AC - china v6 NC - T-Nebel CP-china disclose CP-bilateralism CP-Mining pic case 1ar - all 2N - bilat case 2AR - same
Berkeley
Doubles
Opponent: Harker AG | Judge: panel
AC - China V6 1NC - DA-China Lashout DA-Xi Diversionary case 1AR - all 2N - DA-China lashout case 2AR - all
Cal RR
1
Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Chris Vincent, Candis Tate
AC - China V6 NC - T-Private case (heg bad) 1AR - all RVIs 2N - RVIs heg bad 2AR - heg bad
Cal RR
2
Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, Sam Larson
AC - China V6 NC - T-Private CP-Wolf Ammendment DA-Biomeds case 1AR - all 2N - T-Private 2AR - same
Cal RR
7
Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Joshua StPeter, Gabriel Morbeck
AC - China V6 NC - T-Nebel T-Private Th-Defend Appropriation DA-China Mining CP-China Demilitarization PIC-Tiangong space station case (spark heg bad) 1AR - all PICs bad RVIs 2N - DA-China Mining case 1AR uplayering 2AR - DA case
Emory
2
Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Bennett Dombchik
AC - China V2 NC - Xi DA heg bad 1AR - all 2N - Xi DA case 2AR - same
Emory
4
Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: Jalyn Wu
AC - China V3 NC - Jaeggi NC RVIs case 1AR - all 2N - RVIs 2AR - same
Emory
5
Opponent: Lexington AR | Judge: Cyprian Dumas
AC - CHINA V3 NC - Mollow case 1AR - all 2N - same 2AR - same
Emory
Doubles
Opponent: American Heritage Broward SS | Judge: panel
AC - China V4 NC - K-Orientalism CP-USChina Coop Th-must not read util case 1AR - all 2N - K-Orientalism case 2AR - same
Grapevine
1
Opponent: Garland LY | Judge: Micah Thode
AC - COVID NC - T-three-tier CP-consult K-afropess case 1AR - same 2N - Afropess case 2AR - same
Grapevine
3
Opponent: West Des Moines Valley JS | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield
AC - COVID V2 NC - Hegel TT case China perception IV 1AR - all 2N - TT case China perception IV 2ar - same
Greenhill
2
Opponent: Saratoga AG | Judge: Varad Agarwala
AC - covid v2 NC - T-Medicines T-subset meds PIC-MRNA CP-TRIPs Council DA-PTX PIC-US case 1AR - all RVI on shell condo pics bad no SA bad 2N - CP-TRIPs Council case shells RVI 2AR - CP-TRIPS case
Greenhill
4
Opponent: Loyola AP | Judge: Chetan Hertzig
AC - Covid V2 1N - Theory-Disclosure case turns 1AR - same 2N - Heg turns WTO legitimacy adv 2AR - same
Greenhill
6
Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Chris Castillo
1AC - COVID 1NC - Cap K Case Rest - Same
Greenhill
Octas
Opponent: Plano East AW | Judge: panel
AC - COVID V2 1N - Theory-misrepresent cards CP-US Production DA-Climate case 1AR - all Condo Bad Consult Bad PICs bad 2N - DA-Climate case 1AR shells 2AR - case DA-Climate
Greenhill RR
2
Opponent: Strake Jesuit ZD | Judge: Smith, Sims
AC - Covid V1 1NR - Theory-Metaphorical Implementation CP-Surrender the Ballot K-AfroPess case 1AR - Condo same 2AR - Condo
AC - COVID V2 1N - DA-Innovation CP-WHO CP-EU Production case 1AR - same Condo Bad Consult Bad 2N - CP-WHO Condo Bad Consult Bad case 2ar - Case CP-WHO
Greenhill RR
1
Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Randall, Loofbourrow
AC - COVID v2 NR - T-Reduce DA-Climate case 1AR - All 2N - case 2AR - Case
HWL
6
Opponent: Mission San Jose SS | Judge: Tej Gedela
AC - China V2 NC - Th-Disclosure CP - China OST DA - Xi Diversionary DA - China Econ case (REE mining good) 1AR - all condo bad 2N - DA - China Econ case (REE mining good) condo bad 2AR - DA case
HWL RR
2
Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: David Dosch, Claudia Ribera
AC - China V1 NC - DA-Xi regime case heg bad 1AR - all 2N - case heg bad 2AR - same
HWL RR
4
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah
AC - CHINA V2 NC - case heg good 1AR - all 2N - all 2AR - all
HWL RR
5
Opponent: Harvard Westlake KD | Judge: Brendon Morris, Quentin Clark
AC - China V2 NC - Fem K case 1AR - same 2N - same 2AR - same
Harrison RR
3
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Kristen Arnold, Eric He
AC - China NC - heg bad dedev 1AR - all 2N - dedev 2AR - dedev
Harrison RR
4
Opponent: Claudia Taylor AP | Judge: James Stuckert, Kristen Arnold
AC - China V6 NC - Th-must acknowledge ableism K-Ableism Presumption case 1AR - all 2N - K case 2AR - same
Harvard Westlake
1
Opponent: Harker AM | Judge: Felicity Park
AC - China V2 NC - T-Nebel DA-Diversionary war case (heg bad) 1AR - all 2N - DA-Diversionary war case (heg bad) 2AR - same
AC - I-LAW V1 NC - CP-Crypto K util case 1AR - K case condo bad PICs bad mindset alts bad util k 2N - k case 1AR uplayers 2AR - util k k case
King RR
3
Opponent: Lexington BF | Judge: Chris Castillo, Abbey Chapman
AC - China V6 NC - Th-Combo shell DA-Xi Diversionary DA-Econ case 1AR - all 2N - shell 2AR - same
King RR
5
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Danielle Dosch, Brendon Morris
AC - China V6 NC - heg bad lol 1AR - same 2N - same 2AR - same
King RR
Quarters
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JW | Judge: panel
AC - China V6 NC - SPARK 1AR - all 2N - alL 2ar - all
Palm Classic
1
Opponent: Harker RT | Judge: Holden Bukowsky
AC - China V5 NC - T-Private DA-Xi Diversionary case (heg bad) 1AR - all 2N - DA-Xi Diversionary heg bad 2AR - same
Palm Classic
1
Opponent: Harker RT | Judge: Holden Bukowsky
AC - China V5 NC - T-Private DA-Xi Diversionary case (heg bad) 1AR - all 2N - DA-Xi Diversionary heg bad 2AR - same
Palm Classic
4
Opponent: Lake Highland Prep HL | Judge: Leo Matthes
AC - China V3 NC - K-Deleuze DA-Xi Diversionary case 1AR - all mindset alts bad 2N - all 2AR - same
Palm Classic
5
Opponent: Strake JW | Judge: Harrison Hall
AC - China V5 NC - spark lol 1AR - same 2N - same 2AR - same
Palm Classic
Octas
Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: panel
AC - China V5 NC - CP-Space MiningDemilatirization DA-Space Mining DA-Xi Diversionary case 1AR - all PICs bad 2N - CP PICs bad case 2AR - case CP
Scarsdale
6
Opponent: Lexington AR | Judge: Shamika Augustin
AC - US V1 NC - K-Ableism case 1AR - all 2N - all 2AR - all
Scarsdale
Quarters
Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: panel
AC - US V2 NC - k-cap cp-police nc-hobbes case 1AR - all PICs wout SA bad condo bad 2N - cap 1ar shells 2AR - cap case
Scarsdale
4
Opponent: Southlake Carroll AS | Judge: Tracy Brown
AC - Whole res NC - C1 econ C2 race 1AR - all 2N - same 2AR - same
Scarsdale
1
Opponent: Bronx Science RP | Judge: Chianli Hang
AC - whole res (econ dem) 1N - econ healthcare 1AR - all 2N - all 2AR - all
St Marks
2
Opponent: Strake Jesuit VJ | Judge: Ishan Rereddy
AC - COVID V4 NC - DA-Innovation DA-Infrastructure case 1AR - same 2N - same 2ar - same
St Marks
3
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Herrera
AC - COVID V4 NC - T-Medicines case (china heg good) 1AR - all 2N - case china heg good 2AR - same
St Marks
5
Opponent: Westlake AK | Judge: Javier Navarrete
AC - COVID V5 NC - Beller K case 1AR - all mindset alts bad 2N - same 2AR - k case
TFA
4
Opponent: Salado HF | Judge: Pheonix Pittman
AC - Prag Disclosure NC - Th-Multiple phil bad K-Queer Pess Th-Discosure tt case 1AR - aff disclosure neg disclosure multiple phil bad 2N - k aff disclosure neg disclosure 2AR - aff disclosure neg disclosure
TFA
6
Opponent: Challenge Early JA | Judge: Vincent Liu
AC - RAWLS V2 NC - SV K-Afropess Contentions 1AR - disclosure K 2N - same 2AR - same
TFA
Doubles
Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: panel
AC - Polls NC - Th-record rounds th-spec ROB tt th-disclose w highlighting presumption nc-util cp-e-deliberative government deliberation th-disclose fw 1AR theory heg case (IVI on neg interps are ci) 1AR - all shells aff uv (presumption and IVIs) th-must wear mask th-afc 2N - aff uv (IVI eval theory after 2N NIBs) 2AR - aff uv IVI on round recordings presumption
TFA
Doubles
Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: panel
AC - Polls NC - Th-record rounds th-spec ROB tt th-disclose w highlighting presumption nc-util cp-e-deliberative government deliberation th-disclose fw 1AR theory heg case (IVI on neg interps are ci) 1AR - all shells aff uv (presumption and IVIs) th-must wear mask th-afc 2N - aff uv (IVI eval theory after 2N NIBs) 2AR - aff uv IVI on round recordings presumption
TFA
1
Opponent: San Angelos AZ | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield
AC - Rawls 1N - Structural Violence 1AR - all 2N - same 2AR - same
TOC
2
Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Bennett Dombcik
AC - China V6 NC - K-Technoorientalism case spark 1AR - all 2N - K case 2AR - same
TOC
3
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Steven Scopa
AC - China V7 NC - Th-must disclose AC 1AR shells Th-disclose uv K-psych case 1AR - Th shells Th-Must record rounds Th-AFC Th-Mindset Alts 2N - all must disclose shells 2AR - mindset alts must disclose shells
UT
1
Opponent: San Mateo ZS | Judge: Devin Hernandez
AC - US V2 1N - Security K case 1AR - all 2N - same 2AR - same
UT
4
Opponent: Claudia Taylor Johnson AP | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield
AC - US V3 NC - IVI-Joey rocks TT Indexicles fairnesseducation heg case 1AR - all RVIs on IVI Th-cite cards 2N - eval after 1N indexicles aff uplayeyring 2AR - same tt
UT
5
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Elmer Yang
AC - Kenya V1 1N - T-A case dedev 1AR - all RVIs IVI-COVID impact turns 2N - case dedev 1AR uplayering 2AR - case dedev
UT
Triples
Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: panel
AC - KENYA V1 NC - T-A Th-Disclosure K-Setcol case (dedev) 1AR - all RVIs IVI-grammar 2N - Th-Disclosure aff uplayering 2AR - Th-Discolsure
UT
Octas
Opponent: Sage Hill MP | Judge: Panel
AC - Kenya NC - CP-Kenyan Dock Workers CP-Minimum Service Agreement 1AR theory heg case 1AR - all Th-RRs Condo bad PICs bad Th-Masks case 2N - all 2ar - Th-RRs
Valley
2
Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Keshav Dandu
AC - COVID NC - Cap K case 1AR - same impact turns 2N - all 2AR - all
Valley
4
Opponent: Millard North AS | Judge: Eric He
AC - COVID NC - CAP T-Medicines case 1AR - same 2N - all 2AR - same
AC - COVID V4 1N - CP-WeChat CP-Taiwanese Mandarin K-Asian Melancholy Case 1AR - all Process Bad No SA Bad 2N - K-Asian Melancholy 1AR shells case 2AR - Case K
Valley
Octas
Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: panel
AC - COVID V5 NC - DA-IndoPak DA-Climate CP-Scientists CP-WTO lockdown case 2AR - all process CPs bad 2N - Da-IndoPak CP-WTO Lockdown case turn China heg 2AR - same
contact info
Finals
Opponent: xx | Judge: xx
ur mother
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
JF - 1AC - CHINA V1
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: David Dosch, Claudia Ribera The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
AND
addiction or RDS.
2 - Death is bad and outweighs – A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
1AC – Advantage
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Fernandez 21, Ray. “China Opens Space and Unleashes The Power Of Its Private Sector.” ScreenRant, 27 Nov. 2021, https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/.JQ In a new
AND
unleashed into space.
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.)
“China's Surging Private
AND
from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0.JQ A slew of
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not be funny.
US domination of the commercial space industry is crucial to dominance over China – controlling the market secures every competitive advantage. Autry and Kwast 19– Director of the Southern California Commercial Spaceflight Initiative-USC, PhD and former Prof of Entrepreneurship and Strategy-UC Irvine; Lt. Gen and Cmdr-USAF, Prof-Air University Greg Autry, PhD and MBA-UC Irvine, Director of the Southern California Commercial Spaceflight Initiative-USC, served on the NASA Agency Review Team and as White House Liaison at NASA, former Professor of Entrepreneurship, Strategy, and Econ-UC Irvine, on the editorial board of the New Space Journal, co-author of Death by China, Beijing’s Fight for the Final Frontier, and Steven L. Kwast, Lt Gen-USAF, Commander and President of Air University-Maxwell AFB, MA in Public Policy-Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, former National Defense Fellow-Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology and Policy at Boston University, America Is Losing the Second Space Race to China, 22 August 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/22/america-is-losing-the-second-space-race-to-china/ America Is Losing
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first space race.
Space leadership is the biggest internal link to heg. Zubrin 15 (Robert Zubrin is president of Pioneer Energy, a senior fellow with the Center for Security Policy https://spacenews.com/op-ed-u-s-space-supremacy-now-critical/, 1-22) The United States
AND
war in space.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
AND
war it fights.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
AND
folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
AND
the Cold War.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
AND
Nagasaki as well.
Advantage 2 – Space War Space is the pinnacle of great power competition – China is set to take advantage – investment in state based launching and military capabilities leaves the US in the dust. Zivitski 20, Liane. (Maj. Liane Zivitski Chief, Operations Branch, J32 American Military University Masters - Strategic Intelligence Intelligence Officer for USAF) “China Wants to Dominate Space, and the US Must Take Countermeasures.” Defense News, Defense News, 23 June 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/.JQ China is determined
Beijing and Moscow commercial partnership uses dual-use disguise to weaponize space and destroy US nuclear communication and defense. Bowman, Bradley, and Jared Thompson 21. (Bradley Bowman is the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a former advisor to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees.) (Jared Thompson is a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) “Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space.” Foreign Policy, 31 Mar. 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/. recut Consider the actions
AND
flying persistently nearby.
Dual-use capability destroys early warning, navigation, and communication – causes miscalculation that escalates to nuclear use. Kelley, Brandon, and Brian Chow 21. (Brian Chow - Independent policy analyst (Ph.D. physics, MBA with Distinction, Ph.D. finance) with over 160 publications in space and other national security policies) “China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan-or Start a War.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 21 Aug. 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinaE28099s-anti-satellite-weapons-could-conquer-taiwanE28094or-start-war-192135. / recut If current trends
AND
to nuclear use.
Space conflicts go nuclear – the risk is high and there are no breaks on escalation. Grego 15 LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war So says a
AND
to Washington, DC.
Space militarization turns neg DAs. Collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) “What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?” Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/.JQ Consequences of Armament
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developed equally-advanced weaponry.
The United States and China are locked in a space security dilemma – that makes conflict inevitable unless China’s space innovation comes to a halt. Fabian 19 Christopher D. Fabian, MA thesis, B.S. from US Air Force Academy, May 2019. "A Neoclassical Realist's Analysis of Sino-U.S. Space Policy." https://commons.und.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3456andcontext=theses B. Summary The confluence of
AND
globally optimal outcome.
Primacy solves every threat and maintaining dominance is key. Decline causes arms races and land grabs that escalate. Brands 18 Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments." American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump." Page 129-133 Since World War II
AND
or in others.
1/13/22
JF - 1AC - CHINA V2
Tournament: HWL RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
AND
addiction or RDS.
2 - Death is bad and outweighs – A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
1AC – Advantage
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Fernandez 21, Ray. “China Opens Space and Unleashes The Power Of Its Private Sector.” ScreenRant, 27 Nov. 2021, https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/. JQ In a new
AND
unleashed into space.
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.)
“China's Surging Private
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from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0. JQ A slew of
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not be funny.
US domination of the commercial space industry is crucial to dominance over China – controlling the market secures every competitive advantage. Autry and Kwast 19– Director of the Southern California Commercial Spaceflight Initiative-USC, PhD and former Prof of Entrepreneurship and Strategy-UC Irvine; Lt. Gen and Cmdr-USAF, Prof-Air University Greg Autry, PhD and MBA-UC Irvine, Director of the Southern California Commercial Spaceflight Initiative-USC, served on the NASA Agency Review Team and as White House Liaison at NASA, former Professor of Entrepreneurship, Strategy, and Econ-UC Irvine, on the editorial board of the New Space Journal, co-author of Death by China, Beijing’s Fight for the Final Frontier, and Steven L. Kwast, Lt Gen-USAF, Commander and President of Air University-Maxwell AFB, MA in Public Policy-Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, former National Defense Fellow-Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology and Policy at Boston University, America Is Losing the Second Space Race to China, 22 August 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/22/america-is-losing-the-second-space-race-to-china/ America Is Losing
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first space race.
Space leadership is the biggest internal link to heg. Zubrin 15 (Robert Zubrin is president of Pioneer Energy, a senior fellow with the Center for Security Policy https://spacenews.com/op-ed-u-s-space-supremacy-now-critical/, 1-22) The United States
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war in space.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
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war it fights.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
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folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
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the Cold War.
Biden’s ally-shoring not only reverses Trump-era damage, it resolves structural problems with American leadership sustainability – regaining total hegemony is key through the aff will lock us in. Dezenski and Austin 21 (Elaine Dezenski and John C. Austin are Senior Fellows for the Brookings Institute. Dezenski is also Chief Growth Officer for Blank Slate Technologies, 6/8/21, “Rebuilding America’s Economy and Foreign Policy with ‘Ally-Shoring’”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/06/08/rebuilding-americas-economy-and-foreign-policy-with-ally-shoring/, acc 7/18/21) Last month, President
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and consumers alike.
Advantage 2 – Space War Space is the pinnacle of great power competition – China is set to take advantage – investment in state based launching and military capabilities leaves the US in the dust. Zivitski 20, Liane. (Maj. Liane Zivitski Chief, Operations Branch, J32 American Military University Masters - Strategic Intelligence Intelligence Officer for USAF) “China Wants to Dominate Space, and the US Must Take Countermeasures.” Defense News, Defense News, 23 June 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/. JQ China is determined
Beijing and Moscow commercial partnership uses dual-use disguise to weaponize space and destroy US nuclear communication and defense. Bowman, Bradley, and Jared Thompson 21. (Bradley Bowman is the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a former advisor to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees.) (Jared Thompson is a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) “Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space.” Foreign Policy, 31 Mar. 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/. recut Consider the actions
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flying persistently nearby.
Dual-use capability destroys early warning, navigation, and communication – causes miscalculation that escalates to nuclear use. Kelley, Brandon, and Brian Chow 21. (Brian Chow - Independent policy analyst (Ph.D. physics, MBA with Distinction, Ph.D. finance) with over 160 publications in space and other national security policies) “China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan-or Start a War.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 21 Aug. 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinaE28099s-anti-satellite-weapons-could-conquer-taiwanE28094or-start-war-192135. / recut If current trends
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to nuclear use.
Space conflicts go nuclear – the risk is high and there are no breaks on escalation. Grego 15 LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war So says a
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to Washington, DC.
Space militarization turns neg DAs. Collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) “What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?” Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/. JQ Consequences of Armament
Primacy solves every threat and maintaining dominance is key. Decline causes arms races and land grabs that escalate. Brands 18 Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments." American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump." Page 129-133 Since World War II
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or in others.
1/14/22
JF - 1AC - CHINA V3
Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: Jalyn Wu 1AC – OV 1 - Permissibility and presumption affirm a. Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b. Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. c. Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and P are both wrong. d. Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation. e. Presuming statements false is impossible since we can’t operate in a world where we don’t trust anything. f. To negate means to deny the truth of, which means if there isn’t offense to deny the truth of you should affirm. g. Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. h. If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it. i. Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligation Negate is to: to deny the existence of That’s Dictionary.com- “Negate” https://www.dictionary.com/browse/negate.
1AC – Theory Interpretation - the neg must fairly prove the truth of the statement "The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is just" To clarify, other than theory, all negative arguments must prove the truth of the statement. Standards:
Research – proving the converse means they have to actively search out reasons the plan is a bad idea—their model ensures that they never have to research different topics or do prep since it gives them an infinite number of objections 2. Strat skew— a. you get variable ground if not bound by the rez—means you have access to more layers since I have a truth burden and you don’t b. you can moot 6 minutes of the 1ac by shifting the debate to a separate layer that the aff doesn’t interact with Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative framing mechanism. Violation: Standard:
Time skew - Winning the negative framework moots 6 minutes of 1AC offense and forces a 1AR restart against a 7 min 1NC – that outweighs on quantifiability and reversibility – I can’t get back time lost and it’s the only way to measure abuse. 2. Topic Ed- Every debate would just be a framework debate which crowds out our ability to have core debates about the topic – that outweighs – a. Time Frame- We only have 2 months to debate the topic b. Inclusion - Phil and K literature is incredibly dense and requires a vast amount of prior knowledge and experience which excludes novices while topic literature is less esoteric c. Constitutivism - The only thing intrinsic to debate is the topic so it should be prioritized d. Portability- topics are carefully chosen to have modern relevance so only debate about them can generate portable skills. 3. Prep skew - We can’t predict every single negative framework before round but they know the aff coming into round which makes pre-tournament prep impossible. Especially true since there are millions of K’s and NC’s that could negate. Prep skew outweighs - a. Sequencing- It’s a perquisite engaging in-round since you need prep to debate b. Engagement- It ruins the quality and depth of discussions that make debate rounds educational.
1AC – OV 1 - Reject spec – a) Infinite regress – infinitely many things I can spec or fail to, no spec shell can ever set norms which outweighs because that’s the ultimate purpose of theory, b) Ground – whole res gives you most stable basis for engagement, anything else skirts core neg generics.
2 - Out of round violations are a voting issue – a. norming – justifies infinite abuse since you can pull up a text of me saying the f word and read a k. b. kills value to debate – makes the debate about things outside the round which is not the post of debating in a place where people go to escape. c. unverifiable – even if you win your violation, the norm you justify are things that cannot be warranted.
2 - CW is true but if not we have TT offense – TO CLARIFY WE DON’T GET ACCESS TO THIS IF THEY DON’T READ TT A statement is logical if the conclusion conceivably follows from premises. The rules of logic claim that the only time a statement is invalid is if the antecedent is true, but the consequent is false. SEP Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “An Introduction to Philosophy.” Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html TG Massa Conditional statement: an
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statement is true.
a. Neg a priori’s affirm – denying the assumptions of a statement proves it valid – the aff is a set of conditionals since the offense being true relies on the framework. b. if the aff is winning, they get the ballot is a tacit ballot conditional which means denying the premise proves the conclusion that I should get the ballot.
1AC - FWK Ethics begin a posteriori.
Knowledge is based on experience – I wouldn’t know 2+2=4 without experience of objects nor the color red without some experience of color. We can’t obtain evidence of goodness without experience. 2. Indifference – Even if there are apriori moral truths, I can choose to ignore them. Cognition is binding – if I put my hand on a hot stove, I can’t turn off my natural aversion to it.
