Millburn Teng Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 1 | Lake Highland Prep SV | Karavadi, Saianurag |
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| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 3 | Park City NL | Pittman, Phoenix |
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| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 5 | Memorial SC | Herrera, David |
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| Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | 4 | Iowa City West ST | Broussard, Austin |
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| Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | 5 | Edina NK | Lavender, Lila |
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| Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | 1 | Durham SA | Frenkel, Nathan |
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| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 1 | Midlothian AC | Shazar, Aashril |
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| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 4 | NSU RL | Das, Sreyaash |
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| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 6 | Immaculate Heart RR | Bravim, Luiz |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | La Salle MQ | Choi, Jeong-Wan |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Wyoming Virtual JC | Aggarwal, Mohul |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Westwood PP | Brown, Grant |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 7 | Strake Jesuit DA | Pittman, Phoenix |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | 2 | Acton-Boxborough AM | Madaraju, Aditya |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | 3 | Byram Hills AK | Maher, TJ |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | 6 | Iowa City West NW | Dandu, Keshav |
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| Lexington Winter Invitational | Doubles | Lake Highland Prep AB | Reier, Andrea - Krause, Lukas - Liu, Claire |
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| New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Westridge TW | Gonzaba, Brixz |
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| New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Isodore Newman SW | Orlowski, Susan |
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| New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Isodore Newman IL | Morgenstein, Jack |
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| Princeton Classic | 2 | Montville TV | Dennis Nahl, William |
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| Princeton Classic | 3 | Syosset LG | Brown, Grant |
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| Princeton Classic | 5 | Ardley ZS | Cheng, Kevin |
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| This One | Finals | You | Idk |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 5 | Lake Nona BJ | Colicchio, Maria |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 2 | Mission San Jose SB | Liyanage, Nethmin |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 3 | Edgemont Junior-Senior AJ | Brown, Grant |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
|---|---|---|
| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep SV | Judge: Karavadi, Saianurag 1AC - Truth Testing Korsgaard |
| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix 1AC - Must disclose tabroom tournament name Korsgaard |
| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Herrera, David 1AC - Must disclose tabroom tournament name Must disclose judge name Korsgaard |
| Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West ST | Judge: Broussard, Austin 1AC - Disclose round reports Pettit |
| Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: Lavender, Lila 1AC - Pettit |
| Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Frenkel, Nathan 1AC - Pettit |
| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 1 | Opponent: Midlothian AC | Judge: Shazar, Aashril 1AC - Inequality Climate change Resource wars |
| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 4 | Opponent: NSU RL | Judge: Das, Sreyaash 1AC - Must Disclose OS Korsgaard |
| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Bravim, Luiz 1AC - Inequality Climate change Resource wars |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: La Salle MQ | Judge: Choi, Jeong-Wan 1AC - Pettit |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Wyoming Virtual JC | Judge: Aggarwal, Mohul 1AC - Pettit |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Westwood PP | Judge: Brown, Grant 1AC - Pettit |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 7 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix 1AC - Disclose judge name Pettit |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Acton-Boxborough AM | Judge: Madaraju, Aditya 1AC - Disclose OS Large satellites |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Byram Hills AK | Judge: Maher, TJ 1AC - Korsgaard |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Iowa City West NW | Judge: Dandu, Keshav 1AC - Korsgaard |
| Lexington Winter Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AB | Judge: Reier, Andrea - Krause, Lukas - Liu, Claire 1AC - Kant |
| New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Westridge TW | Judge: Gonzaba, Brixz 1AC - Disclose OS Korsgaard |
| New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Isodore Newman SW | Judge: Orlowski, Susan 1AC - Vaccines Insulin Bioterrorism Innovation Developing countries |
| New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Isodore Newman IL | Judge: Morgenstein, Jack 1AC - Vaccines Insulin Bioterrorism Innovation Developing countries |
| Princeton Classic | 2 | Opponent: Montville TV | Judge: Dennis Nahl, William 1AC - Pettit |
| Princeton Classic | 3 | Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Brown, Grant 1AC - Disclose OS Pettit |
