Dictionary 2ND ED. “Reduce” https://dictionary.thelaw.com/reduce/Elmer In Scotch law. To rescind or annul. That means the Aff has to annul IP protections in their entirety, they can’t just modify it. 2 Violation – They “delay enforcement” which is a modification, not a complete annulment 3 Standards – a Neg Ground – Core Neg Generics like Innovation and Biotech Heg are predicated on scope of effect – minor modifications in how long a patent lasts for or what it effects allows the 1AR to minimize our links to zero which destroys being Neg on a Topic w/ very little Generic Ground. b Limits – Allowing Affs to make patent modifications explodes Aff ground by three-fold because for all four intellectual property protections for every medicine MULTIPLIED by different time modifications, different scope modifications which makes predictable preparation and in-depth clash impossible. 4 TVA – eliminate the enforcement of all cannabis patents – solves their offense. 5 Paradigm Issues – a Topicality is Drop the Debater – it’s a fundamental baseline for debate-ability. b Use Competing Interps – 1 Topicality is a yes/no question, you can’t be reasonably topical and 2 Reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. c No RVI’s - 1 Forces the 1NC to go all-in on Theory which kills substance education, 2 Encourages Baiting since the 1AC will purposely be abusive, and 3 Illogical – you shouldn’t win for not being abusive. 1nc theory o/w’s 1ar theory Reject 1ar theory 7-6 inf abuse blow up shells
9/6/21
SO -- T -- Vagueness
Tournament: Loyola | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Das, Hunter, Dua “Delay” is Vague – that’s a voting issue for Aff shiftiness since they can infinitely delay patent enforcement which wrecks Neg Ground WEC No Date We Agree Contracting “(l) Certain vague terms: without undue delay” https://weagree.com/drafting-principles/6-typical-drafting-habits-and-legalese/6-2-dos-and-donts/l-certain-vague-terms-without-undue-delay/Elmer Many contract provisions remain silent on the precise period of time within which something has to happen. The alternative for immediate or prompt action, acting upon the occurrence of a fact or acting within 30 days after a notice was received, is to allow that an action must be undertaken without undue delay. There may be many reasons for this: the fact or event triggering an obligation (or a right) to act is itself vague; it is not foreseeable how much time is needed in order to take the required (or allowed) action effectively and efficiently, whereas an adequate preparation is anyhow desirable; when a triggering event occurs, there is probably no urgency to act immediately, in which case thoughtless action, merely to prevent that contractual rights lapse, should be discouraged (but also the opposite may be true); not providing for any limitation in time creates too much uncertainty. Independently vote Negative on Presumption since the Aff gets struck down for being void-for-vagueness Singer 10 Bill Singer 9-13-2010 “Yo, Congress, Keep On Truckin' -- Can You Dig It?” http://www.brokeandbroker.com/index.php?a=blogandid=554 (Bill Singer is a lawyer who represents securities-industry firms, individual registered persons, Wall Street whistleblowers, and defrauded public investors. For over three decades, Singer has represented clients before the American Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (formerly the NASD), the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and in criminal investigations brought by various federal, state, and local prosecutors. Before entering the private practice of law, Singer was employed in the Legal Department of Smith Barney, Harris Upham and Co.; as a regulatory attorney with both the American Stock Exchange and the NASD (now FINRA); and as a Legal Counsel to Integrated Resources Asset Management. Singer was formerly Chief Counsel to the Financial Industry Association; General Counsel to the NASD Dissidents' Grassroots Movement; and General Counsel to the Independent Broker-Dealer Association. He was registered for a number of years as a Series 7 and Series 63 stockbroker.)Elmer All of which makes it critical that the laws, rules, and regulations of Wall Street be promulgated in an intelligible manner that clearly sets forth what is allowed and what is prohibited. What a provision was meant to say should be what it says -- there shouldn't be any guessing or uncertainty. Unfortunately, so much of what has been proposed as financial regulatory reform, and so much of what will likely emanate from the various agencies and commissions that will soon embark upon rulemaking, is vague. If there is one thing that courts will not tolerate it is vagueness. The law books are filled with agreements, contracts, rules, regulations, and laws that have been struck down as void for vagueness. I fear that much of FINREG may be headed for the same garbage can.
Interpretation: The affirmative must specify which intellectual property rights they reduce and to what degree they reduce them.
There’s no normal means.
Chopra 18, Samir. "The Idea of Intellectual Property Is Nonsensical and Pernicious: Aeon Essays." Aeon, Aeon Magazine, 12 Nov. 2018, aeon.co/essays/the-idea-of-intellectual-property-is-nonsensical-and-pernicious. Samir Choprais professor of philosophy at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. He is the author of several books, including A Legal Theory for Autonomous Artificial Agents (2011), co-authored with Laurence White.sid In the United States, media and technology have been shaped by these laws AND legally resolvable technicality; the latter sounds like an unambiguously sinful act.
Reduce requires quantification.
Passarello 13 – J.D. Candidate, Duke University School of Law, 2013. (Nicholas, NOTE: THE ITEM VETO AND THE THREAT OF APPROPRIATIONS BUNDLING IN ALASKA, 30 Alaska L. Rev. 125, Lexis)BB With respect to the item veto power, the question in the case was whether AND appropriations item, not the descriptive language accompanying it.
Violation: they don’t
Standards
a~ Shiftiness – vague plan wording wrecks Neg Ground since it’s impossible to know which DAs link or which CPs are competitive since different IP’s have different implications – absent 1AC specification, the 1AR can squirrel out of links by saying they don’t effect a certain protection or they don’t reduce IP enough to trigger the link.
b~ Topic Education – nuanced debates about IP requires specification since each form of IPR has specific issues related to it so generalization disincentivizes in-depth research. Topic Education is a voter since we only debate the topic for two months.
Fairness is a voter since it’s debate is a game so it’s a jurisdictional question and sequencing to evaluating any other argument in the debate.
Reductions Spec isn’t regressive – it’s a core discussion central to the literature, we’ve read a card proving predictability, and is a floor for topic debates.
CX doesn’t check - 1~ Skews pre-round prep – key to in-depth clash, 2~ Judges don’t flow CX which makes it unverifiable
Use DTD since a~ can’t drop an absence of something and it can’t rectify the skew since this skewed the entire 1nc b~ it’s a necessary floor for debate-ability since the damage is irreparable.
Use competing interps – Reasonability is arbitrary and causes a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation.
No 1AR RVI’s – 1~ Forces the 1NC to go all-in on Theory which kills substance education, 2~ Encourages Baiting since the 1AC will purposely be abusive, and 3~ Illogical – you shouldn’t win for not being abusive.
1NC Theory outweighs on scope cause 1AC abuse effects every speech – we had to be abusive since the 1AC was abusive first.