Oxford Mehta Aff
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| Apple Valley | 2 | Saratoga AG | Animesh Joshi |
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| Apple Valley | 4 | San Mateo AS | Muhammad Khattak |
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| Apple Valley | Triples | Eagan AE | Grant Brown, Patrick Fox, Lila Lavendar |
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| Harvard | 2 | Carnegie Vanguard LH | Parth Misra |
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| Harvard | 3 | Scripps Ranch AS | Dylan Jones |
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| Harvard | 6 | Prospect ST | Reed Weiler |
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| Harvard | Doubles | Strake Jesuit KS | Viren Abhyanker, Rafael Li, Viren Abhyanker |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | 2 | Summit MR | Anthony Survance |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | 4 | Ridge VZ | Javier Hernandez |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | 6 | Troy Independent AP | Ria Bhandarkar |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | Octas | Academy of Classical Christian Studies JM | Grant Brown, Lauren McBlain, Muhammad Khattak |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | Quarters | Sharon RG | Andrea Reier, Grant Brown, Zoheb Nensey |
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| Loyola | 2 | Strake Jesuit NW | Michael Kurian |
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| Loyola | 3 | Wenatchee JK | Julian Kuffour |
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| Loyola | 6 | Harvard Westlake OF | Danielle Dosch |
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| Tournament of Champions | 2 | Basis Peoria PY | Adegoke Fakorede |
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| UK Season Opener | 2 | Evergreen Valley SV | Saketh Kotapati |
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| UK Season Opener | 4 | Dougherty Valley KZ | Quentin Clark |
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| UK Season Opener | 6 | Strath Haven AM | Bennett Dombcik |
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| UK Season Opener | Octas | Westwood AD | Emmiee Malyugina, Joseph Barquin, Saianurag Karavadi |
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| UK Season Opener | Quads | Northern Valley DN | Sam Anderson, Lila Lavender, Malcolm Davis |
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| UK Season Opener | Semis | Acton-Boxborough BH | Immanuel Victor, Joseph Barquin, Saketh Kotapati |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Apple Valley | 2 | Opponent: Saratoga AG | Judge: Animesh Joshi 1AC - pragmatism v1 |
| Apple Valley | 4 | Opponent: San Mateo AS | Judge: Muhammad Khattak 1AC - agricultural workers v1 |
| Apple Valley | Triples | Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Grant Brown, Patrick Fox, Lila Lavendar 1AC - agricultural workers v2 |
| Harvard | 2 | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard LH | Judge: Parth Misra 1AC - asteroid mining |
| Harvard | 3 | Opponent: Scripps Ranch AS | Judge: Dylan Jones 1AC - asteroid mining |
| Harvard | 6 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Reed Weiler 1AC - asteroid mining |
| Harvard | Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Viren Abhyanker, Rafael Li, Viren Abhyanker 1AC - lunar mining |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Summit MR | Judge: Anthony Survance 1AC - asteroid mining v1 |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | 4 | Opponent: Ridge VZ | Judge: Javier Hernandez 1AC - asteroid mining |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Troy Independent AP | Judge: Ria Bhandarkar 1AC - asteroid mining v1 |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | Octas | Opponent: Academy of Classical Christian Studies JM | Judge: Grant Brown, Lauren McBlain, Muhammad Khattak 1AC - asteroid mining |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | Quarters | Opponent: Sharon RG | Judge: Andrea Reier, Grant Brown, Zoheb Nensey 1AC - asteroid mining v1 |
| Loyola | 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Michael Kurian 1AC - united states v1 |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Wenatchee JK | Judge: Julian Kuffour 1AC - united states v1 |
| Loyola | 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake OF | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1AC - united states v1 |
| Tournament of Champions | 2 | Opponent: Basis Peoria PY | Judge: Adegoke Fakorede 1AC |
| UK Season Opener | 2 | Opponent: Evergreen Valley SV | Judge: Saketh Kotapati 1AC - united states v1 |
| UK Season Opener | 4 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley KZ | Judge: Quentin Clark 1AC - united states v1 |
| UK Season Opener | 6 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Bennett Dombcik 1AC - united states v1 |
| UK Season Opener | Octas | Opponent: Westwood AD | Judge: Emmiee Malyugina, Joseph Barquin, Saianurag Karavadi 1AC - united states v1 |
| UK Season Opener | Quads | Opponent: Northern Valley DN | Judge: Sam Anderson, Lila Lavender, Malcolm Davis 1AC - united states v1 |
| UK Season Opener | Semis | Opponent: Acton-Boxborough BH | Judge: Immanuel Victor, Joseph Barquin, Saketh Kotapati 1AC - united states v1 |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
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0 - contact infoTournament: Any | Round: Quads | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any In order of preference, here are the ways you can reach me for speech docs: Please let me know of anything I can do to make the debate a more enjoyable experience for you before the round! | 9/3/21 |
0 - debatedrillsTournament: Any | Round: Quads | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any | 9/3/21 |