The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
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provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
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for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
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addiction or RDS.
2 - Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to
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acting very wrongly.”
A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied. 4 - Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why. 5 - Theoretically prefer util – its DTA. a. Ground – every impact functions under util whereas other ethics flow to one side exclusively. b. Topic lit – most articles are written through the lens of util because they’re crafted for policymakers and the general public who take consequences to be important, not philosophy majors. Key to fairness and education.
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust. The Lexico. Oxford Dictionary. The. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/the Used to refer
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that is unique.
Appropriation of outer space TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP 13, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW Vol. 2013 No. 4 The issues presented
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Fernandez 21, Ray. “China Opens Space and Unleashes The Power Of Its Private Sector.” ScreenRant, 27 Nov. 2021, https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/. JQ In a new
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unleashed into space.
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.)
“China's Surging Private
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from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0. JQ A slew of
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not be funny.
US domination of the commercial space industry is crucial to dominance over China – controlling the market secures every competitive advantage. Autry and Kwast 19– Director of the Southern California Commercial Spaceflight Initiative-USC, PhD and former Prof of Entrepreneurship and Strategy-UC Irvine; Lt. Gen and Cmdr-USAF, Prof-Air University Greg Autry, PhD and MBA-UC Irvine, Director of the Southern California Commercial Spaceflight Initiative-USC, served on the NASA Agency Review Team and as White House Liaison at NASA, former Professor of Entrepreneurship, Strategy, and Econ-UC Irvine, on the editorial board of the New Space Journal, co-author of Death by China, Beijing’s Fight for the Final Frontier, and Steven L. Kwast, Lt Gen-USAF, Commander and President of Air University-Maxwell AFB, MA in Public Policy-Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, former National Defense Fellow-Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology and Policy at Boston University, America Is Losing the Second Space Race to China, 22 August 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/22/america-is-losing-the-second-space-race-to-china/ America Is Losing
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first space race.
Space leadership is the biggest internal link to heg. Zubrin 15 (Robert Zubrin is president of Pioneer Energy, a senior fellow with the Center for Security Policy https://spacenews.com/op-ed-u-s-space-supremacy-now-critical/, 1-22) The United States
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war in space.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
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war it fights.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
AND
folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
AND
the Cold War.
Biden’s ally-shoring not only reverses Trump-era damage, it resolves structural problems with American leadership sustainability – regaining total hegemony is key through the aff will lock us in. Dezenski and Austin 21 (Elaine Dezenski and John C. Austin are Senior Fellows for the Brookings Institute. Dezenski is also Chief Growth Officer for Blank Slate Technologies, 6/8/21, “Rebuilding America’s Economy and Foreign Policy with ‘Ally-Shoring’”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/06/08/rebuilding-americas-economy-and-foreign-policy-with-ally-shoring/, acc 7/18/21) Last month, President
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and consumers alike.
Advantage 2 – Space War Space is the pinnacle of great power competition – China is set to take advantage – investment in state based launching and military capabilities leaves the US in the dust. Zivitski 20, Liane. (Maj. Liane Zivitski Chief, Operations Branch, J32 American Military University Masters - Strategic Intelligence Intelligence Officer for USAF) “China Wants to Dominate Space, and the US Must Take Countermeasures.” Defense News, Defense News, 23 June 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/. JQ China is determined
Beijing and Moscow commercial partnership uses dual-use disguise to weaponize space and destroy US nuclear communication and defense. Bowman, Bradley, and Jared Thompson 21. (Bradley Bowman is the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a former advisor to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees.) (Jared Thompson is a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) “Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space.” Foreign Policy, 31 Mar. 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/. recut Consider the actions
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flying persistently nearby.
Dual-use capability destroys early warning, navigation, and communication – causes miscalculation that escalates to nuclear use. Kelley, Brandon, and Brian Chow 21. (Brian Chow - Independent policy analyst (Ph.D. physics, MBA with Distinction, Ph.D. finance) with over 160 publications in space and other national security policies) “China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan-or Start a War.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 21 Aug. 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinaE28099s-anti-satellite-weapons-could-conquer-taiwanE28094or-start-war-192135. / recut If current trends
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to nuclear use.
Space conflicts go nuclear – the risk is high and there are no breaks on escalation. Grego 15 LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war So says a
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to Washington, DC.
Space militarization turns neg DAs. Collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) “What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?” Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/. JQ Consequences of Armament
Primacy solves every threat and maintaining dominance is key. Decline causes arms races and land grabs that escalate. Brands 18 Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments." American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump." Page 129-133 Since World War II
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or in others.
1/28/22
JF - 1AC - CHINA V4
Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward SS | Judge: panel 1AC – FWK The ROB is to decide whether the fiated (post-fiat) consequence of the plan is a good idea. Theory comes first. The ROB is solely reliant on the flow. Ethics begin a posteriori. 1 - Knowledge is based on experience – I wouldn’t know 2+2=4 without experience of objects nor the color red without some experience of color. We can’t obtain evidence of goodness without experience. 2 - Indifference – Even if there are apriori moral truths, I can choose to ignore them. Cognition is binding – if I put my hand on a hot stove, I can’t turn off my natural aversion to it.
The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. we use hedonistic act util. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, ominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
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addiction or RDS.
2 - Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to
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acting very wrongly.
A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied. 4 - Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why. 5 - Theoretically prefer util – its DTA. a. Ground – every impact functions under util whereas other ethics flow to one side exclusively. b. Topic lit – most articles are written through the lens of util because they’re crafted for policymakers and the general public who take consequences to be important, not philosophy majors. Key to fairness and education.
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories- extinction literally ends the debate on “ought”. b. moral theories were formulated prior to the Anthropocene and human capacity for collective death so they cannot be relied on in situations of existential risk. c. no coherent moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value. 5. Bindingness – Util is the only prescriptive moral theory since pain and pleasure are intrinsically binding and guide action. That outweighs if a ethical theory has no reason to guide action than anyone could say “why not” and not follow the theory only binding ethics can be applicable. Anything else devolves to skepticism since we can’t generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. 6. Phenomenal introspection - it’s the most epistemically reliable - historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics - introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it - just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness. 1AC – Advantage Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust. The - Lexico. Oxford Dictionary. The. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/the Used to refer
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that is unique.
Appropriation of outer space. TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP 13, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, ’13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW Vol. 2013 No. 4 The issues presented
Private entities - Cornell Law. "Private Entity." LII / Legal Information Institute, www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/uscode.php?width=840andheight=800andiframe=trueanddef_id=6-USC-625312480-168358316andterm_occur=999andterm_src=title:6:chapter:6:subchapter:I:section:1501. In general Except
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or agent thereof.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Fernandez 21, Ray. “China Opens Space and Unleashes The Power Of Its Private Sector.” ScreenRant, 27 Nov. 2021, https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/.JQ In a new AND
unleashed into space.
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.) “China's Surging Private Space Industry Is out to Challenge the US.” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 28 Jan. 2021, https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance/.JQ The rivalry between
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from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0.JQ A slew of
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not be funny.
Space competition is inevitable and will determine hegemonic power on Earth–it’s just a question of who wins the race – explains sustainability. Jaewoo Choo 21 (Professor of Chinese foreign policy in the Department of Chinese Studies at Kyung Hee University, Korea. He was a Visiting Fellow at the Center for East Asian Studies Program, the Brooking Institution and a Visiting Associate Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. He graduated from Wesleyan University (BA in Government) and Peking University (MA and Ph.D. in International Relations). His research areas are Chinese foreign policy, multilateral security cooperation, and China-North Korea relations. He was a contributor to Asia Times on the Korean peninsula affairs), “The United States and China: Competition for superiority in space to protect resources and weapon systems,” OpenAsia, 03/11/2021, https://www.openasia.asia/the-united-states-and-china-competition-for-superiority-in-space-to-protect-resources-and-weapon-systems/ The strategic competition
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cyberattacks, by 2025.
Primacy prevents great-power conflict — multipolar revisionism fragments the global order and causes nuclear war. Brands and Edel 19 — Hal Brands; PhD, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Charles Edel; PhD, Senior Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. (“The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order;” Ch. 6: Darkening Horizon; Published by Yale University Press; GrRv) The revival of
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its remarkable achievements.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
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folly of aggression.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer
Consequences human survival
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Nagasaki as well.
U/V
1AC – Theory Interpretation: the neg must fairly prove the truth of the statement "The appropriation of outer space by private entities in People’s Republic of China not unjust." To clarify, other than theory, all negative arguments must prove the truth of the statement. Standards:
Research – proving the converse means they have to actively search out reasons the plan is a bad idea—their model ensures that they never have to research different topics or do prep since it gives them an infinite number of objections 2. Strat skew— a. you get variable ground if not bound by the rez—means you have access to more layers since I have a truth burden and you don’t b. you can moot 6 minutes of the 1ac by shifting the debate to a separate layer that the aff doesn’t interact with Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win. 1AC – UV 1 - Permissibility and presumption affirm A - Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. B - Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. C - Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and P are both wrong. D - Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation. E - Presuming statements false is impossible since we can’t operate in a world where we don’t trust anything. F - Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. 2 - Reject spec – Infinite regress – infinitely many things I can spec or fail to, no spec shell can ever set norms which outweighs because that’s the ultimate purpose of theory
3 - Reject Out of round violations A - norming – justifies infinite abuse since you can pull up a text of me saying the f word and read a k. B - kills value to debate – makes the debate about things outside the round which is not the post of debating in a place where people go to escape.
2/12/22
JF - 1AC - CHINA V5
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker RT | Judge: Holden Bukowsky The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
AND
addiction or RDS.
2 - Death is bad and outweighs – A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
1AC – Advantage
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Fernandez 21, Ray. “China Opens Space and Unleashes The Power Of Its Private Sector.” ScreenRant, 27 Nov. 2021, https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/. JQ In a new
AND
unleashed into space.
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.)
“China's Surging Private
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from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0. JQ A slew of
AND
not be funny.
Space competition is inevitable and will determine hegemonic power on Earth–it’s just a question of who wins the race – explains sustainability. Jaewoo Choo 21 (Professor of Chinese foreign policy in the Department of Chinese Studies at Kyung Hee University, Korea. He was a Visiting Fellow at the Center for East Asian Studies Program, the Brooking Institution and a Visiting Associate Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. He graduated from Wesleyan University (BA in Government) and Peking University (MA and Ph.D. in International Relations). His research areas are Chinese foreign policy, multilateral security cooperation, and China-North Korea relations. He was a contributor to Asia Times on the Korean peninsula affairs), “The United States and China: Competition for superiority in space to protect resources and weapon systems,” OpenAsia, 03/11/2021, https://www.openasia.asia/the-united-states-and-china-competition-for-superiority-in-space-to-protect-resources-and-weapon-systems/ The strategic competition
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with 3D printers.
Primacy prevents great-power conflict — multipolar revisionism fragments the global order and causes nuclear war. Brands and Edel 19 — Hal Brands; PhD, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Charles Edel; PhD, Senior Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. (“The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order;” Ch. 6: Darkening Horizon; Published by Yale University Press; GrRv) The revival of
AND
its remarkable achievements.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
AND
folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
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the Cold War.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
AND
Nagasaki as well.
Advantage 2 – Space War Space is the pinnacle of great power competition – China is set to take advantage – investment in state based launching and military capabilities leaves the US in the dust. Zivitski 20, Liane. (Maj. Liane Zivitski Chief, Operations Branch, J32 American Military University Masters - Strategic Intelligence Intelligence Officer for USAF) “China Wants to Dominate Space, and the US Must Take Countermeasures.” Defense News, Defense News, 23 June 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/. JQ China is determined
Beijing and Moscow commercial partnership uses dual-use disguise to weaponize space and destroy US nuclear communication and defense. Bowman, Bradley, and Jared Thompson 21. (Bradley Bowman is the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a former advisor to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees.) (Jared Thompson is a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) “Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space.” Foreign Policy, 31 Mar. 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/. recut Consider the actions
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flying persistently nearby.
Dual-use capability destroys early warning, navigation, and communication – causes miscalculation that escalates to nuclear use. Kelley, Brandon, and Brian Chow 21. (Brian Chow - Independent policy analyst (Ph.D. physics, MBA with Distinction, Ph.D. finance) with over 160 publications in space and other national security policies) “China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan-or Start a War.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 21 Aug. 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinaE28099s-anti-satellite-weapons-could-conquer-taiwanE28094or-start-war-192135. / recut If current trends
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to nuclear use.
Space conflicts go nuclear – the risk is high and there are no breaks on escalation. Grego 15 LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war So says a
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to Washington, DC.
Space militarization turns neg DAs. Collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) “What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?” Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/. JQ Consequences of Armament
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developed equally-advanced weaponry.
Biden’s ally-shoring not only reverses Trump-era damage, it resolves structural problems with American leadership sustainability – regaining total hegemony is key through the aff will lock us in. Dezenski and Austin 21 (Elaine Dezenski and John C. Austin are Senior Fellows for the Brookings Institute. Dezenski is also Chief Growth Officer for Blank Slate Technologies, 6/8/21, “Rebuilding America’s Economy and Foreign Policy with ‘Ally-Shoring’”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/06/08/rebuilding-americas-economy-and-foreign-policy-with-ally-shoring/, acc 7/18/21) Last month, President
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and consumers alike.
Heg solves global nuclear war - decline emboldens China, Russia, and Iran - causes counter-balancing and transition wars. Twining 17 (director of the Asia Program at The German Marshall Fund of the United States, based in Washington, DC, MPhil and PhD degrees from Oxford University (Daniel, "Abandoning the Liberal International Order for a Spheres-of-Influence World is a Trap for America…," Medium, 3-21-2017, https://medium.com/out-of-order/abandoning-the-liberal-international-order-for-a-spheres-of-influence-world-is-a-trap-for-america-7bfcdbb83df4) The liberal world
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settlement of disputes.
China is revisionist challenge to the military and economic order—hegemony is key to prevent Chinese aggression and global wars. Ji Young Choi 18 – (Ji Young Choi, Associate Professor of Politics and Government, Director of East Asia Studies, Affiliate Professor of International Studies, “Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on the Rise of China: Long Cycles, Power Transitions, and China's Ascent,” Asian Perspective, Vol. 42, Issue 1, January-March 2018, pages 61-84)ND I have explored
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interests and activities.
Heg solves unstable nuclear alliances that cause war Hayes 18 Peter Hayes, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University. Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony. November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 During a post-hegemonic
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the new normal.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
Declining US leadership causes extinction. Yulis 17 Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/ Over the past
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and human rights.
2/12/22
JF - 1AC - CHINA V5
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker RT | Judge: Holden Bukowsky The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
AND
addiction or RDS.
2 - Death is bad and outweighs – A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
1AC – Advantage
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Fernandez 21, Ray. “China Opens Space and Unleashes The Power Of Its Private Sector.” ScreenRant, 27 Nov. 2021, https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/. JQ In a new
AND
unleashed into space.
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.)
“China's Surging Private
AND
from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0. JQ A slew of
AND
not be funny.
Space competition is inevitable and will determine hegemonic power on Earth–it’s just a question of who wins the race – explains sustainability. Jaewoo Choo 21 (Professor of Chinese foreign policy in the Department of Chinese Studies at Kyung Hee University, Korea. He was a Visiting Fellow at the Center for East Asian Studies Program, the Brooking Institution and a Visiting Associate Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. He graduated from Wesleyan University (BA in Government) and Peking University (MA and Ph.D. in International Relations). His research areas are Chinese foreign policy, multilateral security cooperation, and China-North Korea relations. He was a contributor to Asia Times on the Korean peninsula affairs), “The United States and China: Competition for superiority in space to protect resources and weapon systems,” OpenAsia, 03/11/2021, https://www.openasia.asia/the-united-states-and-china-competition-for-superiority-in-space-to-protect-resources-and-weapon-systems/ The strategic competition
AND
with 3D printers.
Primacy prevents great-power conflict — multipolar revisionism fragments the global order and causes nuclear war. Brands and Edel 19 — Hal Brands; PhD, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Charles Edel; PhD, Senior Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. (“The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order;” Ch. 6: Darkening Horizon; Published by Yale University Press; GrRv) The revival of
AND
its remarkable achievements.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
AND
folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
AND
the Cold War.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdfRe-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
AND
Nagasaki as well.
Advantage 2 – Space War Space is the pinnacle of great power competition – China is set to take advantage – investment in state based launching and military capabilities leaves the US in the dust. Zivitski 20, Liane. (Maj. Liane Zivitski Chief, Operations Branch, J32 American Military University Masters - Strategic Intelligence Intelligence Officer for USAF) “China Wants to Dominate Space, and the US Must Take Countermeasures.” Defense News, Defense News, 23 June 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/. JQ China is determined
Beijing and Moscow commercial partnership uses dual-use disguise to weaponize space and destroy US nuclear communication and defense. Bowman, Bradley, and Jared Thompson 21. (Bradley Bowman is the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a former advisor to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees.) (Jared Thompson is a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) “Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space.” Foreign Policy, 31 Mar. 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/. recut Consider the actions
AND
flying persistently nearby.
Dual-use capability destroys early warning, navigation, and communication – causes miscalculation that escalates to nuclear use. Kelley, Brandon, and Brian Chow 21. (Brian Chow - Independent policy analyst (Ph.D. physics, MBA with Distinction, Ph.D. finance) with over 160 publications in space and other national security policies) “China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan-or Start a War.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 21 Aug. 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinaE28099s-anti-satellite-weapons-could-conquer-taiwanE28094or-start-war-192135. / recut If current trends
AND
to nuclear use.
Space conflicts go nuclear – the risk is high and there are no breaks on escalation. Grego 15 LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war So says a
AND
to Washington, DC.
Space militarization turns neg DAs. Collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) “What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?” Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/. JQ Consequences of Armament
AND
developed equally-advanced weaponry.
Biden’s ally-shoring not only reverses Trump-era damage, it resolves structural problems with American leadership sustainability – regaining total hegemony is key through the aff will lock us in. Dezenski and Austin 21 (Elaine Dezenski and John C. Austin are Senior Fellows for the Brookings Institute. Dezenski is also Chief Growth Officer for Blank Slate Technologies, 6/8/21, “Rebuilding America’s Economy and Foreign Policy with ‘Ally-Shoring’”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/06/08/rebuilding-americas-economy-and-foreign-policy-with-ally-shoring/, acc 7/18/21) Last month, President
AND
and consumers alike.
Heg solves global nuclear war - decline emboldens China, Russia, and Iran - causes counter-balancing and transition wars. Twining 17 (director of the Asia Program at The German Marshall Fund of the United States, based in Washington, DC, MPhil and PhD degrees from Oxford University (Daniel, "Abandoning the Liberal International Order for a Spheres-of-Influence World is a Trap for America…," Medium, 3-21-2017, https://medium.com/out-of-order/abandoning-the-liberal-international-order-for-a-spheres-of-influence-world-is-a-trap-for-america-7bfcdbb83df4) The liberal world
AND
settlement of disputes.
China is revisionist challenge to the military and economic order—hegemony is key to prevent Chinese aggression and global wars. Ji Young Choi 18 – (Ji Young Choi, Associate Professor of Politics and Government, Director of East Asia Studies, Affiliate Professor of International Studies, “Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on the Rise of China: Long Cycles, Power Transitions, and China's Ascent,” Asian Perspective, Vol. 42, Issue 1, January-March 2018, pages 61-84)ND I have explored
AND
interests and activities.
Heg solves unstable nuclear alliances that cause war Hayes 18 Peter Hayes, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University. Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony. November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 During a post-hegemonic
AND
the new normal.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
Declining US leadership causes extinction. Yulis 17 Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/ Over the past
AND
and human rights.
2/12/22
JF - 1AC - CHINA V6
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Chris Vincent, Candis Tate The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
AND
addiction or RDS.
2 - Death is bad and outweighs – A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
1AC – Advantage
Plan - The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Advantage 1 – Dominance The US has overlooked private sector capabilities in China – opens the floodgates for Chinese space development. Goswami 19, Namrata. She was subject matter expert in international affairs with the Futures Laboratory, Alabama, U.S., and guest lecturer, India Today Class, Emory University. After earning her Ph.D. in international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, she worked as research fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She has been a visiting fellow at Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; and University of Heidelberg, Germany. In 2012-2013, she was a Jennings-Randolph Senior Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace, Washington D.C. and was awarded a Fulbright-Nehru Senior Fellowship. In 2016-2017, she was awarded the MINERVA grant awarded by Office of the U.S. Secretary of Defense to study great power competition in outer space. “Misplaced Confidence? the US Private Space Sector vs. China.” – The Diplomat, For The Diplomat, 6 Apr. 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/misplaced-confidence-the-us-private-space-sector-vs-china/. When China landed
AND
the final frontier?
Surging commercial space industry in China ready to overcome US lead – manufacturing and international collaboration locks in national power. Patel 21, Neel. (I’m the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, I worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, I was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.)
“China's Surging Private
AND
from outside China.
China’s private space industry is key to tighten the grip on mining of space resources – reinforces lead on REE extraction and space domination over the US. Cohen 21, Ariel. (I am a Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council and the Founding Principal of International Market Analysis, a Washington, D.C.-based global risk advisory boutique. I advise law firms and corporations, and once helped to get a famous Russian oligarch out of Putin’s jail. I am also a Senior Fellow with the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC) where I direct their Energy, Growth, and Security Program (EGS). For 22 years, I was the Heritage Foundation’s leading Russia/Eurasia and international energy expert. My consultancy focuses on political risk, national security, and energy policy, especially in Russia/Europe/Eurasia, and the Middle East. The firm’s interventions span international security, economics, law, politics, terrorism, and crime and corruption. In addition to consulting for both the public and private sectors, I testify regularly before the U.S. Congress, and appear on Bloomberg, CNN, FOX, BBC, Al Jazeera, and other TV channels.) “China's Space Mining Industry Is Prepping for Launch – but What about the US?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/10/26/chinas-space-mining-industry-is-prepping-for-launch~-~-but-what-about-the-us/?sh=7587281c2ae0. JQ A slew of
AND
not be funny.
Space competition is inevitable and will determine hegemonic power on Earth–it’s just a question of who wins the race – explains sustainability. Jaewoo Choo 21 (Professor of Chinese foreign policy in the Department of Chinese Studies at Kyung Hee University, Korea. He was a Visiting Fellow at the Center for East Asian Studies Program, the Brooking Institution and a Visiting Associate Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. He graduated from Wesleyan University (BA in Government) and Peking University (MA and Ph.D. in International Relations). His research areas are Chinese foreign policy, multilateral security cooperation, and China-North Korea relations. He was a contributor to Asia Times on the Korean peninsula affairs), “The United States and China: Competition for superiority in space to protect resources and weapon systems,” OpenAsia, 03/11/2021, https://www.openasia.asia/the-united-states-and-china-competition-for-superiority-in-space-to-protect-resources-and-weapon-systems/ The strategic competition
AND
with 3D printers.
Primacy prevents great-power conflict — multipolar revisionism fragments the global order and causes nuclear war. Brands and Edel 19 — Hal Brands; PhD, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Charles Edel; PhD, Senior Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. (“The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order;” Ch. 6: Darkening Horizon; Published by Yale University Press; GrRv) The revival of
AND
its remarkable achievements.
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
AND
folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
AND
the Cold War.
Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risks. PND 16. internally citing Zbigniew Brzezinski, Council of Foreign Relations and former national security adviser to President Carter, Toon and Robock’s 2012 study on nuclear winter in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Gareth Evans’ International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, Congressional EMP studies, studies on nuclear winter by Seth Baum of the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and Martin Hellman of Stanford University, and U.S. and Russian former Defense Secretaries and former heads of nuclear missile forces, brief submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, Open-Ended Working Group on nuclear risks. A/AC.286/NGO/13. 05-03-2016. http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/OEWG/2016/Documents/NGO13.pdf Re-cut by Elmer Consequences human survival
AND
Nagasaki as well.