| Princeton Classic | 5 | Opponent: Ardley ZS | Judge: Cheng, Kevin 1AC - Pettit |
| This One | Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: Idk I don't like leaving a blank space lol |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 5 | Opponent: Lake Nona BJ | Judge: Colicchio, Maria 1AC - Disclose OS Korsgaard |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 2 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SB | Judge: Liyanage, Nethmin 1AC - Korsgaard |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 3 | Opponent: Edgemont Junior-Senior AJ | Judge: Brown, Grant 1AC - Korsgaard |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0 - Contact InformationTournament: This One | Round: Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: Idk | 1/1/22 |
0 - Content WarningsTournament: This One | Round: Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: Idk | 1/1/22 |
0 - Formatting - Please ReadTournament: This One | Round: Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: Idk a) Don't b) format c) it d) like e) this. b) It c) Out d) Like f) This, g) Thanks! | 1/1/22 |
0 - NavigationTournament: This One | Round: Finals | Opponent: You | Judge: Idk | 1/1/22 |
1 - Must Disclose Judge NameTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 7 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix Interpretation: debaters must disclose the full name of everyone they have been judged by on the page with their name and school on the 2021-2022 NCDA LD wiki after every round.Violation: they didn't at round 5 of "Yale" and round 1 of "NSD camp" – see screenshot.StandardsStrat ed – full name of judge key to prep – they give info on what judges vote on for so people can prep strategy. Not everyone will know who "shrey" is when they see your wiki. Also links to inclusion because big schools and experienced debaters can pass information about what judges vote on but small school debaters and novices are left in the dark. That's a voter – inclusion is a prereq to debate and an impact multiplier. | 11/22/21 |
1 - Must Disclose OSTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Nona BJ | Judge: Colicchio, Maria Interpretation: debaters must disclose all constructive positions on open source on the page with their name and school on the 2021-2022 NCDA LD wiki with highlighting, tags, and cites after the round in which they read them.Violation: they don't even have a wiki – see screenshot.Standards:~1~ Resource disparities – stealing cards is good because it's the only way to level the playing field for students such as novices in under-privileged programs.Louden 10 – Allan D. Louden, professor of Communication at Wake Forest ("Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century" Wake Forest National Debate Conference. IDEA, 2010) https://www.americanforensicsassoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Navigating-Opportunity-Book.pdf ~2~ Ev ethics – open source is the only way to verify pre-round that cards aren't miscut or highlighted/bracketed unethically. That's a voter – ethical ev practices are key to academics and we should be able to verify they didn't cheat.~3~ Depth of clash – allows debaters to have nuanced objections at a faster rate, which leads to higher quality debates – outweighs because thinking on your feet is nonunique but the best quality responses come from full access to a case.Voters:Fairness: debate is a competitive activity that requires objective evaluation – side constraint to substantive debate.Education: a) it's the reason schools fund debate and b) it's the only long-term benefit.Paradigm issues:DTD a) deters future abuse because they won't reviolate if they lose and b) no way to DTA.No RVIs – a) illogical – you don't win for being fair, and logic is a meta-constraint, b) good theory debaters will bait theory to win on the RVI, which causes abuse.Competing interps – a) reasonability is arbitrary and requires judge intervention, b) collapses because brightlines concede an offense-defense paradigm. | 9/18/21 |
1 - Must Disclose Round ReportsTournament: Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Iowa City West ST | Judge: Broussard, Austin Interpretation: debaters must disclose all round reports on the page with their name and school on the 2021-2022 NCDA LD wiki after the round in which they read them.Violation: they didn't for Mid America Cup and Apple Valley – see screenshotsStandards:~1~ Inclusion – big schools can scout and collect flows but small school debaters are left in the dark. Round reports key to prep – they give info on what debaters generally go for so people can prep strategy. That's a voter – inclusion is a prereq to debate and an impact multiplier.~2~ Strategy education – round reports help novices understand the context in which positions are read by good debaters and help with brainstorming potential 1NCs – helps compensate for kids who can't afford do prep out affs, which also links to inclusion.DTD to deter future abuse because they won't reviolate if they lose.No RVIs – a) illogical – you don't win for being fair, and logic is a meta-constraint, b) good theory debaters will bait theory to win on the RVI, which causes abuse, c) chilling effect – makes debaters scared to call out real abuse because they'll be out-teched on the RVI.Competing interps – a) reasonability is arbitrary and requires judge intervention, b) collapses because brightlines concede an offense-defense paradigm c) only competing interps sets norms because it's not a case-by-case basis. | 11/6/21 |
1 - Must Disclose Tournament NameTournament: 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix Interpretation: Debaters must disclose tournaments on the page with their name and school on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD wiki with the actual name of the tournament on Tabroom.Violation – they disclose tournaments as "ASU," "Alta," "Apple Valley," "Blue Key," "Harvard," "USC," and "Yale" when these are not actually tournament names.