0 - navigationTournament: Any | Round: Quads | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any | 9/3/21 |
janfeb 1ac -- asteroid mining v1Tournament: Lexington Winter Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Summit MR | Judge: Anthony Survance 1AC - PlanPlan: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities should be banned.We’ll defend normal means as the signatories of the OST adding an optional protocol under Article II.Tronchetii 7~Fabio Tronchetti is a professor at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2007, https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2007.pdf, 12-15-2021 amrita~ Advantage – Asteroid MiningCountries and their companies are making their own rules through patchwork which creates conflict—an international body is keyFoster 16 – Craig, J.D., University of Illinois College of Law, "EXCUSE ME, YOU’RE MINING MY ASTEROID: SPACE PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE U.S. SPACE RESOURCE EXPLORATION AND UTILIZATION ACT OF 2015", JOURNAL OF LAW, TECHNOLOGY and POLICY, No. 2, page 428-430, http://illinoisjltp.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Foster.pdf Current space treaties have zero authority and lack clarity—which creates ineffective regulationsMacWhorter 16 – Kevin, J.D from William and Mary College and Contributor to the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, "Sustainable Mining: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining in the Name of Environmentalism", William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2016, https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1653andcontext=wmelpr Inevitable market expansion guarantees wars over property rights—governments get quickly involvedFunnell 18 – Anthony, Writer for Future Tense News Citing Dean of Law at University of Adelaide, "War in space 'inevitable' because there's so much money to be made, expert warns", ABC News, 8/23/2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/conflict-in-space-is-inevitable-expert-warns/10146314 The race for mining resources exacerbates US, China, and Russia tensionsJamasmie 21 Cecilia Jamasmie ~Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World’s Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia.~, 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/ DD AG Space wars go nuclearGrego 18 – Laura, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf Nuclear war causes extinction.Starr ’17 (Steven; director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility, Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, expert in the environmental consequences of nuclear war; 1/9/17; "Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies"; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; Federation of American Scientists; accessed 11/24/18; TV) ~AV~ | 1/15/22 |
janfeb 1ac --- lunar mining v1Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Viren Abhyanker, Rafael Li, Viren Abhyanker Plan: The appropriation of outer space through lunar mining by private entities should be banned.We’ll defend normal means as the signatories of the OST adding an optional protocol under Article II.Tronchetti 7~Fabio Tronchetti is a professor at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2007, https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2007.pdf, 12-15-2021 amrita~ Countries and their companies are making their own rules through patchwork which creates conflict—an international body is key.Whittington 21 ~Mark Whittington, 3-28-2021, "The new race to the moon: the Artemis Alliance vs. the Sino-Russian Axis," TheHill, https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/545280-the-new-race-to-the-moon-the-artemis-alliance-vs-the-sino-russian-axis~~ ~pT~ Advantage – Lunar CompetitionPrivate companies are set to mine on the moon – financial incentives and state funding set a legal precedent for private activity on the moon.Helmore 20 ~Edward Helmore, 9-11-2020, "Nasa is looking for private companies to help mine the moon," https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/sep/11/nasa-moon-mining-private-companies~~ ~pT~ That’s set to drive conflict- current treaties have zero authority and lack clarity—creates ineffective regulations.Jasmamie 21 ~Cecilia Jasmamie, 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/~~ ~pT~ The race to the lunar reservoir ensures escalation – only a prohibition on private entities checks.====1 — Proximity – sites are too close to each other and resources are limited.==== 2 — International Dominance – great powers want to appear hegemonically superior.Cunningham 22 ~Philip J. Cunningham has been a regular visitor to China since 1983, working variously as a tour guide, TV producer, freelance writer, independent scholar and teacher. He has conducted media research in China as a Knight Fellow and Fulbright Scholar and was the recipient of a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard. He is the author of Tiananmen Moon, a first-hand account of the 1989 protests in Beijing.~ "US extends rivalry with China to the moon as it resists cooperation and seeks control over mining," January 23rd, 2022, South China Morning Post, https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3164195/us-extends-rivalry-china-moon-it-resists-cooperation-and-seeks**, VM ====3 — Rapid militarization in fear of losing resources on the Moon==== ====4 — Miscalculation compounded by harsh space conditions and Sino-US competition==== 5 — Flashpoints – water, eternal light peaks, iron, and cold traps.Dorminey 20 ~Bruce Dorminey, 11-26-2020, "Moon Rush Could Spark Conflict, Claims Study," Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2020/11/26/moon-rush-could-spark-conflict-claims-study/~~ ~pT~ 6 — Lack of regulation – no clear metric for what private companies are able to do on the moon guarantees escalation on Earth.Milligan 20 ~Tony Milligan, 12-9-2020, "Lunar gold rush could create conflict on the ground if we don't act now – new research," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/lunar-gold-rush-could-create-conflict-on-the-ground-if-we-dont-act-now-new-research-151645~~ ~pT~ No thumpers — commercial mining on the moon comes lexically prior to other forms of mining in space | 2/21/22 |
