Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit CM | Judge: Eva Lamberson
Framework
The standard is util. Prefer:
Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable
Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI
Let us start...matters of value.
2. Death is the worse possible thing since it erases our very existence
Paterson 03, Craig Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island 2003, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics
Contrary to those...all human possibility
3. Requires the prevention of extinction which is a pre-req to all other frameworks.
GPP 17 Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland 2017, “Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance,” Global Priorities Project, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf
1.2. THE ETHICS OF...of existential risks.
Adv. 1: Infectious Disease
Drug prices rising rapidly in the US
NASEM 18 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Making Medicines Affordable: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24946. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and the world. Our work helps shape sound policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. Over many decades we have earned a solid reputation as the nation's premier source of independent, expert advice on scientific, engineering, and medical issues.
Although branded medications..must be considered
Drug companies invest more into share buybacks and marketing then RandD
NASEM 18 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Making Medicines Affordable: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24946. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and the world. Our work helps shape sound policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. Over many decades we have earned a solid reputation as the nation's premier source of independent, expert advice on scientific, engineering, and medical issues.
As has been...factor of two.
Majority of pharmaceutical resources focused on evergreen drugs – stifling innovation and raising prices
Feldman 18 Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of “Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes”
The study results...a use code.)
IP evergreening causes high prices by squashing generic competition
I-Mak 18 https://www.i-mak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/I-MAK-Overpatented-Overpriced-Report.pdf I-mak.org. N.p., 2018. Web. 15 Aug. 2021. I-MAK (Initiative for Medicines, Access and Knowledge) is a nonprofit that challenges systemic injustice and advocates for health equity in drug development and access.
Such filings allow..of patent monopolies
High drug prices increase risk of infectious disease – two warrants:
Hospital Resiliency
High drug prices cause hospitals to slash services and staffing decreasing quality of care
Daly 19 Daly, Rich. "Drug Prices An Increasing Challenge For Hospitals: Survey." hfma. N.p., 2019. Web. 22 Aug. 2021. Rich Daly is a senior writer/editor in HFMA’s Washington, D.C., office.
Jan. 15—Most hospitals have...evaluate outpatient spending.
Hospital resilience and quality key to combatting pandemics
Thobaity and Alshammari 20 Thobaity A, Alshammari F: Nurses on the Frontline against the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review. Dubai Med J 2020;3:87-92. doi: 10.1159/000509361Farhan Alshammari is the Dean, College of Nursing University of Hail and Thobaity is the Assistant Professor - Dean - Applied Medical Sciences at Taif University.
COVID-19 is considered...the COVID-19 crisis.
High quality healthcare workers necessary to preventing pandemics
Madhav et al. 17 Madhav N, Oppenheim B, Gallivan M, et al. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. In: Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, et al., editors. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 27. Chapter 17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/ doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17 Nita Madhav, Ben Oppenheim, and Mark Gallivan work for Metabiota, San Francisco, California, United States.
Preparing for a...epidemics and pandemics.
2. Decrease in coverage
Drug prices result in decrease access to healthcare: coverage gets cut and uninsured gets priced out
AAA 18 Prescription Drug Spending In The U.S. Health Care System An Actuarial Perspective. American Academy of Actuaries, 2018. Web. 25 Aug. 2021. The American Academy of Actuaries is a D.C.-based 19,500+ member professional association whose mission is to serve the public and the U.S. actuarial profession.
In many situations...higher premium increases.
A decrease in coverage exacerbates infectious diseases and poses a risk to public health
East and Marcus 20 East, Chloe, and Michelle Marcus. "Disparities In Access To Health Care During A Pandemic | Econofact." Econofact | Key facts and incisive analysis to the national debate on economic and social policies. N.p., 2020. Web. 29 Aug. 2021. Chloe East is an Assistant Professor. Expertise is in Public Economics, Labor Economics, and Health Economics at the University of Colorado. Michelle Marcus is an Assistant Professor, Department of Economics. Research specializes in health economics, environmental economics, and applied microeconomics at Vanderbilt University.
The Issue: The...the COVID-19 pandemic.
Future pandemics are inevitable – globalization and climate change
IPBES 21 IPBES WORKSHOP ON BIODIVERSITY AND PANDEMICS. IPBES, 2021. Web. 3 Sept. 2021. The Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is the intergovernmental body which assesses the state of biodiversity and ecosystem services, in response to requests from Governments, the private sector and civil society.
Pandemics represent an...is currently demonstrating.
Disease causes extinction
Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028
Historically, disease events...modified as well.19-2
Independently, Pandemics cause massive economic damage, drives instability, and social tension
Madhav et al. 17 Madhav N, Oppenheim B, Gallivan M, et al. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. In: Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. 3rd ed. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington (DC); 2017. PMID: 30212163. Nita Madhav, Ben Oppenheim, and Mark Gallivan work for Metabiota, San Francisco, California, United States.
Economic Impacts Pandemics...association with Ebola (Siu 2015).
Instability leads to nuclear war
Ramberg 16 Ramberg, Bennett. "Nuclear Weapons In Civil War Zones | By Bennett Ramberg - Project Syndicate." Project Syndicate. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Sept. 2021. Bennett Ramberg, a policy analyst in the US State Department’s Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs under President George H.W. Bush, is the author of Destruction of Nuclear Energy Facilities in War and Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy.
LOS ANGELES – The
Thus the Plan: Member states of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections on medicine by adopting a one and done approach to medical patents.
Solvency
A one and done approach would end patent walls
Feldman 19 Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time For A 'One-And-Done' Approach - STAT." STAT. N.p., 2019. Web. 14 Aug. 2021. Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of “Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes”
In a perfect...just too great.