Inclusion – a) linguistic norms are determined by consensus – small schools w/o access to large tournaments, camps, etc. aren't exposed to circuit expressions – it's same ideology that insists "formal" communication on black students as those with access to broader institutions set paradigm for how everyone must speak in order to effectively research or in this case respond to wikis. b) Strat ed – small schoolers and novices need to know which positions win and in what situation; knowing tourney names is needed to look at results. It's a voter – a) other impacts assume that you have the ability to access the round in the first place, b) exclusion is discriminatory against people with less money and resources.Reject every reason why disclosure is bad- you concede to the validity of putting tournament names by putting it on your wiki.Paradigm issues:DTD to deter future abuse cuz they wont reviolate if they lose and rectify time skew from reading theory.No RVIs – a) illogical – you don't win for being fair, and logic is a meta-constraint, b) good theory debaters will bait theory to win on the RVI, which causes abuse, c) chilling effect – makes debaters scared to call out real abuse because they'll be out-teched on the RVI.Competing interps – a) reasonability is arbitrary and requires judge intervention, b) collapses because brightlines concede an offense-defense paradigm, c) only CI sets norms for the voter instead of deciding rounds case-by-case. | 2/19/22 |
2 - Truth TestingTournament: Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: Lavender, Lila The role of the ballot is to determine the truth or falsity of the resolution.~1~ Linguistics – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true. That outweighs – a) Controls the internal link to predictability and prep which is key for clash and substantive education b) Key to jurisdiction since the judge can only endorse what is within their burden.~2~ Every statement is a question of truth – for example, saying "the res is false" is the same as saying, "it is true that the res is false." That means other ROTBs collapse to truth testing.~3~ Inclusion – their ROTB excludes all strategies but theirs, which is bad for inclusive debates because people without comprehensive debate knowledge are shut out of your scholarship which turns their ROTB.~4~ Isomorphism – ROTBs that aren't phrased as binaries maximize leeway for interpretation as to who is winning offense. Scalar framing mechanisms necessitate that the judge has to intervene to see who is closest at solving a problem. | 11/6/21 |
JF - KorsgaardTournament: Lexington Winter Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Byram Hills AK | Judge: Maher, TJ I affirm, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Appropriation:Merriam Webster No Date Merriam Webster, dictionary, "Definition of APPROPRIATION," no date, Merriam Webster, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appropriation And to appropriate:Merriam Webster No Date Merriam Webster, dictionary, "Definition of APPROPRIATE," no date, Merriam Webster, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appropriate Outer space:Oxford Languages No Date Oxford Languages, dictionary, "outer space," no date, Google, accessed 27 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.google.com/search?q=define+outer+spaceandrlz=1C1CHBF_enUS909US909andoq=define+outer+spaceandaqs=chrome.0.69i59j0i22i30l6j0i390l3.1588j0j7andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8 FrameworkFirst, the value is justice as per the resolution.Miller 17 David Miller, Professor of Political Theory and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, "Justice," 26 June 2017, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/~~#UtilJust ~ST~ brackets for gender There are 4 necessary distinctions, the subsets of which are requirements of justice:~1~ Conservative and ideal – what agents are due given current practices vs. what agents would be due with the establishment of an ideal standard.~2~ Corrective and distributive – what treatment wrongdoers should receive vs. the distribution of dues throughout society.~3~ Procedural and substantive – the method in which dues are allocated vs. the results of the allocation.~4~ Comparative and non-comparative – justice in comparison to other agents vs. justice in a vacuum.These are all relevant features constitutive to just action – they coexist without contradiction.Now, on ethics.The metaethic is non-naturalism.~1~ Is-ought gap – we only perceive what is, not what ought to be. We can't derive prescriptive obligation from descriptive premises.~2~ Transcendental idealism – we see our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth. If we remove the subject, constitution would disappear as objects exist only in us and are unknown abstracted from sensibility.~3~ Uncertainty – a posteriori ethics is subject to uncertainty. We could be dreaming, hallucinating, or being deceived by an evil demon. Infinitely outweighs because it would be escapable and therefore pointless.Next, ethics must begin with practical reason.~1~ Action theory – action is infinitely divisible. For example, the action of brewing tea could be broken into many small actions. The actions can't be moral or immoral since it would be infinitely divisible, but intention to brew tea unifies action.~2~ Bindingness – experience is subjective; only practical reason unifies and creates a moral theory.~3~ Epistemology – all arguments appeal to reason; otherwise, they are baseless, so reason is a constraint on evaluating their arguments.~4~ Infinite regress – we can always ask "why should I follow this framework," leading to infinite regress, but asking for a reason for reason concedes its authority. Only self-justified frameworks are epistemically sound.That entails universal maxims.