novdec 1ac --- agricultural workers v1Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: San Mateo AS | Judge: Muhammad Khattak 1AC - PlanPlan: The United States ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike for agricultural laborers.The National Labor Rights Act fails to protect farmer’s rights to strike in the squo.Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, "Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act", Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/'file/aglaw/Publications'Library/Agricultural'Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR 1AC – Advantage - YieldFarmer’s yield is nearing an all-time low – government support isn’t a long-term solution and doesn’t help the needyFarm-Aid, 20, 9/14/20, "Understanding the Economic Crisis Family Farms are Facing", 2Farm Aid works with local, regional and national organizations to promote fair farm policies and grassroots organizations coordinating campaigns designed to defend and bolster family farm-centered agriculture. RL: https://www.farmaid.org/blog/fact-sheet/understanding-economic-crisis-family-farms-are-facing/, KR Aff incentivizes farming - it increases wages, sets safe living conditions, AND helps farmers expand productsReilly 11, Penn State Law, "Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act", Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/'file/aglaw/Publications'Library/Agricultural'Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR Two links - first, productivity – higher wages create economic valueJayachandran, 20, 6/18/2020, New York Times, "How a Raise for Workers Can Be a Win for Everybody", Seema Jayachandran is an economics professor at Northwestern University, html, KR Prefer the only empirical studyKatovich, Maia, 18, 1-4/2018, "The relation between labor productivity and wages in Brazil:", Scielo Brazil, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo. URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/neco/a/QR5hfyMfL9c3gwQSGGcRyHD/?lang=en, KR That drives economic confidence – Increased productivity drives farm growth which creates a chain of investment.Wang et. al, 19, "How Farmers Make Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Farmer Survey in China", Sustainability, Shuangjin Wang 1, Yuan Tian 2,*ORCID, Xiaowei Liu 3 and Maggie Foley 4, 1: School of Management, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China, 2: School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China, 3: College of Business, St. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA 52803, USA, 4: Davis Business School, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA, URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=andved=2ahUKEwii17vKue7zAhVdJjQIHUr3D7YQFnoECAUQAQandurl=https3A2F2Fwww.mdpi.com2F2071-10502F122F12F2472Fpdfandusg=AOvVaw1RMvM-hGadn'uoetBxebDi, KR Second, capital investment - boosting wages creates incentive to investDuke, 16, 9/2/2016, "To Raise Productivity, Let’s Raise Wages", Center for American Progress, Brendan Duke: Princeton University; MPA in Economic Policy, Macalester; B.A. nin political science, Associate Director for Economic Policy, Senior Policy Analyst for US Congress Joint Economic Committee, URL: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2016/09/02/142040/to-raise-productivity-lets-raise-wages/, KR Improved working conditions key for increased yields and outputBillikopf, 06, 8/11, UC Berkeley, "Managing People on the Farm", Gregorio Billikopf worked as a Labor Management Farm Advisor with the University of California from 1981 to 2014 (and is now Emeritus). URL: https://nature.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-labor/7labor/01.htm, KR Increasing yield prevents food shortages and nutrient deficienciesTian et al 21— Tian, Zhixi ~principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue~, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) The first straightforward strategy for designing Food shortages led to the destruction of biodiversityTian et al 21— Tian, Zhixi ~principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue~, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) Biodiversity loss causes extinctionTorres 16 ~Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change" http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/.~~ U.S. agricultural collapse and food insecurity trigger great power wars—multiple hotspots.Castellaw 17 (John – 36-year veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps and the Founder and CEO of Farmspace Systems LLC, "Opinion: Food Security Strategy Is Essential to Our National Security," 5/1/17, https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/9203-opinion-food-security-strategy-is-essential-to-our-national-security) ExtinctionCribb 19 ~Julian Cribb is a distinguished science writer with more than thirty awards for journalism. He was a newspaper editor, founder of the influential ScienceAlert website and author of eight books, including The Coming Famine. Food as Existential Risk. August, 2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/food-or-war/food-as-an-existential-risk/8C45279588CD572FE805B7E240DE7368~~ FrameworkOnly pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all others exist in relationMoen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer additionally –1. Death is bad and outweighs – agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory2. Occam’s Razor – historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality prove non fallibility, which means you default to the most simple conception of intrinsic values and decision calc – proves phenomenal introspection and intuitionism which outweighs since they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why3. Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffsExtinction o/w -Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT Biological death is the worst evilPaterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island. (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com) | 11/6/21 |
