AC - Futurism NC - T-FW PIC-China Mining Util case 1AR - all 2N - PIC-China Mining util case 2AR - same
Berkeley
4
Opponent: Harvard Westlake AJ | Judge: Saketh Kotapati
AC - Cap 1N - DA-Russia CP-Broaband util case (cap good) 1AR - all 2N - util cap good 2AR - same
Berkeley
5
Opponent: Marlborough ML | Judge: Forrest Fulgenzi
AC - Global Space Commons NC - T-Private DA-Russia CP-UNOOSA DA-Broadband DA-Mining case 1AR - all 2N - CP-UNOOSA DA-Constellations case 2AR - same
Berkeley
Doubles
Opponent: Taft EL | Judge: panel
AC - Mining NC - T-Appropriation DA-Russia CP-Chinese Mining CP-Share Liability case 1AR - all 2N - DA-Russia case 2AR - same
Cal RR
3
Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Sam Larson, Jared Burke
AC - Space Col 1N - DA-China econ CP-Share liability PIC-Mining case (cap good) 1AR - all 2N - PIC-Mining case 2AR - same
Cal RR
5
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Gordon Krauss, Parth Shah
AC - Large Constellations 1N - T-Appropriation PIC-Starlink Weather DA-Mining case 1AR - all 2N - PIC-Starlink Weather case 2AR - same
Cal RR
4
Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AS | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Claudia Ribera
AC - PTD NC - T-Positive PIC-Mining CP-Hybrid Property DA-Russia case 1AR - all 2N - CP-Hybrid Property DA-Russia case 2AR - same
Cal RR
4
Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AS | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Claudia Ribera
AC - PTD NC - T-Positive PIC-Mining CP-Hybrid Property DA-Russia case 1AR - all 2N - CP-Hybrid Property DA-Russia case 2AR - same
Emory
1
Opponent: Brentwood AR | Judge: Morgan Copeland
AC - Whole res cap NC - CP-ICJ Util DA-Mining case 1AR - all consult cps bad 2N - DA-mining case 1AR theory 2AR - theory
Emory
4
Opponent: Montgomery CH | Judge: Pheonix Pittman
AC - Space Communism 1N - T-positive CP-ICJ DA-DipCap case (cap good) 1AR - all condo bad 2N - cap good 1ar shell 2AR - same
Emory
6
Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Jacob Palmer
AC - White Science NC - Th-Must read spec section Util CP-Russia CP-ICJ case 1AR - all condo PICs bad 2N - CP-Russia condo PICs bad case 2AR - CP-Russia case
Grapevine
2
Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Allison Aldridge
AC - Bio patents US NC - E-spec TT util PIC-China DA-China Innovation case 1AR - Condo same 2N - Condo DA-China Innovation case
Grapevine
4
Opponent: Aff Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Chris Castillo
AC - Korsgaard NC - Util CP-WHO case 2N - util CP-WHO case 2AR - same
Grapevine
Triples
Opponent: Southlake Carroll AS | Judge: Sreyaash Das
AC - Weed AC NC - Theory-ESPEC T-Reduce T-Marijuana TT CP-WHO DA-Climate 2N - DA-Climate case 2AR - Eval after the 1ar case
Grapevine
5
Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Megan Wu
AC - Evergreening NC - E-SPEC Theory-2AR UV Theory-Consequentialism PIC-China DA-USChina Relations CP-Health Insurance 1AR - Meta-SPEC Spirital or textual Meta-RVIs shells case (underview) 2NR - E-SPEC same 2AR - Meta-SPEC Spirital or textual
Greenhill
1
Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: James Stuckert
AC - Imperialism NC - Theory-Espec TT DA-Climate CP-WHO CP-Orphan Drugs 1AR - same perfcon 2N - ESPEC perfcon 2AR - same
Greenhill
3
Opponent: Lexington AL | Judge: Tej Gedela
AC - Kant NC - T-Reduce Util CP-WHO CP-China case 1AR - same 2N - CP-WHO util case 2ar - same
AC - November 27th 1N - T-FW T-SA T-Private Actor TT case 2AR - same 2N - T-SA TT case 2AR - same
Greenhill
5
Opponent: Plano East AG | Judge: Serena Lu
AC - Evergreening NC - Espec CP-WHO CP-China CP-Secondary Patents DA-USChina Kant case 1AR - all Consult bad condo bad Kant IV 2N - CP-WHO consult bad condo bad case 2AR - kant IV case CP-WHO
Greenhill RR
3
Opponent: Harvard Westlake CC | Judge: Ben Cortez, Rodrigo Paramo
AC - COVID NC - Theory-Espec DA-Climate CP-Production DA-USChina Relation 1AR-same 2N - CP-Production DA-USChina relations case 2AR - same
Greenhill RR
5
Opponent: Marlborough WR | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, Quentin Clark
AC - COVID NC - T-Medicines CP-China Util DA-Climate DA-USChina case 1AR - same 2N - CP=China DA-USChina case 2AR - same
HWL RR
1
Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, James Stuckert
AC - whole res NC - Th-disclosure Th-spec ROB NC-Kant tt CP-ICJ case 1AR - all 2N - Th-disclosure tt 2AR - same
HWL RR
3
Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Joel Limuel, Derek Hilligoss
AC - PTD 1NC - DA-Russia DA-DipCap CP-Multiplank case 1AR - all condo bad 2N - condo bad DA-Russia 2AR - all
HWL RR
6
Opponent: Strake JS | Judge: David Dosch, Joseph Barquin
AC - Debris NC - T-Appropriation CP-Russia case (spark) 1AR - all 2N - spark 2AR - same
Harrison RR
2
Opponent: Harrison MB | Judge: Eric He, Evan Li
AC - Ethnofuturism NC - T-Positive Util PIC-Starlink weather Th-Disclose RR CP-ICJ case 1AR - all 2 contra condo advocacies bad 2N - 1AR shell Util PIC-Starlink case 2AR - util case PIC
Harrison RR
5
Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Michael Kurian, James Stuckert
AC - Prag NC - Th-Must read spec sections Th-Solvency Advocate CP-Weather Satellites CP-ICJ Util theory heg case 1AR - Th-Must not violate shell Th-must not read two frameworks RVIs theory heg 2N - Th-Must read spec sections 1AR shells 2AR - same
Harrison RR
5
Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Michael Kurian, James Stuckert
AC - Prag NC - Th-Must read spec sections Th-Solvency Advocate CP-Weather Satellites CP-ICJ Util theory heg case 1AR - Th-Must not violate shell Th-must not read two frameworks RVIs theory heg 2N - Th-Must read spec sections 1AR shells 2AR - same
Harrison RR
5
Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Michael Kurian, James Stuckert
AC - Prag NC - Th-Must read spec sections Th-Solvency Advocate CP-Weather Satellites CP-ICJ Util theory heg case 1AR - Th-Must not violate shell Th-must not read two frameworks RVIs theory heg 2N - Th-Must read spec sections 1AR shells 2AR - same
Harvard Westlake
2
Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Elmer Yang
AC - China NC - CP-Weather CP-Multiplank V2 DA-Asteroid Mining case (heg bad) 1AR - all 2N - CPs 2AR - same
Harvard Westlake
4
Opponent: Highland HJ | Judge: Jalyn Wu
AC - whole res NC - Th-SA Th-Spec Consequentialism CP-Weather Kant case (warming good) 1AR - all condo bad 2N - Th-SA condo bad 2AR - same
Harvard Westlake
5
Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Jonathan Jeong
AC - Mining NC - T-Positive CP-Russia case (SPARK) 1AR - all PICs bad 2N - CP-Russia PICs bad case 2AR - CP case
King RR
2
Opponent: Strake JX | Judge: Tim Lewis, Nolan Burdett
AC - Korsgaard NC - Th-TJFs Bad Th-spec ROB TT CP-ICJ Kant K util case 1AR - all RVIs 2N - case util CP-ICJ RVIs 2AR - RVIs
King RR
4
Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Akshay Manglik, Truman Le
AC - Ticket to Rye NC - Th-Disclose RR CP-ICJ PIC-starlink weather Util case 1AR - all 2N - PIC-Starlink weather util case 2AR - same
Palm Classic
2
Opponent: Marlborough FL | Judge: Jonathan Jeong
1AC - Global Commons 1NC - T-Positive CP-Property Rights DA-Dipcap case 1AR - all 2N - CP-property rights case 2AR - same
Palm Classic
3
Opponent: St Agnes EH | Judge: Nick Fleming
AC - Megaconstellations NC - T-Appropriation DA-Broadband CP-LEO Constellations DA-Mining case 1AR - all 2N - DA-Broadband case 2AR - same
Palm Classic
6
Opponent: Marlborough JH | Judge: David Klpatrick
AC - Global Commons NC - T-Positive CP-Property Rights DA-US heg case (cap good) 1AR - all 2N - CP-Property Rights cap good 2AR - all DA
Palm Classic
Doubles
Opponent: Village RB | Judge: panel
AC - Nothing But the Sun (set col) NC - Th-may not change aff Util CP-Broadband case 1AR - all 2N - CP case 2AR - same
Scarsdale
2
Opponent: Stuyvesant EL | Judge: Javier Hernandez
AC - whole res NC - PIC-Military DA-Econ NC-Hobbes DA-Tech 1AR - must spec status 2N - same PIC 2AR - spec status
Scarsdale
3
Opponent: Stuyvesant MZ | Judge: Meera Sehgal
AC - prag NC - ESPEC CP-Military DA-Econ Util CP-ICJ 1AR - all PICs bad spec status 2N - util CP-ICJ aff shells 2AR - same
Scarsdale
5
Opponent: Lexington MS | Judge: Zach Siegal
AC - kant disclosure NC - theory-ESPEC util cp-icj da-tech case disclosure 1AR - same spec status 2N - disclosure spec status cp-icj 2ar - disclosure
St Marks
1
Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Gordan Krauss
AC - stock NC - Theory-Disclose RR CP-China DA-USChina Relations CP-US Production DA-Innovation case (WTO bad) 1AR - same 2N - CP-China DA-USChina Relations WTO Bad 2AR - same
AC - Kant NC - CP-Consult WHO Th-ESPEC Th-solvency adv util DA-USChina case 1AR - all consult bad rvis 2N - CP-WHO consult bad rvis 2AR - consult bad
St Marks
6
Opponent: Harker AA | Judge: Danielle Dosch
AC - Pandemics NC - T-Reduce DA-Climate CP-USCHINA DA-CHINA CP-US Production Kant case 1AR - same pics bad condo bad 2N - Kant case shells 2AR - condo bad
St Marks
Doubles
Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Panel
AC - Malaria NC - Th-Disclosure T-Marijuana Kant CP-WTO case 1AR - all 2N - Th-Disclosure 2AR - same
TFA
2
Opponent: Clear Brook MF | Judge: Asad Ahmed
AC - Whole res 1N - Th-Must have SA DA-Ukraine CP-Whistleblowing case 1AR - all 2N - DA-Ukraine case 2AR - same
TFA
3
Opponent: Clements KK | Judge: Joseph Georges
AC - Stock NC - Th-SPEC ROB Th-Define Free Press Th-Combo V2 Th-TJFs bad TT DA-Ukraine case 1AR - all multiple shells bad 2N - DA-Ukraine case multiple shells bad 2AR - multiple shells bad
TFA
Triples
Opponent: LV Hightower AM | Judge: panel
AC - whole res NC - Th-Disclosure util DA-Ukraine case 1AR - same 2N - util case 2AR - same
TFA
Triples
Opponent: LV Hightower AM | Judge: panel
AC - whole res NC - Th-Disclosure util DA-Ukraine case 1AR - same 2N - util case 2AR - same
TFA
5
Opponent: McNeil AD | Judge: Chris Castillo
AC - Rawls NC - Th-TJFs bad CP-Solution Journalism util Th-Disclose RR case 1AR - all 1N interps are ci 2NR - Th-Disclose RR 1N interps are ci
TOC
1
Opponent: Mercer Island KS | Judge: Eric He
AC - Cap NC - T-FW CP-Weather Satellites CP-ICJ Util case 1AR - all PICs bad 2N - PIC PICs bad case 2AR - same
TOC
5
Opponent: Stockdale GS | Judge: Michael Kurian
AC - Cap NC - T-FW Th-ROB SPEC Th-Extra T tt CP-Weather Satellites case 1AR - all RVIs 2N - Th-ROB case 2AR - same
UT
2
Opponent: Westwood ST | Judge: Tej Gedela
AC - Egypt NC - T-A Th-SPEC consequentialism Th-SPEC ROB Th-SA TT Hobbes case 1AR - all RVIs 2N - Th-SPEC ROB RVIs 2AR - same
UT
3
Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Truman Le
AC - Courts 1N - T-A Th-SPEC ROB T-just tt case 1AR - all RVIs IV-grammar Th-cite all cards 2N - Th-ROB RVIs IV-grammar Th-cite all cards 2AR - Th-cite all cards
UT
6
Opponent: John Paul Stevens JS | Judge: Cale McCrary
AC - SV 1N - Util DA-Econ PIC-EMT case 1AR - same 2N - PIC-EMT 2AR - same
UT
Doubles
Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: panel
AC - Egypt NC - T-A T-just Th-SPEC SA Th-SPEC ROB TT case 1AR - all RVIs 2N - case RVIs 2AR - case
Valley
1
Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Maya Xia
AC - Women's Medicines NC - T-Reduce CP-WHO CP-Women's Meds DA-USCHINA Util case 1AR - same 2N - same
Valley
3
Opponent: Harker PG | Judge: Victor Chen
AC - EU Trade secrets NC - T-WTO DA-WTO CP-Prizes CP-WHO case 1AR - All 2N - CP-WHO case 2AR - Same
Valley
6
Opponent: American Heritage Broward NR | Judge: Aryan Jasani
AC - Virtue Ethics 1N - Theory-SA ESPEC Theory-Disclose meta ethic util CP-WHO case 1AR - all AFC 2N - CP-WHO case 2AR - AFC
Valley
Doubles
Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: panel
AC - Kant NC - Theory-RR Disclosure Theory-SA Theory-ESPEC Theory-Disclose Framing Theory-Disclose Adv Areas CP-WHO V3 tt Theory-Combo V2 case 1AR - all RVIs IV-Check spec shells in cross IV-Disclosure theory bad 2N - Theory-Combo CP-WHO case 2AR - RVIs CP-WHO
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1 - K - Kant
Tournament: King RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake JX | Judge: Tim Lewis, Nolan Burdett Kantian philosophy excludes the queer body – he believes homosexuality is not universalizable. Alan Soble 03, The Monist 86:1 (Jan. 2003), pp. 55-89. Kant and Sexual Perversion Kant immediately continues
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its own species.75
This is not “Kant believed some other bad thing.” The argument follows from the necessity of avoiding contradiction in conception by willing the perpetuation of the species. Kant thought the homosexual maxim of sex without reproduction had no such function, so it constituted sacrificing your rational agency for the subordinate end of pleasure. That Negates – It makes trying to obligate people to act under Kant incoherent since a. a large portion of the population has no reason to care about obligations under your framework since they aren’t Kantian agents and b. even if they were, the standard just violates their freedom which is a prior condition to any other actions under it Impact: They read morally repugnant arguments. Thus the alternative is to drop the debater:
Accessibility – a. it’s a prereq because you need people in debate to debate. Means it comes prior to engaging in any other flow. b. all aff arguments presuppose that people feel safe in this space to respond to them. 2. Safety - the judge has a proximal obligation to ensure inaccessible practices don’t proliferate.