Advantage 2 – Space War Space is the pinnacle of great power competition – China is set to take advantage – investment in state based launching and military capabilities leaves the US in the dust. Zivitski 20, Liane. (Maj. Liane Zivitski Chief, Operations Branch, J32 American Military University Masters - Strategic Intelligence Intelligence Officer for USAF) “China Wants to Dominate Space, and the US Must Take Countermeasures.” Defense News, Defense News, 23 June 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/06/23/china-wants-to-dominate-space-and-the-us-must-take-countermeasures/. JQ China is determined
Beijing and Moscow commercial partnership uses dual-use disguise to weaponize space and destroy US nuclear communication and defense. Bowman, Bradley, and Jared Thompson 21. (Bradley Bowman is the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and a former advisor to members of the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees.) (Jared Thompson is a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) “Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space.” Foreign Policy, 31 Mar. 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/. recut Consider the actions
AND
flying persistently nearby.
Dual-use capability destroys early warning, navigation, and communication – causes miscalculation that escalates to nuclear use. Kelley, Brandon, and Brian Chow 21. (Brian Chow - Independent policy analyst (Ph.D. physics, MBA with Distinction, Ph.D. finance) with over 160 publications in space and other national security policies) “China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan-or Start a War.” The National Interest, The Center for the National Interest, 21 Aug. 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinaE28099s-anti-satellite-weapons-could-conquer-taiwanE28094or-start-war-192135. / recut If current trends
AND
to nuclear use.
Space conflicts go nuclear – the risk is high and there are no breaks on escalation. Grego 15 LAURA GREGO is a physicist in the Global Security program at UCS. She is an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation; and ballistic missile defense. "Preventing Space War." https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war So says a
AND
to Washington, DC.
Space militarization turns neg DAs. Collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) “What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?” Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/. JQ Consequences of Armament
AND
developed equally-advanced weaponry.
Biden’s ally-shoring not only reverses Trump-era damage, it resolves structural problems with American leadership sustainability – regaining total hegemony is key through the aff will lock us in. Dezenski and Austin 21 (Elaine Dezenski and John C. Austin are Senior Fellows for the Brookings Institute. Dezenski is also Chief Growth Officer for Blank Slate Technologies, 6/8/21, “Rebuilding America’s Economy and Foreign Policy with ‘Ally-Shoring’”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/06/08/rebuilding-americas-economy-and-foreign-policy-with-ally-shoring/, acc 7/18/21) Last month, President
AND
and consumers alike.
Heg solves global nuclear war - decline emboldens China, Russia, and Iran - causes counter-balancing and transition wars. Twining 17 (director of the Asia Program at The German Marshall Fund of the United States, based in Washington, DC, MPhil and PhD degrees from Oxford University (Daniel, "Abandoning the Liberal International Order for a Spheres-of-Influence World is a Trap for America…," Medium, 3-21-2017, https://medium.com/out-of-order/abandoning-the-liberal-international-order-for-a-spheres-of-influence-world-is-a-trap-for-america-7bfcdbb83df4) The liberal world
AND
settlement of disputes.
China is revisionist challenge to the military and economic order—hegemony is key to prevent Chinese aggression and global wars. Ji Young Choi 18 – (Ji Young Choi, Associate Professor of Politics and Government, Director of East Asia Studies, Affiliate Professor of International Studies, “Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on the Rise of China: Long Cycles, Power Transitions, and China's Ascent,” Asian Perspective, Vol. 42, Issue 1, January-March 2018, pages 61-84)ND I have explored
AND
interests and activities.
Heg solves unstable nuclear alliances that cause war Hayes 18 Peter Hayes, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University. Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony. November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 During a post-hegemonic
AND
the new normal.
US hegemony is key to prevent regional conflicts from going nuclear – China is uniquely destabilizing. Edelman, PhD, and Roughead et al. 18 (Co-chairs: Eric, USDiplomaticHistory@Yale, FormerUSAmbassador, Gary, FormerUSAdmiral/ChiefOFNavalOperations Fellow@Hoover, Authors: Christine Fox, FormerDeuptySecrataryOfDefense, Kathleen Hicks, PhD PoliSci@MIT, DirectorInternationalSecurity@CSIS, Jack Keane, Retired-4StarGeneral, FormerViceCheifOfStaff-Army, HonPhD PublicService@EasternKentucky, Andrew Krepinevich, PhD Harvard, President@CenterForStrategicAndBidgetaryAssesments, RetiredArmyLt.Col., Jon Kyl, FormerArizonaSenator, JD@UArizona, Thomas Mahnken, PhD InternationalAffairs@JohnsHopkins, ProfStrategicStudies@JohnsHopkins, MA PublicPolicy@Penn, FormerDOD-UndersecrataryOfDefense+CFO, Michael Morell, FormerDirectorOfTheCIA, MA Econ@Gtown, Anne Patterson, FormerUSAmbassador, FormerAssistSecrataryOfState-NearEasternAffairs, Roger Zakheim, MPhil IR@Cambridge, FormerDepAssistSecrataryOfDefense, FormerDeputyStaffDirector-USHouseArmedServicesCommitee) Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission, United States Institute of Peace 2018 https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/providing-for-the-common-defense.pdf Our specific findings
Declining US leadership causes extinction. Yulis 17 Max Yulis, Penn Political Review. In Defense of Liberal Internationalism. April 8, 2017. pennpoliticalreview.org/2017/04/in-defense-of-liberal-internationalism/ Over the past
AND
and human rights.
2/17/22
JF - 1AC - DEBRIS
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mira Loma SG | Judge: Scott Brown The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer: 1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
AND
addiction or RDS.
2 - Death is bad and outweighs – A - agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory. B - it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life. 3 - Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.
Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. Boley and Byers 21 Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; “Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7 brett Companies are placing
It goes nuclear. Johnson 14 Les, Baen science fiction author, popular science writer, and NASA technologist. “Living without satellites”. https://www.baen.com/living_without_satellites. brett Satellite imagery is
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intelligence gathering satellites).
Nuclear war causes extinction. Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, “Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange,” https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange brett A global threat India and Pakistan's
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all of humanity.
Cascading debris collapses satellites. Kessler et al., 18 Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e brett Donald Kessler: The
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Syndrome isn’t waiting.
The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply. Tompkins 19 Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/ brett The Agri-Tech Revolution
Warming causes extinction Klein 14(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14 In a 2012 report,
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danger to civilization.”
Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal links CSIS 18 (Center for Strategic and International Studies), “Why Human Space Exploration Matters,” August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation TDI U.S.-Russian space cooperation
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engines by 2022.
It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even war Weir 21 (Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). “Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low.“ Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low TDI Russia’s relations with
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our two countries.”
Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key. Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 “Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement_interior_FNL.pdf Against this background,
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such an escalation.
1AC—Plan Resolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities. A Normal means is ratification of the Moon Treaty Mallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~ TDI A third possible option
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there are disagreements.
B Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitled Waters 98 H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998 TDI bracketed for gendered violence 3. Unjust Enrichment Plaintiffs allege in
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unjust enrichment claim.
The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris. Johnson 20 Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf brett Yes, This Is
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responsible, authorizing government.
No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance -- potential for liability causes self-regulation. Johnson 20 Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf brett Authorization and Continuing
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doing in space.
2/20/22
JF - 1AC - I-LAW
Tournament: King RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Elmer Yang, Holden Bukowski Moral Relativism is true - 1 - It’s impossible to determine an objective viewpoint of experience. Reality can be vastly different to different agents, i.e. I don’t know if the blue that I see is the blue that you see because we all interpret the world in different ways. 2 - Each individual’s experience influences the way they interpret the truth i.e. a person brought up in a alt-right household is more likely to vote for Trump, so even if we could have an objective view of truth that would be tainted by the subjective experiences of individuals. Since nobody can stand at an objective viewpoint the only way to find where our obligations come from is by combining each perspective to create the omniperspective, which best accounts for all subjectivity and doesn’t rely on arbitrary abstractions. Thus, the standard is Consistency with international law. Prefer independently: 1 - Static Actor Specificity - Governments are necessarily legal constructs, because every other feature of it changes. The policymakers and individual agents have a plurality of views that is constantly in flux, but the only static characteristic of a government is simply that it is a legal construct, so adherence to larger legal constructs are the only system that makes sense. 2 - Side Constraint theory - I-law is always a side constraint on any state action because it contextualizes what it means to be a state - states always exist in the international realm and are states only through recognition; I-law outlines the qualifications for nationhood and develops mechanisms for nations to interact with each other. So, without I-law the actor becomes nonexistent. 3 - State Accountability - Only our FW can hold states accountable and restrict their actions within certain defined norms. Key to checking back state abuse and is constitutive to the rez which restricts state actions. 4 – Regress - I-law prevents infinite regress of asking why and how a moral action or evaluation is attributable to the agent, as a) agents consent to the contracts so the regress terminates in internal motivation or b) defines the duties and boundaries of state policy which already contextualizes how certain actions are attributable to governments. 5 - Morals innately imply contractarian theories. Gauthier 87 David (prof of philosophy at University of Pittsburg) Morals by Agreement, Chapter 1: Overview of a Theory, pages 1-11; 1987 TR---- BrACKETED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE Morals by agreement
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or person appears.26
Current legal landscape prohibits private entity appropriation. Brehm 15, Andrew. (Andrew R. Brehm is a litigator who focuses his practice on a broad range of legal issues for clients in the transportation and recreation industries. Mr. Brehm litigates a variety of disputes including those involving catastrophic injury, disfigurement and wrongful death, commercial contracts, and construction defects. Mr. Brehm also represents clients on labor employment related issues in class action and FLSA collective action cases. Mr. Brehm’s complex litigation work frequently involves litigation that addresses independent contractor issues and other labor and employment issues impacting the transportation industry. PROFILE Mr. Brehm is actively involved in the various local and regional bar associations. Prior to joining Scopelitis. Garvin, Light, Hanson and Feary, Mr. Brehm spent two years as a judicial clerk for The Honorable Rebecca F. Dallet and the Honorable Christopher R. Foley of the Milwaukee County Circuit Court. While in law school, Mr. Brehm’s note on private property rights in outer space was selected for publication by the Wisconsin International Law Journal. Mr. Brehm served as managing editor for the law journal.) "Private Property in Outer Space: Establishing a Foundation for Future Exploration." University of Wisconsin Law School Digital Repository, 2015, repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/77012.JQ Ultimately, under the
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in outer space.
Private entity appropriation gets circumvented by states. Wrench 19, John. (John Wrench is an attorney at the Institute for Justice. John grew up outside of Ithaca, New York, and received his law degree from the Case Western Reserve University School of Law in 2019. During law school, he served as editor in chief of the Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law and was a member of the Federalist Society. John interned in his law school’s First Amendment Litigation Clinic and was a judicial extern to the Honorable Paul E. Davison in the Southern District of New York. John graduated from Pace University in 2015 with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy and Religious Studies.) "Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining." Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons | Case Western Reserve University School of Law Research, 2019, scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2546andcontext=jil.JQ A further consequence
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of those rights.
Private entities are classified as national activities. Brehm 15, Andrew. (Andrew R. Brehm is a litigator who focuses his practice on a broad range of legal issues for clients in the transportation and recreation industries. Mr. Brehm litigates a variety of disputes including those involving catastrophic injury, disfigurement and wrongful death, commercial contracts, and construction defects. Mr. Brehm also represents clients on labor employment related issues in class action and FLSA collective action cases. Mr. Brehm’s complex litigation work frequently involves litigation that addresses independent contractor issues and other labor and employment issues impacting the transportation industry. PROFILE Mr. Brehm is actively involved in the various local and regional bar associations. Prior to joining Scopelitis. Garvin, Light, Hanson and Feary, Mr. Brehm spent two years as a judicial clerk for The Honorable Rebecca F. Dallet and the Honorable Christopher R. Foley of the Milwaukee County Circuit Court. While in law school, Mr. Brehm’s note on private property rights in outer space was selected for publication by the Wisconsin International Law Journal. Mr. Brehm served as managing editor for the law journal.) "Private Property in Outer Space: Establishing a Foundation for Future Exploration." University of Wisconsin Law School Digital Repository, 2015, repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/77012.JQ Despite the flurry
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simply doesn't exist."6
Severing the OST causes US-China great power competition. Brehm 15, Andrew. (Andrew R. Brehm is a litigator who focuses his practice on a broad range of legal issues for clients in the transportation and recreation industries. Mr. Brehm litigates a variety of disputes including those involving catastrophic injury, disfigurement and wrongful death, commercial contracts, and construction defects. Mr. Brehm also represents clients on labor employment related issues in class action and FLSA collective action cases. Mr. Brehm’s complex litigation work frequently involves litigation that addresses independent contractor issues and other labor and employment issues impacting the transportation industry. PROFILE Mr. Brehm is actively involved in the various local and regional bar associations. Prior to joining Scopelitis. Garvin, Light, Hanson and Feary, Mr. Brehm spent two years as a judicial clerk for The Honorable Rebecca F. Dallet and the Honorable Christopher R. Foley of the Milwaukee County Circuit Court. While in law school, Mr. Brehm’s note on private property rights in outer space was selected for publication by the Wisconsin International Law Journal. Mr. Brehm served as managing editor for the law journal.) "Private Property in Outer Space: Establishing a Foundation for Future Exploration." University of Wisconsin Law School Digital Repository, 2015, repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/media/77012.JQ Of course, the
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States and peoples."63
Precedent of success in key sectors like space reinforces China rise - causes nuclear war and destabilizing expansion. Bradley A. Thayer and Lianchao Han 19. * Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas San Antonio. vice president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China and a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute. Founder of the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars. "The ‘Xi Doctrine’: Proclaiming and Rationalizing China’s Aggression". National Interest. 6-12-2019. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/E28098xi-doctrineE28099-proclaiming-and-rationalizing-chinaE28099s-aggression-62402 Using the occasion
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folly of aggression.
Transition is devastating and an impact magnifier – shift back to unipolarity is key. Keck 14 Zachary Keck is Managing Editor of The Diplomat, The Diplomat, January 24, 2014, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Regardless of your
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the Cold War.
1AC – AFC Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative framework if it has an adv. section that allows for negative ground and if it’s I-Law. Violation: It’s preemptive Standards: 1 - Planks solve their offense – prevents any auto affirm frameworks and allows for clash on the advantage through the impact calc section, disclosure allows for research on our specific phil which creates phil education. 2 - Time skew - Winning the negative framework moots 6 minutes of 1AC offense and forces a 1AR restart against a 7 min 1NC – that outweighs on quantifiability and reversibility – I can’t get back time lost and it’s the only way to measure abuse. 3 - Prep skew- We can’t predict every single negative framework before round but they know the resolution coming into round which makes pre-tournament prep impossible. Especially true since there are millions of K’s and NC’s that could negate - Prep skew outweighs - A - Sequencing- It’s a perquisite engaging in-round since you need prep to debate B - Engagement- It ruins the quality and depth of discussions that make debate rounds educational. No RVI on 1ac theory that has a pre-emptive violation - they would have 7 minutes to answer a minute-long shell and the debate would end right there. 1AC Theory is DTD—its key to making sure they’re held accountable since they chose to violate it. Competing interps on 1AC Theory - 7 minutes is enough time to robustly justify their counter interp.
1AC – Contention Advocacy: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. 1 – OST - The OST prohibits appropriation. Tingkang 12, Andrew. (Andrew Tingkang is an associate attorney on both Thomas McCurdy’s and Gordon Klug’s teams. His practice focuses on construction defect litigation, fire loss, motor vehicle accidents, wrongful death, job site injury, and product liability. Andrew has over five years of experience working in defense litigation, including helping launch a small litigation/business law firm where he worked with two partners as the sole associate. Andrew graduated with an undergrad degree from the University of Washington with majors in political science and philosophy and a minor in earth and space science. Following this he attended the Seattle University School of Law where he authored These Aren’t the Asteroids You Are Looking For: Classifying Asteroids in Space as Chattels, Not Land, Seattle University Law Review Vol. 35, No. 2 (2012).) "These Aren’t the Asteroids You Are Looking For: Classifying Asteroids in Space as Chattels, Not Land." Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons | Seattle University School of Law Research, 2012, digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2070andcontext=sulr.JQ The Outer Space
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for any means.92
OST cred solves space war. William R. Kramer 17, Hawaii Research Center for Futures Studies @ University of Hawaii, '17, In dreams begin responsibilities – environmental impact assessment and outer space development, ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICE, VOL. 19, NO. 3, 128–138 Benefits of extraterrestrial
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care of this problem (Mack, 2016).”
Norms create coalitions that deter space war. Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan, Senior Member, St Antony’s College, Oxford University, UK and Senior Scholar in Geostrategy, and Director of the Geopolitics of Globalisation and Transnational Security Programme, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Geneva, Switzerlan, ’12, “Meta-Geopolitics of Outer Space An Analysis of Space Power, Security and Governance” ISBN 978-1-349-33967-9, p. 111 The Obama Administration
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in malign acts.’55
Space war goes nuclear. Joan Johnson-Freese, Professor and chair of space science and technology @ Naval War College, 17, Space Warfare in the 21st Century, Routledge, ISBN 978131552917, p 18-20. Space warfare runs
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preemptive nuclear strike.94
Even limited war causes extinction – newest models and scientific consensus. Michael J. Mills 14, NCAR Earth System Laboratory, Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Julia Lee-Taylor, NCAR Earth System Laboratory, and Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, “Multidecadal global cooling and unprecedented ozone loss following a regional nuclear conflict,” Earth’s Future, 2, 161–176 In the 1980s,
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is not considered.
1AC – Underview 1 Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check back. 1AR theory is drop the debater and competing interps – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance. No RVI because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3-minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. 2 Presumption and permissibility affirm – C - Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and P are both wrong. D - Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation. E - Presuming statements false is impossible since we can’t operate in a world where we don’t trust anything. F - Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. G - If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it. 4 If I win one layer, vote aff - A - they have 7 minutes to uplayer and nullify my offense B - forces engagement with the aff since they have to defend all arguments which means they read better ones. 5 Evaluate the debate after the 1AC – key to preventing the 1N from reading unfair arguments. Responses presume the debate hasn't already been evaluated. 6 Neg may not read combo shells – A - Predictability – infinitely many planks makes them impossible to meet, chills aff from defend against abusive 1Ns, B - Strat skew – can read multiple one plank shells which leads to better debate on each norm. 7 Reject spec – A - Infinite regress – infinitely many things I can spec or fail to, no spec shell can ever set norms which outweighs because that’s the ultimate purpose of theory B - Ground – whole res gives you most stable basis for engagement, anything else skirts core neg generics. 8 All K’s must defend a concrete policy alternative, Policy alts are better for your kritik, it allows us the ability to engage in productive discussions rather than endless critic of each other’s reps without solutions. 9 All K Links must quote explicit lines in the because they are an infinite amount of things the AC can implicitly justify reciprocally exploding neg ground. 10 Out of round violations are a voting issue – A - norming – justifies infinite abuse since you can pull up a text of me saying the f word and read a k. B - kills value to debate – makes the debate about things outside the round which is not the post of debating in a place where people go to escape. C - unverifiable – even if you win your violation, the norm you justify are things that cannot be warranted.
11 All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue which means any neg theory interp requires an RVI to become offensive. 12 Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR since A - the 6 min 2n can dump on theory making the 3 min 2AR impossible B - we both get 1 speech on theory and no neg arguments since aff auto wins help spread the message that affirming is unfair so people will change LD rules to be more structurally fair and no neg responses they’re circular as they assume, they get neg arguments, but that’s what they must prove. 13 RVI on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible. 14 Reject neg fairness concerns since A - 13-7 time skew and 6-minute collapse gives the negative the strategic advantage and means the AFF must split 1AR time.
3/26/22
MA - 1AC - POLLS
Tournament: TFA | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: panel Ethics devolve to the individual perspective since people constantly gain new knowledge, making their perspective the most indicative of truth. Anker 09, (Michael Anker, PhD Dissertation “The Ethics of Uncertainty: Aporetic Openings”, Atropos Press, 2009. Pg 25) As mentioned and
The definition of words is determined by how they are used – words meaning comes from how most people in society use them. ‘Ought’ is a word, therefore it is also subject to majoritarian decision-making – the term ought has no meaning outside of what the majority of people use it as. Since what we ought to do is determined by the meaning of the term ought which in turn is determined by the populace, any conception of what we ought do which is not democratic would be contradicting its own basis and thus be inconsistent.
In order to reconcile our subjective beliefs, we must look towards community desires. In a first-person world, community is epistemologically most likely to be true and key to identity construction. Christiano 06, (Thomas Christiano. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/#NonInsVal Democracy) Two kinds of
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and unreflective subjects.
Thus, the standard is consistency with communal norms. This is also known as the epistemological theory of omniperspectivism, which means that we justify beliefs through the maximization of perspectives and opinions. This is the only way to justify ‘ought’ statements. Hudgens 07, Jennifer. "Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators." Open Access Institutional Repository of Georgia State University, 8 Mar. 2007, scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=philosophy_theses. Again, the definition
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other possibilities also.
Impact Calc: 1 – Scope – the larger the sample size the more representative the poll is of all perspectives and opinions 2 – Recency – the more recent the more representative the poll is of recent perspectives and opinions
Prefer – 1 – Linguistics - Since statements don’t correspond individually to reality, we must determine their truth by how well they cohere with our total body of knowledge. There’s always a cluster of characteristics associated with any term; nothing is “essentially” part of the term’s “meaning.” So there aren’t any sentences that are true in virtue of the meanings of their terms. This means that the only way to prove the resolution true or false is based on whether most of society believes it is that way, so the AC comes logically prior to any other framework because it frames all truth. 2 - Interpretive regress - Rules don’t outline how to follow each part of them which means there are infinite interpretations, the only way to clarify is with another rule but that just needs more rules to outline how to follow that rule. Polls solve because we can understand what the aggregate decides instead of one perspective. I.e. if the rule is “Don’t steal'', I wouldn’t be wrong to conclude that was a command to a person named “don’t” but due to collective understanding we know that's silly. 3 - Actor Spec - A - Polls are a side constraint on all governmental action. Legislatures look at majority of constituents reaction to decisions. B - Every decision the government makes is through a poll, congress makes decisions by seeing what gets the most votes. This outweighs because different actors have different ethical standings. 4 - Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. 5 - Consequences fail – A - They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance and proves they aren’t binding. B - Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because a Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and b Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C - Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D - You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine – causes inaction because you don’t know what kind of consequence matters more. 1AC – Contention In Webster. NDDemocracy. Merriam Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in “used as a
Polls affirm – objectivity is widely preferred. Graph included - Newman 21, Nic. "Overview and Key Findings of the 2021 Digital News Report." Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2021, reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021/dnr-executive-summary.JQ In an era
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of social justice
CSA – https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021/dnr-executive-summary 1AC – Round Reports Interpretation: Debaters must disclose round reports on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki for every round they have debated this season at least 30 mins before the round. Round reports disclose which positions (AC, NC, K, T, Theory, etc.) were read/gone for in every speech of the round. Violation: screenshot in the doc
Standards:
Level Playing Field – big schools can scout and collect flows but independents are left in the dark so round reports are key to prep - they give an idea of what layers debaters go for so you can best prepare your strategy. Accessibility first and independent voter – it’s an impact multiplier – it’s the only way students continue coming into debate. 2. Strategy - a. small schools - round reports help novices understand the context in which positions are read by good debaters and help with brainstorming potential 1NCs vs affs – helps compensate for kids who can’t afford coaches to prep out affs. b. don’t know what positions you go for which skews my strategy when picking positions because you know mine – ow under reciprocity. Paradigm: Neg may not read combo shells – A - Predictability – infinitely many planks makes them impossible to meet, chills aff from defend against abusive 1Ns, B - Strat skew – can read multiple one plank shells which leads to better debate on each norm.
