Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Lukas Krause Private actors are uniquely key to avoid debris cascades – they have lower safety standards and won’t cooperate with others Yuan 21 Alda Yuan, Public Health Analyst U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and visiting attorney at the Enivornmental Law Institute with a JD from Yale, 2021, “FILLING THE VACUUM: ADAPTING INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW TO MEET THE PRESSURES CREATED BY PRIVATE SPACE ENTERPRISES,” Hein Online, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/denilp49andi=27/Kankee
Mega constellations are being led by private entities, and are considered appropriation Johnson 20 Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf
Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes---current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink. Boley and Byers 21 Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; “Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7
Absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies Liou et al. 18 Dr. J.-C. Liou is the NASA Chief Scientist for Orbital Debris; Matney M., NASA Johnson Space Center; Vavrin A., GeoControl Systems – Jacobs JETS Contract; Manis A., HX5 – Jacobs JETS Contract, NASA Johnson Space Center; Gates D., Jacobs Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 2018; “NASA ODPO's Large Constellation Study,” https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i3.pdf
Cascading debris collapses satellites. Kessler et al., 18 Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e
Satellites are key to environmental monitoring – debris collapses it and causes climate extinction Ben Biggs 18, PhD Researcher in Computer Vision and Deep Learning at the University of Cambridge, “How Satellites Can Protect Planet Earth From Disaster”, HowItWorks Daily, 12/22/2018, https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-satellites-can-protect-planet-earth-from-disaster/
Warming, without these satellites, causes extinction Klein 14(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14
Ozone and climate change could cause catastrophic impacts, but we can solve through proper management John Asafu-Adjaye 15, associate professor of economics at the University of Queensland, et al., April 2015, “An Ecomodernist Manifesto,” http://www.ecomodernism.org/s/An-Ecomodernist-Manifesto.pdf
2/19/22
Debris
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: SOUTH EUGENE INDEPENDENT KS | Judge: VIREN ABHYANKAR Private actors are uniquely key to avoid debris cascades – they have lower safety standards and won’t cooperate with others Yuan 21 Alda Yuan, Public Health Analyst U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and visiting attorney at the Enivornmental Law Institute with a JD from Yale, 2021, “FILLING THE VACUUM: ADAPTING INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW TO MEET THE PRESSURES CREATED BY PRIVATE SPACE ENTERPRISES,” Hein Online, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/denilp49andi=27/Kankee
Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes-~--current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink. Boley and Byers 21 Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; “Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7
Absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies Liou et al. 18 Dr. J.-C. Liou is the NASA Chief Scientist for Orbital Debris; Matney M., NASA Johnson Space Center; Vavrin A., GeoControl Systems – Jacobs JETS Contract; Manis A., HX5 – Jacobs JETS Contract, NASA Johnson Space Center; Gates D., Jacobs Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 2018; “NASA ODPO's Large Constellation Study,” https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i3.pdf
Cascading debris collapses satellites. Kessler et al., 18 Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e
Government satellites monitor key climate change statistics Mulhernnov 20 – Owen Mulhern is a biologist with a specialisation in image analysis and a passion for satellite imaging. His previous work involved 3 dimensional brain reconstructions developing new algorithms for image processing. He is now focused on bringing powerful visualisations of the current state of our climate to life as Data Science Team Lead. (Owen Mulhernnov, 9/20/2020, "How Satellites Help Tackle Climate Change," Earth.Org - Past | Present | Future, https://earth.org/data_visualization/how-satellites-help-tackle-climate-change/)
This is already working to decrease deforestation and carbon emissions through policy FAO ’15 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “World deforestation slows down as more forests are better managed,” 7 September 2015, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/326911/icode/)
Warming, without these sattelites, causes extinction Klein 14(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14
Collisions with early warning satellites causes miscalc and goes nuclear – magnified by the Kessler effect Blatt 20 Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues “Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race,” Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/
Nuclear war causes extinction
Starr 15 Steven Starr 2015 Ratical. Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html
2/20/22
Debris
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Princeton PE | Judge: BALAMURUGAN SARAVANAN Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome. No alt causes-~--current debris is being managed but constellations push Kessler over the brink. Boley and Byers 21 Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; “Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth,” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7
Absent megaconstellations, LEO debris would increase slowly for decades, eventually stabilizing after 200 years. Prefer NASA studies Liou et al. 18 Dr. J.-C. Liou is the NASA Chief Scientist for Orbital Debris; Matney M., NASA Johnson Space Center; Vavrin A., GeoControl Systems – Jacobs JETS Contract; Manis A., HX5 – Jacobs JETS Contract, NASA Johnson Space Center; Gates D., Jacobs Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 2018; “NASA ODPO's Large Constellation Study,” https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i3.pdf
Cascading debris collapses satellites. Kessler et al., 18 Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e
Government satellites monitor key climate change statistics Mulhernnov 20 – Owen Mulhern is a biologist with a specialisation in image analysis and a passion for satellite imaging. His previous work involved 3 dimensional brain reconstructions developing new algorithms for image processing. He is now focused on bringing powerful visualisations of the current state of our climate to life as Data Science Team Lead. (Owen Mulhernnov, 9/20/2020, "How Satellites Help Tackle Climate Change," Earth.Org - Past | Present | Future, https://earth.org/data_visualization/how-satellites-help-tackle-climate-change/)
This is already working to decrease deforestation and carbon emissions through policy FAO ’15 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “World deforestation slows down as more forests are better managed,” 7 September 2015, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/326911/icode/)
Warming, without these sattelites, causes extinction Klein 14(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14