3/26/22
1 - NC - TT
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Allison Aldridge The ROB is to determine the truth of falsity of the resolution – 1 Textuality – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true. That OW – a Jurisdiction – judges are constrained through their constitutive purpose and proves it’s a side constraint on what arguments they can vote on. b Predictability – people base prep off the pregiven terms in the resolution. 2 Isomorphism – alternative ROBs aren’t binary truth/false because of topic lit biases which increases intervention and takes the debate out of the hands of debaters. 3 Inclusion – any offense functions under it as long as debaters implicate their positions to prove the truth or falsity of the resolution which maximizes substantive clash through ground and is a sequencing question for engaging in debate. 4 Logic – any statement relies on a conception of truth to function – for example, I’m hungry is the same as its true that I’m hungry – logic is a litmus test for any argument and proves your ROB collapse since it relies on truth. Presumption and permissibility negates – a) more often false than true since I can prove something false in infinite ways b) real world policies require positive justification before being adopted – there’s alwahys an institutional DA to going through Congress c) ought means “moral obligation” so the lack of that obligation means the aff hasn’t fulfilled their burden Negate – 1 member is “a part or organ of the body, especially a limb” but an organ can’t have obligations 2 of is to “expressing an age” but the rez doesn’t delineate a length of time 3 the is “denoting a disease or affliction” but the WTO isn’t a disease 4 to is to “expressing motion in the direction of (a particular location)” but the rez doesn’t have a location 5 reduce is to “(of a person) lose weight, typically by dieting” but IP doesn’t have a body to lose weight. 6 for is “in place of” but medicines aren’t replacing IP. 7 medicine is “(especially among some North American Indian peoples) a spell, charm, or fetish believed to have healing, protective, or other power” but you can’t have IP for a spell.
9/11/21
1 - NC - TT V2
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Stuckert, Castillo, Kotamraju The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statement – A - anything else moots 7 minutes of the NC – their framing collapses since you must say it is true that their theory of power is better than another before you adopt it.
B - The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true so it's constitutive and jurisdictional. I denied the truth of the resolution by disagreeing with the aff which means I've met my burden.
C - it’s the most logical since you don’t say vote for the player who shoots the most 3 points, the better player wins since debate is a game with rules given by how there’s a winner and loser. Answers collapse to truth testing since they require truth value i.e. truth testing is false requires proving that it is true that truth testing is false.
D - Nothing leaves this round other than the result on the ballot which means even if there is a higher purpose, it doesn’t change anything, and you should just write whatever is important on the ballot and vote for me.
E - ROBs that aren’t phrased as binaries maximize leeway for interpretation as to who is winning offense. Scalar framing mechanisms necessitate that the judge has to intervene to see who is closest at solving a problem.
F - Other ROBs open the door for personal lives of debaters to factor into decisions and compare who is more oppressed which causes violence in a space where some people go to escape
G - They don’t prove the rez true so you should negate on face.
Negate - 1 - Darwinian dilemma—if moral facts were objective realities, species who believed them would’ve died out since they’re dominated by beliefs that are more evolutionarily advantageous. Since we believe there are moral facts, they’re merely beliefs that help us reproduce with no independent normative force
2 - Bonini’s Paradox- As a model of a complex system becomes more complete, it becomes less understandable; for it to be more understandable it must be less complete and therefore less accurate. Therefore no philosophical or political model can be useful.
3 - Linguistics – words are indeterminate since every claim requires a empirical verification, which is impossible given the arbitrariness of meaning. If I say, “The man is on the table”, that statement is true if and only if a certain man is on a certain table. This takes out any definition based a prioris because they can’t be based on a definition.
4 - Good Samaritan Paradox -- affirming negates because in order to say you want to fix x problem, that assumes x problem exists in the first place, thus having a jobs guarantee presupposes ungrievable lives exist which means negation is a prior question
5 - Grain Paradox- A single grain of millet makes no sound upon falling, but a thousand grains make a sound. But a thousand nothings cannot make something which means the physical world is paradoxical.
9/19/21
1 - NC - TT V2
Tournament: TFA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Clements KK | Judge: Joseph Georges The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statement – anything else moots 7 minutes of the nc – their framing collapses since you must say it is true that a world is better than another before you adopt it. They justify substantive skews since there will always be a more correct side of the issue but we compensate for flaws in the lit. Scalar methods like comparison increases intervention – the persuasion of certain DA or advantages sway decisions – T/F binary is descriptive and technical. a priori’s 1st – even worlds framing requires ethics that begin from a priori principles like reason or pleasure so we control the internal link to functional debates. The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional. I denied the truth of the resolution by disagreeing with the aff which means I’ve met my burden.
3/11/22
1 - NC - Util
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Allison Aldridge Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actions. Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM Let us start
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ground Pettit’s theory.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death.
Actor specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to
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acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories- extinction literally ends the debate on “ought”. b. moral theories were formulated prior to the Anthropocene and human capacity for collective death so they cannot be relied on in situations of existential risk. c. no coherent moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value. 3. Intuitions ow – if a very well justified, logical theory concluded "genocide” you wouldn’t say “huh I guess genocide is good” you would abandon it – also proves death outweighs because it’s counterintuitive to say extinction of the whole world doesn’t matter. 4. Theoretically prefer util – its DTA. a. Ground – every impact functions under util whereas other ethics flow to one side exclusively. b. Topic lit – most articles are written through the lens of util because they’re crafted for policymakers and the general public who take consequences to be important, not philosophy majors. Key to fairness and education.
9/11/21
1 - T - Disclose Meta-Ethic
Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: American Heritage Broward NR | Judge: Aryan Jasani Interpretation: the aff must disclose the meta ethic of the 1ac at least 15 before the round Violation: It’s a voter for strat skew. My pre-round prep is eviscerated by not knowing what impacts matter under their fwk. This forces us to start preparing for the aff right when we get the aff which destroys clash because we cant form good 1nc strategy without knowing what matters. For example their model allows us to spend pre round prepping the rawls aff but then it is a util aff. This exacerbates the advantages of being aff because they already get infinite prep time and destroys neg flex.
9/27/21
1 - T - FW
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Stuckert, Castillo, Kotamraju Interpretation debaters must defend that the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. “Resolved” means to enact by law. Words and Phrases ’64 (Words and Phrases; 1964; Permanent Edition) Definition of the
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establish by law”.
Nations are defined territories with governments Merriam Webster Merriam Webster, 8-22-2021, accessed on 9-6-2021, Merriam-webster, "Definition of NATION", https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nation Adam Definition of nation
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Nation in Oklahoma
Medicines refer to physical substances. American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine 18 The American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine 2018 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company https://www.yourdictionary.com/medicineElmer "A substance, especially
Limits- there are a finite amount of topical restrictions, but an infinite number of non topical affirmatives. Not debating the topic allows someone to specialize in one area of the library for 4 years giving them a huge edge over people who switch research focus ever 2 months.
3 impacts: First is fairness—debate is fundamentally a game which requires both sides to have a relatively equal shot at winning and is necessary for any benefit to the activity. That outweighs:
a. decision-making: every argument concedes to the validity of fairness i.e. that the judge will make a fair decision based on the arguments presented. This means if they win fairness bad vote neg on presumption because you have no obligation to fairly evaluate their arguments.
b. probability: voting aff can’t solve any of their impacts but it can solve ours. All the ballot does is tell tab who won which can’t stop any violence but can resolve the fairness imbalance in this particular debate.
Second - Testing – topical debate allows in depth analysis of tangible solutions for real world problems. Abstracting to arbitrary advocacies deteriorates from those skills, making debate meaningless. They turn the debate into a monologue where the negative debater is robbed of opportunities to learn which turns aff solvency to their method since I can’t engage. Advocacy skills controls the internal link to education and outweighs on portability since it is applicable to the real world. Private Actor Fiat –its unpredictable – u can choose a billion actors, organizations, and creates cruel optimism because it’s literally impossible for that kind of action to happen because they don’t have the infrastructure to succeed
Third is the small schools disad - under-resourced are most adversely effected by a massive, unpredictable caselist which worsens structural disparities
Ballot paradox - either they want the ballot and prove the competition arguments, or they’re only here for the discussion in which case vote neg but recognize the aff’s education is valuable – proves T comes first.
TVA – whole rez with ur framing and cybernetics adv Disads to the TVA prove there’s negative ground and that it’s a contestable stasis point, and if their critique is incompatible with the topic reading it on the neg solves and is better because it promotes switch-side debate. Paradigm –
TFW is drop the debater – it indicts their method of engagement and proves we couldn’t engage fairly with their aff. 2. Competing interps – reasonability is arbitrary, you can’t be reasonably topical, and causes a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. 3. RVIs and impact turns encourage all in on theory which decks substance and incentivize baiting theory with abusive practices. 4. No impact turns— exclusions are inevitable—there are infinite topics that are important discussions but not all of them are debatable. Even if our vision of the topic can’t fully include their scholarship they have to weigh the marginal benefit of allowing their scholarship against having literally no limit on what the affirmative can talk about which proves maintaining the topic as a stasis point outweighs.
9/19/21
1 - Th - Dont change the aff
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Village RB | Judge: panel Interpretation: debaters may not change the affirmative after they told us what the aff was 30 min before. To clarify once debaters have disclosed the aff to their opponent they may no change it. Violation: They did - Standard:
Prep Skew - their model incentivizes debaters to constantly change affirmatives which makes preparation before debates basically impossible. Their model justifies debates functionally telling us one thing and then doing another which kills fairness bc we have no prep and they come in with a huge adv. 2. Clash - it incentivizes cheap shot strategies where they read a completely different aff. Uniquely true in this context where they shifted from a aff to _. We can never come up with a completely new 1NC from the time we find out the aff is new which decks fairness. Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
2/14/22
1 - Theory - CSPEC
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Megan Wu Interpretation: If the affirmative defends a consequentialist framework, they must explicitly delineate which theory of the good they defend in the form of a text in the 1ac. Each nuance of the ethic entails different obligations and would exclude different offense – there are 7 different versions. Mastin, Luke Mastin, Consequentialism, The basics of philosophy http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_consequentialism.html Some consequentialist theories
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to their well-being. Standards:
Shiftiness – They can shift out of my turns based on whatever theory of the good they operate under due to the nature of a vague standard. Especially true because the warrants for their standard could justify different versions of consequentialism as coming first and I wouldn’t know until the 1ar which gives them access to multiple contingent standards. 2. Strat – I lose 6 minutes of time during the AC to generate a strategy because I don't know what turns or strategy, I can go for during the 1N absent which proves CX doesn’t check since it would occur after the skew. 3. Resolvability – Makes the round irresolvable since we can’t weigh different mechanisms for the good – Benatar would probably link harder under a hedonistic conception of util – weighing ground is key since it ensures we can compare arguments that clash to access the ballot.
9/19/21
1 - Theory - Combo
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Megan Wu Interpretation: Debaters may not justify 1ar theory is dtd, no rvi, competing interps, no 2n theory paradigm issues , and it’s the highest layer Violation: its all in the underview Standard:
Infinite Abuse - their norm justifies the affirmative auto winning every round since they can read infinite risk free 1AR shells with DTD and Competing interp. And since I don’t have 2n paradigm issues I can’t contest it. Even if I uplayer I can’t win since your shell is the highest layer. Answering the argument doesn’t solve because you can read infinite of these paradigm issues in the 1ac making it impossible. Norming is an independent voter since justifying the value of debate necessarily justifies the norms of the activity being good in order for debate to be valuable.
9/19/21
1 - Theory - Combo V2
Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: panel Interpretation: Debaters may not justify 1ar theory is dtd, no rvi, competing interps, Violation: its all in the underview Standard:
Infinite Abuse - their norm justifies the affirmative auto winning every round since they can read infinite risk free 1AR shells with DTD and Competing interp. And since I don’t have 2n paradigm issues I can’t contest it. Even if I uplayer I can’t win since your shell is the highest layer. Answering the argument doesn’t solve because you can read infinite of these paradigm issues in the 1ac making it impossible. Norming is an independent voter since justifying the value of debate necessarily justifies the norms of the activity
9/27/21
1 - Theory - Disclose Adv Areas
Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: panel Interpretation: Debaters must disclose the advantage area before round within 15 minutes of when pairings were released Violation: Standards:
Limits- plan affs means that their advantage could functionally be anything from the world which means we don't get a quality push versus the crux of their advantage. That forces the negative into reading either A Advocacies that have nothing to with their advantage area or B Really bad generics that the aff will always be ahead on. It makes clash non-specific and arbritary at best 2. Clash- disclosing 15 mintues instead of when the pairings come out means that they can arbritarlly stall us out and makes it impossible for us to have any genuine chance at prepping their strategy. Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
9/27/21
1 - Theory - Disclose Framing
Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: panel Interpretation: the aff must disclose the framework of the 1ac _ before the round Violation: It’s a voter for strat skew. My pre-round prep is eviscerated by not knowing what impacts matter under their fwk. This forces us to start preparing for the aff right when we get the aff which destroys clash because we cant form good 1nc strategy without knowing what matters. For example their model allows us to spend pre round prepping the rawls aff but then it is a util aff. This exacerbates the advantages of being aff because they already get infinite prep time and destroys neg flex.