Fairness is a voter – A Debate’s a competitive game and requires objective evaluation. B Fairness best coheres a winner since if one debater had ten minutes to speak and the other had three there would be incongruence that alters ability to judge the better debater. Procedural unfairness doesn’t compensate since it denies access anyone to the space. C Determines engagement in substance so it outweighs. D Jurisdiction – every argument you make concedes the authority of fairness: i.e. that the judge will evaluate your arguments. Hack against them if they contest this since that’s the most unfair thing to do E Probability – there’s no guarantee you solve structural barriers or out of round impacts but there’s a guarantee my interp makes rounds more fair F Truth testing – no fairness assumes ability to determine truth value of the K but fairness is a prior question. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVIS on AC theory – encourages 7 min RVI dump that overpowers the 1AR but we get RVIs on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible.
Climate “experts” are spreading disinformation on behalf of corporate lobbyists. This halts climate legislation, dissaudes the public, and destroys international cooperation – the plan is key. Harkins 19, Steven. “Why Is Climate Change Still Not Top Of The News Agenda?.” The Conversation. September 19, 2019. https://theconversation.com/why-is-climate-change-still-not-top-of-the-news-agenda- 123800 They found that
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how journalists operate.
Public trust in climate change information is at a low. The plan takes the pen out of agenda-driven stakeholder’s hand. Ellison 21, Jude. “Why Journalists – Not Just Advocates – Need To Report On Climate Change.” The City Journal. March 31, 2021. http://thecityjournal.net/opinion/why-journalists-not-just-advocates-need-to-report- on-climate-change/ As temperatures climb
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no such consequences.
Enforcement is stringent – employees will be held liable for misinformation about environmental practices. Pellegrino 18, Nicolette. “A Gap In Causation? Punishing Polluters For Contributing To Climate Change And Increasing Violent Cr.” Pace Environmental Law Review. December 11, 2018. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol35/iss2/6/ Because climate change
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punishment and regulation.
Warming causes extinction. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back,” Futures, Vol. 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six
1 - Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check back. 1AR theory is drop the debater and competing interps – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance. No RVI because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3-minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. 2 -Presumption and permissibility affirm – A - Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. B - Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. C - Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and P are both wrong. D - Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation. E - Presuming statements false is impossible since we can’t operate in a world where we don’t trust anything. F - Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. G - If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it. 3 - If I win one layer, vote aff - A - they have 7 minutes to uplayer and nullify my offense B - forces engagement with the aff since they have to defend all arguments which means they read better ones. 4 -All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue which means any neg theory interp requires an RVI to become offensive. 5 -Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR since A - the 6 min 2n can dump on theory making the 3 min 2AR impossible B - we both get 1 speech on theory and no neg arguments since aff auto wins help spread the message that affirming is unfair so people will change LD rules to be more structurally fair and no neg responses they’re circular as they assume, they get neg arguments, but that’s what they must prove. 6 - Negating is harder arguments are incoherent A - wiki means you can form an unbeatable NC strat every round B - bidirectional neg theory means that you can always win rounds with no prep. Also, means neg shells are impossible to meet so reject them since it’s unfair since we’ll always violate. 7 - Affirming is harder A - Neg is reactive – they tailor the 1NC before the round to exploit the aff’s weakness. Not reciprocal – affs enter the round unaware. B - Aff extends twice – takes valuable time from already most time-pressed speeches. 8 - No neg meta-theory – I only have time to check abuse 1 time but you can do it in the nc and 2n, uplayering my attempt means we never get to the best norm. This means reject any reason why an aff spike is bad since they claim aff theory is unfair. 9 - No neg nibs A - you can uplayer for 7 minutes that I have to answer before I even have access to offense B - inf neg abuse since you would just read 7 mins of auto-negate arguments. 10 -No theory or Ks on spikes – moots AC offense since I don’t have anything to leverage in the 1AR 11 - All K Links must quote explicit lines in the because they are an infinite amount of things the AC can implicitly justify reciprocally exploding neg ground.
3/12/22
MA - 1AC - POLLS
Tournament: TFA | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: panel Ethics devolve to the individual perspective since people constantly gain new knowledge, making their perspective the most indicative of truth. Anker 09, (Michael Anker, PhD Dissertation “The Ethics of Uncertainty: Aporetic Openings”, Atropos Press, 2009. Pg 25) As mentioned and
The definition of words is determined by how they are used – words meaning comes from how most people in society use them. ‘Ought’ is a word, therefore it is also subject to majoritarian decision-making – the term ought has no meaning outside of what the majority of people use it as. Since what we ought to do is determined by the meaning of the term ought which in turn is determined by the populace, any conception of what we ought do which is not democratic would be contradicting its own basis and thus be inconsistent.
In order to reconcile our subjective beliefs, we must look towards community desires. In a first-person world, community is epistemologically most likely to be true and key to identity construction. Christiano 06, (Thomas Christiano. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/#NonInsVal Democracy) Two kinds of
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and unreflective subjects.
Thus, the standard is consistency with communal norms. This is also known as the epistemological theory of omniperspectivism, which means that we justify beliefs through the maximization of perspectives and opinions. This is the only way to justify ‘ought’ statements. Hudgens 07, Jennifer. "Perspectives on Perspectivism: Nietzsche and His Commentators." Open Access Institutional Repository of Georgia State University, 8 Mar. 2007, scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=philosophy_theses. Again, the definition
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other possibilities also.
Impact Calc: 1 – Scope – the larger the sample size the more representative the poll is of all perspectives and opinions 2 – Recency – the more recent the more representative the poll is of recent perspectives and opinions
Prefer – 1 – Linguistics - Since statements don’t correspond individually to reality, we must determine their truth by how well they cohere with our total body of knowledge. There’s always a cluster of characteristics associated with any term; nothing is “essentially” part of the term’s “meaning.” So there aren’t any sentences that are true in virtue of the meanings of their terms. This means that the only way to prove the resolution true or false is based on whether most of society believes it is that way, so the AC comes logically prior to any other framework because it frames all truth. 2 - Interpretive regress - Rules don’t outline how to follow each part of them which means there are infinite interpretations, the only way to clarify is with another rule but that just needs more rules to outline how to follow that rule. Polls solve because we can understand what the aggregate decides instead of one perspective. I.e. if the rule is “Don’t steal'', I wouldn’t be wrong to conclude that was a command to a person named “don’t” but due to collective understanding we know that's silly. 3 - Actor Spec - A - Polls are a side constraint on all governmental action. Legislatures look at majority of constituents reaction to decisions. B - Every decision the government makes is through a poll, congress makes decisions by seeing what gets the most votes. This outweighs because different actors have different ethical standings. 4 - Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. 5 - Consequences fail – A - They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance and proves they aren’t binding. B - Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because a Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and b Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C - Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D - You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine – causes inaction because you don’t know what kind of consequence matters more. 1AC – Contention In Webster. NDDemocracy. Merriam Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in “used as a
Polls affirm – objectivity is widely preferred. Graph included - Newman 21, Nic. "Overview and Key Findings of the 2021 Digital News Report." Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2021, reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021/dnr-executive-summary.JQ In an era
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of social justice
CSA – https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021/dnr-executive-summary 1AC – Round Reports Interpretation: Debaters must disclose round reports on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki for every round they have debated this season at least 30 mins before the round. Round reports disclose which positions (AC, NC, K, T, Theory, etc.) were read/gone for in every speech of the round. Violation: screenshot in the doc
Standards:
Level Playing Field – big schools can scout and collect flows but independents are left in the dark so round reports are key to prep - they give an idea of what layers debaters go for so you can best prepare your strategy. Accessibility first and independent voter – it’s an impact multiplier – it’s the only way students continue coming into debate. 2. Strategy - a. small schools - round reports help novices understand the context in which positions are read by good debaters and help with brainstorming potential 1NCs vs affs – helps compensate for kids who can’t afford coaches to prep out affs. b. don’t know what positions you go for which skews my strategy when picking positions because you know mine – ow under reciprocity. Paradigm: Neg may not read combo shells – A - Predictability – infinitely many planks makes them impossible to meet, chills aff from defend against abusive 1Ns, B - Strat skew – can read multiple one plank shells which leads to better debate on each norm.
Fairness is a voter – A Debate’s a competitive game and requires objective evaluation. B Fairness best coheres a winner since if one debater had ten minutes to speak and the other had three there would be incongruence that alters ability to judge the better debater. Procedural unfairness doesn’t compensate since it denies access anyone to the space. C Determines engagement in substance so it outweighs. D Jurisdiction – every argument you make concedes the authority of fairness: i.e. that the judge will evaluate your arguments. Hack against them if they contest this since that’s the most unfair thing to do E Probability – there’s no guarantee you solve structural barriers or out of round impacts but there’s a guarantee my interp makes rounds more fair F Truth testing – no fairness assumes ability to determine truth value of the K but fairness is a prior question. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVIS on AC theory – encourages 7 min RVI dump that overpowers the 1AR but we get RVIs on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible.
Climate “experts” are spreading disinformation on behalf of corporate lobbyists. This halts climate legislation, dissaudes the public, and destroys international cooperation – the plan is key. Harkins 19, Steven. “Why Is Climate Change Still Not Top Of The News Agenda?.” The Conversation. September 19, 2019. https://theconversation.com/why-is-climate-change-still-not-top-of-the-news-agenda- 123800 They found that
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how journalists operate.
Public trust in climate change information is at a low. The plan takes the pen out of agenda-driven stakeholder’s hand. Ellison 21, Jude. “Why Journalists – Not Just Advocates – Need To Report On Climate Change.” The City Journal. March 31, 2021. http://thecityjournal.net/opinion/why-journalists-not-just-advocates-need-to-report- on-climate-change/ As temperatures climb
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no such consequences.
Enforcement is stringent – employees will be held liable for misinformation about environmental practices. Pellegrino 18, Nicolette. “A Gap In Causation? Punishing Polluters For Contributing To Climate Change And Increasing Violent Cr.” Pace Environmental Law Review. December 11, 2018. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol35/iss2/6/ Because climate change
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punishment and regulation.
Warming causes extinction. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back,” Futures, Vol. 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six
1 - Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check back. 1AR theory is drop the debater and competing interps – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance. No RVI because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3-minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. 2 -Presumption and permissibility affirm – A - Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. B - Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. C - Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and P are both wrong. D - Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation. E - Presuming statements false is impossible since we can’t operate in a world where we don’t trust anything. F - Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. G - If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it. 3 - If I win one layer, vote aff - A - they have 7 minutes to uplayer and nullify my offense B - forces engagement with the aff since they have to defend all arguments which means they read better ones. 4 -All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue which means any neg theory interp requires an RVI to become offensive. 5 -Evaluate the theory debate after the 1AR since A - the 6 min 2n can dump on theory making the 3 min 2AR impossible B - we both get 1 speech on theory and no neg arguments since aff auto wins help spread the message that affirming is unfair so people will change LD rules to be more structurally fair and no neg responses they’re circular as they assume, they get neg arguments, but that’s what they must prove. 6 - Negating is harder arguments are incoherent A - wiki means you can form an unbeatable NC strat every round B - bidirectional neg theory means that you can always win rounds with no prep. Also, means neg shells are impossible to meet so reject them since it’s unfair since we’ll always violate. 7 - Affirming is harder A - Neg is reactive – they tailor the 1NC before the round to exploit the aff’s weakness. Not reciprocal – affs enter the round unaware. B - Aff extends twice – takes valuable time from already most time-pressed speeches. 8 - No neg meta-theory – I only have time to check abuse 1 time but you can do it in the nc and 2n, uplayering my attempt means we never get to the best norm. This means reject any reason why an aff spike is bad since they claim aff theory is unfair. 9 - No neg nibs A - you can uplayer for 7 minutes that I have to answer before I even have access to offense B - inf neg abuse since you would just read 7 mins of auto-negate arguments. 10 -No theory or Ks on spikes – moots AC offense since I don’t have anything to leverage in the 1AR 11 - All K Links must quote explicit lines in the because they are an infinite amount of things the AC can implicitly justify reciprocally exploding neg ground.
3/12/22
MA - 1AC - Prag
Tournament: TFA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Salado HF | Judge: Pheonix Pittman Ethics must be revisionary – theories cannot be grounded in unmovable principles because we are in a constant state of learning. Historical moral progress proves we radically shift our norms but only theories that are adaptable can withstand the test of time. Survivability underlies ethics – if rules don’t exist, then they aren’t action guiding. Thus, the meta ethic is constructivism. Prefer – 1 - Temporality – moral questions take time to answer. It is not possible to construct perfect theories because they’re debunked by the future when we realize it doesn’t perfectly fit our way of life; however, endorsing a process of perpetual addition circumvents restarting from scratch. 2 - Epistemology – meta-ethics should not just be concerned with the process of creating rules, but rather the ways that we think. Formulating correct theories requires that we understand the mind and how subjects cohere moral knowledge which means the construction of knowledge over time is valuable. 3 - Subject Formation – experiences shape identity because we construct our personalities and attitudes based on how we feel about particular things. Schemas are formed and modified through experience. University at Buffalo Center for Educational Innovation (U@Buffalo CEI). (2020, December 08). Constructivism. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from http://www.buffalo.edu/ubcei/enhance/learning/constructivism.htmlMassa Constructivism is the
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design these experiences.
Impacts to constructivism are infinite – it encompasses every theory’s foundation which means a hindrance of a constructivist process destroys the ability to experiment with other moral standards because we can’t modify our knowledge to account for new information. Infinite new theories mean infinite impacts with different magnitudes. Further, meaning only makes sense within a frame of reference that isolates the practical difference that it makes in action. Pierce 1 “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” Charles S. Peirce Popular Science Monthly 12 (January 1878), 286-302. Charles Sanders Peirce was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism” Dulles AS Let us illustrate
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I have indicated.
This commits us to practical deliberation as the method of moral inquiry Serra 1 Juan Pablo Serra. What Is and What Should Pragmatic Ethics Be? Some Remarks on Recent Scholarship. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PRAGMATISM AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. 2009. Francisco de Vitoria College, Humanities Department, Faculty member. Dulles AS This separation of
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the deliberative subject.
Thus, the standard is promoting pragmatic deliberation. Prefer – 1 - Moral Progress – Pragmatic revision is necessary to confronting our moral biases and constructing versions of ethics that avoid prejudice – slavery proves. Elizabeth Anderson 15 UMich chair of philosophy dept, pragmatist, “Moral Bias and Corrective Practices: A Pragmatist Perspective”, presidential address delivered at the one hundred twelfth Central Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association on 20 Feb 2015 BE recut Massa Yet, moral beliefs
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change over time.
2 - Value – procedural decisions have infinite value because they allow agents to take steps to reduce harms under any index. To shut down an avenue for pragmatic discourse necessitates foreclosing all possible decisions in that situation except a static theory we can’t change. Kills the net most value – alternative theories with massive impacts can’t be considered. Two Impacts – A - Precedes substantive moral frameworks – procedural frameworks create the proper circumstances to deploy substantive theories. B - Rational Decision Theory – it’s the best evaluative metric. Jalan 16. Akhil. “A Defense of Offense-Defense: Replying to Bogaty and Gosain.” Los Angeles Debate Intensive. Instead, I believe
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the next section. ¶
3 - Agential Specificity – Democratic governments are pragmatic theories in action – it’s intrinsic to their agential position. Shook 12, John R. (PhD, is Director of Education and Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, N.Y.; he has been Research Associate in Philosophy at the University at Buffalo since 2006. Among his authored and edited books are Dewey’s Empirical Theory of Knowledge and Reality (2000), Pragmatic Naturalism and Realism (2003), A Companion to Pragmatism (2005), Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers (2005), and The Future of Naturalism (2009).) Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Public Democracy. 2012. Massa Pragmatists such as
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democracy in practice
Impact Calc: Deliberation is procedural not substantive, which means that we are first concerned with the decision-making procedure of deliberation and then evaluation of what impacts matter most. To clarify, consequences are a sequencing question. Serra 2 BY WAY OF
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the moral life.
Consequences fail – A - They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance and proves they aren’t binding. B - Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because a Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and b Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C - Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D - You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine – causes inaction because you don’t know what kind of consequence matters more. 1AC – Contention I defend the whole resolution - resolved: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy.
Objective journalism lies in objectivity of its methodology. Jones 09 Alex Jones 9-15-2009 "An Argument Why Journalists Should Not Abandon Objectivity" https://niemanreports.org/articles/an-argument-why-journalists-should-not-abandon-objectivity/ (Alex S. Jones, a 1982 Nieman Fellow, is director of the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University.)Elmer In their book
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in its judgments.
Objectivity in the press is consistent with the pragmatic theory of truth via rigorous inquiry and pluralist decision-making. Ward 17 Stephen J. A. Ward (Distinguished Lecturer in Ethics at the University of British Columbia, Courtesy Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon, and founding director of the Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin). “ENGAGEMENT AND PRAGMATIC OBJECTIVITY”. Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. March 27, 2017. Accessed 2/26/2022. https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2017/03/27/engagement-and-pragmatic-objectivity/Xu In the first
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flexible, platform-neutral method.
A pragmatically objective press is a necessary component of a pluralist and deliberative democracy. Ward 17 Stephen J. A. Ward (Distinguished Lecturer in Ethics at the University of British Columbia, Courtesy Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon, and founding director of the Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin). “ENGAGEMENT AND PRAGMATIC OBJECTIVITY”. Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. March 27, 2017. Accessed 2/26/2022. https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2017/03/27/engagement-and-pragmatic-objectivity/Xu OBJECTIVITY WITHIN ENGAGEMENT
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rights of minorities.
Climate “experts” are spreading disinformation on behalf of corporate lobbyists. This halts climate legislation, dissaudes the public, and destroys international cooperation – the plan is key. Harkins 19, Steven. “Why Is Climate Change Still Not Top Of The News Agenda?.” The Conversation. September 19, 2019. https://theconversation.com/why-is-climate-change-still-not-top-of-the-news-agenda- 123800 They found that
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how journalists operate.
Public trust in climate change information is at a low. The plan takes the pen out of agenda-driven stakeholder’s hand. Ellison 21, Jude. “Why Journalists – Not Just Advocates – Need To Report On Climate Change.” The City Journal. March 31, 2021. http://thecityjournal.net/opinion/why-journalists-not-just-advocates-need-to-report- on-climate-change/ As temperatures climb
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no such consequences.
Enforcement is stringent – employees will be held liable for misinformation about environmental practices. Pellegrino 18, Nicolette. “A Gap In Causation? Punishing Polluters For Contributing To Climate Change And Increasing Violent Cr.” Pace Environmental Law Review. December 11, 2018. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol35/iss2/6/ Because climate change
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punishment and regulation.
Warming causes extinction. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back,” Futures, Vol. 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six
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and climate change.
1AC – Disclosure Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions they read in the cite boxes or open source on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD Wiki or a verified messenger source for both sides they debate at TFA State 2022. Violation:
Standards: 1 - Engagement – disclosure allows in-depth prep before the round which checks back against unpredictable positions, it’s for reciprocal engagement where each side has an equal opportunity to prepare. 2 - Small School Inclusion – Big schools will inevitably get your docs through judges, debaters, and coaches with connections to other judges only disclosure allows small schools equal access. 3 - Reciprocity - They have infinite prep before round to make the perfect strategy – only our interp gives us a time to prep. Reciprocity outweighs because it controls the internal link to fairness – fairness means reciprocal access to the ballot. 4 - Academic Ethics—disclosure deters mis-cutting, power-tagging, abuse of brackets and ellipses, and plagiarism – makes it harder to beat evidence because I can’t find all the issues in-round—it’s a real-world norm and debate loses all educational value if we can just make up cards. I cannot go through all their cards in four minutes and still manage to craft a strategy. I cannot check in round. Academic Ethics outweighs because it controls entry to universities and higher learning – biggest internal link to education, universities will kick you out if you are academically dishonest. 5 – verified messenger source solves – no disclosure rules bc it doesn’t go on the wiki and no way to check – don’t let them get away with the “we would have disclosed docs if u send the aff” because the AFF WAS NEW 6 – they will say we didn’t disclose but their methods are comparatively worse – they have ZERO docs on the wiki, we don’t know what they’ve gone for, and there’s no way to check their evidence ethics. We also broke new and disclosed plan text – they get generic DA links, all PICs, and K links, but we have no idea what their past strats are E – why schools fund debate F – k2 competitve equity, concedes authority DTD – deter abuse CI – judge intervention No RVIS on AC theory – encourages 7 min RVI dump that overpowers the 1AR 1AC - UV 1 - Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check back. 1AR theory is drop the debater and competing interps – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance. No RVI because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3-minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. 2 - All K Links must quote explicit lines in the because they are an infinite amount of things the AC can implicitly justify reciprocally exploding neg ground.
3/11/22
MA - 1AC - Prag
Tournament: TFA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Salado HF | Judge: Pheonix Pittman Ethics must be revisionary – theories cannot be grounded in unmovable principles because we are in a constant state of learning. Historical moral progress proves we radically shift our norms but only theories that are adaptable can withstand the test of time. Survivability underlies ethics – if rules don’t exist, then they aren’t action guiding. Thus, the meta ethic is constructivism. Prefer – 1 - Temporality – moral questions take time to answer. It is not possible to construct perfect theories because they’re debunked by the future when we realize it doesn’t perfectly fit our way of life; however, endorsing a process of perpetual addition circumvents restarting from scratch. 2 - Epistemology – meta-ethics should not just be concerned with the process of creating rules, but rather the ways that we think. Formulating correct theories requires that we understand the mind and how subjects cohere moral knowledge which means the construction of knowledge over time is valuable. 3 - Subject Formation – experiences shape identity because we construct our personalities and attitudes based on how we feel about particular things. Schemas are formed and modified through experience. University at Buffalo Center for Educational Innovation (U@Buffalo CEI). (2020, December 08). Constructivism. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from http://www.buffalo.edu/ubcei/enhance/learning/constructivism.htmlMassa Constructivism is the
AND
design these experiences.
Impacts to constructivism are infinite – it encompasses every theory’s foundation which means a hindrance of a constructivist process destroys the ability to experiment with other moral standards because we can’t modify our knowledge to account for new information. Infinite new theories mean infinite impacts with different magnitudes. Further, meaning only makes sense within a frame of reference that isolates the practical difference that it makes in action. Pierce 1 “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” Charles S. Peirce Popular Science Monthly 12 (January 1878), 286-302. Charles Sanders Peirce was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism” Dulles AS Let us illustrate
AND
I have indicated.
This commits us to practical deliberation as the method of moral inquiry Serra 1 Juan Pablo Serra. What Is and What Should Pragmatic Ethics Be? Some Remarks on Recent Scholarship. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PRAGMATISM AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. 2009. Francisco de Vitoria College, Humanities Department, Faculty member. Dulles AS This separation of
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the deliberative subject.
Thus, the standard is promoting pragmatic deliberation. Prefer – 1 - Moral Progress – Pragmatic revision is necessary to confronting our moral biases and constructing versions of ethics that avoid prejudice – slavery proves. Elizabeth Anderson 15 UMich chair of philosophy dept, pragmatist, “Moral Bias and Corrective Practices: A Pragmatist Perspective”, presidential address delivered at the one hundred twelfth Central Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association on 20 Feb 2015 BE recut Massa Yet, moral beliefs
AND
change over time.