~1~ Arbitrariness – absent universal ethics, morality is arbitrary and can't guide action, making it useless.~2~ Non-contradiction – there is no world in which p and ~p are both true. Acting recognizes the validity of others to take the action, which makes universal maxims a logical side constraint to other frameworks.~3~ Reason implies universalizability.Korsgaard 85 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, "Kant's Formula of Universal Law," 1985, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66, no. 1-2: 24-47, accessed 6 September 2021, pg. 1, https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3201869/Korsgaard_KantForumulaUniversalLaw.pdf?sequence=2andisAllowed=y ACCS JM recut Thus, the standard is consistency with universal maxims.Prefer additionally:~1~ Performativity – freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without first willing ours.~2~ Only Korsgaard applies to justice.Miller 17 David Miller, Professor of Political Theory and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, "Justice," 26 June 2017, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/~~#UtilJust ~ST~ ~3~ Other frameworks collapse – they contain conditional obligations which derive authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 96 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, introduction to "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," 1996, Cambridge University Press, accessed 6 September 2021 pg. xvii-xviii, https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/blog.nus.edu.sg/dist/c/1868/files/2012/12/Kant-Groundwork-ng0pby.pdf AG recut ~4~ Actor spec and real-life applicability – states abide by inviolable side-constraints in their constitutions – Germany proves.Ripstein 09 Arthur Ripstein, Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, "Force and Freedom," 15 October 2009, Harvard University Press, accessed 1 January 2022, Pg. 221, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0hb0 / recut ~ST~ Offense~1~ Private entities are bound by the Outer Space Treaty, which bans appropriation.Van Eijk 20 Cristian Van Eijk, BA cum laude in International Justice and an LLM in Public International Law from Leiden University, "Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it's not yours, either," 11 May 2020, Völkerrechtsblog, accessed 27 December 2021, Pg. 1, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/sorry-elon-mars-is-not-a-legal-vacuum-and-its-not-yours-either TDI recut Violating international contracts is non-universalizable.Davis 91 Kevin R. Davis, researcher at East Central University, "Kantian 'Publicity' And Political Justice," October 1991, History of Philosophy Quarterly, accessed 27 December 2021, Pg. 417, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27743995 TDI recut ~2~ Intelligible possession cannot be justified – the ability to prevent others' usage of property is intrinsic to appropriation and violates their freedom since empirical possession is sufficient. For clarification, intelligible possession is exclusion of others' usage even absent the current use of the owner, and empirical, or narrow, possession is exclusion only when the owner is using it.Westphal 97 Kenneth R. Westphal, Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco, "Do Kant's Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?," 1997, Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 5, accessed 28 December 2021, Pg. 144-160, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43593592 RE recut ~3~ The rightful condition does not exist in space because the omnilateral will is unable to hinder a hinderance.Rauscher 07 Frederick Rauscher, Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, "Kant's Social and Political," 24 July 2007, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 28 December 2021, Pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-social-political/ ~ST~ Appropriation is unjust without the rightful condition – property is fundamentally social recognition.Williams 77 Howard Williams, Professor of Law and Politics at Cardiff University, "Kant's Concept of Property," 1977, Oxford University Press, accessed 29 December 2021, Pg. 33-34, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2218926 ~ST~ brackets for clarity | 1/15/22 |
JF - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Lexington Winter Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AB | Judge: Reier, Andrea - Krause, Lukas - Liu, Claire AdvocacyI affirm, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Appropriation:Merriam Webster No Date Merriam Webster, dictionary, "Definition of APPROPRIATION," no date, Merriam Webster, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appropriation And to appropriate:Merriam Webster No Date Merriam Webster, dictionary, "Definition of APPROPRIATE," no date, Merriam Webster, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appropriate Outer space:Oxford Languages No Date Oxford Languages, dictionary, "outer space," no date, Google, accessed 27 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.google.com/search?q=define+outer+spaceandrlz=1C1CHBF_enUS909US909andoq=define+outer+spaceandaqs=chrome.0.69i59j0i22i30l6j0i390l3.1588j0j7andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8 FrameworkFirst, the value is justice as per the resolution.Miller 17 David Miller, Professor of Political Theory and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, "Justice," 26 June 2017, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/~~#UtilJust ~ST~ brackets for gender There are 4 necessary distinctions made by Miller, the subsets of which are requirements of justice:~1~ Conservative and ideal – what agents are due given practices in the squo vs. what agents would be due with the establishment of an ideal standard.