9/27/21
1 - Theory - Disclose RR
Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: panel Interp: Debaters must disclose round reports on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD wiki for every round they have debated this season. Round reports disclose which positions (AC, NC, K, T, Theory, etc.) were read/gone for in every speech. Violation: Standards: 1 - Level Playing Field – big schools can go around and scout and collect flows but independents are left in the dark so round reports are key for them to prep- they give you an idea of overall what layers debaters like going for so you can best prepare your strategy when you hit them. Accessibility first and independent voter – it's an impact multiplier. 2 - Strategy Education – round reports help novices understand the context in which positions are read by good debaters and help with brainstorming potential 1ARs vs NCs – helps compensate for kids who can't afford coaches to prep out NCs. Also eval debate after 1nc and b4 1ar – k2 reciprocity bc both sides get 1 speech – flips speech time skew to account for aff inf prep 3 - Pre-round prep –1AR’s and 2AR’s gives especially give an idea of what type of debater someone is – they could lose on 1AR theory every round, or go for a RVI– otherwise I enter every round unknowing whereas you have an idea of what you want to go for, and what you can answer well from the start. Disclosure outweighs – it’s key to assessing the honesty of the form of your argumentation and how you presented arguments which means it precludes 1nc claims. Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. Reject all responses to disclosure – they selectively comply with our norm because they disclose some docs that meet our criteria which proves we can’t verify what norms they actually agree with. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
9/27/21
1 - Theory - Must Have SA
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Stuckert, Castillo, Kotamraju Interpretation: The affirmative must have a carded solvency advocate in the 1AC. Violation – There is no card that talks about the inhuman eliminating IPP for medicine Standards:
predictability - no way for the neg to predict the advocacy because it’s not in the lit – this decks DA and CP ground - outweighs because ground is the key determinant of engagement.
2. limits – no solvency advocate allows infinite possible affs – also justifies breaking affs that are at the edges of the topic with no advocate.
3. shiftiness - no way to guarantee the DAs and CPs we read link or solve because they can re-interpret the plan in the 1ar – creates a 7-6 skew that prevents new 2nr ev to prove normal means from checking.
9/19/21
1 - Theory - SPEC ROB
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood ST | Judge: Tej Gedela Interpretation: The affirmative debater must articulate a distinct ROB in the form of a delineated text in the 1AC speech. Violation: Standards: 1 - Strat Skew – Absent a text in the 1AC, they can read multiple pieces of offense under different ROBs and then read a new one in the 1AR so they never substantively lose debates under the ROB. They can warrant things like condo logic, consequentialist policy-making offense for their aff, or kritikal impacts that deviate from their plan and then read an incredibly nuanced ROB in the 1ar that makes it so only the conceded or under-covered offense matters. Stable advocacies are key to fairness since otherwise you aren’t bound by anything you say. Infinite abuse – Reading a new ROB in the 1AR makes it so all you have to do is dump on the 1N ROB and marginally extend your warrants in the 2ar and the neg can’t do anything about it since there is no 3NR to answer the 2ar weighing or extrapolations, you already have conceded offense, all you need is the ROB. 2 - Reciprocity – A - restarting the ROB debate in the 1ar puts you at a 7-6 advantage on the framing debate since I have to propose one in the 1N since 2N arguments are new – putting it in the aff makes it 13-13 B - you have one more speech to contest my ROB and weigh, I can only possibly answer your ROB in the 2n but you can do comparative weighing in the 2ar C - I can only read a ROB in the 1N so you should read it in your first speech as well – that’s definitionally an equal burden.
12/4/21
JF - CP - Broadband
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Village RB | Judge: panel CP TEXT: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust except for broadband constellation satellites. Constellations key to Precision Ag – key to food sustainability and increasing food supply to account for exponential population growth. Greensight 21 3-15-2021 "Can Starlink Save the World by Connecting Farms?" https://www.greensightag.com/logbook/can-starlink-save-the-world-by-connecting-farms/ (Data Management Consulting Firm)Elmer GreenSight innovates in
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to solving global food challenges.
Food Insecurity goes nuclear – escalates multiple hotspots. Cribb 19 Julian Cribb 8-23-2019 “Food or War” https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/food-or-war/hotspots-for-food-conflict-in-the-twentyfirst-century/1CD674412E09B8E6F325C9C0A0A6778A (principal of Julian Cribb and Associates who provide specialist consultancy in the communication of science, agriculture, food, mining, energy and the environment. , His published work includes over 8000 articles, 3000 media releases and eight books. He has received 32 awards for journalism.)Elmer Future Food Wars
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in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
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Nagasaki as well.
2/14/22
JF - CP - China Mining
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell HS | Judge: Raunak Dua CP TEXT: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust except for Chinese Asteroid Mining Chinese Asteroid Mining key to sustaining Rare Earth Minerals. Cohen 21 Ariel Cohen 10-26-2021 "China’s Space Mining Industry Is Prepping For Launch – But What About The US?" https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=6b8bea862ae0 (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique.)Elmer Exploration of space-based
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increasing space ambitions.
China terrestrial mining slipping. CPT 21 China Power Team. "Does China Pose a Threat to Global Rare Earth Supply Chains?" China Power. July 17, 2020. Updated May 12, 2021. Accessed December 19, 2021. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-rare-earths/Elmer Growing Global Competition
Taiwan goes nuclear. Talmadge 18 Caitlin, Associate Professor of Security Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option: Why a U.S.-China War Could Spiral Out of Control,” accessible online at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option, published Nov/Dec 2018re-cut by Elmer As China’s power
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unfold again today.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
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highly prominent place.
2/19/22
JF - CP - Hybrid Property
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AS | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Claudia Ribera CP Text: States should adopt and abide by the 1AC AUTHOR’S FINAL RECOMMENDATION of a “hybrid property” regulatory regime. Babcock 19 (, H., 2019. THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE, OUTER SPACE, AND THE GLOBAL COMMONS: TIME TO CALL HOME ET. online Lawreview.syr.edu. Available at: https://lawreview.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/H-Babcock-Article-Final-Document-v2.pdf#page=67 Accessed 15 December 2021 Professor Babcock served as general counsel to the National Audubon Society from 1987-91 and as deputy general counsel and Director of Audubon’s Public Lands and Water Program from 1981-87. Previously, she was a partner with Blum, Nash and Railsback, where she focused on energy and environmental issues, and an associate at LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae where she represented utilities in the nuclear licensing process. From 1977-79, she served as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Energy and Minerals in the U.S. Department of the Interior. Professor Babcock has taught environmental and natural resources law as a visiting professor at Pace University Law School and as an adjunct at the University of Pennsylvania, Yale, Catholic University, and Antioch law schools. Professor Babcock was a member of the Standing Committee on Environmental Law of the American Bar Association, and served on the Clinton-Gore Transition Team.) JQ IV. NEW TYPES OF PROPERTY REGIMES THAT MIGHT WORK IN OUTER SPACE The rapidly closing
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overlapping or spatial.
2/20/22
JF - CP - Hybrid Property
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AS | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Claudia Ribera CP Text: States should adopt and abide by the 1AC AUTHOR’S FINAL RECOMMENDATION of a “hybrid property” regulatory regime. Babcock 19 (, H., 2019. THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE, OUTER SPACE, AND THE GLOBAL COMMONS: TIME TO CALL HOME ET. online Lawreview.syr.edu. Available at: https://lawreview.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/H-Babcock-Article-Final-Document-v2.pdf#page=67 Accessed 15 December 2021 Professor Babcock served as general counsel to the National Audubon Society from 1987-91 and as deputy general counsel and Director of Audubon’s Public Lands and Water Program from 1981-87. Previously, she was a partner with Blum, Nash and Railsback, where she focused on energy and environmental issues, and an associate at LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae where she represented utilities in the nuclear licensing process. From 1977-79, she served as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Energy and Minerals in the U.S. Department of the Interior. Professor Babcock has taught environmental and natural resources law as a visiting professor at Pace University Law School and as an adjunct at the University of Pennsylvania, Yale, Catholic University, and Antioch law schools. Professor Babcock was a member of the Standing Committee on Environmental Law of the American Bar Association, and served on the Clinton-Gore Transition Team.) JQ IV. NEW TYPES OF PROPERTY REGIMES THAT MIGHT WORK IN OUTER SPACE The rapidly closing
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overlapping or spatial.
2/20/22
JF - CP - ICJ
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, James Stuckert CP Text: Space faring nations should enter into a prior and binding consultation with the International Court of Justice over plan. Advisory opinions from ICJ are necessary to clarify and develop international space law and they say yes. Simpson and Johnson 17 Michael Simpson, International Space University · Space Policy and Law; Business and Management, Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor at the Secure World Foundation, a non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on the sustainable uses of outer space. Christopher does research, writes, and speaks about international and national space law with a special focus on peaceful uses of outer space, emerging governance challenges with non-traditional space activities, and identifying and characterizing deficiencies in existing space law., September 2017, Lacunae and Silence in International Space Law – A Hypothetical Advisory Opinion from the International Court of Justice, ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320596144_Lacunae_and_Silence_in_International_Space_Law_-_A_Hypothetical_Advisory_Opinion_from_the_International_Court_of_Justice 12-16-2021 rohan Since international space
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likely to entail.
International space legal regime are needed to solve space war - malleable laws are key in outer space. Hart 21 Amalyah Hart, Amalyah Hart is a science journalist based in Melbourne, 11-19-2021, "Do we need new space law to prevent space war", Cosmos Magazine, https://cosmosmagazine.com/people/society/space-law-to-prevent-space-war/ simha The week before
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heads will prevail.”
1/13/22
JF - CP - LEO Constellations
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Agnes EH | Judge: Nick Fleming CP Text: States should - implement cooperative active debris removal measures aimed at mitigating debris from mega-constellations. - cooperate on the development of a cloud-based infrastructure system between private and public entities with the purpose of advancing overall cyber security and create a protected mandatory reporting system for government contractors and critical infrastructure employees - dismantle their antisatellite weapon systems and stop all development of space weapons - adopt a system of market share liability in regard to the creation of debris in outer space by private entities 1st plank solves Cyber-Attacks. Robertl and Vocl 21 Christopher Robertl and Vince Vocl. Christopher is the Senior Vice President of Cyber Intelligence and Supply Chain Security Policy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Vince VocI is the Executive Director Cyber Policy and Operations at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. 5-14-2021, accessed on 8-8-2021, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, "4 Ways U.S. Government Leaders Can Protect IP and Personal Data", https://www.uschamber.com/on-demand/cybersecurity/how-can-the-government-help-protect-intellectual-property-and-personal-data Adam During the past
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get things done.”
2nd solves for Mega-constellation Impacts. Hardy 20, Brian Patrick. Long-term effects of satellite megaconstellations on the debris environment in low earth orbit. Diss. 2020. (Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)Elmer The results of
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sub-optimal PMD rates.
3rd plank solves second advantage – states won’t posses asat capability to escalate.
4th plank incentivizes sustainable use of space. Mark Sundahl 00, Ph.D. from Brown, 2000; J.D. candidate, Hastings College of the Law, 2001; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 2000,“Unidentified Orbital Debris: The Case for a Market-Share Liability Regime” 24 HastingsInt'l and Comp. L. Rev. 125 Market-share liability will
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as debris-detecting satellites.
2/12/22
JF - CP - Multiplank
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Joel Limuel, Derek Hilligoss CP Text: Private entities and states should -form a proportional share liability agreement for damage to functional space objects caused by interference with unidentifiable orbital space debris and states should increase space debris remediation - increase direct military-to-military communication and bilateral and multilateral hotlines -adopt and abide by the 1AC AUTHOR’S FINAL RECOMMENDATION of a “hybrid property” regulatory regime. Babcock 19 (, H., 2019. THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE, OUTER SPACE, AND THE GLOBAL COMMONS: TIME TO CALL HOME ET. online Lawreview.syr.edu. Available at: https://lawreview.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/H-Babcock-Article-Final-Document-v2.pdf#page=67 Accessed 15 December 2021 Professor Babcock served as general counsel to the National Audubon Society from 1987-91 and as deputy general counsel and Director of Audubon’s Public Lands and Water Program from 1981-87. Previously, she was a partner with Blum, Nash and Railsback, where she focused on energy and environmental issues, and an associate at LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae where she represented utilities in the nuclear licensing process. From 1977-79, she served as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Energy and Minerals in the U.S. Department of the Interior. Professor Babcock has taught environmental and natural resources law as a visiting professor at Pace University Law School and as an adjunct at the University of Pennsylvania, Yale, Catholic University, and Antioch law schools. Professor Babcock was a member of the Standing Committee on Environmental Law of the American Bar Association, and served on the Clinton-Gore Transition Team.) JQ IV. NEW TYPES OF PROPERTY REGIMES THAT MIGHT WORK IN OUTER SPACE The rapidly closing
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overlapping or spatial.
Share liability forces polluters to internalize costs, encouraging remediation and mitigation. Mark Sundahl 00, Ph.D. from Brown, 2000; J.D. candidate, Hastings College of the Law, 2001; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 2000,“Unidentified Orbital Debris: The Case for a Market-Share Liability Regime” 24 HastingsInt'l and Comp. L. Rev. 125 Market-share liability
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as debris-detecting satellites.
Squo solves debris — ADR, debris tracking, and maneuverability improvements will mitigate the impact far before we reach Kessler. Kurt 15 (Joseph; Juris Doctor candidate, William and Mary School of Law, 2016; B.A. Marquette University, 2000; Triumph of the Space Commons: Addressing the Impending Space Debris Crisis Without an International Treaty; William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review; https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0bd4/c4059d5a5ad2faa42ce5977548d900df8f8c.pdf; accessed 10/4/19; MSCOTT) III. REASONS FOR HOPE
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along the way.