novdec 1ac --- agricultural workers v2Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Grant Brown, Patrick Fox, Lila Lavendar 1AC – Advantage - Yield Aff incentivizes farming - it increases wages, sets safe living conditions, AND helps farmers expand products Higher wages create economic value and boost productivity. Prefer the only empirical study That drives economic confidence – Increased productivity drives farm growth which creates a chain of investment. Improved working conditions key for increased yields and output Increasing yield prevents food shortages and nutrient deficiencies The first straightforward strategy for designing Food shortages led to the destruction of biodiversity Biodiversity loss causes extinction FrameworkOnly pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all others exist in relationMoen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Biological death is the worst evilPaterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island. (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com) Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer additionally –1. Death is bad and outweighs – a) agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b) it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life2. Actor-speca – Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.b – No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omissionc – governments don’t have obligations and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs – they also operate through body count calculations3. Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose4. Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.5. Occam’s Razor – historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality prove non fallibility, which means you default to the most simple conception of intrinsic values and decision calc6. Extinction o/w -Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT 7. Extinction first –a – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleb – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethicalc – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about itUnderviewDebating political solutions is an iterative process that uses the academy as a site of movement building that creates a bulwark against Trump’s fascism.Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor 17, assistant professor of African American studies at Princeton University ~"Home Is the Crucible of Struggle," American Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 2, June 2017, p. 229-233, Accessed Online through Emory Libraries~ | 11/6/21 |
novdec 1ac --- agricultural workers v2Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Grant Brown, Patrick Fox, Lila Lavendar 1AC – Advantage - Yield Aff incentivizes farming - it increases wages, sets safe living conditions, AND helps farmers expand products Higher wages create economic value and boost productivity. Prefer the only empirical study That drives economic confidence – Increased productivity drives farm growth which creates a chain of investment. Improved working conditions key for increased yields and output Increasing yield prevents food shortages and nutrient deficiencies The first straightforward strategy for designing Food shortages led to the destruction of biodiversity Biodiversity loss causes extinction FrameworkOnly pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all others exist in relationMoen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Biological death is the worst evilPaterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island. (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com) Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer additionally –1. Death is bad and outweighs – a) agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b) it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life2. Actor-speca – Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.b – No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omissionc – governments don’t have obligations and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs – they also operate through body count calculations3. Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose4. Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.5. Occam’s Razor – historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality prove non fallibility, which means you default to the most simple conception of intrinsic values and decision calc6. Extinction o/w -Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT 7. Extinction first –a – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleb – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethicalc – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about itUnderviewDebating political solutions is an iterative process that uses the academy as a site of movement building that creates a bulwark against Trump’s fascism.Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor 17, assistant professor of African American studies at Princeton University ~"Home Is the Crucible of Struggle," American Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 2, June 2017, p. 229-233, Accessed Online through Emory Libraries~ | 11/6/21 |