2 - Value – procedural decisions have infinite value because they allow agents to take steps to reduce harms under any index. To shut down an avenue for pragmatic discourse necessitates foreclosing all possible decisions in that situation except a static theory we can’t change. Kills the net most value – alternative theories with massive impacts can’t be considered. Two Impacts – A - Precedes substantive moral frameworks – procedural frameworks create the proper circumstances to deploy substantive theories. B - Rational Decision Theory – it’s the best evaluative metric. Jalan 16. Akhil. “A Defense of Offense-Defense: Replying to Bogaty and Gosain.” Los Angeles Debate Intensive. Instead, I believe
AND
the next section. ¶
3 - Agential Specificity – Democratic governments are pragmatic theories in action – it’s intrinsic to their agential position. Shook 12, John R. (PhD, is Director of Education and Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, N.Y.; he has been Research Associate in Philosophy at the University at Buffalo since 2006. Among his authored and edited books are Dewey’s Empirical Theory of Knowledge and Reality (2000), Pragmatic Naturalism and Realism (2003), A Companion to Pragmatism (2005), Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers (2005), and The Future of Naturalism (2009).) Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Public Democracy. 2012. Massa Pragmatists such as
AND
democracy in practice
Impact Calc: Deliberation is procedural not substantive, which means that we are first concerned with the decision-making procedure of deliberation and then evaluation of what impacts matter most. To clarify, consequences are a sequencing question. Serra 2 BY WAY OF
AND
the moral life.
Consequences fail – A - They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance and proves they aren’t binding. B - Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because a Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and b Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C - Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D - You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine – causes inaction because you don’t know what kind of consequence matters more. 1AC – Contention I defend the whole resolution - resolved: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy.
Objective journalism lies in objectivity of its methodology. Jones 09 Alex Jones 9-15-2009 "An Argument Why Journalists Should Not Abandon Objectivity" https://niemanreports.org/articles/an-argument-why-journalists-should-not-abandon-objectivity/ (Alex S. Jones, a 1982 Nieman Fellow, is director of the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University.)Elmer In their book
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in its judgments.
Objectivity in the press is consistent with the pragmatic theory of truth via rigorous inquiry and pluralist decision-making. Ward 17 Stephen J. A. Ward (Distinguished Lecturer in Ethics at the University of British Columbia, Courtesy Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon, and founding director of the Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin). “ENGAGEMENT AND PRAGMATIC OBJECTIVITY”. Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. March 27, 2017. Accessed 2/26/2022. https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2017/03/27/engagement-and-pragmatic-objectivity/Xu In the first
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flexible, platform-neutral method.
A pragmatically objective press is a necessary component of a pluralist and deliberative democracy. Ward 17 Stephen J. A. Ward (Distinguished Lecturer in Ethics at the University of British Columbia, Courtesy Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon, and founding director of the Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin). “ENGAGEMENT AND PRAGMATIC OBJECTIVITY”. Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. March 27, 2017. Accessed 2/26/2022. https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/2017/03/27/engagement-and-pragmatic-objectivity/Xu OBJECTIVITY WITHIN ENGAGEMENT
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rights of minorities.
Climate “experts” are spreading disinformation on behalf of corporate lobbyists. This halts climate legislation, dissaudes the public, and destroys international cooperation – the plan is key. Harkins 19, Steven. “Why Is Climate Change Still Not Top Of The News Agenda?.” The Conversation. September 19, 2019. https://theconversation.com/why-is-climate-change-still-not-top-of-the-news-agenda- 123800 They found that
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how journalists operate.
Public trust in climate change information is at a low. The plan takes the pen out of agenda-driven stakeholder’s hand. Ellison 21, Jude. “Why Journalists – Not Just Advocates – Need To Report On Climate Change.” The City Journal. March 31, 2021. http://thecityjournal.net/opinion/why-journalists-not-just-advocates-need-to-report- on-climate-change/ As temperatures climb
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no such consequences.
Enforcement is stringent – employees will be held liable for misinformation about environmental practices. Pellegrino 18, Nicolette. “A Gap In Causation? Punishing Polluters For Contributing To Climate Change And Increasing Violent Cr.” Pace Environmental Law Review. December 11, 2018. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol35/iss2/6/ Because climate change
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punishment and regulation.
Warming causes extinction. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back,” Futures, Vol. 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six
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and climate change.
1AC – Disclosure Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions they read in the cite boxes or open source on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD Wiki or a verified messenger source for both sides they debate at TFA State 2022. Violation:
Standards: 1 - Engagement – disclosure allows in-depth prep before the round which checks back against unpredictable positions, it’s for reciprocal engagement where each side has an equal opportunity to prepare. 2 - Small School Inclusion – Big schools will inevitably get your docs through judges, debaters, and coaches with connections to other judges only disclosure allows small schools equal access. 3 - Reciprocity - They have infinite prep before round to make the perfect strategy – only our interp gives us a time to prep. Reciprocity outweighs because it controls the internal link to fairness – fairness means reciprocal access to the ballot. 4 - Academic Ethics—disclosure deters mis-cutting, power-tagging, abuse of brackets and ellipses, and plagiarism – makes it harder to beat evidence because I can’t find all the issues in-round—it’s a real-world norm and debate loses all educational value if we can just make up cards. I cannot go through all their cards in four minutes and still manage to craft a strategy. I cannot check in round. Academic Ethics outweighs because it controls entry to universities and higher learning – biggest internal link to education, universities will kick you out if you are academically dishonest. 5 – verified messenger source solves – no disclosure rules bc it doesn’t go on the wiki and no way to check – don’t let them get away with the “we would have disclosed docs if u send the aff” because the AFF WAS NEW 6 – they will say we didn’t disclose but their methods are comparatively worse – they have ZERO docs on the wiki, we don’t know what they’ve gone for, and there’s no way to check their evidence ethics. We also broke new and disclosed plan text – they get generic DA links, all PICs, and K links, but we have no idea what their past strats are E – why schools fund debate F – k2 competitve equity, concedes authority DTD – deter abuse CI – judge intervention No RVIS on AC theory – encourages 7 min RVI dump that overpowers the 1AR 1AC - UV 1 - Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check back. 1AR theory is drop the debater and competing interps – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance. No RVI because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3-minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. 2 - All K Links must quote explicit lines in the because they are an infinite amount of things the AC can implicitly justify reciprocally exploding neg ground.
3/11/22
MA - 1AC - RAWLS
Tournament: TFA | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Angelos AZ | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield The metaethic is moral constructivism – prefer - 1 - Strangeness—moral facts can’t be located. We only have knowledge of physical facts that can be falsified through observation. It follows that morals can only be facts about agreement or belief, since those are observable. 2 - Bindingness—only constructed facts bind, since we commit ourselves to them through the acceptance of agreement or identities. If morals existed outside of us, we could rationally reject them. 3 - Epistemology – meta-ethics should not just be concerned with the process of creating rules, but rather the ways that we think. Formulating correct theories requires that we understand the mind and how subjects cohere moral knowledge which means the construction of knowledge over time is valuable. Political Procedures must come from agreement – Governments are pluralistic with inevitable disagreement – An ethical theory dictating a government must form consensus or it freezes action through constant dispute. Outweighs because different actors have different obligations. John Rawls 85 Harvard Philosophy Professor Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1985. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Twentieth_Century_Political_Theory/4T7Mob-Y4HIC?hl=enandgbpv=1anddq=22It+should+be+observed+that,+on+this+view,+justification+is+not+regarded+simply+as+valid+argument+from+listed+premises,+even+should+these+premises+be+true.+Rather,+justification+is+addressed+to+others+who+disagree22andpg=PA19andprintsec=frontcover Recut Lindale PP Now suppose justice
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resolve them politically.
The only theory that can resolve pluralism is the Original Position – the Original Position is a procedure where the subject imagines being someone else. Under the Original Position I do not know where in society I am, I just know that society exists with social categories and limited resources – With this understanding I create moral principles that every other subject under the original position would hypothetically agree with. John Rawls 99, Philosopher and Professor who taught at Harvard and some other big and prominent universities, A theory of justice, 1999 edition, http://library.lol/main/27C4F7DAB2179426871C0945224FBF1F Lindale PP – Bracketed for gendered language One should not
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and natural contingencies.
Public reason is essential to a pluralistic society – it ensures reciprocity, freedom, and dialogue. Fox 13, Carl. “Public Reason, Objectivity, And Journalism In Liberal Democratic Societies.” Res Publica 19 (3). 2013. https://philpapers.org/rec/FOXPRO When Rawls calls
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laws and institutions.
Impact Calc - Rawls is deontological – if everyone would agree to an action under the Original Position without knowing who they are or how people act in society then the action is good. The principles are lexical – meaning the first comes before the second – that’s how you weigh between impacts. Thus, the standard is Consistency with the Original Position – Prefer - 1 – Ideal Theory First A - Measurement – Non-Ideal theory collapses to skep because it’s impossible to measure with a constantly changing yardstick B - Is-ought gap – nonideal theories can only tell us what is not what ought to be. C - Reflective Equilibrium means Ideal Theory is inevitable – when we reflect on our desires we compare our desires to an ideal of what we think our desires should be – means all ethics are inevitably ideal theory and that nonuniques any DAs. 2 - Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. 3 - Consequences fail – A - They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance and proves they aren’t binding. B - Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because a Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and b Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C - Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D - You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine – causes inaction because you don’t know what kind of consequence matters more.
adv. one Advocacy: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy. 1 - Objectivity - Journalism in a democracy must be transparent and resistant to bias. This necessitates public reason as a method to stay consistent with pluralism. Fox 13, Carl. “Public Reason, Objectivity, And Journalism In Liberal Democratic Societies.” Res Publica 19 (3). 2013. https://philpapers.org/rec/FOXPRO It is not enough
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of public reason.8
Public reason necessitates objectivity in journalism. Fox 13, Carl. “Public Reason, Objectivity, And Journalism In Liberal Democratic Societies.” Res Publica 19 (3). 2013. https://philpapers.org/rec/FOXPRO Objectivity as a
adv. 2 Climate “experts” are spreading disinformation on behalf of corporate lobbyists. This halts climate legislation, dissaudes the public, and destroys international cooperation – the plan is key. Harkins 19, Steven. “Why Is Climate Change Still Not Top Of The News Agenda?.” The Conversation. September 19, 2019. https://theconversation.com/why-is-climate-change-still-not-top-of-the-news-agenda- 123800 They found that
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how journalists operate.
Public trust in climate change information is at a low. The plan takes the pen out of agenda-driven stakeholder’s hand. Ellison 21, Jude. “Why Journalists – Not Just Advocates – Need To Report On Climate Change.” The City Journal. March 31, 2021. http://thecityjournal.net/opinion/why-journalists-not-just-advocates-need-to-report- on-climate-change/ As temperatures climb
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no such consequences.
Enforcement is stringent – employees will be held liable for misinformation about environmental practices. Pellegrino 18, Nicolette. “A Gap In Causation? Punishing Polluters For Contributing To Climate Change And Increasing Violent Cr.” Pace Environmental Law Review. December 11, 2018. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol35/iss2/6/ Because climate change
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punishment and regulation.
Warming causes extinction. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back,” Futures, Vol. 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six
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and climate change.
AFC Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative framework if it has an impact calc section that allows for negative ground and if it’s Rawlsian. Violation: It’s preemptive Standards: 1 - Planks solve their offense – prevents any auto affirm frameworks and allows for clash on the advantage through the impact calc section. 2 - Inclusion – Rawls forces people to think about their subject position and privilege they have in the world compared to other groups – spills over to worldview. 3 - Time skew - Winning the negative framework moots 6 minutes of 1AC offense and forces a 1AR restart against a 7 min 1NC – that outweighs on quantifiability and reversibility – I can’t get back time lost and it’s the only way to measure abuse. 4 - Prep skew- We can’t predict every single negative framework before round but they know the resolution coming into round which makes pre-tournament prep impossible. Especially true since there are millions of K’s and NC’s that could negate - Prep skew outweighs - A - Sequencing- It’s a perquisite engaging in-round since you need prep to debate B - Engagement- It ruins the quality and depth of discussions that make debate rounds educational. DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1ar would be skewed, and its key to deterring abuse . Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No rvis on AC theory – splits the 1AR between RVI, shell, and substance against 1NC brute force RVI dump
UV 1 - Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check back. 1AR theory is drop the debater and competing interps – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance. No RVI because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3-minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew. 2 - RVI on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible.
The harms of advocacy journalism are clear - it increases polarization by forcing people to pick sides. Reavy 13, Matthew. After earning both his bachelor’s degrees in Communication and Philosophy and master’s in English from Scranton, Dr. Reavy spent almost 25 years serving the University. An innately passionate professor, when not inspiring students or spending time with family he was acting as faculty adviser to The Aquinas, contributing to a multitude of committees, or authoring books on journalism. “Objectivity and Advocacy in Journalism.” Media Ethics Magazine, 2013, https://www.mediaethicsmagazine.com/index.php/browse-back-issues/179-fall-2013-vol-25-no-1/3999003-objectivity-and-advocacy-in-journalism. Research in journalism
Tournament: TFA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Challenge Early JA | Judge: Vincent Liu The metaethic is moral constructivism – prefer - 1 - Strangeness—moral facts can’t be located. We only have knowledge of physical facts that can be falsified through observation. It follows that morals can only be facts about agreement or belief, since those are observable. 2 - Bindingness—only constructed facts bind, since we commit ourselves to them through the acceptance of agreement or identities. If morals existed outside of us, we could rationally reject them. 3 - Epistemology – meta-ethics should not just be concerned with the process of creating rules, but rather the ways that we think. Formulating correct theories requires that we understand the mind and how subjects cohere moral knowledge which means the construction of knowledge over time is valuable. Political Procedures must come from agreement – Governments are pluralistic with inevitable disagreement – An ethical theory dictating a government must form consensus or it freezes action through constant dispute. Outweighs because different actors have different obligations. John Rawls 85 Harvard Philosophy Professor Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1985. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Twentieth_Century_Political_Theory/4T7Mob-Y4HIC?hl=enandgbpv=1anddq=22It+should+be+observed+that,+on+this+view,+justification+is+not+regarded+simply+as+valid+argument+from+listed+premises,+even+should+these+premises+be+true.+Rather,+justification+is+addressed+to+others+who+disagree22andpg=PA19andprintsec=frontcover Recut Lindale PP Now suppose justice
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resolve them politically.
The only theory that can resolve pluralism is the Original Position – the Original Position is a procedure where the subject imagines being someone else. Under the Original Position I do not know where in society I am, I just know that society exists with social categories and limited resources – With this understanding I create moral principles that every other subject under the original position would hypothetically agree with. John Rawls 99, Philosopher and Professor who taught at Harvard and some other big and prominent universities, A theory of justice, 1999 edition, http://library.lol/main/27C4F7DAB2179426871C0945224FBF1F Lindale PP – Bracketed for gendered language One should not
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and natural contingencies.
Public reason is essential to a pluralistic society – it ensures reciprocity, freedom, and dialogue. Fox 13, Carl. “Public Reason, Objectivity, And Journalism In Liberal Democratic Societies.” Res Publica 19 (3). 2013. https://philpapers.org/rec/FOXPRO When Rawls calls
AND
laws and institutions.
Impact Calc - Rawls is deontological – if everyone would agree to an action under the Original Position without knowing who they are or how people act in society then the action is good. The principles are lexical – meaning the first comes before the second – that’s how you weigh between impacts. Thus, the standard is Consistency with the Original Position – Prefer - 1 – Ideal Theory First A - Measurement – Non-Ideal theory collapses to skep because it’s impossible to measure with a constantly changing yardstick B - Is-ought gap – nonideal theories can only tell us what is not what ought to be. C - Reflective Equilibrium means Ideal Theory is inevitable – when we reflect on our desires we compare our desires to an ideal of what we think our desires should be – means all ethics are inevitably ideal theory and that nonuniques any DAs. 2 - Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity. 3 - Consequences fail – A - They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance and proves they aren’t binding. B - Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because a Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and b Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes C - Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. D - You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine – causes inaction because you don’t know what kind of consequence matters more.
adv. one Advocacy: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy. 1 - Objectivity - Journalism in a democracy must be transparent and resistant to bias. This necessitates public reason as a method to stay consistent with pluralism. Fox 13, Carl. “Public Reason, Objectivity, And Journalism In Liberal Democratic Societies.” Res Publica 19 (3). 2013. https://philpapers.org/rec/FOXPRO It is not enough
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of public reason.8
Public reason necessitates objectivity in journalism. Fox 13, Carl. “Public Reason, Objectivity, And Journalism In Liberal Democratic Societies.” Res Publica 19 (3). 2013. https://philpapers.org/rec/FOXPRO Objectivity as a
1AC – Disclosure Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions they read in the cite boxes or open source on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD Wiki under their school name for both sides they debate at TFA State 2022. Violation:
Standards: 1 - Engagement – disclosure allows in-depth preparation before the round which checks back against unpredictable positions and allows debaters to effectively write case negs and blocks—allows for reciprocal engagement where each side has an equal opportunity to prepare. Engagement outweighs on uniqueness – it’s the only thing differentiating debate from other events 2 - Small School Inclusion – Big schools will always get your docs through having a lot of judges, competitors, and coaches with connections to other judges only disclosure allows small schools equal access. 3 - Reciprocity - They have infinite prep before round to make the perfect strategy – only our interp gives us a crumb of the time. Reciprocity outweighs because it controls the internal link to fairness – fairness means reciprocal access to the ballot. 4 - Academic Ethics—disclosure deters mis-cutting, power-tagging, abuse of brackets and ellipses, and plagiarism – makes it harder to beat evidence because I can’t find all the issues in-round—it’s a real-world norm and debate loses all educational value if we can just make up cards. I cannot go through all their cards in four minutes and still manage to craft a strategy. I cannot check in round. Academic Ethics outweighs because it controls entry to universities and higher learning – biggest internal link to education, universities will kick you out if you are academically dishonest. Fairness is a voter – A Debate’s a competitive game and requires objective evaluation. B Fairness best coheres a winner since if one debater had ten minutes to speak and the other had three there would be incongruence that alters ability to judge the better debater. Procedural unfairness doesn’t compensate since it denies access anyone to the space. C Determines engagement in substance so it outweighs. D Jurisdiction – every argument you make concedes the authority of fairness: i.e. that the judge will evaluate your arguments. Hack against them if they contest this since that’s the most unfair thing to do E Probability – there’s no guarantee you solve structural barriers or out of round impacts but there’s a guarantee my interp makes rounds more fair F Truth testing – no fairness assumes ability to determine truth value of the K but fairness is a prior question. DTD – deter abuse CI – judge intervention No RVIS on AC theory – encourages 7 min RVI dump that overpowers the 1AR
Climate “experts” are spreading disinformation on behalf of corporate lobbyists. This halts climate legislation, dissaudes the public, and destroys international cooperation – the plan is key. Harkins 19, Steven. “Why Is Climate Change Still Not Top Of The News Agenda?.” The Conversation. September 19, 2019. https://theconversation.com/why-is-climate-change-still-not-top-of-the-news-agenda- 123800 They found that
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how journalists operate.
Public trust in climate change information is at a low. The plan takes the pen out of agenda-driven stakeholder’s hand. Ellison 21, Jude. “Why Journalists – Not Just Advocates – Need To Report On Climate Change.” The City Journal. March 31, 2021. http://thecityjournal.net/opinion/why-journalists-not-just-advocates-need-to-report- on-climate-change/ As temperatures climb
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no such consequences.
Enforcement is stringent – employees will be held liable for misinformation about environmental practices. Pellegrino 18, Nicolette. “A Gap In Causation? Punishing Polluters For Contributing To Climate Change And Increasing Violent Cr.” Pace Environmental Law Review. December 11, 2018. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol35/iss2/6/ Because climate change
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punishment and regulation.
Warming causes extinction. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, “Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back,” Futures, Vol. 102, p. 39-50 In summary, six
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and climate change.
The state is inevitable – someone will gain power in the state of nature and that will snowball. Holcombe 03, Randall. “Government: Unnessessary but Inevitable.” The Independent Review , The Independent Institute, 2003, www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?id=15. Lindale PP Without government, people
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citizens gain, too (Holcombe 1994).
An inevitable state means the only political obligation left is to mandate what that state ought to do – only Rawls eliminates institutional bias. Tommie Shelby 04, Race and Ethnicity, Race and Social Justice: Rawlsian Considerations, 72 Fordham L. Rev. 1697 (2004). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol72/iss5/15 Lindale PP As is well known,
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principles of justice.
1 - Presumption and permissibility affirm – A - Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. B - Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. C - Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and P are both wrong. D - Presuming obligations is logically safer since it’s better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation. E - Presuming statements false is impossible since we can’t operate in a world where we don’t trust anything. 2 - No 2NR RVI, paradigm issues, theory, evidence, or new responses to AC arguments since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes and my 3-minute 2AR is spread too thin. 3 - All K Links must quote explicit lines in the because they are an infinite amount of things the AC can implicitly justify reciprocally exploding neg ground. 4 - RVI on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible. This means that if either side has any offense under any framing then you default aff.
3/12/22
ND - 1AC - KENYA V1
Tournament: UT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Elmer Yang The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
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provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
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for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Current labor law in Kenya fails to meet constitutional standards – balance between the right and health care is key. Gathongo, Johana, and Leah Ndimurwimo 20. (Dr Johana Kambo Gathongo is currently a Law Lecturer and Ag. Dean at the University of Embu, School of Law. He teaches Tort Law and Legal Research and Writing. Dr Gathongo received his Legum Baccalaureus (LLB) degree, Master of Laws (LLM) degree and Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree from the Nelson Mandela University (NMU). He also holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Labour Law Practice directed by the Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA – South Africa). While at NMU, Dr Gathongo served as a Teaching Assistant, a Supplemental Instruction (SI) Leader and Supplemental Instruction Coordinator. He is also a research associate at Nelson Mandela University, Faculty of Law in South Africa. He has supervised and still supervises Masters (LLM – research) and examines students’ in the field of Labour law at Nelson Mandela University, Faculty of Law. Dr. Gathongo also writes frequently for publications. He is the author or co-author of many papers in international refereed journals and has contributed in conferences. He serves as a peer reviewer for the Journal of Law and Ethics – Kabarak University. Besides working at NMU, Dr Gathongo has also worked at Rhodes University in South Africa as an acting Employee Relations (ER) Manager. While there, he represented the University at the CCMA proceedings, initiated staff disciplinary hearing, advised Heads of Department (HoDs) on various institutional matters, assisted in drafting, reviewing and amending internal Policies, provided advice on various amendments to labour legislation, monitored compliance with internal University Policies, labour and other relevant legislation. He subsequently held the position of Senior Administrator: Legal, Support, Projects and Services at Rhodes University until 30 June 2019. Research Interests - His research is situated in the field of Law, with a special focus on Labour Law.) (Dr Ndimurwimo is an academic in South African and international law. She hold an LLD in Public International Law from the North-West University (South Africa), LLM in Labour Law from the then Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, now Nelson Mandela University (South Africa), and LLB from Tanzania. She currently lectures undergraduate students in Higher Certificate in Criminal Justice, Diploma in Law Enforcement, and LLB programs. Along with that, supervise both undergraduate and postgraduate law students in labour law, public law, and multidisciplinary studies. She is an author and co-author of peer-reviewed publications on violations of human rights in Africa. She reviews manuscripts for accredited journals and examines postgraduate studies (Masters and Doctorate) from other universities. She presented a number of conference papers at national and international levels. She has been working at Nelson Mandela University, as a lecturer/ senior lecturer from 2006- to date. her passion lies in, international human rights; humanitarian law; constitutional law, refugee law; transitional justice and labour law in Africa; research and most importantly, teaching and motivating students to reach their greatest potential.) "Strikes in Essential Services in Kenya: The Doctors, Nurses and Clinical Officers' Strikes Revisited and Lessons from South Africa." The Scientific Electronic Library Online, Nelson Mandela University, Feb. 2020, www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1727-37812020000100006.JQ This article submits
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to benefit them.