Hotlines and dialogue prevent escalation. Trenin 19 Dr. Dmitri Vitalyevich Trenin, PhD is the director of the Carnegie Moscow Center, a think tank and regional affiliate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Strategic Stability in the Changing World. March 2019. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/3-15_Trenin_StrategicStability.pdf To maintain the
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and transparency measures.
1/13/22
JF - CP - Multiplank V2
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Elmer Yang CP Text: The People’s Republic of China should - increase and encourage private and civil space cooperation with the United States over appropriation of outer space. - The United States Federal Government should repeal the Wolf Amendment. - de-militarize its civilian, military, and commercial space industry. - Dismantle, remove, and ban ASAT weapons along with dual-use capabilities. - end China-Russian cooperation in Outer Space. Cooperation de-escalates the Space Race, solves Sino-Russian axis, and spills-over to broader US-China relations. Marshall and Hadfield 21 Will Marshall and Chris Hadfield 4-15-2021 "Why the U.S. and China Should Collaborate in Space" https://time.com/5954941/u-s-china-should-collaborate-in-space/ (CEO of Planet which operates 200 satellites that image the entire Earth landmass on a daily basis, and he formerly worked at NASA on lunar missions and space debris. Colonel Chris Hadfield was Commander of the International Space Station and flew both the U.S. Space Shuttle and Russian Soyuz vehicles. Prior to that he served as a fighter/test pilot with the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force.)Elmer While much has
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Marlborough FL | Judge: Jonathan Jeong CP Text: The Committee on the Peaceful use of Outer Space should establish an application system for property rights on celestial bodies. Applications and approval of property rights should be granted upon the condition of - open disclosure of data gathered in the exploration of a celestial body - Applications must be publicly announced - Property Rights will be made tradeable between private entities - Property Rights will be set to expire on the conclusion of a successful extraction mission - Private Entities will only be allowed one property right grant per celestial body and cannot have more than one grant at a time - Ban the militarization of outer space The CP establishes international norms for safe extraction of resources on celestial bodies while increasing RandD in outer space. Steffen 21 Olaf Steffen, Olaf is a scientist at the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Sytems at the German Aerospace Center. 12-2-2021, "Explore to Exploit: A Data-Centred Approach to Space Mining Regulation," Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964621000515 accessed 12/12/21 Adam The data gathered
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mass through mining.
Space mining fails now due to profitability and unsafe tech which only the CP solves. Steffen 21 Olaf Steffen, Olaf is a scientist at the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Sytems at the German Aerospace Center. 12-2-2021, "Explore to Exploit: A Data-Centred Approach to Space Mining Regulation," Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964621000515 accessed 12/12/21 The data-driven
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positions of influence.
Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, climate, terror, war, and disease. Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans
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to the future.
Unregulated mining of asteroids triggers space conflicts. Thompson 16 Clive, Writer for Wired, “Space Mining Could Set Off a Star War”, Wired, 01/14/2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/01/clive-thompson-11/ SPACE IS LOUSY
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in the balance.
That goes nuclear. Grego 18 Laura, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf Why space is
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to different weapons.
Normal means has the plan implemented through COPUOS. Halstead 10—(B.S., Psychology, The University of Alabama; J.D., The University of Alabama School of Law; LL.M., Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University; Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps). C. Brandon Halstead. 2010. "Prometheus Unbound - Proposal for a New Legal Paradigm for Air Law and Space Law: Orbit Law," Journal of Space Law 36, no. 1, 143-206 The debate on
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and atmospheric space.
2/12/22
JF - CP - Proportional Share Liability
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Sam Larson, Jared Burke CP Text: States and private entities should form a proportional share liability agreement for damage to functional space objects caused by interference with unidentifiable orbital space debris and the US should increase space debris remediation with the Russian Federation. Share liability forces polluters to internalize costs, encouraging remediation and mitigation. Mark Sundahl 00, Ph.D. from Brown, 2000; J.D. candidate, Hastings College of the Law, 2001; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 2000,“Unidentified Orbital Debris: The Case for a Market-Share Liability Regime” 24 HastingsInt'l and Comp. L. Rev. 125 Market-share liability will
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as debris-detecting satellites.
Plank 2 solves 86 of debris. Wright 12 — David Wright (Received his PhD in physics from Cornell University in 1983 and worked for five years as a research physicist, SSRC-MacArthur Foundation Fellow in International Peace and Security in the Center for Science and International Affairs in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, and a Senior Analyst at the Federation of American Scientists), 2012, “Who Owns the Most Space Debris? Depends What You Measure”. https://allthingsnuclear.org/dwright/who-owns-the-most-space-debris-depends-what-you. The number of
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a US-Russian issue.
2/18/22
JF - CP - Russia
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake JS | Judge: David Dosch, Joseph Barquin CP Text: The appropriation of outer space through the production of space debris by private entities except those for entities based or under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation is unjust. The plan requires clarifying international space law---causes strategic bargaining to extract concessions Alexander William Salter 16, Assistant Professor of Economics, Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University, "SPACE DEBRIS: A LAW AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE ORBITAL COMMONS", 19 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 221 (2016), https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/19-2-2-salter-final_0.pdf V. MITIGATION VS. REMOVAL Relying on international
We stopped appeasing Russia – they’ll pocket concessions from coop and increase aggression – tensions aren’t the result of understandings but hardened differences. Haddad and Polakova 18 Benjamin Haddad Director, Future Europe Initiative - Atlantic Council. Alina Polyakova Director, Project on Global Democracy and Emerging Technology Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe. Don’t rehabilitate Obama on Russia. March 5, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/ Obama’s much-ballyhooed
The space sector’s importance for military strategy makes it prestige driver for Russia that allows them to mask domestic challenges. Jackson 18 (Nicole J. Jackson is an international relations and security studies scholar specializing in Russia and the former Soviet Union. She is Associate Professor at the School for International Studies at Simon Fraser University. She has published on Russian foreign and security policy, regional security governance and trafficking in Central Asia. "Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy." https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/40e4/d8ee5c172d547fdc4c047ff01b444b69136e.pdf) Today, the Russian
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mask internal challenges.
Specifically - conciliatory policies present an image of weakness and appeasement - Russia seizes on it. Payne 17 – Served in the Department of Defense as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Forces Policy Dr. Keith B. Payne, “Russian strategy Expansion, crisis and conflict,” Comparative Strategy, 2017. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01495933.2017.1277121?needAccess=true Unless a fundamental
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important first step.
Putin soft power is low now, and that prevents Baltic adventurism that goes nuclear - legitimizing him gives him an opening to make information warfare succeed. Kagan 19 - American resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a former professor of military history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, less famous brother of our favorite neighborhood neocon Robert Kagan Frederick W. Kagan, “CONFRONTING THE RUSSIAN CHALLENGE: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE U.S.,” Institute for the Study of War. June 2019. https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016b-6eef-dc80-a3ff-ffff778c0000*Apologies for it being super condensed - it’s a 90 pg article The Russian threat’s
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risk of Armageddon.
Appeasing Russia shreds the NPT and causes nuke prolif Umland 17 Andreas Umland is a German political scientist, historian and Russian interpreter, specializing in contemporary Russian and Ukrainian history. He is a Member of the Institute for Central and East European Studies at the Catholic University, and a senior research fellow at the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation in Kyiv. The Price of Appeasing Russian Adventurism. January 16, 2017. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/67692 A major foreign
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regard to Ukraine.
1/14/22
JF - CP - Starlink Weather
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Gordon Krauss, Parth Shah CP text: Private entities ought not appropriate outer space via Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit except for starlink Starlink Mega-Constellations generates next-level advanced weather forecasting. Erwin 20 Sandra Erwin 10-14-2020 "SpaceX to explore ways to provide weather data to U.S. military" https://spacenews.com/spacex-to-explore-ways-to-provide-weather-data-to-u-s-military/ (Sandra Erwin writes about military space programs, policy, technology and the industry that supports this sector. She has covered the military, the Pentagon, Congress and the defense industry for nearly two decades as editor of NDIA’s National Defense Magazine and Pentagon correspondent for Real Clear Defense.)Elmer The $2 million
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proliferated LEO systems.
Advanced Weather Forecasting solves Climate Change. Taylor-Smith 21 Kerry Taylor-Smith 3-25-2021 "What Role can Advanced Weather Forecasting have in Providing Climate Crisis Solutions?" https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1193 (Pursuing a passion for science, Kerry completed a degree in Natural Sciences at the University of Bath; where she studied a range of topics, including chemistry, biology, and environmental sciences. Her passion for writing grew as she worked on the university newspaper as a contributor, feature editor, and editor.)Elmer Humankind is in
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economic or otherwise.
Warming causes Extinction. Kareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Re-cut by Elmer In summary, six
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Nagasaki as well.
2/18/22
JF - CP - UNOOSA
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Marlborough ML | Judge: Forrest Fulgenzi CP Text: The UNOOSA should - establish market-share liability - fund distributions of costs to parties cleaning up space debris - divvy up costs to liable states Their own author concludes: Muñoz-Patchen 19 ,Chelsea - (J.D. Candidate at The University of Chicago Law School., "Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty," University of Chicago, 2019, 12-6-2021, https://cjil.uchicago.edu/publication/regulating-space-commons-treating-space-debris-abandoned-property-violation-outer-space)//LB C. USING MARKET-SHARE
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by their debris.
2/20/22
JF - CP - Weather
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Elmer Yang Chinese private commercialization is key to asteroid mining – solves warming, resources, and deflection. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0.JQ Exploration of space-based
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increasing space ambitions.
Warming causes extinction – tipping points and positive feedback loops ensures. Ng 19 Yew-Kwang Ng; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, “Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism,” vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP Catastrophic climate change
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a trillion times.
Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, climate, terror, war, and disease. Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Sam Larson, Jared Burke China’s economy is on the brink. Lopez 21 Linette Lopez 10-24-2021 "If China's economy keeps stumbling, it won't just take down Beijing - the whoel world will collapse with it" https://archive.md/M4qjY#selection-2241.0-2250.1 (Linette is the senior finance correspondent at Business Insider, writing a combination of opinions and analysis. She joined BI in the summer of 2011 after graduating from Columbia University's School of Journalism.)Elmer China's economy — the
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by consumer spending.
Robust Chinese space Industry key to economic rejuvenation. Goswami 19 Namrata Goswami 2019 "What China Wants in Outer Space" https://www.thecairoreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/cr33-global-forum.pdf (Dr. Namrata Goswami is an independent scholar on space policy, great power politics, and ethnic conflicts. She was subject matter expert in international affairs with the Futures Laboratory, Alabama, U.S., and guest lecturer, India Today Class, Emory University. After earning her Ph.D. in international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, she worked as research fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She has been a visiting fellow at Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; and University of Heidelberg, Germany.)Elmer Beijing has made
Decline cascades – nuclear war. Maavak 21 – Mathew Maavak, PhD in Risk Foresight from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, External Researcher (PLATBIDAFO) at the Kazimieras Simonavicius University, Expert and Regular Commentator on Risk-Related Geostrategic Issues at the Russian International Affairs Council, “Horizon 2030: Will Emerging Risks Unravel Our Global Systems?”, Salus Journal – The Australian Journal for Law Enforcement, Security and Intelligence Professionals, Volume 9, Number 1, p. 2-8 Various scholars and
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who got replaced.
2/18/22
JF - DA - DipCap
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Joel Limuel, Derek Hilligoss Korean denuclearization talks now – diplomatic pressure is key Je-hun 19 2019 Lee Je-hun, senior staff writer News analysis How will the N. Korea-US working-level talks play out? Posted on : Sep.11,2019 16:59 KST Modified on : Sep.11,2019 16:59 KST http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/909361.html North Korean leader
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and security establishment.
Plan burns diplomatic capital. Salter 16, Alexander William Salter, Assistant Professor of Economics, Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University. alexander.w.salter@ttu.edu Space Debris: A Law and Economics Analysis of the Orbital Commons Cite as: 19 stan. Tech. L. Rev. 221 (2016) https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/19-2-2-salter-final_0.pdf A global effort
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Agnes EH | Judge: Nick Fleming Private companies are set to mine in space – new tech and profit motives make space lucrative. Gilbert 21, (Alex Gilbert is a complex systems researcher and PhD student in Space Resources at the Colorado School of Mines, “Mining in Space is Coming”), 4-26-21, Milken Institute Review, https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/mining-in-space-is-coming MNHS NL Space exploration is
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private investment soars.
Private entity appropriation is key to sustained space exploration. Brehm 15, Andrew. (Andrew R. Brehm is a litigator who focuses his practice on a broad range of legal issues for clients in the transportation and recreation industries. Mr. Brehm litigates a variety of disputes including those involving catastrophic injury, disfigurement and wrongful death, commercial contracts, and construction defects. Mr. Brehm also represents clients on labor employment related issues in class action and FLSA collective action cases. Mr. Brehm’s complex litigation work frequently involves litigation that addresses independent contractor issues and other labor and employment issues impacting the transportation industry. PROFILE Mr. Brehm is actively involved in the various local and regional bar associations. Prior to joining Scopelitis. Garvin, Light, Hanson and Feary, Mr. Brehm spent two years as a judicial clerk for The Honorable Rebecca F. Dallet and the Honorable Christopher R. Foley of the Milwaukee County Circuit Court. While in law school, Mr. Brehm’s note on private property rights in outer space was selected for publication by the Wisconsin International Law Journal. Mr. Brehm served as managing editor for the law journal.) "Private Property in Outer Space: Establishing a Foundation for Future Exploration." University of Wisconsin Law School Digital Repository, 2015, repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/77012.JQ In modem times
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significant real-world implications.
Squo private companies are willing to invest, but the plan crosses a perception barrier which destroys investment. Shaw 13 - Lauren E, J.D. from Chapman University School of Law, ”Asteroids, the New Western Frontier: Applying Principles of the General Mining Law of 1872 to Incentive Asteroid Mining”, JOURNAL OF AIR LAW AND COMMERCE, Volume 78, Issue 1, Article 2, https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1307andcontext=jalc recut MNHS NL To some, the
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the planet's formation.'
Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, climate, terror, war, and disease. Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans
We stopped appeasing Russia – they’ll pocket concessions from coop and increase aggression – tensions aren’t the result of understandings but hardened differences. Haddad and Polakova 18 Benjamin Haddad Director, Future Europe Initiative - Atlantic Council. Alina Polyakova Director, Project on Global Democracy and Emerging Technology Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe. Don’t rehabilitate Obama on Russia. March 5, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/ Obama’s much-ballyhooed
The space sector’s importance for military strategy makes it prestige driver for Russia that allows them to mask domestic challenges. Jackson 18 (Nicole J. Jackson is an international relations and security studies scholar specializing in Russia and the former Soviet Union. She is Associate Professor at the School for International Studies at Simon Fraser University. She has published on Russian foreign and security policy, regional security governance and trafficking in Central Asia. "Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy." https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/40e4/d8ee5c172d547fdc4c047ff01b444b69136e.pdf) Today, the Russian
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mask internal challenges.
Specifically - conciliatory policies present an image of weakness and appeasement - Russia seizes on it. Payne 17 – Served in the Department of Defense as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Forces Policy Dr. Keith B. Payne, “Russian strategy Expansion, crisis and conflict,” Comparative Strategy, 2017. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01495933.2017.1277121?needAccess=true Unless a fundamental
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important first step.
Putin soft power is low now, and that prevents Baltic adventurism that goes nuclear - legitimizing him gives him an opening to make information warfare succeed. Kagan 19 - American resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a former professor of military history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, less famous brother of our favorite neighborhood neocon Robert Kagan Frederick W. Kagan, “CONFRONTING THE RUSSIAN CHALLENGE: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE U.S.,” Institute for the Study of War. June 2019. https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016b-6eef-dc80-a3ff-ffff778c0000*Apologies for it being super condensed - it’s a 90 pg article The Russian threat’s
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endlessly consider lesser
1/13/22
JF - DA - Space Mining
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Elmer Yang CP Text: The People’s Republic of China should ban the appropriation of outer space by private entities except for satellites used exclusively for the collection of -space weather forecasts -data related to solar effects on earth
China’s satellite data is uniquely key to advanced space weather forecasting – that prevents catastrophe. Aghajanian 12 Liana Aghajanian, journalist, citing Dr. Rainer Schwenn, one of the developers of KuaFu; Dr. William Liu, a senior scientist at the Canadian Space Agency; the 2008 National Academy of Sciences Report; May 14, 2012. “Cloudy With a Chance of Catastrophe: Predicting the Weather in Space.” http://mentalfloss.com/article/30665/cloudy-chance-catastrophe-predicting-weather-space In 1859, while
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improve our knowledge.”
Severe space weather is a great filter event that sparks resource wars, economic collapse, grid failure, pandemics, and nuclear miscalc. Loper 19 Dr. Robert D. Loper, Ph.D. from the Air Force Institute of Technology, Assistant Professor of Space Physics, Spring 2019. “Carrington-class Events as a Great Filter for Electronic Civilizations in the Drake Equation.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/ab028e/meta Eastwood et al. (2017), the National
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in a pandemic.
1/15/22
JF - DA - US Heg
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough JH | Judge: David Klpatrick US wins space race now due to private competition – its key to space dominance– the plan nukes the US’s silver bullet against Chinese aggression. Weichert 21 – former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics Brandon, “The Future of Space Exploration Depends on the Private Sector,” 7/5/2021, https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-future-of-space-exploration-depends-on-the-private-sector/#slide-1 Jeff Bezos is
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running space policy.
And, space dominance key to global peace – nuclear and conventional deterrence is collapsing, which will provoke civilization-ending revisionist aggression from Russia and China. Dr. Robert Zubrin 19, Masters in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Washington, President of Pioneer Energy, Founder and President of the Mars Society, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy, The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility, p. Google Books The United States
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ever-more-emboldened revanchist powers.
Commercial space growth is key to US space superiority. Dr. Thomas Cooley 19, Air Force Research Laboratory Colonel Eric Felt, Air Force Research Laboratory and Colonel Steven J Butow, Defense Innovation Unit, 5/30/19, “State of the Space Industrial Base: Threats, Challenges and Actions” https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/4653168/AFRL_DIU_Report_State_of_Space_Ind_Base_30May2019_Final.pdf For information gathering
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exploitation of space.
Space leadership is vital to maintaining US hegemony. Brandon J. Weichert 17, (Brandon J. Weichert is a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, and is currently completing a book on national security space policy.) The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance, Orbis, Volume 61, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 227-237, ISSN 0030-4387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.02.006.JQ The global order
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U.S. policymakers today.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
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war it fights.
2/13/22
JF - NC - Kant
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, James Stuckert Ethics must begin a priori and the meta-ethic is procedural moral realism - substantive realism holds that moral truths exist independently of that in the empirical world. Prefer procedural realism: 1 - Uncertainty – our experiences are inaccessible to others which allows people to say they don’t experience the same, however a priori principles are universally applied to all agents. 2 - Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be, this means experience may be generally useful but should not be the basis for ethical action. 3 - Bindingness – I can keep asking “why should I follow this” which results in skep since obligations are predicated on ignorantly accepting rules. Only reason solves since asking “why reason?” requires reason which is self-justified. Practical Reason is that procedure. To ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding. Moral law must be universal—any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends. Thus, the standard is consistency with liberty. Prefer - 1 - freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. 2 - Theory – Frameworks are topicality interps of the word ought so they should be theoretically justified. Prefer on A - resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since huge evidence files aren’t required. Contention:
1 - A model of freedom mandates a market-oriented approach to space—that negates. Broker 20 (Tyler, work has been published in the Gonzaga Law Review, the Albany Law Review and the University of Memphis Law Review.) “Space Law Can Only Be Libertarian Minded,” Above the Law, 1-14-20, https://abovethelaw.com/2020/01/space-law-can-only-be-libertarian-minded/ TDI The impact on
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such an existence.
2 - Private entities utilize their own property and resources to fund and conduct space exploration which means – Prohibition of it is a violation of a) Their ability to use their own property (like their rocketships or fuel) to set their ends in space and b) their freedom to explore unknown horizons such as space. These companies gain contracts with the government for projects which turns promise breaking offense.
1/13/22
JF - NC - TT
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, James Stuckert The ROB is to vote for the debater who bests proves the truth or falsity of the resolution. Prefer:
Ground - truth testing allows for the more ground than any other ROB since it allows for an infinite amount of arguments on a range of argumentation style giving the most breadth and depth of topic and phil ed. 2. Necessity - All statements assert implicit truth value i.e. if I say “I smell violets” that is the same as saying “It is true that I smell violets.” This creates a double bind—either they assert the truth value of their indicts to truth testing meaning they implicitly accept truth testing as a paradigm or they don’t assert the truth value of their indicts which means that they are false and truth testing is true anyways. 3. Textuality – Five Dictionaries define to affirm as to prove true and negate as to deny the truth of which means the sole judge jurisdiction is to vote on the resolution’s truth or falsity. This outweighs on common usage – it is abundantly clear that our roles are verified. Negate - 1 - The “(with a unit of time) the present; the current.” but appropriation has no specified time frame 2 - appropriation is a sum of money or total of assets devoted to a special purpose.” but outer space cannot own a sum of money 3 - of “expressing an age” but the rez is atemporal 4 - outer is “further from the center or inside..” but the resolution is aspacial and doesn’t specify distance 5 - space is to “the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move” but the rez doesn’t volume 6 - by is “indicating the amount or size of a margin.” but the resolution and entities doesn’t specify 7 - private is “(of a person) having no official or public role or position.” so entities have no authority over appropriation 8 - entity is “the existence of a thing as contrasted with its attributes” but the rez doesn’t spec 9 - is describes being “Stay in the same place or condition.” so action is impossible and negate on presumption 10 – NDC – 1. 2AR sit 2. Aff should have read them in the first place
1/13/22
JF - T - Appropriation
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake JS | Judge: David Dosch, Joseph Barquin Interpretation – “Appropriation of outer space” by private entities refers to the exercise of exclusive control of space. TIMOTHY JUSTIN Trapp 13, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW Vol. 2013 No. 4 The issues presented
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through different means.219
Violation - they defend the production of space debris – definitely not topical since it’s not ownership of anything with permanence Standards - 1 - Limits—their interp means that affs about any outer space activity are topical: tourism, photography, sending rovers, collecting ice cores, launching satellites, deflecting debris, can’t sell rocks on EBAY, etc. This explodes neg prep burdens since affs are pushed to the fringes of the topic where no neg lit exists. 2 - Ground—they shift the controversy from sovereign domination to minute activity. The topic literature is grounded in a debate over sovereign control over space, which means core neg generics are space ownership bad, space democracy bad, not temporary resource extraction or expeditions. Their interp minimizes link uniqueness because our impacts will never be overcome the advantage. Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
1/14/22
JF - T - Appropriation V2
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Agnes EH | Judge: Nick Fleming Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Stephen Gorove 69, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to
Vote neg: 1 – Limits - Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2 - Topic literature - Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source. Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
2/12/22
JF - T - Positive
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Jonathan Jeong Interpretation – Unjust refers to a negative action – it means contrary. Black Laws ND "What is Unjust?" https://thelawdictionary.org/unjust/Elmer Contrary to right
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by the laws.
Violation – The Aff is a positive action – nations should establish a multilateral agreement Standards – 1 - Limits – making the topic bi-directional explodes predictability – it means that Aff’s can both increase non-exist property regimes in space AND decrease appropriation by private actors – makes the topic untenable. 2 - Ground – wrecks Neg Generics – we can’t say appropriation good since the 1AC can create new views on Outer Space Property Rights that circumvent our Links since they can say “Global Commons” approach solves. 3 - TVA – just defend that space appropriation is bad and spec. Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
1/29/22
MA - CP - Solution Journalism
Tournament: TFA | Round: 5 | Opponent: McNeil AD | Judge: Chris Castillo CP Text – In a Democracy, a Free Press ought to prioritize Objectivity over Advocacy, except for instances of Solution Journalism. The CP competes – Solution Journalism prioritizes Advocacy over Objectivity and violating some Objective Principals is critical to effective Solution Journalism. Dyer 15 John Dyer 6-11-2015 "Is Solutions Journalism the Solution?" https://niemanreports.org/articles/is-solutions-journalism-the-solution/ (John Dyer is a journalist based in Massachusetts. He serves as the American editor for Associated Reporters Abroad)Elmer That line can
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they can do?”
Advocating for a particular Solution suspends Objectivity in favor of Partial Campaigning. Salvesen 18, Ingerid. "Should journalists campaign on climate change." (2018). (Ingerid Salvesen has written and produced stories for several of Norway´s biggest newspapers and media companies. Before she chose freelancing she worked, amongst others, as a foreign affairs reporter for the leading Norwegian news agency, NTB, and as a long form writer for the Magazine of Norway´s largest business daily, Dagens Næringsliv. As a journalist, she is interested in questions of environment, migration and inequality, and has increasingly been covering climate change science and politics. Together with two journalist colleagues, she started an independent foreign affairs podcast in 2016 called "Du verden!".)Elmer Still, it was
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argued James Randerson.
Studies prove that Solutions Journalism is effective and works. Alexander L. Curry and Keith H. Hammonds, 14 Alexander L. Curry, (Alex Curry (PhD, The University of Texas at Austin) is an assistant professor in the communication studies department at Western Oregon University, as well as a faculty research associate at the Center for Media Engagement. His research interests include sports, news, and civic engagement, and he is particularly interested in how sports tie people to their community and to each other. From 2005 to 2010, he served as a writer for Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.) Keith H. Hammonds (Keith H. Hammonds is the founder of Solutions Journalism Network and Ashoka News and Knowledge Initiative. He has been an editor Executive Editor and Associate Editor while also getting an MBA from Harvard. . "The Power of Solutions Journalism" June 2014, Accessed 3-3-2022. https://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ENP_SJN-report.pdf duongie CONCLUSION These study
Warming causes extinction. Yangyang Xu and Ramanathan 17, Assistant Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas AandM University; and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9/26/17, “Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, No. 39, p. 10315-10323 We are proposing
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(vertical dashed lines).
3/12/22
MA - CP - Whistelblowing
Tournament: TFA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Clear Brook MF | Judge: Asad Ahmed CP TEXT: In a democracy, we ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy except in instances of whistleblowing. Whistleblowing is advocacy journalism – no new 1AR recontextualization Johnson 20, Brett G.; Bent, Liz; Dade, Caroline (2020). An Ethic of Advocacy: Metajournalistic Discourse on the Practice of Leaks and Whistleblowing from Valerie Plame to the Trump Administration. Journal of Media Ethics, 35(1), 2–16. doi:10.1080/23736992.2020.1731314 Since the early
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call “pivot points” (2018, p. 14).
Whistleblowing is critical to disease prevention and accountability Dreyfus and Galizzi 20 — (Suelette Dreyfus, PhD, Researcher at the University of Melbourne, and Bruno Galizzi, part of the Blueprint for Free Speech Spain, “Protect whistleblowers, protect everyone's health”, 5-19-20, Blueprint for Free Speech, Available Online at https://www.blueprintforfreespeech.net/en/news/protect-whistleblowers-protect-everyones-health, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) The worldwide spread
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and human rights.
The EU is a global leader in pandemic response but increased cohesion and health security is key Veron and Di Ciommo 20 – Veron, Pauline, and Di Ciommo, Mariella, October 2020 – “The EU’s Role in Global Health in the Era of COVID-19,” The European Centre for Development Policy Management, Pauline Veron is a Junior Policy Officer for the European External Affairs programme (75) and Migration programme (25). She has an undergraduate degree in Political Science Science Po Strasbourg with time at Trinity College Dublin, and a Masters in Public Administration and another in International Relations and Regional Integration Process also from Science Po Strasbourg. Mariella Di Ciommo is a Policy Officer in the European External Affairs programme. Before joining ECDPM she worked in different roles at Development Initiatives in the UK and then in Brazil. In Brazil, as a Strategic Partnerships Manager, she led DI’s work on data for development at country level and international engagement on South-South cooperation, climate finance and poverty. She holds a master in Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics and one in Economics from Bocconi University. Harker KB The COVID-19 pandemic
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and global level.