~2~ Corrective and distributive – what treatment wrongdoers should receive vs. the distribution of dues throughout society.~3~ Procedural and substantive – the method in which dues are allocated vs. the results of the allocation.~4~ Comparative and non-comparative – justice in comparison to other agents vs. justice in a vacuum.These are all relevant features constitutive to just action – they coexist without contradiction.Now, on the standard.The metaethic is non-naturalism.~1~ Is-ought gap – we only perceive what is, not what ought to be. We can't derive prescriptive obligation from descriptive premises.~2~ Transcendental idealism – we see our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth. If we remove the subject, constitution would disappear as objects exist only in us and are unknown abstracted from sensibility.~3~ Uncertainty – a posteriori ethics is subject to uncertainty. We could be dreaming, hallucinating, or being deceived by an evil demon. Infinitely outweighs because it would be escapable and therefore pointless.Next, ethics must begin with practical reason.~1~ Epistemology – all arguments appeal to reason; otherwise, they are baseless, so reason is a constraint on evaluating their arguments.~2~ Infinite regress – we can always ask "why should I follow this framework," leading to infinite regress, but asking for a reason for reason concedes its authority. Only self-justified frameworks are epistemically sound.That entails universal maxims because of non-contradiction – there is no world in which p and ~p are both true. Acting recognizes the validity of others to take the action, which makes universal maxims a logical side constraint to other frameworks.Thus, the standard is consistency with universal maxims.Prefer additionally:~1~ Performativity – freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without first willing ours.~2~ Only Korsgaard applies to justice.Miller 17 David Miller, Professor of Political Theory and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, "Justice," 26 June 2017, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/~~#UtilJust ~ST~ ~3~ Other frameworks collapse – they contain conditional obligations which derive authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 96 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, introduction to "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," 1996, Cambridge University Press, accessed 6 September 2021 pg. xvii-xviii, https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/blog.nus.edu.sg/dist/c/1868/files/2012/12/Kant-Groundwork-ng0pby.pdf AG recut ~4~ Resource disparities – focus on evidence puts small school debaters without huge files at a disadvantage, but my framework can be won without prep, which means it's theoretically preferable.~5~ Actor spec and real-life applicability – states abide by inviolable side-constraints in their constitutions – Germany proves.Ripstein 09 Arthur Ripstein, Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto, "Force and Freedom," 15 October 2009, Harvard University Press, accessed 1 January 2022, Pg. 221, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0hb0 / recut ~ST~ ~6~ Consequences fail – a) we don't know if an action is bad until after it happens, meaning obligations can't be formed, b) every consequence causes another consequence – when do we evaluate "the consequence?" c) induction fails – we know induction works because it has in the past – that relies on induction and is therefore circular, d) if you're responsible for things other than intention, ethics aren't binding because there are infinite events over which you have no control, e) predictions fail – policymakers are worse than monkeys.Menand 05 Louis Menand, professor of English at Harvard University, "Everybody's An Expert," 27 November 2005, The New Yorker, accessed 7 September 2021, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/12/05/everybodys-an-expert// FSU SS recut Offense~1~ Private entities are bound by the Outer Space Treaty, which bans appropriation.Van Eijk 20 Cristian Van Eijk, BA cum laude in International Justice and an LLM in Public International Law from Leiden University, "Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it's not yours, either," 11 May 2020, Völkerrechtsblog, accessed 27 December 2021, Pg. 1, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/sorry-elon-mars-is-not-a-legal-vacuum-and-its-not-yours-either TDI recut Violating contracts is promise breaking – universalizing would be self-contradictory by defeating the purpose of a promise.~2~ Intelligible possession cannot be justified because empirical possession is sufficient. For clarification, intelligible possession is exclusion of others' usage even absent the current use of the owner, and empirical, or narrow, possession is exclusion only when the owner is using it.Westphal 97 Kenneth R. Westphal, Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco, "Do Kant's Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?," 1997, Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 5, accessed 28 December 2021, Pg. 144-160, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43593592 RE recut ~3~ The rightful condition does not exist in space because the omnilateral will is unable to hinder a hinderance.Rauscher 07 Frederick Rauscher, Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, "Kant's Social and Political," 24 July 2007, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 28 December 2021, Pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-social-political/ ~ST~ Appropriation is unjust without the rightful condition – property is fundamentally social recognition.Williams 77 Howard Williams, Professor of Law and Politics at Cardiff University, "Kant's Concept of Property," 1977, Oxford University Press, accessed 29 December 2021, Pg. 33-34, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2218926 ~ST~ brackets for clarity AdvantageSpace exploration is a shared goal – privatization threatens US-Russia relations.CSIS 18 Center for Strategic and International Studies, Policy Think Tank., "Space for Cooperation?," 21 August 2018, CSIS, accessed 4 January 2022, Pg. 1, https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation** TDI Ukraine puts us on the brink of war.Weir 21 Fred Weir, Moscow Correspondent for The Monitor since 1998, "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low," 20 April 2021, Christian Science Monitor, accessed 4 January 2022, Pg. 1, https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low TDI That causes extinction.Cotton-Barratt 17 Owen Cotton-Barratt, Ph.D. in Pure Mathematics from Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute, "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance," 3 February 2017, Future of Humanity Institute, accessed 4 January 2022, Pg. 7, https://um.fi/documents/35732/48132/existential_risk_diplomacy_and_governance/6dcc5557-0a2d-709d-57a2-7e7784512115?t=1525645980997 TDI More Prefer Additionally~1~ Universalization unites the abstract with the concrete—that's key to challenging oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr, professor of philosophy at the University of Kentucky, "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" Spring 2002, JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, accessed 12 September 2021, pg. 17–32, sci-hub.se/10.1111/1467-9833.00121 ~2~ Prefer ideal theory: a) normative justification required because unjustified assumptions cause bad things, like oppression, b) collapses – saying an advocacy is better means saying it's closer to an ideal, c) material circumstances affected by different accounts of violence which means you can't deny normative obligation. | 1/17/22 |
JF - Korsgaard v3Tournament: 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep SV | Judge: Karavadi, Saianurag AdvocacyI affirm, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Appropriation:Merriam Webster No Date Merriam Webster, dictionary, "Definition of APPROPRIATION," no date, Merriam Webster, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appropriation And to appropriate:Merriam Webster No Date Merriam Webster, dictionary, "Definition of APPROPRIATE," no date, Merriam Webster, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appropriate Outer space:Oxford Languages No Date Oxford Languages, dictionary, "outer space," no date, Google, accessed 27 December 2021, pg. 1, https://www.google.com/search?q=define+outer+spaceandrlz=1C1CHBF_enUS909US909andoq=define+outer+spaceandaqs=chrome.0.69i59j0i22i30l6j0i390l3.1588j0j7andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8 FrameworkThe value is justice as per the resolution, defined as giving each their due.Ethics are derived from practical reason instead of a posteriori knowledge.~1~ Is-ought gap – we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. For example, if I witness someone being punched, I can't conclude it's bad just from the knowledge that they are punched; I need prior justification.~2~ Reason is the highest moral authority because a) ability to reason is what defines a moral agent b) trying to find a way to escape reason requires the use of reason, conceding that it is valid.~3~ Epistemology – all arguments appeal to reason; otherwise, they are baseless, so reason is a constraint on evaluating their arguments.~4~ Infinite regress – we can always ask "why should I follow this framework," leading to infinite regress, but asking for a reason for reason concedes its authority. All actions must pass the test of universalizability, which means that an action cannot logically contradict itself.~1~ Law of non-contradiction – 2 + 24 for any reasoner. Acting recognizes the validity of others to take the action, which makes universal maxims a logical side constraint to other frameworks.==== ~2~ Arbitrariness – absent universal ethics, morality is subjective because it relies on individual interpretation of morality instead of concrete rules, making it useless.Thus, the standard is consistency with universal maxims.Prefer additionally:~1~ Performativity – freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without willing ours.~2~ Only my framework applies to justice.Miller 17 David Miller, Professor of Political Theory and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, "Justice," 26 June 2017, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 December 2021, pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/~~#UtilJust ~ST~ ~3~ Predictions fail – policymakers are worse than monkeys.Menand 05 Louis Menand, professor of English at Harvard University, "Everybody's An Expert," 27 November 2005, The New Yorker, accessed 7 September 2021, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/12/05/everybodys-an-expert// FSU SS recut Pre-emptively takes out frameworks based on consequences.Offense~1~ Private entities are bound by the Outer Space Treaty, which bans appropriation.Van Eijk 20 Cristian Van Eijk, BA cum laude in International Justice and an LLM in Public International Law from Leiden University, "Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it's not yours, either," 11 May 2020, Völkerrechtsblog, accessed 27 December 2021, Pg. 1, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/sorry-elon-mars-is-not-a-legal-vacuum-and-its-not-yours-either TDI recut Violating international contracts is non-universalizable.Davis 91 Kevin R. Davis, researcher at East Central University, "Kantian 'Publicity' And Political Justice," October 1991, History of Philosophy Quarterly, accessed 27 December 2021, Pg. 417, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27743995 TDI recut If everyone were to break a promise, the meaning of a promise would be nullified, and promises would therefore be nonexistent.