A judiciary legitimacy crisis is happening now – non arbitrariness is key to solving state wide corruption. Akech 11, Migai. (Migai Akech is a legal scholar based in Nairobi, Kenya. He teaches Administrative Law and International Trade Law at the University of Nairobi’s School of Law, where he is an Associate Professor. He is a graduate of the University of Nairobi, Cambridge University and New York University (NYU) School of Law, where he was a Hauser Global Scholar. He has worked at the African Peer Review Mechanism as a Governance Expert. He has published widely on law, democracy and governance, with a focus on Africa. He is the author of Administrative Law (Strathmore University, 2016), “Constraining Government Power in Africa” (Journal of Democracy, 2011) and Privatization and Democracy in East Africa: The Promise of Administrative Law (East African Educational Publishers, 2009), among others. He was a Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow at the National Endowment for Democracy (Washington, D.C.) between October 2009 and February 2010. He consults for local and international organizations.) "Abuse of Power and Corruption in Kenya: Will the New Constitution Enhance Government Accountability." Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 2011, www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1447andcontext=ijgls.JQ The judiciary is
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to be authoritative.
Kenyan court legitimacy is key to prevent massive economic decline – strong judiciary is necessary to halt business corruption. GAN 20. "Kenya Corruption Report." GAN Integrity, 22 Oct. 2020, www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/kenya/.JQ Kenya’s competitiveness is
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the regional average (DB 2017).
Decline goes nuclear. Tønnesson 15, Stein. "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace." International Area Studies Review 18.3 (2015): 297-311. (the Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Peace research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway) Several recent works
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Beijing to intervene.
Gurantees extinction. Starr 17 (Steven; director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility, Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, expert in the environmental consequences of nuclear war; 1/9/17; “Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies”; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; Federation of American Scientists; accessed 11/24/18; TV) The detonation of
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a “nuclear autumn.”
1AC – Advantage – Public Health Lengthy and recurring strikes happening now devastate the public health system – lack of vaccinations, treatment delays, expired drugs, etc. cause mistrust in the system. Waithaka, Dennis, et al 20. (Dennis is currently doing a Postgraduate Diploma in Research Methodology at KEMRI-Wellcome Trust. His project is focused on how healthcare priorities are set at the county level. In Kenya, since devolution took place in 2013, the counties have served as the backbone of health service delivery. However, very little is known on how they set healthcare priorities. This study aims to understand how county health departments set priorities and evaluate the process with an aim to improve it. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in nursing from the University of Nairobi, certified in emergency obstetrics and neonatal care, He is also a Certified basic life support provider. Before KEMRI, he was attached as a Midwife in Kenyatta National Hospital.) "Prolonged health worker strikes in Kenya- perspectives and experiences of frontline health managers and local communities in Kilifi County." BMC, 10 Feb. 2020, equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-1131-y.JQ Overall perceived effects
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public health system.
Unprotected strikes siphon huge numbers of healthcare workers off of the frontlines – destroys UHC and greenlights spread of COVID and disease. Kippra 21. (Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) is a public institution that was established in May 1997 through a Legal Notice and commenced operations in June 1999. In January 2007, His Excellency the President signed the KIPPRA Bill into law and the KIPPRA Act No. 15 of 2006 came into effect on 1st February 2007. The Institute is thus a state corporation established by an act of parliament with a primary mandate of providing quality policy advice to the Government of Kenya and other key stakeholders by conducting policy research and analysis and through capacity building in order to contribute to the achievement of national long term development objectives.) "Strengthening Labour Relations to Avert Strikes in the Health Care Sector in Kenya." KIPPRA – The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 20 July 2021, kippra.or.ke/strengthening-labour-relations-to-avert-strikes-in-the-health-care-sector-in-kenya/.JQ Since 2010, Kenya
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worsen the situation.
Upcoming waves kill millions and mutations cause extinction. Duzgun 20 5-5-20 Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/ The Godzilla-like image
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generated by capitalism.
Extended COVID in Kenya destroys economy, increases food insecurity, and fosters local conflict. IA 21. (We focus on solving the root causes of conflict with people from across divides. From the grassroots to the policy level, we bring people together to build peace.) "The impact of COVID-19 on peace and conflict dynamics." International Alert, May 2021, www.international-alert.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Kenya-COVID-19-Impacts-Korogocho-Full-EN-2021.pdf.JQ COVID-19 has had
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the 2022 elections.
Threat of COVID is an impact multiplier – food insecurity, econ collapse, terrorism, and authoritarianism. Adeto, Yonas et al. 21 (Dr Yonas Adaye Adeto Director, Institute for Peace and Security Studies Assistant Professor of African Security Governance and Peacebuilding Addis Ababa University) "Implications of COVID-19 for Conflict in Africa." German Development Institute, 2021, www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/BP_12.2021.pdf.JQ What are the
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of renewed violence.
Independently, lack of protection for public health workers causes disease spread. Perfect balance between RTS and MSA can solve mass public healthcare concerns and protect those on the front lines. HRW 21. "Kenya: Pandemic Health Workers Lack Protection." Human Rights Watch, 20 Oct. 2021, www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/21/kenya-pandemic-health-workers-lack-protection.JQ (Nairobi) – The Kenyan government
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of February 2021.
That escalates security threats – extinction. Recna et al. 21 Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; “Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report,” Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867 Justin The Challenge: Multiple
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of nuclear war.
Eroding financial resilience causes global war - that overcomes traditional barriers to conflict. Jomo Kwame Sundaram and Vladimir Popov 19. Former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, is now Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin “Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War.” http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/. Economic recovery efforts
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entrenched colonial powers.
1AC - Solvency Plan Text: The Republic of Kenya should recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. CSA: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(19)30188-3/fulltext Unconditional means preventing from adding additional exceptions to international law. Chow and Schoenbaum 17 Daniel Chow and Thomas Schoenbaum; 2017; Professor Chow served as a law clerk to the Honorable Constance Baker Motley, chief judge for the Southern District of New York, following graduation from law school, and then became an associate with Debevoise and Plimpton in New York. He came to Ohio State in 1985 and teaches International Law, International Transactions, Jurisprudence, Asian Law, and Property. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Thomas J. Schoenbaum is presently the Harold S. Shefelman Professor of Law at the University of Washington in Seattle. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Michigan and his PhD degree from Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge (UK). He is also Research Professor of Law at George Washington University in Washington DC. He is a practicing lawyer, admitted in several U.S. states and before the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. He has been a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was Associate Dean at Tulane University in New Orleans, “International Trade Law: Problems, Cases, and Materials,” Aspen Casebook Study Justin
Belgian Family Allowances
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benefit or privilege.
Judicial recognition is crucial to resolve conflicting strike provisions. Munene 14, Anne. (Ann Munene is an Associate Attorney at Jones Clifford LLP – Edu – BA in legal studies/psych and JD @Berkeley) "The Right to Strike - Sustainable Constitutional Reform: Comparative Case Studies of Workers' Strikes in the Kenyan Public Sector." UC Hastings Scholarship Repository | University of California, Hastings College of the Law Research, 1 Jan. 2014, repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1794andcontext=hastings_international_comparative_law_review.JQ In Kenya, public
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term and role.
The plan is goldilocks! It strikes a perfect balance between satisfying worker demands and improving healthcare response. Normal means is constitutional amendment – resolves legitimacy concerns. Gathongo, Johana, and Leah Ndimurwimo 20. (Dr Johana Kambo Gathongo is currently a Law Lecturer and Ag. Dean at the University of Embu, School of Law. He teaches Tort Law and Legal Research and Writing. Dr Gathongo received his Legum Baccalaureus (LLB) degree, Master of Laws (LLM) degree and Doctor of Laws (LLD) degree from the Nelson Mandela University (NMU). He also holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Labour Law Practice directed by the Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA – South Africa). While at NMU, Dr Gathongo served as a Teaching Assistant, a Supplemental Instruction (SI) Leader and Supplemental Instruction Coordinator. He is also a research associate at Nelson Mandela University, Faculty of Law in South Africa. He has supervised and still supervises Masters (LLM – research) and examines students’ in the field of Labour law at Nelson Mandela University, Faculty of Law. Dr. Gathongo also writes frequently for publications. He is the author or co-author of many papers in international refereed journals and has contributed in conferences. He serves as a peer reviewer for the Journal of Law and Ethics – Kabarak University. Besides working at NMU, Dr Gathongo has also worked at Rhodes University in South Africa as an acting Employee Relations (ER) Manager. While there, he represented the University at the CCMA proceedings, initiated staff disciplinary hearing, advised Heads of Department (HoDs) on various institutional matters, assisted in drafting, reviewing and amending internal Policies, provided advice on various amendments to labour legislation, monitored compliance with internal University Policies, labour and other relevant legislation. He subsequently held the position of Senior Administrator: Legal, Support, Projects and Services at Rhodes University until 30 June 2019. Research Interests - His research is situated in the field of Law, with a special focus on Labour Law.) (Dr Ndimurwimo is an academic in South African and international law. She hold an LLD in Public International Law from the North-West University (South Africa), LLM in Labour Law from the then Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, now Nelson Mandela University (South Africa), and LLB from Tanzania. She currently lectures undergraduate students in Higher Certificate in Criminal Justice, Diploma in Law Enforcement, and LLB programs. Along with that, supervise both undergraduate and postgraduate law students in labour law, public law, and multidisciplinary studies. She is an author and co-author of peer-reviewed publications on violations of human rights in Africa. She reviews manuscripts for accredited journals and examines postgraduate studies (Masters and Doctorate) from other universities. She presented a number of conference papers at national and international levels. She has been working at Nelson Mandela University, as a lecturer/ senior lecturer from 2006- to date. her passion lies in, international human rights; humanitarian law; constitutional law, refugee law; transitional justice and labour law in Africa; research and most importantly, teaching and motivating students to reach their greatest potential.) "Strikes in Essential Services in Kenya: The Doctors, Nurses and Clinical Officers' Strikes Revisited and Lessons from South Africa." The Scientific Electronic Library Online, Nelson Mandela University, Feb. 2020, www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1727-37812020000100006.JQ
3 The right to strike
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all parties involved.
A legalized right to strike decreases total number of strikes – bargaining and settlement. White 08, Chris. (Chris White has a Law/Arts degree from the University of Adelaide in South Australia. He was Industrial Officer for the Australian Workers Union and the Liquor Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers Union. He was for 17 years an elected official of the United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia, the last period as Secretary. He now lives in Canberra, capital of Australia, researches labour law, does part-time work for unions and sessional tutoring in Politics at the Australian National University.) "FIREWALLING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE IN AUSTRALIA?" 10 Nov. 2008, PDF 2 ‘Strikes will erupt
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to be free?
The plan is mutual agreement that resolves nurse demoralization and decreases length of future strikes. Waithaka, Dennis, et al 20. (Dennis is currently doing a Postgraduate Diploma in Research Methodology at KEMRI-Wellcome Trust. His project is focused on how healthcare priorities are set at the county level. In Kenya, since devolution took place in 2013, the counties have served as the backbone of health service delivery. However, very little is known on how they set healthcare priorities. This study aims to understand how county health departments set priorities and evaluate the process with an aim to improve it. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in nursing from the University of Nairobi, certified in emergency obstetrics and neonatal care, He is also a Certified basic life support provider. Before KEMRI, he was attached as a Midwife in Kenyatta National Hospital.) "Prolonged health worker strikes in Kenya- perspectives and experiences of frontline health managers and local communities in Kilifi County." BMC, 10 Feb. 2020, equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-1131-y.JQ Poor working conditions
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of shifting blames.”
Worker inclusion in policy decision regarding strikes is vital in reducing strikes and increasing public health worker morale. Waithaka, Dennis, et al 20. (Dennis is currently doing a Postgraduate Diploma in Research Methodology at KEMRI-Wellcome Trust. His project is focused on how healthcare priorities are set at the county level. In Kenya, since devolution took place in 2013, the counties have served as the backbone of health service delivery. However, very little is known on how they set healthcare priorities. This study aims to understand how county health departments set priorities and evaluate the process with an aim to improve it. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in nursing from the University of Nairobi, certified in emergency obstetrics and neonatal care, He is also a Certified basic life support provider. Before KEMRI, he was attached as a Midwife in Kenyatta National Hospital.) "Prolonged health worker strikes in Kenya- perspectives and experiences of frontline health managers and local communities in Kilifi County." BMC, 10 Feb. 2020, equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-1131-y. The recurrence of
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of policy decisions.
12/4/21
ND - 1AC - US V1
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington AR | Judge: Shamika Augustin The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
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provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The United States federal government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.
Soft power fosters multilateralism - solves extinction but also renews the institutional foundation of the global order. John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all Grand Strategy as
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gaining it back.
Scenario 2 - Union Strength Strikes are necessary to sustain union strength. Reich, Adam, et al 20. (Adam Reich received his PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley in 2012, and was a Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar at Columbia from 2012 to 2014. He focuses on economic and cultural sociology. Much of his research concerns how people make sense of their economic activities and economic positions within organizations. Reich is the author of three books, the most recent of which is Selling Our Souls: The Commodification of Hospital Care in the United States (Princeton, 2014). He is also the author of several peer-reviewed articles, which have appeared in journals such as the American Journal of Sociology and Social Science and Medicine. Education Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, 2012.) "Schooled by Strikes? The Effects of Large-Scale Labor Unrest on Mass Attitudes Toward the Labor Movement." Cambridge Core, 2 June 2020, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/schooled-by-strikes-the-effects-of-largescale-labor-unrest-on-mass-attitudes-toward-the-labor-movement/0B7101A887DCE4134E26B758D082C8DB. Strikes and Labor
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the labor movement.
A – Innovation We’re on the brink - decline in RandD cedes dominance to China - labor market investment is the strongest internal link to tech development and jobs. Augustine and Baker 21 Norman R. Augustine is the retired chair and CEO of Lockheed Martin Corp. and former under secretary of the US Army. Neal Lane is a senior fellow in science and technology policy at the Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University. He is a former presidential science adviser and director of the National Science Foundation. “America on Edge: Settling for Second Place?” October 22, 2021. https://issues.org/america-on-edge-settling-second-place-augustine-lane/ The United States
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RandD per capita.
Unions are critical to RandD and innovation. Shin et al. 19, Illhang, et al. (Affiliation: Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Accounting, College of Business, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do) "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea." Springer Link, 26 Oct. 2019, link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9. In contrast, unions
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mitigating managerial myopia.
China uses biotech gains for massive bio-military advantages over the US – spurs bio-attacks. Kuo 17, Mercy. “The Great US-China Biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence Race.” The Diplomat, 23 Aug. 2017, thediplomat.com/2017/08/the-great-us-china-biotechnology-and-artificial-intelligence-race/. Trans-Pacific View author Mercy Kuo regularly engages subject-matter experts, policy practitioners, and strategic thinkers across the globe for their diverse insights into the U.S. Asia policy. This conversation with Eleonore Pauwels – Director of Biology Collectives and Senior Program Associate, Science and Technology Innovation Program at the Wilson Center in Washington D.C. – is the 104th in “The Trans-Pacific View Insight Series.” Explain the motivation behind Chinese investment in U.S. genomics and artificial intelligence (AI). With large public
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of specific populations.
Bio-attacks cause extinction – overcomes any conventional defense. Walsh 19, Bryan. End Times: A Brief Guide to the End of the World. Hachette Books, 2019. (Future Correspondent for Axios, Editor of the Science and Technology Publication OneZero, Former Senior and International Editor at Time Magazine, BA from Princeton University)Elmer I’ve lived through
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hasn’t happened yet.”
B – Democracy Current decline in unionization causes rampant wage inequality and collapses democracy – right to strike solves. Rhomberg 12, Chris. (Chris Rhomberg works in the areas of urban and political sociology, race and ethnicity, labor and labor movements, and historical methods. His first book, No There There: Race, Class and Political Community in Oakland (University of California Press, 2004) received the 2006 Robert E. Park Award for best book in urban and community sociology from the American Sociological Association, and his second book, The Broken Table: The Detroit Newspaper Strike and the State of American Labor (Russell Sage, 2012), received the 2013 best book award from the ASA section on Labor and Labor Movements. Among his articles are “A Signal Juncture: The Detroit Newspaper Strike and Post-Accord Labor Relations in the United States” (American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 115, No. 6, May 2010: 1853–94), which received the 2010 Distinguished Scholarly Article Award from the ASA section on Labor and Labor Movements and was co-winner of the 2011 Distinguished Scholarly Contribution Award (Article) from the ASA section on Political Sociology. His research has centered on issues of race, labor, and urban politics in American political development, and on workplace organization and labor relations in the United States. Methodologically, he is interested in narrative forms of sociological explanation and problems of representing collective agency, topics explored in his article “Class and Collective Action: Writing Stories about Actors and Events,” Sociología Histórica, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2013: 93-116 also translated as “Clase y Acción Colectiva: Escribir Historias sobre Actores y Eventos,” in the same issue. Current projects include a study of the production process in cultural or creative industries, inequalities in urban labor markets and the organization of work, and emerging forms of workers' mobilization for change. Education BA Brandeis University MA, Rutgers University PhD, University of California Berkeley, 1998) "The Return of Judicial Repression: What Has Happened to the Strike?" Fordham University, 2012, www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/1129/the_return_of_judicial_repression_what_has_happened_to_the_strike.pdf. The consequences of
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dominant anti-union regime.
Reviving unions is critical to preventing global authoritarianism. Nussbaum 19 ,Karen. (Karen Nussbaum, former Director of the United States Women's Bureau at the Department of Labor with a BA from Goddard College), 2019, “Unions and Democracy,” Labor Studies Journal, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X19890523/ Nottage was commissioned
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democracy is lost.
Strong democracy is key to prevent a plethora of existential threats. Kendall-Taylor 16 Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; “How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order,” CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/ Democratic decline would
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and refugee flows.
The right to strike is key to preserve democracy – flips concentration of power. IER 17. (The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. We were established in February 1989 as an independent organisation to act as a focal point for the spread of new ideas in the field of labour law. In 1994 the Institute became a registered charity.) "UN Rights Expert: Right to Strike is Essential to Democracy." IER, 10 Mar. 2017, www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/. The United Nations’
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ith its exercise.”
11/14/21
ND - 1AC - US V2
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: panel The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
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addiction or RDS.
Prefer for bindingness – if I put my hand on a hot stove I have a biological imperative to pull it back – that happens before a signal is sent to my brain which outweighs because if an ethical theory isn’t binding people could say why not which makes it incoherent.
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The United States federal government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.
5. Bindingness – Util is the only prescriptive moral theory since pain and pleasure are intrinsically binding and guide action. That outweighs if a ethical theory has no reason to guide action than anyone could say “why not” and not follow the theory only binding ethics can be applicable.
ADV. 1
Status quo illegality decreases strike activity. Pope 10, James. (Professor Pope received an A.B. and J.D. from Harvard, and a Ph.D. in politics from Princeton. From 1974 to 1980, he worked in the metal trades and was an active member of the International Association of Machinists and the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers. After law school, he clerked for Chief Justice Rose Elizabeth Bird of the California Supreme Court. Prior to joining the Rutgers faculty in 1986, he was associated with the Boston law firm of Segal, Roitman and Coleman, where he represented labor unions and workers. Professor Pope is a member of the National Lawyers Guild and serves on the Executive Council of the Rutgers AAUP/AFT (AFL-CIO). His articles about workers’ rights, constitutional law, and labor history have appeared in a wide variety of publications including the Columbia Law Review, Law and History Review, the Michigan Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, the Texas Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, Labor History, New Labor Forum (with Peter Kellman and Ed Bruno), and Working USA (also with Kellman and Bruno).) "The Right to Strike under the United States Constitution: Theory, Practice, and Possible Implications for Canada." Rutgers University Libraries, 2010, scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031549922004646/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository. In practice, however
Soft power fosters multilateralism - solves extinction but also renews the institutional foundation of the global order. John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all Grand Strategy as
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gaining it back.
Institutional legitimacy checks conflict escalation even after hegemony erodes - key to prevent global transition wars and power vacuums. Kromah 09 (Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf) After WWII the
AND
of international security.
Scenario 2 - Union Strength Strikes are necessary to sustain union strength. Reich, Adam, et al 20. (Adam Reich received his PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley in 2012, and was a Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar at Columbia from 2012 to 2014. He focuses on economic and cultural sociology. Much of his research concerns how people make sense of their economic activities and economic positions within organizations. Reich is the author of three books, the most recent of which is Selling Our Souls: The Commodification of Hospital Care in the United States (Princeton, 2014). He is also the author of several peer-reviewed articles, which have appeared in journals such as the American Journal of Sociology and Social Science and Medicine. Education Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, 2012.) "Schooled by Strikes? The Effects of Large-Scale Labor Unrest on Mass Attitudes Toward the Labor Movement." Cambridge Core, 2 June 2020, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/schooled-by-strikes-the-effects-of-largescale-labor-unrest-on-mass-attitudes-toward-the-labor-movement/0B7101A887DCE4134E26B758D082C8DB. Strikes and Labor
AND
the labor movement.
A – Innovation We’re on the brink - decline in RandD cedes dominance to China - labor market investment is the strongest internal link to tech development and jobs. Augustine and Baker 21 Norman R. Augustine is the retired chair and CEO of Lockheed Martin Corp. and former under secretary of the US Army. Neal Lane is a senior fellow in science and technology policy at the Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University. He is a former presidential science adviser and director of the National Science Foundation. “America on Edge: Settling for Second Place?” October 22, 2021. https://issues.org/america-on-edge-settling-second-place-augustine-lane/ The United States
AND
R and D per capita.
Unions are critical to RandD and innovation. Shin et al. 19, Illhang, et al. (Affiliation: Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Accounting, College of Business, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do) "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea." Springer Link, 26 Oct. 2019, link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9. In contrast, unions
AND
mitigating managerial myopia.
China uses biotech gains for massive bio-military advantages over the US – spurs bio-attacks. Kuo 17, Mercy. “The Great US-China Biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence Race.” The Diplomat, 23 Aug. 2017, thediplomat.com/2017/08/the-great-us-china-biotechnology-and-artificial-intelligence-race/. Trans-Pacific View author Mercy Kuo regularly engages subject-matter experts, policy practitioners, and strategic thinkers across the globe for their diverse insights into the U.S. Asia policy. This conversation with Eleonore Pauwels – Director of Biology Collectives and Senior Program Associate, Science and Technology Innovation Program at the Wilson Center in Washington D.C. – is the 104th in “The Trans-Pacific View Insight Series.” Explain the motivation behind Chinese investment in U.S. genomics and artificial intelligence (AI). With large public
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of specific populations.
Bio-attacks cause extinction – overcomes any conventional defense. Walsh 19, Bryan. End Times: A Brief Guide to the End of the World. Hachette Books, 2019. (Future Correspondent for Axios, Editor of the Science and Technology Publication OneZero, Former Senior and International Editor at Time Magazine, BA from Princeton University)Elmer I’ve lived through
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hasn’t happened yet.”