Collisions with early warning satellites causes miscalc and goes nuclear – magnified by the Kessler effect Blatt 20 Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues “Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race,” Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/
Nuclear war causes extinction
Starr 15 Steven Starr 2015 Ratical. Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html
2/20/22
Framework
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Lukas Krause The value is justice, defined by Merriam Webster as "Definition of JUSTICE," https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice the quality of being just, impartial, or fair The value criterion is utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number. Askari 20 -- economist, scholar of economic development in the Middle East Hossein, and Abbas Mirakhor, The Utilitarian Conception of Justice and Its Critics (Bentham to Hayek). In: Conceptions of Justice from Islam to the Present. Political Economy of Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16084-5_4, accessed 7-10-21
prerequisite to any other framework - Value requires us to be alive in the future. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
Cognitive biases – extinction is more likely than we think GPP 17 (Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, “Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance,” Global Priorities Project, 2017, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf,
Epistemic modesty – Can’t rule out that util is true therefore extinction still outweighs Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015
2/19/22
Framework
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: SOUTH EUGENE INDEPENDENT KS | Judge: VIREN ABHYANKAR The value is justice, defined by Merriam Webster as "Definition of JUSTICE," https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice the quality of being just, impartial, or fair The value criterion is utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number. Askari 20 -- economist, scholar of economic development in the Middle East Hossein, and Abbas Mirakhor, The Utilitarian Conception of Justice and Its Critics (Bentham to Hayek). In: Conceptions of Justice from Islam to the Present. Political Economy of Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16084-5_4, accessed 7-10-21
prerequisite to any other framework - Value requires us to be alive in the future. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
Cognitive biases – extinction is more likely than we think GPP 17 (Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, “Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance,” Global Priorities Project, 2017, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf,
2/20/22
Ozone
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Lukas Krause Ozone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster. WMO 21 World Meteorological Organization; 2021; “Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story,” https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story
Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0 Tereza 21 Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, “Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0,” https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: SOUTH EUGENE INDEPENDENT KS | Judge: VIREN ABHYANKAR Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0 Tereza 21 Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, “Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0,” https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Princeton PE | Judge: BALAMURUGAN SARAVANAN Ozone is recovering now, breakdown causes existential environmental disaster. WMO 21 World Meteorological Organization; 2021; “Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story,” https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story
Megaconstellations of satellites and frequent re-entry causes Ozone Hole 2.0 Tereza 21 Tereza; June 07, 2021; Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University, Master's in Science from the International Space University. Space.com, “Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0,” https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: SOUTH EUGENE INDEPENDENT KS | Judge: VIREN ABHYANKAR I affirm: The appropriation of outer space by private entities via Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit is unjust. Takaya et al 18 “The Principle of Non-Appropriation and the Exclusive Uses of LEO by Large Satellite Constellations” Yuri Takaya-Umehara Visiting researcher at the University of Tokyo since April 2017. She was affiliated to the Kobe University to provide a course on space law to post-graduate students (2011-2017). She chairs a working group on the formulation of global norms in space law organized by the Keio University since 2018. She obtained her Ph.D. degree at the IDEST of Paris XI University in France, LL.M. at the Leiden University in the Netherlands. Quentin Verspieren Ph.D. in public policy @ The University of Tokyo, Assistant Professor of Space Policy @UTokyo, General Manager, Global Strategy @ArkEdge Space Inc., Associate Research Fellow @ESPI Goutham Karthikeyan The University of Tokyo and Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS-JAXA) 2018 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328094878_The_Principle_of_Non-Appropriation_and_the_Exclusive_Use_of_LEO_by_Large_Satellite_Constellations
Mega constellations are being led by private entities, and are considered appropriation Johnson 20 Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf
No broadband concerns - constellations couldn’t support more than 1 user for every 10 km2 – only useful in extremely remote areas. Ogutu and Oughton 21 “A Techno-Economic Cost Framework for Satellite Networks Applied to Low Earth Orbit Constellations: Assessing Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper” Osoro B. Ogutu and Edward J. Oughton O. Ogutu is with the Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University; E. Oughton is an assistant professor with the Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University August 2021 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9568932
2/20/22
util
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Princeton PE | Judge: BALAMURUGAN SARAVANAN The value is justice, defined by Merriam Webster as "Definition of JUSTICE," https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice the quality of being just, impartial, or fair The value criterion is utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number. Askari 20 -- economist, scholar of economic development in the Middle East Hossein, and Abbas Mirakhor, The Utilitarian Conception of Justice and Its Critics (Bentham to Hayek). In: Conceptions of Justice from Islam to the Present. Political Economy of Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16084-5_4, accessed 7-10-21
prerequisite to any other framework - Value requires us to be alive in the future. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
Cognitive biases – extinction is more likely than we think GPP 17 (Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, “Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance,” Global Priorities Project, 2017, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf,
Epistemic modesty – Can’t rule out that util is true therefore extinction still outweighs Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015