~2~ Intelligible possession cannot be justified – the ability to prevent others' usage of property is intrinsic to appropriation and violates their freedom since empirical possession is sufficient. For clarification, intelligible possession is exclusion of others' usage even absent the current use of the owner, and empirical, or narrow, possession is exclusion only when the owner is using it.Westphal 97 Kenneth R. Westphal, Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco, "Do Kant's Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?," 1997, Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 5, accessed 28 December 2021, Pg. 144-160, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43593592 RE recut ~3~ The rightful condition does not exist in space because the omnilateral will is unable to hinder a hinderance.Rauscher 07 Frederick Rauscher, Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University, "Kant's Social and Political," 24 July 2007, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 28 December 2021, Pg. 1, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-social-political/ ~ST~ Appropriation is unjust without the rightful condition – property is fundamentally social recognition.Williams 77 Howard Williams, Professor of Law and Politics at Cardiff University, "Kant's Concept of Property," 1977, Oxford University Press, accessed 29 December 2021, Pg. 33-34, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2218926 ~ST~ brackets for clarity AdvantageIf they read a consequentialist framework, here's why you should still affirm under their framework:Space exploration is a shared goal – privatization threatens US-Russia relations.CSIS 18 Center for Strategic and International Studies, Policy Think Tank., "Space for Cooperation?," 21 August 2018, CSIS, accessed 4 January 2022, Pg. 1, https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation** TDI Ukraine puts us on the brink of war – private appropriation is the scapegoat.Detsch and Gramer 2/11/22 Jack Detsch, Pentagon and national security reporter at Foreign Policy, and Robbie Gramer, diplomacy and national security reporter at Foreign Policy, "White House Warns Russian Invasion of Ukraine Could be Imminent," 11 February 2022, Foreign Policy, accessed 11 February 2022, Pg. 1, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/11/russia-invasion-ukraine-imminent-white-house/ ~ST~ That causes extinction.Cotton-Barratt 17 Owen Cotton-Barratt, Ph.D. in Pure Mathematics from Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute, "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance," 3 February 2017, Future of Humanity Institute, accessed 4 January 2022, Pg. 7, https://um.fi/documents/35732/48132/existential_risk_diplomacy_and_governance/6dcc5557-0a2d-709d-57a2-7e7784512115?t=1525645980997 TDI | 2/19/22 |
JF - Large SatellitesTournament: Lexington Winter Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Acton-Boxborough AM | Judge: Madaraju, Aditya PlanI affirm: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjustPrivatization is driving uncontrolled satellite internet constellations that profit at the expense of cooperation and sustainability – perpetuates internet inequality.Song and Bloom 20 "Big Tech is leading the new space race. Here's why that's a problem" Steve Song is a Fellow with the Mozilla Foundation where he works to promote policy and regulation that will increase equitable and affordable access to communication in rural and underserved regions of the world. Peter Bloom is a community digital defense activist and the founder and General Coordinator of Rhizomatica, an international non-profit that helps communities build their own communications infrastructure. He is a former Shuttleworth Foundation fellow and was named an Innovator under 35 by MIT Technology Review and appeared on Foreign Policy's 100 Leading Global Thinkers list in 2015. November 14, 2020 https://www.salon.com/2020/11/14/big-tech-is-leading-the-new-space-race-heres-why-thats-a-problem/ SM AND AdvantageSatellite internet constellations accelerate collision risks – more close encounters and less transparency means bad decisions are inevitable.Pultarova 21 "SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says" Tereza Pultarova ~Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency.~, August 18, 2021 https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise SM LEO collisions due to constellations take out ISR and other military assets – debris cascades into different altitudes and triggers Kessler Syndrome.Wong 19 "Congested Outer Space: Increased Deployment of Small Satellite Constellations Could Hamper Military Space Operations" 2019 Arthur Wong ~Strategic Development of Forces Division, SHAPE. Prior to working at SHAPE he has worked at NATO HQ, within the Defence Investment Division on interoperability for NATO's multinational battlegroups.~ https://www.japcc.org/congested-outer-space/ SM Collisions with early warning satellites causes miscalc and goes nuclear – magnified by the Kessler effectBlatt 20 ~Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~ "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ TG Empirics prove it's possible and likely by state and nonstate actors – especially true given private sector cost cutting.Akoto 20 "Hackers could shut down satellites — or turn them into weapons" February 13, 2020 William Akoto ~a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Denver.