B – Democracy Current decline in unionization causes rampant wage inequality and collapses democracy – right to strike solves. Rhomberg 12, Chris. (Chris Rhomberg works in the areas of urban and political sociology, race and ethnicity, labor and labor movements, and historical methods. His first book, No There There: Race, Class and Political Community in Oakland (University of California Press, 2004) received the 2006 Robert E. Park Award for best book in urban and community sociology from the American Sociological Association, and his second book, The Broken Table: The Detroit Newspaper Strike and the State of American Labor (Russell Sage, 2012), received the 2013 best book award from the ASA section on Labor and Labor Movements. Among his articles are “A Signal Juncture: The Detroit Newspaper Strike and Post-Accord Labor Relations in the United States” (American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 115, No. 6, May 2010: 1853–94), which received the 2010 Distinguished Scholarly Article Award from the ASA section on Labor and Labor Movements and was co-winner of the 2011 Distinguished Scholarly Contribution Award (Article) from the ASA section on Political Sociology. His research has centered on issues of race, labor, and urban politics in American political development, and on workplace organization and labor relations in the United States. Methodologically, he is interested in narrative forms of sociological explanation and problems of representing collective agency, topics explored in his article “Class and Collective Action: Writing Stories about Actors and Events,” Sociología Histórica, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2013: 93-116 also translated as “Clase y Acción Colectiva: Escribir Historias sobre Actores y Eventos,” in the same issue. Current projects include a study of the production process in cultural or creative industries, inequalities in urban labor markets and the organization of work, and emerging forms of workers' mobilization for change. Education BA Brandeis University MA, Rutgers University PhD, University of California Berkeley, 1998) "The Return of Judicial Repression: What Has Happened to the Strike?" Fordham University, 2012, www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/1129/the_return_of_judicial_repression_what_has_happened_to_the_strike.pdf. The consequences of
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dominant anti-union regime.
Reviving unions is critical to preventing global authoritarianism. Nussbaum 19 ,Karen. (Karen Nussbaum, former Director of the United States Women's Bureau at the Department of Labor with a BA from Goddard College), 2019, “Unions and Democracy,” Labor Studies Journal, https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X19890523/ Nottage was commissioned
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democracy is lost.
Strong democracy is key to prevent a plethora of existential threats. Kendall-Taylor 16 Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; “How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order,” CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/ Democratic decline would
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and refugee flows.
Plan: The United States federal government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike. 1 - Solves ILO. Brudney 21 James; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; “The Right to Strike as Customary International Law,” THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW; January 2021; https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil*CIL = customary international law 3. Federal Courts’ Position
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in Parts III and IV.
2 - Plan solves civic participation – increases turnout and politically active laborers – it spills over. McElwee 15, Sean. (Sean McElwee is a research associate at Demos.) "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation." The American Prospect, 16 Sept. 2015, prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/. Labor organizer Helen
AND
the political process."
3 - The plan restores electoral legitimacy and ensures democracy in the workplace. Luce 20, Stephanie. (Stephanie Luce is a professor at the School of Labor and Urban Studies/CUNY. She is the author of 'Labor Movements: Global Perspectives and Fighting for a Living Wage' and is an Editor of Organizing Upgrade. Her writing can be found at stephanieluce.net.) "Strike for Democracy! » Organizing Upgrade." Organizing Upgrade, 26 Oct. 2020, www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/. Trump and the
AND
to fix that.”
The right to strike is key to preserve democracy – flips concentration of power. IER 17. (The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. We were established in February 1989 as an independent organisation to act as a focal point for the spread of new ideas in the field of labour law. In 1994 the Institute became a registered charity.) "UN Rights Expert: Right to Strike is Essential to Democracy." IER, 10 Mar. 2017, www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/. The United Nations’
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ith its exercise.”
11/14/21
ND - 1AC - USV3
Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Claudia Taylor Johnson AP | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
1 - Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not
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addiction or RDS.
Prefer for bindingness – if I put my hand on a hot stove I have a biological imperative to pull it back – that happens before a signal is sent to my brain which outweighs because if an ethical theory isn’t binding people could say why not which makes it incoherent.
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
Death is bad and outweighs – a) agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b) it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life
ADV. 1
Status quo illegality decreases strike activity. Pope 10, James. (Professor Pope received an A.B. and J.D. from Harvard, and a Ph.D. in politics from Princeton. From 1974 to 1980, he worked in the metal trades and was an active member of the International Association of Machinists and the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers. After law school, he clerked for Chief Justice Rose Elizabeth Bird of the California Supreme Court. Prior to joining the Rutgers faculty in 1986, he was associated with the Boston law firm of Segal, Roitman and Coleman, where he represented labor unions and workers. Professor Pope is a member of the National Lawyers Guild and serves on the Executive Council of the Rutgers AAUP/AFT (AFL-CIO). His articles about workers’ rights, constitutional law, and labor history have appeared in a wide variety of publications including the Columbia Law Review, Law and History Review, the Michigan Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, the Texas Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, Labor History, New Labor Forum (with Peter Kellman and Ed Bruno), and Working USA (also with Kellman and Bruno).) "The Right to Strike under the United States Constitution: Theory, Practice, and Possible Implications for Canada." Rutgers University Libraries, 2010, scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031549922004646/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository. In practice, however
Soft power fosters multilateralism - solves extinction but also renews the institutional foundation of the global order. John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all Grand Strategy as
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gaining it back.
Institutional legitimacy checks conflict escalation even after hegemony erodes - key to prevent global transition wars and power vacuums. Kromah 09 (Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR2009.pdf) After WWII the
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of international security.
Scenario 2 - Union Strength Strikes are necessary to sustain union strength. Reich, Adam, et al 20. (Adam Reich received his PhD in sociology from UC Berkeley in 2012, and was a Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar at Columbia from 2012 to 2014. He focuses on economic and cultural sociology. Much of his research concerns how people make sense of their economic activities and economic positions within organizations. Reich is the author of three books, the most recent of which is Selling Our Souls: The Commodification of Hospital Care in the United States (Princeton, 2014). He is also the author of several peer-reviewed articles, which have appeared in journals such as the American Journal of Sociology and Social Science and Medicine. Education Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, 2012.) "Schooled by Strikes? The Effects of Large-Scale Labor Unrest on Mass Attitudes Toward the Labor Movement." Cambridge Core, 2 June 2020, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/schooled-by-strikes-the-effects-of-largescale-labor-unrest-on-mass-attitudes-toward-the-labor-movement/0B7101A887DCE4134E26B758D082C8DB. Strikes and Labor
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the labor movement.
A – Innovation We’re on the brink - decline in RandD cedes dominance to China - labor market investment is the strongest internal link to tech development and jobs. Augustine and Baker 21 Norman R. Augustine is the retired chair and CEO of Lockheed Martin Corp. and former under secretary of the US Army. Neal Lane is a senior fellow in science and technology policy at the Baker Institute for Public Policy at Rice University. He is a former presidential science adviser and director of the National Science Foundation. “America on Edge: Settling for Second Place?” October 22, 2021. https://issues.org/america-on-edge-settling-second-place-augustine-lane/ The United States
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R and D per capita.
Unions are critical to RandD and innovation. Shin et al. 19, Illhang, et al. (Affiliation: Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Accounting, College of Business, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyunggi-do) "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea." Springer Link, 26 Oct. 2019, link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9. In contrast, unions
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mitigating managerial myopia.
China uses biotech gains for massive bio-military advantages over the US – spurs bio-attacks. Kuo 17, Mercy. “The Great US-China Biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence Race.” The Diplomat, 23 Aug. 2017, thediplomat.com/2017/08/the-great-us-china-biotechnology-and-artificial-intelligence-race/. Trans-Pacific View author Mercy Kuo regularly engages subject-matter experts, policy practitioners, and strategic thinkers across the globe for their diverse insights into the U.S. Asia policy. This conversation with Eleonore Pauwels – Director of Biology Collectives and Senior Program Associate, Science and Technology Innovation Program at the Wilson Center in Washington D.C. – is the 104th in “The Trans-Pacific View Insight Series.” Explain the motivation behind Chinese investment in U.S. genomics and artificial intelligence (AI). With large public
AND
of specific populations.
Bio-attacks cause extinction – overcomes any conventional defense. Walsh 19, Bryan. End Times: A Brief Guide to the End of the World. Hachette Books, 2019. (Future Correspondent for Axios, Editor of the Science and Technology Publication OneZero, Former Senior and International Editor at Time Magazine, BA from Princeton University)Elmer I’ve lived through
AND
hasn’t happened yet.”
Plan: The United States federal government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike. 1 - Solves ILO. Brudney 21 James; Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law, Fordham Law School; “The Right to Strike as Customary International Law,” THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW; January 2021; https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710andcontext=yjil *CIL = customary international law 3. Federal Courts’ Position
AND
in Parts III and IV.
2 - Plan solves civic participation – increases turnout and politically active laborers – it spills over. McElwee 15, Sean. (Sean McElwee is a research associate at Demos.) "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation." The American Prospect, 16 Sept. 2015, prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/. Labor organizer Helen
AND
the political process."
3 - The plan restores electoral legitimacy and ensures democracy in the workplace. Luce 20, Stephanie. (Stephanie Luce is a professor at the School of Labor and Urban Studies/CUNY. She is the author of 'Labor Movements: Global Perspectives and Fighting for a Living Wage' and is an Editor of Organizing Upgrade. Her writing can be found at stephanieluce.net.) "Strike for Democracy! » Organizing Upgrade." Organizing Upgrade, 26 Oct. 2020, www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/. Trump and the
AND
to fix that.”
The right to strike is key to preserve democracy – flips concentration of power. IER 17. (The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. We were established in February 1989 as an independent organisation to act as a focal point for the spread of new ideas in the field of labour law. In 1994 the Institute became a registered charity.) "UN Rights Expert: Right to Strike is Essential to Democracy." IER, 10 Mar. 2017, www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/. The United Nations’
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ith its exercise.”
UV 1 - And you must check all K links in CX a) Regress – infinite number of indirect things the aff can link to, which means you’d always have something to read b) Critical education -we learn absolutely nothing if the k ends up not linking which controls the internal link to the ROB.
2 - No spec shells or links of omissions – a. Infinitely regressive—I could have specced a definition from every word in the resolution, an impact calc, a value, or infinitely other list of things. That means I can’t be culpable for these things because there is no way for me to know. Impacts substantive education – the 1N would be a spec shell every time and we’d never get a substantive debate.
Subversion requires policy-centered scenario planning. We need to imagine potential futures to specify the locations of our interventions. Knowing what capabilities are at the states’ disposal are critical to turning those capabilities against them. Barma et al. 16 (Naazneen Barma, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Brent Durbin, PhD in Political Science from UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government at Smith College, Eric Lorber, JD from UPenn and PhD in Political Science from Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher, Rachel Whitlark, PhD in Political Science from GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, May 2016. “‘Imagine a World in Which’: Using Scenarios in Political Science,” International Studies Perspectives 17 (2), pp. 1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using_scenarios_in_political_science_isp_2015.pdf) Over the past
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in international affairs.
3 - Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative framing mechanism. Violation: preemptive Standard:
Time skew - Winning the negative framework moots 6 minutes of 1AC offense and forces a 1AR restart against a 7 min 1NC – that outweighs on quantifiability and reversibility – I can’t get back time lost and it’s the only way to measure abuse. 2. Topic Ed- Every debate would just be a framework debate which crowds out our ability to have core debates about the topic – that outweighs – a. Time Frame- We only have 2 months to debate the topic amount of prior knowledge and experience which excludes novices while topic literature is less esoteric Paradigm: Fairness – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention.
12/4/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V1
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Garland LY | Judge: Micah Thode Framework The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to
AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines.
ADV 1 COVID Variants are increasingly more lethal – if unchecked they mean extinction. Global access to the vaccine is key. Kavanagh 21 Kevin. “The Delta Variant Is the Biggest Public Health Threat We Have Faced. Here's How to Beat It.” Journal, Louisville Courier Journal, 4 Aug. 2021, www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/2021/08/04/delta-variant-biggest-public-health-threat-we-have-faced/5424054001/. NCS-LB Now faced with
AND
miraculously go away.
Wealthy nations are blocking a WTO patent-waiver proposal necessary to boost global production of COVID vaccines. Meredith 21, Sam. “Rich Countries Are Refusing to Waive the Rights ON Covid Vaccines as Global Cases Hit Record Levels.” CNBC, CNBC, 22 Apr. 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html. LONDON — The U.S., Canada
AND
contain the coronavirus.
Studies show that extinction rates for variants dramatically increase as viruses develop. Schiøler 21, Henrik, et al. “Mathematical Modelling of Sars-Cov-2 Variant Outbreaks Reveals Their Probability of Extinction.” MedRxiv, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1 Jan. 2021, www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.21260005v1.full.pdf+html. Pandemic outbreaks have
AND
Data availability section.
Reject their Pharma hacks – the waiver boosts vaccine capacity and distribution – ensures mass immunization and prevents future pandemics. Baker 21, Brook. “Third-Way Proposals from Big Pharma and the WTO Are the Same-Old Way – Commercial Control of Supply, Price, and Distribution.” Health Gap, Apr. 2021, healthgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Baker.The-Third-Way-is-the-Same-Old-Way-Final1.pdf. JQ Adopting the waiver
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repurposed manufacturing capacity.
The plan solves - WTO IP rules are the barrier to scaled-up vaccine production. Pandey 21, Ashutosh. “Rich Countries Block India, South Africa's Bid to Ban COVID Vaccine Patents.” DW.COM, 2 Apr. 2021, www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175. The World Trade
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in poor countries.
ADV 2 CAP Capitalism’s desire to accumulate via Intellectual Property Rights is an inherent structural contradiction – all IPR does is re-entrench existing capitalist structures Karakilic 19 Emrah holds a master degree in human, society and philosophy (distinction) and a PhD in sociology from Goldsmiths, University of London, 2019,Technological Forecasting and Social Change” Rethinking intellectual property rights in the cognitive and digital age of capitalism: An autonomist Marxist reading”https:www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316275 aaditg In industrial capitalism
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profit-making, and growth.
IP protections reproduce divisions in the class struggle, splitting society into two hostile classes and creating both a market of abundance and one where knowledge and cognitive capital are in scarcity. Krikorian 10 (Gaelle Krikorian, Amy Kapzynski, Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property - Free-Trade Agreements and Neoliberalism: How to Derail the Political Rationales that Impose Strong Intellectual Property Protection. 2010)wwST
Our 1AC incentivizes a method of role experimentation which primes us for sabotage once we leave debate - we will inevitably find ourselves plugged into institutions in some way shape-or-form, only our aff provides a habitus to challenge those roles. Connolly 13 (William E. Connolly, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, The Fragility of Things: Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and Democratic Activism, Duke University Press, 2013, 186) There is no
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larger political economy.
Youth participatory action research enables transformative resistance by giving students the tools they need to mobilize collective social change. Research and testing of ideas is crucial to make activism work Cammarota, PhD, and Fine, PhD, 08 (Julio, Education@Arizona, Michelle, UrbanEducation@TheGraduateCenterNYU, Youth Participatory Action Research In the Matrix
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study social problems
The aff is a strategy of “immanent critique” – a strategy of locating particular possibilities for progressive change within the existing system – the most productive application of critical security studies is to move away from universalizing assumptions to focus on particular contingencies and solutions Browning and McDonald 13 (Christopher S., University of Queensland, c/o Political Science and International Studies and Matt, University of Queensland, “The future of critical security studies: Ethics and the politics of security,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 19, No. 2, pg. 248-251) If the critical
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in global politics.
9/18/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V2
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley JS | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines.
ADV 1 COVID Variants are increasingly more lethal – if unchecked they mean extinction. Global access to the vaccine is key. Kavanagh 21 Kevin. “The Delta Variant Is the Biggest Public Health Threat We Have Faced. Here's How to Beat It.” Journal, Louisville Courier Journal, 4 Aug. 2021, www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/2021/08/04/delta-variant-biggest-public-health-threat-we-have-faced/5424054001/. NCS-LB Now faced with
AND
miraculously go away.
Wealthy nations are blocking a WTO patent-waiver proposal necessary to boost global production of COVID vaccines. Meredith 21, Sam. “Rich Countries Are Refusing to Waive the Rights ON Covid Vaccines as Global Cases Hit Record Levels.” CNBC, CNBC, 22 Apr. 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html. LONDON — The U.S., Canada
AND
contain the coronavirus.
Studies show that extinction rates for variants dramatically increase as viruses develop. Schiøler 21, Henrik, et al. “Mathematical Modelling of Sars-Cov-2 Variant Outbreaks Reveals Their Probability of Extinction.” MedRxiv, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1 Jan. 2021, www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.21260005v1.full.pdf+html. Pandemic outbreaks have
AND
Data availability section.
Reject their Pharma hacks – the waiver boosts vaccine capacity and distribution – ensures mass immunization and prevents future pandemics. Baker 21, Brook. “Third-Way Proposals from Big Pharma and the WTO Are the Same-Old Way – Commercial Control of Supply, Price, and Distribution.” Health Gap, Apr. 2021, healthgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Baker.The-Third-Way-is-the-Same-Old-Way-Final1.pdf. JQ Adopting the waiver
AND
repurposed manufacturing capacity.
The plan solves - WTO IP rules are the barrier to scaled-up vaccine production. Pandey 21, Ashutosh. “Rich Countries Block India, South Africa's Bid to Ban COVID Vaccine Patents.” DW.COM, 2 Apr. 2021, www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175. The World Trade
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in poor countries.
Scenario 2 - WTO Credibility WTO credibility is draining now - the plan is key to revamp the organization as an international trade dispute mechanism. Meyer 21, David. “The WTO's Survival Hinges on the COVID-19 VACCINE Patent Debate, Waiver Advocates Warn.” Fortune, Fortune, 18 June 2021, fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/. The World Trade
AND
the finish line."
Perception of WTO inaction pushes states out and decks credibility - surges protectionism. Bradford 10 - Assistant Professor, University of Chicago Law School (Anu, “When the WTO Works, and How It Fails,” 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 1)BB Finally, while some
AND
and political landscape.
Protectionism leads to full-scale military confrontation and nuclear use. Pazner 08 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in
AND
new world war.
Stable international trade networks prevents nuclear war and secures alliances – best theoretical studies. Jackson 14 (Matthew O. Jackson, William D. Eberle Professor of Economics at Stanford and Stephen M. Nei, PhD Student in Economics at Stanford, “Networks of Military Alliances, Wars, and International Trade”, October 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2389300) This instability provides
AND
the concluding remarks.
Credibility solves nuclear war – trade binds opposing leaders together and deters conflict. Hamann 09, Georgia. “Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System,” 2009 Voluntary compliance with
WTO relevance is vital in climate change mitigation. Tamioti 08 (Ludivine Tamiotti, Environment Team Leader in the World Trade Organization, “The Relevance of WTO activities and rules in the climate change debate”, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/3797.pdf, Published March 12, 2008 in “Eco-Innovation, International Trade, WTO and Climate: Key Issues for an Ecological Industrial Policy”, Accessed July 1, 2018, njt) The issue of
AND
climate change measures.
Warming causes extinction – tipping points and positive feedback loops ensures. Ng 19 Yew-Kwang Ng; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, “Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism,” vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP Catastrophic climate change
AND
a trillion times.
The plan is needed to preserve and continue global trade norms, deter protectionism, and confront global crises. González 20, Anabel “Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General.” VOX, 10 Nov. 2020, voxeu.org/content/revitalising-multilateralism-pragmatic-ideas-new-wto-director-general. EXTRAORDINARY TIMES DEMAND
AND
set by politicians.
Vaccine agreement is key – but negotiating business positions hinder it – the plan creates fair vaccine distribution and WTO unity. Baschuk 21, Bryce. “WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 27 Apr. 2021, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee. The head of
AND
in developing economies.
Scenario 3 – Vaccine Diplomacy US primacy is on the brink now – China is tipping the scale via outbreak control and equipment rollout. Tellis 20 (Ashley Tellis, Ashley J. Tellis is the Tata Chair for Strategic Affairs and a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is also a counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research and the research director of the Strategic Asia Program., 5-4-2020, Nbr, "Covid-19 Knocks on American Hegemony | The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)", https://www.nbr.org/publication/covid-19-knocks-on-american-hegemony/) Ashley J. Tellis examines
AND
just as serious.
Current Chinese vaccine drive increases global leadership – easy access, quantity, and single dosage. Huang 21, Yanzhong. "Vaccine Diplomacy Is Paying Off For China." Foreign Affairs. March 11, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-03- 11/vaccine-diplomacy-paying-china. JQ China’s vaccine drive
AND
proven less efficient.
China’s massive vaccine exports provide huge diplomatic advantage in strategic areas. Marlow 21, Iain. "China Is Winning The Race To Vaccinate The World, For Now." Bloomberg Businessweek. May 19, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/china-s-covid-shots-give- beijing-soft-power-lever-around-the-world. JQ The Covid-19 pandemic
AND
on Foreign Relations.
Chinese sphere of influence causes great power war. Brands 20 HAL BRANDS is Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. “Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous”, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world//recut CHS PK Opposition to spheres
AND
later, in war.
US-China conventional war goes nuclear. Caitlin Talmadge 18 (10-15-2018), PhD in Political Science from MIT, BA in Government from Harvard, Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option,” Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option//recut CHS PK As China’s power
AND
the first place.
Unipolarity is key to check back a litany of issues — climate change, pandemics, terrorism. However, even if primacy isn’t perfect, hegemonic transitions spur regional wars and conflict. Zachary Keck 14, Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, 1-24, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Still, on balance
AND
effective global governance.
US waiver action is key to lock in global standing and overtake China’s vaccine diplomacy. Macias 5/6, Amanda. “U.S. Backs Waiving Patent Protections for Covid Vaccines, Citing Global Health Crisis.” CNBC, CNBC, 6 May 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/05/05/us-backs-covid-vaccine-intellectual-property-waivers-to-expand-access-to-shots-worldwide.html. WASHINGTON — The Biden administration
AND
the major vaccine
9/19/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V3
Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Millard North JS | Judge: Keshav Dandu The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines.
ADV 1 COVID Variants are increasingly more lethal – if unchecked they mean extinction. Global access to the vaccine is key. Kavanagh 21 Kevin. “The Delta Variant Is the Biggest Public Health Threat We Have Faced. Here's How to Beat It.” Journal, Louisville Courier Journal, 4 Aug. 2021, www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/2021/08/04/delta-variant-biggest-public-health-threat-we-have-faced/5424054001/. NCS-LB Now faced with
AND
miraculously go away.
Wealthy nations are blocking a WTO patent-waiver proposal necessary to boost global production of COVID vaccines. Meredith 21, Sam. “Rich Countries Are Refusing to Waive the Rights ON Covid Vaccines as Global Cases Hit Record Levels.” CNBC, CNBC, 22 Apr. 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html. LONDON — The U.S., Canada
AND
contain the coronavirus.
Studies show that extinction rates for variants dramatically increase as viruses develop. Schiøler 21, Henrik, et al. “Mathematical Modelling of Sars-Cov-2 Variant Outbreaks Reveals Their Probability of Extinction.” MedRxiv, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1 Jan. 2021, www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.21260005v1.full.pdf+html. Pandemic outbreaks have
AND
Data availability section.
Extinction – defense is wrong Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events
AND
modified as well.
Reject their Pharma hacks – the waiver boosts vaccine capacity and distribution – ensures mass immunization and prevents future pandemics. Baker 21, Brook. “Third-Way Proposals from Big Pharma and the WTO Are the Same-Old Way – Commercial Control of Supply, Price, and Distribution.” Health Gap, Apr. 2021, healthgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Baker.The-Third-Way-is-the-Same-Old-Way-Final1.pdf. JQ Adopting the waiver
AND
repurposed manufacturing capacity.
The plan solves - WTO IP rules are the barrier to scaled-up vaccine production. Pandey 21, Ashutosh. “Rich Countries Block India, South Africa's Bid to Ban COVID Vaccine Patents.” DW.COM, 2 Apr. 2021, www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175. The World Trade
AND
in poor countries.
Scenario 2 - WTO Credibility WTO credibility is draining now - the plan is key to revamp the organization as an international trade dispute mechanism. Meyer 21, David. “The WTO's Survival Hinges on the COVID-19 VACCINE Patent Debate, Waiver Advocates Warn.” Fortune, Fortune, 18 June 2021, fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/. The World Trade
AND
the finish line."