New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes. Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, “Preparing for the next “Disease X””, CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news_cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) Disease X represents
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epidemics and pandemics.
3/10/22
MA - DA - Ukraine
Tournament: TFA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Clear Brook MF | Judge: Asad Ahmed Ukraine war is optimistic, but maintaining outside support and low Russian morale’s key. Knispel interviewing Goemans 22 Sandra Knispel, (Hein Goemans, a professor of political science at the University of Rochester, is an expert on international conflicts—on how they begin and end.) 3-9-2022, "How to end the war in Ukraine," NewsCenter, https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/how-to-end-the-ukraine-war-514522/ QandA with Hein
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becomes more determined.
Ukrainian propaganda and advocacy is key to the war effort and defeating Russia. Stuart A. Thompson 22 (reporter in the technology department covering misinformation and disinformation.) and Davey Alba (technology reporter covering disinformation. In 2019, she won a Livingston Award for excellence in international reporting and a Mirror Award) 3/3/2022, nytimes, Fact and Mythmaking Blend in Ukraine’s Information War, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/technology/ukraine-war-misinfo.html Just days into
Russian win would lead to escalation in multiple forums – goes global. LIANA Fix 22 (Resident Fellow at the German Marshall Fund, in Washington, D.C). MICHAEL KIMMAGE (Professor of History at the Catholic University of America and a Visiting Fellow at the German Marshall Fund. )2/18/22, What If Russia Wins? A Kremlin-Controlled Ukraine Would Transform Europe, Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-02-18/what-if-russia-wins If Russia gains
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initiate new conversations.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
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Nagasaki as well.
3/10/22
MA - Theory - Define Free Press
Tournament: TFA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Clements KK | Judge: Joseph Georges Interpretation: The affirmative must define “free press” in a delineated line in the 1AC. Multiple types of press that fit into the definition- explicit clarification needed. Cambridge Dictionary, ND, "free press," No Publication, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/free-press If a country
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and other organizations:
Violation: They didn’t Negate: 1 – Shiftiness - they can redefine what free press the 1ac defends in the 1ar which decks strategy and allows them to wriggle out of negative positions which strips the neg of social media DAs, specific news stations DAs, and case answers. They will always win on specificity weighing. CX can’t resolve this and is bad because A – judges don’t flow it B – still skews our prep C - They can lie and no way to check 2 - Real World- policy makers will always specify who the actor of change is. That outweighs since debate has no value without portable application. This spec shell isn’t regressive- it literally determines who the affirmative implements the aff through.
3/11/22
ND - CP - EMT
Tournament: UT | Round: 6 | Opponent: John Paul Stevens JS | Judge: Cale McCrary CP Text: A just government should provide an unconditional right to strike except for Ambulance and Paramedic workers. There are large paramedic Shortages right now, this is exacerbated in rural areas where health services are most needed Kate Rogers 19, FEB 1 2019, “The need for EMTs and paramedics is growing, but finding people to fill the jobs isn’t easy,” CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/01/the-need-for-paramedics-is-growing-but-strong-labor-market-makes-hiring-hard.html | DD JH On any given
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant MZ | Judge: Meera Sehgal CP Text: Just governments should enter a prior, binding, and genuine consultation with the International Court of Justice to issue a binding ruling to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. ICJ says yes and socializes acceptance of FOA – achieves follow on from perception. Brudney 21 ,James; 2/8/21; (Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School); “The Right to Strike as Customary International Law,” THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol 46, https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil Justin Brackets in original C. FOA and the
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contemporary U.N. leadership
Ruling on the right to strike secures the legitimacy of the ICJ as an international mediation body. Hofmann and Schuster 16 Claudia and Norbert; February 2016; Dr. Claudia Hofmann works as a research associate at the Chair for Public Law and Policy at the University of Regensburg. She specializes in public international law (in particular the field of socio-economic human rights and equality-oriented policies), social law, constitutional and administrative law. Norbert Schuster works as a lawyer in Berlin and teaches at the University of Bremen. He specialises in labour law; “It ain’t over ‘til it’s over: the right to strike and the mandate of the ILO Committee of Experts revisited,” https://global-labour-university.org/fileadmin/GLU_Working_Papers/GLU_WP_No.40.pdf Justin BASES FOR A
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Law of Treaties (VCLT).
ICJ legitimacy is key to global multilateralism and crisis stability – it’s declining now. Kornelios Korneliou 18 Permanent Representative of Cyprus and Vice-President of the 73rd Session of the UN General assembly, "Report of the International Court of Justice," United Nations, 10-25-2018 https://www.un.org/pga/73/2018/10/25/report-of-the-international-court-of-justice/ Recut Justin In the face
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law remains key.
Multilateralism solves a laundry list of existential impacts. Esther Brimmer 14 Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of International Organization Affairs at the United States Department of State from April 2009 to June 2013, “Smart Power” and Multilateral Diplomacy, June, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/publications/books/Smarter20Power/Chapter20420brimmer.pdf Recut Justin Over the subsequent
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addressed effectively alone.
The perm wrecks legitimacy. Shany 14 – Yuval, Hersch Lauterpacht Chair in Public International Law and Dean, Hebrew U of Jerusalem, Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts, Google Books, p. 103-109 Recut Justin Outcome-related factors Judicial
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put in place.
11/13/21
ND - CP - Military
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stuyvesant EL | Judge: Javier Hernandez CP Text: A just government should recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike, except workers in the armed forces.
Military unions wrecks US readiness. Caforio 18, Giuseppe. "Unionisation of the Military: Representation of the Interests of Military Personnel." Springer, 20 May 2018, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71602-2_19#citeas. THE OPPOSITION TO
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Austria and Sweden.
Readiness solves nuclear war, terror, and WMD prolif but ground forces are key. Bonds 17 Timothy M. Bonds is vice president, Army Research Division, and director, RAND Arroyo Center. Bonds has served as a RAND vice president since 2011. Previously, he was deputy director of the Arroyo Center from 2003 to 2011, acting director from March 2009 to May 2010, and, from 1999 to 2003, director of the Aerospace Force Development Program within RAND Project AIR FORCE. Prior to joining RAND, Bonds spent nine years in the aerospace industry, where he led projects to develop high-speed vehicle and weapons concepts. He holds an M.S. in aero/astro engineering from the University of Illinois and an M.B.A. from Washington University, St. Louis. Limiting Regret: Building the Army We Will Need--An Update. Testimony presented before the House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces on March 1, 2017. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT400/CT466/RAND_CT466.pdf For our first
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stuyvesant EL | Judge: Javier Hernandez The global economy is stabilizing and set for increases in 2021 but is still vulnerable to shocks. WB 21. (The World Bank Group is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.) "The Global Economy: on Track for Strong but Uneven Growth As COVID-19 Still Weighs." World Bank, 8 June 2021, www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs. A year and
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global economic activity.
Strikes dismantle critical core industries that is necessary to avoid recession. McElroy 19, John. (John is editorial director of Blue Sky Productions and producer of "Autoline" for WTVS-Channel 56 Detroit and "Autoline Daily" the online video newscasts.) "Strikes Hurt Everybody." WardsAuto, 25 Oct. 2019, www.wardsauto.com/ideaxchange/strikes-hurt-everybody. This creates a
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torching the countryside.
Strikes create a stigmatization effect over labor and investment - devastates growth. Tenza 20, Mlungisi. (Mr Mlungisi Tenza is a lecturer in the field of Labour Law at the School of Law. He holds a LLM Degree. His research interests are in Constitutional Law, Law of Trade Marks and Competition Law.. Academic Qualifications: LLB LLM Professional Qualifications: Admitted Attorney of the High Court of South Africa Commissioner of the CCMA) "THE EFFECTS OF VIOLENT STRIKES ON THE ECONOMY OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: A CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA." SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online, 2020, www.scielo.org.za/pdf/obiter/v41n3/04.pdf. When South Africa
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by 0.72 and 0.78.32
Err neg – data is misleading and underestimates economic damage. Babb ND, Katrina. (Economics Instructor at Indiana State University) "Chapter 11: The Economic Impact of Unions." ISU, isu.indstate.edu/conant/ecn351/ch11/chapter11.htm. Strikes - Simple statistics
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to labor alone.
Decline goes nuclear. Tønnesson 15, Stein. "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace." International Area Studies Review 18.3 (2015): 297-311. (the Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Peace research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway) Several recent works
Unionization wrecks innovation. Frick 15, Walter. (Walter Frick is executive editor, membership at Quartz. Before that he was an editor at Harvard Business Review for six years, most recently as Deputy Editor of HBR.org. He's based in Boston and is interested in economics, technology, and the future of media.) "When Treating Workers Well Leads to More Innovation." Harvard Business Review, 3 Nov. 2015, hbr.org/2015/11/when-treating-workers-well-leads-to-more-innovation. But not everything
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the company’s success.
Victories like the aff mobilizes unions in the IT sector. Vynck et al 21 Gerrit De; Carleton University, BA in Journalism and Global Politics, tech reporter for The Washington Post. He writes about Google and the algorithms that increasingly shape society. He previously covered tech for seven years at Bloomberg News; Nitashu Tiku; Columbia University, BA in English, New York University, MA in Journalism, Washington Post's tech culture reporter based in San Francisco; Macalester College, BA in English, Columbia University, MS in Journalism, reporter for The Washington Post who is focused on technology coverage in the Pacific Northwest; “Six things to know about the latest efforts to bring unions to Big Tech,” The Washington Post; https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/26/tech-unions-explainer///SJWen In response to
Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood ST | Judge: Tej Gedela Interpretation: The affirmative may not specify a just government. “A” is an indefinite article that modifies “just government” in the res – means that you have to prove the resolution true in a vacuum, not a particular instance CCC (“Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers”, http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ The three articles
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of that class
The article “a” implies a nonspecific or generic reading of the word “just government”. Walden 20 Walden University The Writing Center provides a broad range of writing instruction and editing services for students at Walden University, including writing assistance for undergraduates, graduate students, and doctoral capstone writers, “"A" or "An"” last modified July 14 2020, https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/articles SM When to Use
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be any apple.
“just government” is a generic indefinite singular. Leslie 12 Leslie, Sarah-Jane. “Generics.” In Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Language, edited by Gillian Russell and Delia Fara, 355–366. Routledge, 2012. https://www.princeton.edu/~sjleslie/RoutledgeHandbookEntryGenerics.pdf SM GENERICS VS. EXISTENTIALS
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used than “usually”.)
This applies to the res – 1 - Upward entailment test – “Egypt ought to recognize the right to strike” doesn’t entail “just governments ought to recognize the right to strike” because there are just governments other than india 2 - Adverb test – adverb test – adding “always” doesn’t change its meaning because recognition is unconditional. Violation: They specify Egtypt Standards: 1 - Precision – the counter-interp justifies them arbitrarily doing away with random words in the resolution which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. Independent voter for jurisdiction – the judge doesn’t have the jurisdiction to vote aff if there wasn’t a legitimate aff. 2 - Limits – there are infinite governments that could be just – explodes limits since there are tons of independent affs plus functionally infinite combinations, all with different advantages in different political situations. Kills neg prep and debatability since there are no DAs that apply to every aff – i.e. laws about the right to strike in the US are different than in New Zealand – means the aff is always more prepared and wins just for speccing. 3 - TVA – just read your aff as an advantage under a whole adv, solves your offense Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
12/4/21
ND - Theory - ESPEC
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stuyvesant MZ | Judge: Meera Sehgal Interpretation: Debaters must specify how they enforce the unconditional right of workers to strike. no justification for checks in CX the blip in their resolution doesn’t serve as an “I meet” – wastes cross time Violation: Standards: 1 -Topic lit – enforcement is the core question of the topic and there's no consensus on normal means so you must spec. Weiss 00, Marley. (Professor Weiss left the position of associate general counsel of the United Auto Workers to join the faculty as associate professor of law. Weiss had worked in the UAW Legal Department since her graduation from Harvard Law School. Professor Weiss spent her sabbatical leave in 1993–94, as a visiting professor at the Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Law, in Budapest, Hungary, and returned there as a Visiting Fulbright Lecturer for the spring semester, 1997. Professor Weiss served as Chairperson of the National Advisory Committee to the U.S. National Administrative Office for the NAFTA Labor Side Agreement from 1994-2001. In 1996-1997, she served as Secretary-elect, and in 1997-1998, as Secretary, of the American Bar Association Section of Labor and Employment Law. Professor Weiss specializes in all facets of labor and employment law, including comparative and international aspects of the field, and has published on a wide range of related topics.) "The Right To Strike In Essential Services Under United States Labor Law." DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law | University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law Research, 2000, digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2189andcontext=fac_pubs. 2. Strikes, Lockouts, and
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been hotly contested.
This acts as a resolvability standard. Debate has to make sense and be comparable for the judge to make a decision which means it's an independent voter and outweighs. 2 - Stable advocacy – 1AR clarification delinks neg positions that prove why enforcement in a certain instance is bad by saying it isn't their method of enforcement – wrecks neg ballot access and kills in depth clash. CX doesn't check - A - it kills 1NC construction pre-round since I don't know what you spec till in round B - judges do not flow cross ex so its not verifiable C - debaters will be shifty and lie. 3 - Prep skew – I don't know what they will be willing to clarify until CX which means I could go 6 minutes planning to read a disad and then get screwed over in CX when they spec something else.
11/13/21
SO - CP - China
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Allison Aldridge CP Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization except the People’s Republic of China will reduce intellectual property protections on medicines to the point that discoverable biological elements are not patentable outside of their country of origin as described by 1AC Khor
Despite growing rivalry, US-China economic interdependence strong now. Exchange of tech know-how, collaboration science research, and massive US-China STEM pipeline improving relations – but it can easily collapse. Hass 21Ryan Hass (Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies, John L. Thornton China Center The Michael H. Armacost Chair Chen-Fu and Cecilia Yen Koo Chair in Taiwan Studies Nonresident Fellow, Paul Tsai China Center, Yale Law School), 8-12-2021, "The “new normal” in US-China relations: Hardening competition and deep interdependence," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/12/the-new-normal-in-us-china-relations-hardening-competition-and-deep-interdependence/ belle The intensification of
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trend will continue.