novdec 1ac --- pragmatism v1Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Saratoga AG | Judge: Animesh Joshi 1AC1AC - FramingConflicting ethical viewpoints does not require the inevitable exclusion of one over another but rather the acceptance that both could be relevant and valuable ethical tools. Thus, the meta ethic should be moral pluralism. Prefer-1. Empirics- Best studies prove pluralistic tendencies are inevitablePolzler and Wright 19~Thomas Pölzler and Jennifer Cole Wright- "Empirical research on folk moral objectivism" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686698/ NCBI. Published July 5th 2019~ Dulles AS Recut VM Ethical claims should be grounded in statistical or empirical proof- it’s the only way to verify the contextual value of any theory and is the basis for corroborating our argumentation.2. Resolvability- Thousands of years of metaethical debates have concluded in indecisiveness so a 45-minute debate would be unable to correctly resolve nebulous ethical disputes and identify the correct theory. Resolvability outweighs on jurisdiction since it’s a meta-constraint on the judge’s final jurisdiction.3. Meaning only makes sense within a frame of reference that isolates the practical difference that it makes in action. | 11/5/21 |
septoct 1ac --- united states v1Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Michael Kurian 1AC - Contention 1: Disease WarWe got lucky with COVID – future pandemics will be much worse and existing provisions in TRIPs are not used —- the status quo can’t solve.Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines," Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. Developing countries need assistance – it’s time for the U.S. to step up to the plate and do its jobStone 21 – Judy Stone is an Infectious Disease specialist; "Covid Vaccine Equity - Developing Countries Need Our Help"; Forbes, May 11, 2021; https://www.forbes.com/sites/judystone/2021/05/11/vaccine-equitydeveloping-countries-need-our-help/?sh=10939a363ec8 advay It’s not too late—-COVID will continue across the developing worlds for years to come. Plus, the plan helps for black swan future pandemics.Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, "Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix," Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. A temporary waiver is sufficient—-it creates momentum for America to repeat against harsher future pandemics which spills overNancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines," Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. Future pandemics at 10x more deadly - extinctionCeballos 5/27 Gerardo Ceballos ~PhD, Dr Gerardo Ceballos is an ecologist and conservationist at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. He is particularly recognized for his influential work on global patterns of distribution of diversity, endemism, and extinction risk in vertebrates. He is also well-known for his contribution to understanding the magnitude and impacts of the sixth mass extinction.~, 5/27/21, "THE SIXTH MASS EXTINCTION AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY", Population Matters, https://populationmatters.org/news/2021/05/sixth-mass-extinction-and-future-humanity DD AG 1AC – Contention 2: WTO CredibilityThe new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role in the international arena, but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement by nations that will never agreeBaschuk 4-27 – Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter; "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee"; Bloomberg, April 27, 2021; https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee advay A U.S. patent waiver through WTO mechanism is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility, create momentum for further reform, and solve stalemates in current talksMeyer 6-18-21 – David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights; "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn"; Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/ advay Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility are necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism – U.S. action ensures best implementationSolÃs 20 – Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings; "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?"; July 10, 2020; https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/ advay Trade solves great power competition – mere perceptual regionalism causes militarized crisesLake 18 – David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego; "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States"; April 30, 2018; https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/ advay Independently, WTO cred solves nuclear war – allows an off-track for nuclear weaponsHamann 09 – Georgia Hamann is a J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System"; 2009; advay 1AC – Solvency: Public IP HolidayThe patent system for pandemic-related drugs is currently out of balance—-there’s spurious over-patenting under the guise of innovation, which paradoxically hurts innovation by juicing profits. A temporary waiver in the U.S. for pandemics rebalance the system.Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, "Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix," Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. Thus the plan: The United States of America ought to reduce intellectual property protections for the COVID-19 vaccine. The plan’s implemented through a TRIPS waiver for the U.S.— that’s Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson and Johnson/Janssen The plan bolsters the number of vaccines—-arguments about supply and logistics are empirically disproven.Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines," Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. | 9/4/21 |
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