Perception of WTO inaction pushes states out and decks credibility - surges protectionism. Bradford 10 - Assistant Professor, University of Chicago Law School (Anu, “When the WTO Works, and How It Fails,” 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 1)BB Finally, while some
AND
and political landscape.
Protectionism leads to full-scale military confrontation and nuclear use. Pazner 08 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in
AND
new world war.
Stable international trade networks prevents nuclear war and secures alliances – best theoretical studies. Jackson 14 (Matthew O. Jackson, William D. Eberle Professor of Economics at Stanford and Stephen M. Nei, PhD Student in Economics at Stanford, “Networks of Military Alliances, Wars, and International Trade”, October 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2389300) This instability provides
AND
the concluding remarks.
Credibility solves nuclear war – trade binds opposing leaders together and deters conflict. Hamann 09, Georgia. “Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System,” 2009 Voluntary compliance with
WTO relevance is vital in climate change mitigation. Tamioti 08 (Ludivine Tamiotti, Environment Team Leader in the World Trade Organization, “The Relevance of WTO activities and rules in the climate change debate”, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/3797.pdf, Published March 12, 2008 in “Eco-Innovation, International Trade, WTO and Climate: Key Issues for an Ecological Industrial Policy”, Accessed July 1, 2018, njt) The issue of
AND
climate change measures.
Warming causes extinction – tipping points and positive feedback loops ensures. Ng 19 Yew-Kwang Ng; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, “Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism,” vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP Catastrophic climate change
AND
a trillion times.
The plan is needed to preserve and continue global trade norms, deter protectionism, and confront global crises. González 20, Anabel “Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General.” VOX, 10 Nov. 2020, voxeu.org/content/revitalising-multilateralism-pragmatic-ideas-new-wto-director-general. EXTRAORDINARY TIMES DEMAND
AND
set by politicians.
Vaccine agreement is key – but negotiating business positions hinder it – the plan creates fair vaccine distribution and WTO unity. Baschuk 21, Bryce. “WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 27 Apr. 2021, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee. The head of
AND
in developing economies.
Scenario 3 – Vaccine Diplomacy US primacy is on the brink now – China is tipping the scale via outbreak control and equipment rollout. Tellis 20 (Ashley Tellis, Ashley J. Tellis is the Tata Chair for Strategic Affairs and a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is also a counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research and the research director of the Strategic Asia Program., 5-4-2020, Nbr, "Covid-19 Knocks on American Hegemony | The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)", https://www.nbr.org/publication/covid-19-knocks-on-american-hegemony/) Ashley J. Tellis examines
AND
just as serious.
Current Chinese vaccine drive increases global leadership – easy access, quantity, and single dosage. Huang 21, Yanzhong. "Vaccine Diplomacy Is Paying Off For China." Foreign Affairs. March 11, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-03- 11/vaccine-diplomacy-paying-china. JQ China’s vaccine drive
AND
proven less efficient.
China’s massive vaccine exports provide huge diplomatic advantage in strategic areas. Marlow 21, Iain. "China Is Winning The Race To Vaccinate The World, For Now." Bloomberg Businessweek. May 19, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/china-s-covid-shots-give- beijing-soft-power-lever-around-the-world. JQ The Covid-19 pandemic
AND
on Foreign Relations.
Chinese sphere of influence causes great power war. Brands 20 HAL BRANDS is Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. “Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous”, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world//recut CHS PK Opposition to spheres
AND
later, in war.
US-China conventional war goes nuclear. Caitlin Talmadge 18 (10-15-2018), PhD in Political Science from MIT, BA in Government from Harvard, Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option,” Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option//recut CHS PK As China’s power
AND
the first place.
Unipolarity is key to check back a litany of issues — climate change, pandemics, terrorism. However, even if primacy isn’t perfect, hegemonic transitions spur regional wars and conflict. Zachary Keck 14, Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, 1-24, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Still, on balance
AND
effective global governance.
US waiver action is key to lock in global standing and overtake China’s vaccine diplomacy. Macias 5/6, Amanda. “U.S. Backs Waiving Patent Protections for Covid Vaccines, Citing Global Health Crisis.” CNBC, CNBC, 6 May 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/05/05/us-backs-covid-vaccine-intellectual-property-waivers-to-expand-access-to-shots-worldwide.html. WASHINGTON — The Biden administration
AND
the major vaccine
9/25/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V5
Tournament: Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: panel The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines.
ADV 1 COVID Variants are increasingly more lethal – if unchecked they mean extinction. Global access to the vaccine is key. Kavanagh 21 Kevin. “The Delta Variant Is the Biggest Public Health Threat We Have Faced. Here's How to Beat It.” Journal, Louisville Courier Journal, 4 Aug. 2021, www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/2021/08/04/delta-variant-biggest-public-health-threat-we-have-faced/5424054001/. NCS-LB Now faced with
AND
miraculously go away.
Countries blocking waiver now - plan solves - WTO IP rules are the barrier to scaled-up vaccine production. Pandey 21, Ashutosh. “Rich Countries Block India, South Africa's Bid to Ban COVID Vaccine Patents.” DW.COM, 2 Apr. 2021, www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175. The World Trade
Reject their Pharma hacks – the waiver boosts vaccine capacity and distribution – ensures mass immunization and prevents future pandemics. Baker 21, Brook. “Third-Way Proposals from Big Pharma and the WTO Are the Same-Old Way – Commercial Control of Supply, Price, and Distribution.” Health Gap, Apr. 2021, healthgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Baker.The-Third-Way-is-the-Same-Old-Way-Final1.pdf. JQ Adopting the waiver
AND
repurposed manufacturing capacity.
Scenario 2 - WTO Credibility WTO credibility is draining now - the plan is key to revamp the organization as an international trade dispute mechanism. Meyer 21, David. “The WTO's Survival Hinges on the COVID-19 VACCINE Patent Debate, Waiver Advocates Warn.” Fortune, Fortune, 18 June 2021, fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/. The World Trade
AND
the finish line."
Perception of WTO inaction pushes states out and decks credibility - surges protectionism. Bradford 10 - Assistant Professor, University of Chicago Law School (Anu, “When the WTO Works, and How It Fails,” 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 1)BB Finally, while some
AND
and political landscape.
Protectionism leads to full-scale military confrontation and nuclear use. Pazner 08 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in
AND
new world war.
Stable international trade networks prevents nuclear war and secures alliances – best theoretical studies. Jackson 14 (Matthew O. Jackson, William D. Eberle Professor of Economics at Stanford and Stephen M. Nei, PhD Student in Economics at Stanford, “Networks of Military Alliances, Wars, and International Trade”, October 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2389300) This instability provides
AND
the concluding remarks.
Credibility solves nuclear war – trade binds opposing leaders together and deters conflict. Hamann 09, Georgia. “Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System,” 2009 Voluntary compliance with
The plan is needed to preserve and continue global trade norms, deter protectionism, and confront global crises. González 20, Anabel “Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General.” VOX, 10 Nov. 2020, voxeu.org/content/revitalising-multilateralism-pragmatic-ideas-new-wto-director-general. EXTRAORDINARY TIMES DEMAND
AND
set by politicians.
Vaccine agreement is key – but negotiating business positions hinder it – the plan creates fair vaccine distribution and WTO unity. Baschuk 21, Bryce. “WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 27 Apr. 2021, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee. The head of
AND
in developing economies.
Scenario 3 – Vaccine Diplomacy US primacy is on the brink now – China is tipping the scale via outbreak control and equipment rollout. Tellis 20 (Ashley Tellis, Ashley J. Tellis is the Tata Chair for Strategic Affairs and a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is also a counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research and the research director of the Strategic Asia Program., 5-4-2020, Nbr, "Covid-19 Knocks on American Hegemony | The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)", https://www.nbr.org/publication/covid-19-knocks-on-american-hegemony/) Ashley J. Tellis examines
AND
just as serious.
Current Chinese vaccine drive increases global leadership – easy access, quantity, and single dosage. Huang 21, Yanzhong. "Vaccine Diplomacy Is Paying Off For China." Foreign Affairs. March 11, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-03- 11/vaccine-diplomacy-paying-china. JQ China’s vaccine drive
AND
proven less efficient.
China’s massive vaccine exports provide huge diplomatic advantage in strategic areas. Marlow 21, Iain. "China Is Winning The Race To Vaccinate The World, For Now." Bloomberg Businessweek. May 19, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/china-s-covid-shots-give- beijing-soft-power-lever-around-the-world. JQ The Covid-19 pandemic
AND
on Foreign Relations.
Chinese sphere of influence causes great power war. Brands 20 HAL BRANDS is Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. “Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous”, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world//recut CHS PK Opposition to spheres
AND
later, in war.
US-China conventional war goes nuclear. Caitlin Talmadge 18 (10-15-2018), PhD in Political Science from MIT, BA in Government from Harvard, Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option,” Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option//recut CHS PK As China’s power
AND
the first place.
Unipolarity is key to check back a litany of issues — climate change, pandemics, terrorism. However, even if primacy isn’t perfect, hegemonic transitions spur regional wars and conflict. Zachary Keck 14, Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, 1-24, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Still, on balance
AND
effective global governance.
US waiver action is key to lock in global standing and overtake China’s vaccine diplomacy. Macias 5/6, Amanda. “U.S. Backs Waiving Patent Protections for Covid Vaccines, Citing Global Health Crisis.” CNBC, CNBC, 6 May 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/05/05/us-backs-covid-vaccine-intellectual-property-waivers-to-expand-access-to-shots-worldwide.html. WASHINGTON — The Biden administration
AND
the major vaccine
The plan is key to catching up to China and changing public perception on its waiver stance. Shumei 5/6, Leng. “US Support for VACCINE Patent Waiver 'Political Tactic,' Won't Benefit Countries Lacking Production Capacity.” Global Times, 6 May 2021, www.globaltimes.cn/page/202105/1222834.shtml. After the Biden
AND
Twitter-like Sina Weibo.
9/27/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V6
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westlake AK | Judge: Javier Navarrete Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all broken cases and cases read in this round (ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs, carded turns and kritiks) on their own 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki. They must post at least cites, tags, and first three and last three words of all cards read. They must disclose all broken cases at least thirty minutes before this round in order to meet my interp. Violation: They didn’t disclose neg rds at Valley and SMARX
Clash - disclosing on the wiki allows pre round negative prep, which is key for clash by allowing students to better understand their opponents arguments. Key to fairness because the only way we know things to be predictable is if we can actually have clash in the first place. 2. Reciprocity - without an official case list, schools with plenty of resources, coaches, etc. acquire a disproportionate amount of information relative to others. A caselist clarifies the expectations for submission and makes it reciprocal for all debates. Reciprocal burdens are key to fairness because if one debater has to do more work to access the ballot, then they are substantively disadvantaged since their ability to justify why you should vote for them is structurally limited. 3. Academic integrity - Disclosure provides checks on cards that might be miscut. They will say that I can check their cites during or after the round but I can’t possibly verify all their citations in round and after the round won’t check the possibility in this debate. Academic Integrity is key to fairness, as it ensures that the evidence that is read is actually the argument being made. It's key to education because without it, there would be no way to verify the claims of the authors before the round, which obviously is detrimental in any educational setting. Paradigm: Fairness comes first – Debate is a competitive activity governed by rules. You can’t evaluate who did better debating if the round is structurally skewed, so fairness is a gateway to substantive debate. Also testing – if we can’t answer their arguments we don’t know if they’re right and minority debaters will just quit if the activity is unfair which supercharges abuse DTD – Time spent on theory cant be compensated for, the 1nc was already skewed, and its key to deterring abuse. Prefer Competing interps -
reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention. 2. it Causes a race to the bottom where debaters push the limit as to how reasonably abusive, they can be. No RVI’s -
Chills some debaters from reading theory against abusive postions. 2. incentivizes theory baiting where you can just bait theory to win.
The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
AND
provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines.
Scenario 1 - WTO Credibility WTO credibility is draining now - the plan is key to revamp the organization as an international trade dispute mechanism. Meyer 21, David. “The WTO's Survival Hinges on the COVID-19 VACCINE Patent Debate, Waiver Advocates Warn.” Fortune, Fortune, 18 June 2021, fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/. The World Trade
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the finish line."
Perception of WTO inaction pushes states out and decks credibility - surges protectionism. Bradford 10 - Assistant Professor, University of Chicago Law School (Anu, “When the WTO Works, and How It Fails,” 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 1)BB Finally, while some
AND
and political landscape.
Protectionism leads to full-scale military confrontation and nuclear use. Pazner 08 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in
AND
new world war.
Stable international trade networks prevents nuclear war and secures alliances – best theoretical studies. Jackson 14 (Matthew O. Jackson, William D. Eberle Professor of Economics at Stanford and Stephen M. Nei, PhD Student in Economics at Stanford, “Networks of Military Alliances, Wars, and International Trade”, October 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2389300) This instability provides
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the concluding remarks.
Credibility solves nuclear war – trade binds opposing leaders together and deters conflict. Hamann 09, Georgia. “Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System,” 2009 Voluntary compliance with
The plan is needed to preserve and continue global trade norms, deter protectionism, and confront global crises. González 20, Anabel “Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General.” VOX, 10 Nov. 2020, voxeu.org/content/revitalising-multilateralism-pragmatic-ideas-new-wto-director-general. EXTRAORDINARY TIMES DEMAND
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set by politicians.
Vaccine agreement is key – but negotiating business positions hinder it – the plan creates fair vaccine distribution and WTO unity. Baschuk 21, Bryce. “WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 27 Apr. 2021, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee. The head of
AND
in developing economies.
Scenario 2 – Vaccine Diplomacy US primacy is on the brink now – China is tipping the scale via outbreak control and equipment rollout. Tellis 20 (Ashley Tellis, Ashley J. Tellis is the Tata Chair for Strategic Affairs and a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is also a counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research and the research director of the Strategic Asia Program., 5-4-2020, Nbr, "Covid-19 Knocks on American Hegemony | The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)", https://www.nbr.org/publication/covid-19-knocks-on-american-hegemony/) Ashley J. Tellis examines
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just as serious.
Current Chinese vaccine drive increases global leadership – easy access, quantity, and single dosage. Huang 21, Yanzhong. "Vaccine Diplomacy Is Paying Off For China." Foreign Affairs. March 11, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-03- 11/vaccine-diplomacy-paying-china. JQ China’s vaccine drive
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proven less efficient.
China’s massive vaccine exports provide huge diplomatic advantage in strategic areas. Marlow 21, Iain. "China Is Winning The Race To Vaccinate The World, For Now." Bloomberg Businessweek. May 19, 2021. Web. August 17, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/china-s-covid-shots-give- beijing-soft-power-lever-around-the-world. JQ The Covid-19 pandemic
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on Foreign Relations.
Chinese sphere of influence causes great power war. Brands 20 HAL BRANDS is Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. “Don’t Let Great Powers Carve Up the World Spheres of Influence Are Unnecessary and Dangerous”, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-20/dont-let-great-powers-carve-world//recut CHS PK Opposition to spheres
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later, in war.
US-China conventional war goes nuclear. Caitlin Talmadge 18 (10-15-2018), PhD in Political Science from MIT, BA in Government from Harvard, Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option,” Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option//recut CHS PK As China’s power
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the first place.
Unipolarity is key to check back a litany of issues — climate change, pandemics, terrorism. However, even if primacy isn’t perfect, hegemonic transitions spur regional wars and conflict. Zachary Keck 14, Assistant Editor at The Diplomat, M.A. candidate in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University, “America’s Relative Decline: Should We Panic?”, 1-24, http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/americas-relative-decline-should-we-panic/ Still, on balance
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effective global governance.
US waiver action is key to lock in global standing and overtake China’s vaccine diplomacy. Macias 5/6, Amanda. “U.S. Backs Waiving Patent Protections for Covid Vaccines, Citing Global Health Crisis.” CNBC, CNBC, 6 May 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/05/05/us-backs-covid-vaccine-intellectual-property-waivers-to-expand-access-to-shots-worldwide.html. WASHINGTON — The Biden administration
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the major vaccine
The plan is key to catching up to China and changing public perception on its waiver stance. Shumei 5/6, Leng. “US Support for VACCINE Patent Waiver 'Political Tactic,' Won't Benefit Countries Lacking Production Capacity.” Global Times, 6 May 2021, www.globaltimes.cn/page/202105/1222834.shtml. After the Biden
Tournament: Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Nethmin Liyanage The meta-ethic is moral substitutability - only it can explain reasons for acting. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason
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provide moral reasons.
Non-consequentialist moral theories fail to explain. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. Of course, there
AND
for all theories.
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Consequentialism SPEC: NEC (necessary enabler consequentialism) – all moral reasons for acts are provided by facts that the acts are necessary enablers for preventing death. Prefer:
Actor Specificity: a. No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. b. No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will. c. Comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action. 2. Extinction comes first under any framework. Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to AND
acting very wrongly.”
a. Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. b. no moral theory can allow for extinction because it means the end of value.
Plan Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines.
ADV 1 COVID Variants are increasingly more lethal – if unchecked they mean extinction. Global access to the vaccine is key. Kavanagh 21 Kevin. “The Delta Variant Is the Biggest Public Health Threat We Have Faced. Here's How to Beat It.” Journal, Louisville Courier Journal, 4 Aug. 2021, www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/2021/08/04/delta-variant-biggest-public-health-threat-we-have-faced/5424054001/. NCS-LB Now faced with
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miraculously go away.
Wealthy nations are blocking a WTO patent-waiver proposal necessary to boost global production of COVID vaccines. Meredith 21, Sam. “Rich Countries Are Refusing to Waive the Rights ON Covid Vaccines as Global Cases Hit Record Levels.” CNBC, CNBC, 22 Apr. 2021, www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html. LONDON — The U.S., Canada
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contain the coronavirus.
Studies show that extinction rates for variants dramatically increase as viruses develop. Schiøler 21, Henrik, et al. “Mathematical Modelling of Sars-Cov-2 Variant Outbreaks Reveals Their Probability of Extinction.” MedRxiv, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1 Jan. 2021, www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.21260005v1.full.pdf+html. Pandemic outbreaks have
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Data availability section.
Extinction – defense is wrong Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events
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modified as well.
Reject their Pharma hacks – the waiver boosts vaccine capacity and distribution – ensures mass immunization and prevents future pandemics. Baker 21, Brook. “Third-Way Proposals from Big Pharma and the WTO Are the Same-Old Way – Commercial Control of Supply, Price, and Distribution.” Health Gap, Apr. 2021, healthgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Baker.The-Third-Way-is-the-Same-Old-Way-Final1.pdf. JQ Adopting the waiver
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repurposed manufacturing capacity.
The plan solves - WTO IP rules are the barrier to scaled-up vaccine production. Pandey 21, Ashutosh. “Rich Countries Block India, South Africa's Bid to Ban COVID Vaccine Patents.” DW.COM, 2 Apr. 2021, www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175. The World Trade
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in poor countries.
Scenario 2 - WTO Credibility WTO credibility is draining now - the plan is key to revamp the organization as an international trade dispute mechanism. Meyer 21, David. “The WTO's Survival Hinges on the COVID-19 VACCINE Patent Debate, Waiver Advocates Warn.” Fortune, Fortune, 18 June 2021, fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/. The World Trade
AND
the finish line."
Perception of WTO inaction pushes states out and decks credibility - surges protectionism. Bradford 10 - Assistant Professor, University of Chicago Law School (Anu, “When the WTO Works, and How It Fails,” 51 Va. J. Int'l L. 1)BB Finally, while some
AND
and political landscape.
Protectionism leads to full-scale military confrontation and nuclear use. Pazner 08 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in
AND
new world war.
Stable international trade networks prevents nuclear war and secures alliances – best theoretical studies. Jackson 14 (Matthew O. Jackson, William D. Eberle Professor of Economics at Stanford and Stephen M. Nei, PhD Student in Economics at Stanford, “Networks of Military Alliances, Wars, and International Trade”, October 2014, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2389300) This instability provides
AND
the concluding remarks.
Credibility solves nuclear war – trade binds opposing leaders together and deters conflict. Hamann 09, Georgia. “Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System,” 2009 Voluntary compliance with
WTO relevance is vital in climate change mitigation. Tamioti 08 (Ludivine Tamiotti, Environment Team Leader in the World Trade Organization, “The Relevance of WTO activities and rules in the climate change debate”, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/3797.pdf, Published March 12, 2008 in “Eco-Innovation, International Trade, WTO and Climate: Key Issues for an Ecological Industrial Policy”, Accessed July 1, 2018, njt) The issue of
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climate change measures.
Warming causes extinction – tipping points and positive feedback loops ensures. Ng 19 Yew-Kwang Ng; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, “Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism,” vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP Catastrophic climate change
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a trillion times.
The plan is needed to preserve and continue global trade norms, deter protectionism, and confront global crises. González 20, Anabel “Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General.” VOX, 10 Nov. 2020, voxeu.org/content/revitalising-multilateralism-pragmatic-ideas-new-wto-director-general. EXTRAORDINARY TIMES DEMAND
AND
set by politicians.
Vaccine agreement is key – but negotiating business positions hinder it – the plan creates fair vaccine distribution and WTO unity. Baschuk 21, Bryce. “WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 27 Apr. 2021, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee. The head of
AND
in developing economies.
By reducing IPP, women in developing countries will see an increased access to generic medicine, which occurred prior to the instatement of TRIPS. Mike 5: Mike, Jennifer H. School of Law, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria, Nigeria “Access to essential medicines to guarantee women's rights to health: The pharmaceutical patents connection” Wiley Online Library, 2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jwip.12161 JP
3.1.1 The TRIPS agreement
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for poorer women.
AND THIS IS NOT A FUTURITY CLAIM – MY PERFORMANCE RIGHT HERE, RIGHT NOW FIGHTS THE SQUO. Debate becomes an echo chamber of male oppression unless we interject feminist thought into it. CBTJ, bracketed for gendered language: Cultural Bridges to Justice. cbtj has grown into a consortium of competent, highly effective, passionate trainers and activists from across the United States who believe that challenging oppression, while forging justice, is both a practical necessity and a moral imperative of contemporary life "When I Doubt Myself and other Females– challenging internalized sexism / internalized misogyny" Cultural Bridges to Justice, no date (most recent mentioned date is 2011). AZ
Internalized sexism is
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encourages such dialogue.
The time to act is now - Patent law reform would increase the supply of contraceptives and affordability of cancer treatments. Chaskalson: Chaskalson, Julia. Writer at Spotlight “Opinion: WTO waiver is important, but so is fixing SA’s outdated patent laws” Spotlight, March 2021. JP
Fix the Patent
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wait any longer.
system. And it cannot wait any longer. A fem foreign policy approach has broad implications – it’s key to solving structural disparities in policy. Sadinsky et al: Sadinsky, Sophia. Senior Policy Associate, Global Issues “Here's Why Sexual and Reproductive Rights Must Be the Linchpin of Feminist Foreign Policy” GuttMacher Institute, 2021. JP
As global leaders
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approach to feminism.
Further, the aff ensures that medicine is declared a human right and is accessible to all. Mike 6: Mike, Jennifer H. School of Law, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria, Nigeria “Access to essential medicines to guarantee women's rights to health: The pharmaceutical patents connection” Wiley Online Library, 2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jwip.12161 JP
In this paper
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conferred to inventors.
DROP-OUT NET BENEFIT: this keeps me here. Non-male debaters leave the activity after being continuously told to hold their tongues. Amer, bracketed for language: Amer, Areeba. Greenhill student “Sexism is a problem in debate, female debaters say” The Evergreen, April 2016. AZ
Despite the success
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on in life.”
9/26/21
XX - contact info
Tournament: contact info | Round: Finals | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx hey i'm lilly! here's how to get ahold of me in order of preference: text: 832-396-7997 facebook: lilly broussard *send me a friend request first so i see it* gmail: lillian_broussard@northlandchristian.org *probably won't respond on here but use for email chains*