Plan hurts US-China relations – means China goes back on it’s promise to regulate IP violations and draws in U.S. crackdown. Shape 21 Steven M. Shape; registered patent attorney and electrical engineer who has represented preeminent technology companies in complex, high-stakes Intellectual Property litigation; 2-19-2021, "IP Law Looms Large Over U.S.-China Relations," No Publication, https://www.mondaq.com/trademark/1038030/ip-law-looms-large-over-us-china-relations belle The U.S. and
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their intangible assets.
AI destabilizing but dialogues key to peaceful AI – anything else risks escalation to nuclear war. Haotian 21 Qi Haotian (assistant professor in the School of International Studies at Peking University, where he teaches courses on international security, military science, international public policy, and game theory. He is also secretary general of the Institute for Global Cooperation and Understanding at Peking University. His research interests include technological transitions and world politics, international security and conflict management, and methodology and philosophy of social science) April 2021, " US AND CHINESE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES," United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/pw_172-enhancing_us-china_strategic_stability_in_an_era_of_strategic_competition_us_and_chinese_perspectives.pdf belle The rapid decision-making
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strike countermeasure systems.
9/11/21
SO - CP - China V2
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AL | Judge: Tej Gedela CP Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization except for the People’s Republic of China ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. Despite growing rivalry, US-China economic interdependence strong now. Exchange of tech know-how, collaboration science research, and massive US-China STEM pipeline improving relations – but it can easily collapse. Hass 21Ryan Hass (Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies, John L. Thornton China Center The Michael H. Armacost Chair Chen-Fu and Cecilia Yen Koo Chair in Taiwan Studies Nonresident Fellow, Paul Tsai China Center, Yale Law School), 8-12-2021, "The “new normal” in US-China relations: Hardening competition and deep interdependence," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/12/the-new-normal-in-us-china-relations-hardening-competition-and-deep-interdependence/ belle The intensification of
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trend will continue.
Plan hurts US-China relations – means China goes back on it’s promise to regulate IP violations and draws in U.S. crackdown. Shape 21 Steven M. Shape; registered patent attorney and electrical engineer who has represented preeminent technology companies in complex, high-stakes Intellectual Property litigation; 2-19-2021, "IP Law Looms Large Over U.S.-China Relations," No Publication, https://www.mondaq.com/trademark/1038030/ip-law-looms-large-over-us-china-relations belle The U.S. and
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Megan Wu CP Text: States should individually domestically establish single-payer national health insurance. Solves evergreening and drug prices while avoiding our innovation turns. Narayanan 19 Srivats Narayanan 8-15-2019 "Medicare for All and Evergreening" https://medium.com/@srivats.narayanan/medicare-for-all-and-evergreening-cb84c930e0ea (UMKC School of Medicine)Elmer Drug companies rake
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of medical innovation.
9/19/21
SO - CP - Orphan Drugs
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: James Stuckert CP Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should -eliminate intellectual property protections for medicines except for orphan drugs. -prioritize distribution of orphan drugs to the Global South. Orphan drug legislation is specifically key to stimulate research into rare diseases. Horgan et. al 20 D, Moss B, Boccia S, Genuardi M, Gajewski M, Capurso G, Fenaux P, Gulbis B, Pellegrini M, Mañú Pereira M, M, Gutiérrez Valle V, Gutiérrez Ibarluzea I, Kent A, Cattaneo I, Jagielska B, Belina I, Tumiene B, Ward A, Papaluca M: Time for Change? The Why, What and How of Promoting Innovation to Tackle Rare Diseases – Is It Time to Update the EU’s Orphan Regulation? And if so, What Should be Changed? Biomed Hub 2020;5:1-11. doi: 10.1159/000509272 https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/509272#sid The European Union’s
Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker PG | Judge: Victor Chen CP Text: The member states of the European Union ought to provide financial rewards for whistleblowers related to medicines, modelled after the US bounty system established by the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010.
Solves better than the aff—empirics – the problem isn’t the problem that whistleblowers don’t win disputes, its that they don’t come forward Maslen 2018 (Caitlin, Research Associate at Transparency International. MA in Corruption and Governance from the University of Sussex. “Whistleblower Reward Programs” (Anti-Corruption Helpdesk, Transparency International, https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Whistleblower-Reward-Programmes-2018.pdf 27 September 2018)DR 21 Increasing the quantity
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caused by reward programmes.
9/26/21
SO - CP - Production
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake CC | Judge: Ben Cortez, Rodrigo Paramo CP Text: the United States should - anonymously invest $25 billion into 25 production lines dedicated solely to COVID-19 vaccines to boost global vaccine production managed by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. - distribute 8 billion doses of COVID vaccines using an equitable distribution framework prioritizing developing countries in the Global South. The CP solves the entirety of the case and does it faster. Stankiewicz 21 Mike Stankiewicz 5-6-2021"Opinion: For just $25 billion, the U.S. could jump-start a project to quickly vaccinate the entire world against COVID" https://www.marketwatch.com/story/for-just-25-billion-the-u-s-could-jump-start-a-project-to-quickly-vaccinate-the-entire-world-against-covid-11614898552 (a press officer in Public Citizen's communication's department, where he focuses on legislative policy and health-orientated advocacy)Elmer Despite wealthy countries
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to do so.
9/18/21
SO - CP - Secondary Patents
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Plano East AG | Judge: Serena Lu Solves all your offense by reducing purely strategic patents while permitting RandD for genuine improvements. Newsome 17, A (JD candidate George Washington School of Law). (2017). Side effects of evergreening may include decreased competition and increased prices in the pharmaceutical industry. AIPLA Quarterly Journal, 45(4), 791-822 Justin The current framework
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cancer - remains unaffected.
Solves best. Newsome 17, A (JD candidate George Washington School of Law). (2017). Side effects of evergreening may include decreased competition and increased prices in the pharmaceutical industry. AIPLA Quarterly Journal, 45(4), 791-822 Justin Pharmaceutical patents are
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down through competition
9/19/21
SO - CP - US Production
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Gordan Krauss CP Text: the United States should -invest $25 billion into 25 production lines dedicated solely to COVID-19 vaccines to boost global vaccine production managed by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. -distribute 8 billion doses of COVID vaccines using an equitable distribution framework prioritizing developing countries in the Global South. The CP solves the entirety of the case and does it faster. Stankiewicz 21 Mike Stankiewicz 5-6-2021"Opinion: For just $25 billion, the U.S. could jump-start a project to quickly vaccinate the entire world against COVID" https://www.marketwatch.com/story/for-just-25-billion-the-u-s-could-jump-start-a-project-to-quickly-vaccinate-the-entire-world-against-covid-11614898552 (a press officer in Public Citizen's communication's department, where he focuses on legislative policy and health-orientated advocacy)Elmer Despite wealthy countries
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interest to do so.
Unilateral US action is necessary to combat Chinese and Russian vaccine diplomacy – they’re establishing spheres of influence because of few vaccines in developing countries – collapses the LIO. Carman and Carl 21. (Ezequiel Carman is an Argentine lawyer and global health and trade policy consultant. Previously, he served as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Justice of Buenos Aires, an assistant professor of international public law at the Universidad Católica Argentina, and a research assistant at the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. Joseph Carl is a graduate of Liberty University, where he studied international relations and strategic international studies. He has worked for the U.S. Department of State and the Heritage Foundation) “A U.S. vaccine diplomacy strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean,” The Global Americans, June 15, 2021. https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/a-u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-strategy-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/ TDI Once again, history
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the United States.
10/16/21
SO - CP - WHO
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Aff Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Chris Castillo CP Text: Member states of the World Trade Organization should enter into a prior and binding consultation with the World Health Organization on whether or not to do the Plan. The World Health Organization ought to publicly declare that their decision on the Plan will represent their future decisions on all intellectual property protections on medicines. The plan’s unilateral action by the WTO on medical IP undermines WHO legitimacy – forcing a perception of WHO action against patents is key to re-assert it – they say yes. Rimmer 04, Matthew. "The race to patent the SARS virus: the TRIPS agreement and access to essential medicines." Melbourne Journal of International Law 5.2 (2004): 335-374. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1681117/Rimmer.pdf (BA (Hons), LLB (Hons) (Australian National University), PhD (New South Wales); Lecturer at ACIPA, the Faculty of Law, The Australian National University)SidK + Elmer The WHO has
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new infectious diseases
Consultation displays strong leadership, authority, and cohesion among member states which are key to WHO legitimacy Gostin et al 15 (Lawrence O., Linda D. and Timothy J. O’Neill Professor of Global Health Law at Georgetown University, Faculty Director of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Public Health Law and Human Rights, JD from Duke University) “The Normative Authority of the World Health Organization,” Georgetown University Law Center, 5/2/2015 JL Members want the
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hold it accountable.
WHO is critical to disease prevention – it is the only international institution that can disperse information, standardize global public health, and facilitate public-private cooperation. Murtugudde 20 (Raghu, professor of atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland, PhD in mechanical engineering from Columbia University) “Why We Need the World Health Organization Now More Than Ever,” Science, 4/19/2020 JL WHO continues to
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to implement IHR.
Extinction – defense is wrong. Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events
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modified as well.
9/16/21
SO - CP - WHO V2
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AL | Judge: Tej Gedela CP Text: Member states of the World Trade Organization should enter into a prior and binding consultation with the World Health Organization on whether or not to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. The World Health Organization ought to publicly declare that their decision on the plan will represent their future decisions on all intellectual property protections on medicines. WHO says yes. Kimball 21 (Spencer, news editor with CNBC.com) “WHO chief urges world to follow U.S. lead and support waiving Covid vaccine patent protections,” CNBC, 5/7/2021 JL World Health Organization
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follow their example.”
The plan’s unilateral action by the WTO on medical IP undermines WHO legitimacy – forcing a perception of WHO action against patents is key to re-assert it – they say yes. Rimmer 04, Matthew. "The race to patent the SARS virus: the TRIPS agreement and access to essential medicines." Melbourne Journal of International Law 5.2 (2004): 335-374. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1681117/Rimmer.pdf (BA (Hons), LLB (Hons) (Australian National University), PhD (New South Wales); Lecturer at ACIPA, the Faculty of Law, The Australian National University)SidK + Elmer The WHO has
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new infectious diseases.
Consultation displays strong leadership, authority, and cohesion among member states which are key to WHO legitimacy Gostin et al 15 (Lawrence O., Linda D. and Timothy J. O’Neill Professor of Global Health Law at Georgetown University, Faculty Director of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Public Health Law and Human Rights, JD from Duke University) “The Normative Authority of the World Health Organization,” Georgetown University Law Center, 5/2/2015 JL Members want the
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hold it accountable.
WHO is critical to disease prevention – it is the only international institution that can disperse information, standardize global public health, and facilitate public-private cooperation. Murtugudde 20 (Raghu, professor of atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland, PhD in mechanical engineering from Columbia University) “Why We Need the World Health Organization Now More Than Ever,” Science, 4/19/2020 JL WHO continues to
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to implement IHR.
Extinction – defense is wrong. Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events
Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: American Heritage Broward NR | Judge: Aryan Jasani WHO says yes – it supports increasing the availability of generics and limiting TRIPS Hoen 03 (Ellen T., researcher at the University Medical Centre at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands who has been listed as one of the 50 most influential people in intellectual property by the journal Managing Intellectual Property, PhD from the University of Groningen) “TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents and Access to Essential Medicines: Seattle, Doha and Beyond,” Chicago Journal of International Law, 2003 JL However, subsequent resolutions
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of new drugs
The plan’s unilateral action by the WTO on medical IP undermines WHO legitimacy – forcing a perception of WHO action against patents is key to re-assert it – they say yes. Rimmer 04, Matthew. "The race to patent the SARS virus: the TRIPS agreement and access to essential medicines." Melbourne Journal of International Law 5.2 (2004): 335-374. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1681117/Rimmer.pdf (BA (Hons), LLB (Hons) (Australian National University), PhD (New South Wales); Lecturer at ACIPA, the Faculty of Law, The Australian National University)SidK + Elmer The WHO has
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new infectious diseases
Consultation displays strong leadership, authority, and cohesion among member states which are key to WHO legitimacy Gostin et al 15 (Lawrence O., Linda D. and Timothy J. O’Neill Professor of Global Health Law at Georgetown University, Faculty Director of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Public Health Law and Human Rights, JD from Duke University) “The Normative Authority of the World Health Organization,” Georgetown University Law Center, 5/2/2015 JL Members want the
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hold it accountable.
WHO is critical to disease prevention – it is the only international institution that can disperse information, standardize global public health, and facilitate public-private cooperation. Murtugudde 20 (Raghu, professor of atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland, PhD in mechanical engineering from Columbia University) “Why We Need the World Health Organization Now More Than Ever,” Science, 4/19/2020 JL WHO continues to
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to implement IHR.
Extinction – defense is wrong. Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events
Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Maya Xia Counterplan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization should organize an international effort to purchase women’s health medicines and distribute it equitably at no cost on a needs basis by declaring it a human right. Solves the aff – their solvency advocate is super vague and just says access needs to increase. 1AC Mike 2: Mike, Jennifer H. School of Law, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria, Nigeria “Access to essential medicines to guarantee women's rights to health: The pharmaceutical patents connection” Wiley Online Library, 2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jwip.12161 JP The sum total
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through every avenue.
9/25/21
SO - DA - China Innovation
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Allison Aldridge The US is the world leader in biotech – China is narrowing the gap – biotech allows geopolitical and economic advantages. Moore 20, Scott. “ CHINA’S ROLE IN THE GLOBAL BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR AND IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY.” Brookings, Apr. 2020, www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FP_20200427_china_biotechnology_moore.pdf. Even by the standards
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for U.S. policy.
Waiving IP surrenders crucial tech and national security info to China – propels them in the biotech race. Rogin 21, Josh. “Opinion | the Wrong Way to Fight Vaccine Nationalism.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 8 Apr. 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-wrong-way-to-fight-vaccine-nationalism/2021/04/08/9a65e15e-98a8-11eb-962b-78c1d8228819_story.html. Americans will not
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the same time.
China will leapfrog the US through biotech primacy. Cumbers 20 John Cumbers, “I am the founder and CEO of SynBioBeta, the leading community of innovators, investors, engineers, and thinkers who share a passion for using synthetic biology to build a better, more sustainable universe. I publish the weekly SynBioBeta Digest, host the SynBioBeta Podcast, and wrote “What’s Your Biostrategy?”, the first book to anticipate how synthetic biology is going to disrupt virtually every industry in the world. I also founded BetaSpace, a space settlement innovation network and community of visionaries, technologists, and investors accelerating the industries needed to sustain human life here and off-planet. I’ve been involved with multiple startups, I am an operating partner and investor at the hard tech investment fund Data Collective, and I'm a former bioengineer at NASA. I earned my PhD in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry from Brown University and am originally from the UK.”) “China’s Plan To Beat The U.S. In The Trillion-Dollar Global Bioeconomy” Forbes, 2/3/2020 RM The report, entitled
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the new bioeconomy.
China biotech heg causes a laundry list of impacts. Moore 19 Scott Moore - Director of the Penn Global China Program at the University of Pennsylvania, Young Professional and Water Resources Management Specialist at the World Bank Group, and Environment, Science, Technology, and Health Officer for China at the U.S. Department of State, Giorgio Ruffolo Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, Truman, Fulbright, and Rhodes Scholar., Foreign Policy, "China's Genetic Experiments Are Pushing Ethical Limits", NOVEMBER 8, 2019, 2:53 PM, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/08/cloning-crispr-he-jiankui-china-biotech-boom-could-transform-lives-destroy-them/ - BD When James Clapper
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expensive to master.
China uses biotech gains for massive bio-military advantages over the US. Kuo 17, Mercy. “The Great US-China Biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence Race.” The Diplomat, 23 Aug. 2017, thediplomat.com/2017/08/the-great-us-china-biotechnology-and-artificial-intelligence-race/. Explain the motivation
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of specific populations.
9/11/21
SO - DA - Climate
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Southlake Carroll AS | Judge: Sreyaash Das Climate patents and innovation high now and solving warming but patent waivers set a dangerous precedent for appropriations - the mere threat is sufficient is enough to kill investment. Brand 21, Melissa. “Trips Ip Waiver Could Establish Dangerous Precedent for Climate Change and Other Biotech Sectors.” IPWatchdog.com | Patents and Patent Law, 26 May 2021, www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/05/26/trips-ip-waiver-establish-dangerous-precedent-climate-change-biotech-sectors/id=133964/. sid The biotech industry
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and required levels.
Extinction. Yangyang Xu and Ramanathan 17, Assistant Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas AandM University; and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9/26/17, “Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, No. 39, p. 10315-10323 We are proposing
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(vertical dashed lines).
9/16/21
SO - DA - Innovation
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Gordan Krauss Pharma drug innovation is high now – eliminating patent protections collapses incentives. The Economist 20 5-23-2020 "Drug innovation is back in fashion" https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/05/23/drug-innovation-is-back-in-fashion (The Economist is an international weekly newspaper printed in magazine-format and published digitally that focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, and technology.)Elmer For much of
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public health, too.
Reductions in IPP decks innovation. Bacchus 20, James. “An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines.” Cato.org, 16 Dec. 2020, www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines.JQ The primary justification
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of IP rights.19
Only pharma innovation solves global pandemics that risk extinction. Jeffrey Sachs 14, Professor of Sustainable Development, Health Policy and Management @ Columbia University, Director of the Earth Institute @ Columbia University and Special adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals) “Important lessons from Ebola outbreak,” Business World Online, August 17, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/kjgvyro Ebola is the
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and disease-causing agents.
10/16/21
SO - DA - US-China Relations
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Megan Wu Despite growing rivalry, US-China economic interdependence strong now. Exchange of tech know-how, collaboration science research, and massive US-China STEM pipeline improving relations – but it can easily collapse. Hass 21Ryan Hass (Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies, John L. Thornton China Center The Michael H. Armacost Chair Chen-Fu and Cecilia Yen Koo Chair in Taiwan Studies Nonresident Fellow, Paul Tsai China Center, Yale Law School), 8-12-2021, "The “new normal” in US-China relations: Hardening competition and deep interdependence," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/12/the-new-normal-in-us-china-relations-hardening-competition-and-deep-interdependence/ belle The intensification of
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trend will continue.
Plan hurts US-China relations – means China goes back on it’s promise to regulate IP violations and draws in U.S. crackdown. Shape 21 Steven M. Shape; registered patent attorney and electrical engineer who has represented preeminent technology companies in complex, high-stakes Intellectual Property litigation; 2-19-2021, "IP Law Looms Large Over U.S.-China Relations," No Publication, https://www.mondaq.com/trademark/1038030/ip-law-looms-large-over-us-china-relations belle The U.S. and China
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for their intangible assets.
AI destabilizing but dialogues key to peaceful AI – anything else risks escalation to nuclear war. Haotian 21 Qi Haotian (assistant professor in the School of International Studies at Peking University, where he teaches courses on international security, military science, international public policy, and game theory. He is also secretary general of the Institute for Global Cooperation and Understanding at Peking University. His research interests include technological transitions and world politics, international security and conflict management, and methodology and philosophy of social science) April 2021, " US AND CHINESE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES," United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/pw_172-enhancing_us-china_strategic_stability_in_an_era_of_strategic_competition_us_and_chinese_perspectives.pdf belle The rapid decision-making features
Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker PG | Judge: Victor Chen Intellectual property rights cannot be discriminated on the basis of field, or place of invention WTO https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04c_e.htm, Article 27.1, Section 5 on patents, World trade Organization, WTO, Part II — Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of Intellectual Property Rights Subject to the
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or locally produced.
The WTO’s appellate body no longer exists to mediate disputes, without immediate buy in by states, and no mechanism to make disobedient states obey, the system collapses Horton, 08/3, Lessons from Trump’s assault on the World Trade Organization, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lessons-trumps-assault-world-trade-organization, Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank, Communications Manager; Project Lead, Common Futures Conversations
The WTO is
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its leading saboteur.
A major country operating outside WTO consensus wrecks global trade norms Bacchus 20 James Bacchus, member of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, the Distinguished University Professor of Global Affairs and director of the Center for Global Economic and Environmental Opportunity at the University of Central Florida, 12-16-2020, "An Unnecessary Proposal: A WTO Waiver of Intellectual Property Rights for COVID-19 Vaccines," Cato Institute, https://www.cato.org/free-trade-bulletin/unnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines/Kankee In a sign
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the patent holders.
Without all states buy in, we risk WW3 but with nukes Hopewell and Horton 08-03 Kristen Hopewell Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair in Global Policy at the University of British Columbia, and Ben Horton, Communications Manager; Project Lead, Common Futures Conversations, 08-03-2021, "Lessons from Trump’s assault on the World Trade Organization," Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lessons-trumps-assault-world-trade-organization/Kankee What has this
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new director-general Dr Okonjo-Iweala?
9/26/21
SO - NC - Kant
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: Plano East AG | Judge: Serena Lu Ethics must begin a priori: 1 Uncertainty – our experiences are inaccessible to others which allows people to say they don’t experience the same, however a priori principles are universally applied to all agents. 2 Bindingness – I can keep asking “why should I follow this” which results in skep since obligations are predicated on ignorantly accepting rules. Only reason solves since asking “why reason?” requires reason which concedes its authority and equally proves agency as constitutive That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer the standard: a freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others b Frameworks are topicality interps of the word ought so they should be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since huge evidence files aren’t required.
The aff encourages free riding- that treats people as ¬means to an end and takes advantage of their efforts which violates the principle of humanity Van Dyke 2 Raymond Van Dyke, 7-17-2018, "The Categorical Imperative for Innovation and Patenting," IPWatchdog, https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/07/17/categorical-imperative-innovation-patenting/id=99178/ SJDA recut SJKS Also, allowing the
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from legitimate exigencies.
IPs are a necessary check on companies free-riding off associations of quality. Wong et al 20 Liana, Ian, and Shayerah; Analyst in International Trade and Finance; Specialist in International Trade and Finance; Specialist in International Trade and Finance; “Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade,” *Updated* 5/12/20; CRS; https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20200512_RL34292_2023354cc06b0a4425a2c5e02c0b13024426d206.pdf Justin Trademark protection in
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with the PTO.
9/19/21
SO - T - Actor
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Stuckert, Castillo, Kotamraju Interpretation: The aff may not specify a specific actor eliminating intellectual property protections for medicines. Violation: Standards:
Limits – you can pick anything from yourself vaccines to Spongebob to random countries and there’s no universal disad since each one has a different function and implication for policy and relations – explodes neg prep and leads to random thing of the week affs which makes cutting stable neg links impossible.
2. TVA – read the aff as an advantage to a whole rez aff.
9/19/21
SO - T - Marijuana
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Southlake Carroll AS | Judge: Sreyaash Das Interpretation – Marijuana isn’t a medicine. Mosley 20, Mark. "Medical Marijuana Is a Dangerous Lie." Emergency Medicine News 42.8 (2020): 2-3. (Dr. Mark Mosley is an emergency medicine physician in Wichita, Kansas and is affiliated with Wesley Healthcare Center. He received his medical degree from University of Oklahoma College of Medicine and has been in practice for more than 20 years.)Elmer Marijuana is not
Limits and ground. Expanding the definition of “medicine” to anything that could be used in a medical setting floods the neg with cases to prep for – everything from new methods of chemo to upgrading stethoscopes becomes topical. At best – they’re extra-T since Cannabis isn’t intrinsically medicinal, it just has medicinal uses so they would reduce Recreational Marijuana patents too which isn’t topical and explodes limits. Johnson 20 Ian Johnson 1-20-2020 "Cannabis Patents 2000 – 2019: Trends Following Legalization" https://plantlaw.com/2020/01/20/cannabis-trends-medical-recreational/ (Registered Patent Agent, Plant and Planet Law Firm)Elmer These findings correspond
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cannabis patent activity.
Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Triples | Opponent: Southlake Carroll AS | Judge: Sreyaash Das Interpretation: Reduce means permanent reduction – it’s distinct from “waive” or “suspend.” Reynolds 59 (Judge (In the Matter of Doris A. Montesani, Petitioner, v. Arthur Levitt, as Comptroller of the State of New York, et al., Respondents NO NUMBER IN ORIGINAL Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department 9 A.D.2d 51; 189 N.Y.S.2d 695; 1959 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 7391 August 13, 1959, lexis) Section 83's counterpart
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to indicate permanency. Violation: Standards:
Neg Ground – Core neg generics like innovation and biotech heg are predicated on scope of effect – minor modifications in how long a patent lasts for or what it effects allows the 1AR to minimize our links to zero which destroys being neg on a topic w/ very little generic ground. 2. Limits – Allowing affs to make patent modifications explodes aff ground by three-fold because for all four intellectual property protections for every medicine MULTIPLIED by different time modifications, different scope modifications which makes predictable preparation and in-depth clash impossible. 2. TVA solves – permanently reduce Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
9/16/21
SO - T - WTO
Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker PG | Judge: Victor Chen Interp – topical affs must fiat an action through the World Trade Organization. Member nations of the WTO make policies as a whole – WTO ND (World Trade Organization) “What is the WTO?” https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm BC The WTO is
Violation – they don’t – EU member states are distinct from WTO member nations Prefer
Ground – justifies affs about any country reducing any IP protection on medicine – only our interp ensures link magnitude by ensuring it is an international reduction for IPP for medicine which is key to generics like the innovation DA, WTO bad, consult the WHO, and the IP NC -- privileges the aff by stretching pre-tournament neg prep too thin and precluding nuanced rigorous testing of aff. 2. Topic ed – WTO patent wavers are the core topic controversy – their aff is just domestic policy passed in European Union Member states. Proven by their second advantage – none of their internal links are about medical trade secrets which proves their interpretation is a cheap way of getting a relations impact about any two countries that does trade – justifies the US-Mexico or China-Japan aff. Outweighs aff flex -- prep is determined by the lit and we only have 2 months to debate the topic and it provides better link magnitude to all your generics because this is the statis point the topic is centered around. 3. Precision - even if all EU member states are in the WTO that doesn’t mean all WTO member nations are in the EU – prefer our interp – we have evidence from the WTO that explains what coordinated action looks like. Paradigm issues:
Drop the debater – their abusive advocacy skewed the debate from the start 2. Competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation 3. Fairness is a voter ¬– necessary to determine the better debater 4. Education is a voter – why schools fund debate
9/26/21
SO - Theory - ESPEC
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Megan Wu Interpretation – the Affirmative must present a delineated enforcement mechanism for the Plan. To clarify they must state in in their speech - There is no normal means since terms are negotiated contextually among member states. WTO "Whose WTO is it anyway?" https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org1_e.htmElmer When WTO rules
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to withhold credit. Violation: “through the states” doesn’t cut it Standards:
Shiftiness- They can redefine the 1AC’s enforcement mechanism in the 1AR which allows them to recontextualize their enforcement mechanism to wriggle out of DA’s since all DA links are predicated on type of enforcement i.e. sanctions bad das, domestic politics das off of backlash, information research sharing da if they put monetary punishments, or trade das. 2. Real World - Policy makers will always specify how the mandates of the plan should be endorsed. It also means zero solvency, absent spec, states can circumvent the Aff’s policy since there is no delineated way to enforce the affirmative which means there’s no way to actualize any of their solvency arguments. ESpec isn’t regressive or arbitrary- it’s an active part of the WTO is central to any advocacy about international IP law since the only uniqueness of a reduction of IP protections is how effective its enforcement is. Paradigm: 1NC theory first - 1 Abuse was self-inflicted- They started the chain of abuse and forced me down this strategy 2 Norming- We have more speeches to norm over whether it’s a good idea since the shell was read earlier.
Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.