~ https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Voices/2020/02/13/Hackers-could-shut-down-satellites-or-turn-them-into-weapons/4091581597502/ SM Nuke war causes extinction – Ice Age, famines, and war won't stay limitedEdwards 17 ~Paul N. Edwards, CISAC's William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky. How nuclear war would affect Earth's climate. September 8, 2017. earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards — MMG FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well being. Prefer hedonistic act utilThe meta-ethic is phenomenalism – induction firstSayre-McCord 1 Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Mill's "Proof" Of The Principle of Utility: A More Than Half-Hearted Defense", Social Philosophy and Policy, 2001, accessed: 1 April 2020, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/mills-proof-of-the-principle-of-utility-a-more-than-halfhearted-defense/FDBE07CBE08D4E17523930BF8C7BBC32, R.S. The standard is maximizing expected hedonistic wellbeing. Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don't have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Use epistemic modesty for clash – disincentives debaters going all in for framework meaning we get the ideal balance between normative and applied philosophy3~ Extinction outweighsPummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ brett | 1/15/22 |
JF - Trad LarpTournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 1 | Opponent: Midlothian AC | Judge: Shazar, Aashril FrameworkI affirm Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.The value is Justice, defined as giving each their due, because the only reason to value anything else is because humans value it, which concedes that humans are valuable and deserving.To ensure a just system, we must first ensure the system is all-inclusive and provides equal treatment for all parties involved. Thus, I provide the criterion of Minimizing Structural Oppression.Winter and Leighton 99 (Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5) Prefer my criterion for five reasons:~1~ Combatting structural oppression is a prerequisite to all other theories, as there must be total moral inclusion before a theory can be deemed legitimate – oppression is a necessary condition for an action to be just.~2~ Prioritizing oppressed peoples allows us to focus action on those who need it, as opposed to generally pursuing goods for all.~3~ Ignoring structural oppression in pursuit of abstract theories legitimizes oppression by prioritizing the pursuit of arbitrary moral goods over real world consequences.~4~ Oppression is never permissible, regardless of the consequences, because it is incoherent to exercise your rights by oppressing, whilst simultaneously undermining the rights of the oppressed.~5~ Answers to this framework assume you have a voice in the first place, which is contingent on you not being oppressed. This means my framework is a lexical prerequisite to theirs.~6~ All other forms of violence and suffering are caused by structural violence.Bourgois and Hughes 04 In summary, the burden of the affirmative is to prove that space appropriation are bad on balance or are occasionally oppressive, and the role of the negative is to prove that appropriation are good in every instance, because we should always err on the side of caution.Contention 1: InqualityPrivate appropriation of space amplifies inequality on Earth.Stockwell 20 Samuel Stockwell, 7-20-2020, "Legal 'Black Holes' in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies," E-International Relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/20/legal-black-holes-in-outer-space-the-regulation-of-private-space-companies/ marlborough JH Private control of space inevitably leads to exploitation.Spencer 20 Spencer, Keith A. ~senior editor at Salon~"Against Mars-a-Lago: Why SpaceX's Mars Colonization Plan Should Terrify You." Salon, Salon.com, 7 Jan. 2020, https://www.salon.com/2017/10/08/against-mars-a-lago-why-spacexs-mars-colonization-plan-should-terrify-you/. Contention 2: Space LaunchesThe Private Space Industry is showing enormous increase in launches – that causes pollutants and warming – with massive amounts of chemicals entering the upper atmosphere.Gammon 21 Katharine Gammon 7-19-2021 "How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/19/billionaires-space-tourism-environment-emissions (I'm an award-winning independent science journalist based in Santa Monica, California. My interests range from culture and nature in public lands to the lives of scientists to the complexity of baby brains. Before I became a professional journalist, I served in the Peace Corps in Bulgaria, and attended MIT and Princeton University.)Jia Recut Squo launches are brinking – commercialization overwhelms alt causes and decks the o-layer.Marais 21 Eloise Marais 7-19-2021 "Space tourism: rockets emit 100 times more CO2 per passenger than flights – imagine a whole industry" https://theconversation.com/space-tourism-rockets-emit-100-times-more-co-per-passenger-than-flights-imagine-a-whole-industry-164601 (Associate Professor in Physical Geography, UCL) Jia Recut Climate change disproportionately impacts minority communities, destroying homes, shelters, and stable living conditions. It is the epitome of structural oppression.Carmin Chappell 17 ~Carmin Chappell. . "Climate change in the US will hurt poor people the most, according to a bombshell federal report". 10-5-2017. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/26/climate-change-will-hurt-poor-people-the-most-federal-report.html. Accessed 12-27-2021~Jia Warming also causes mass destruction – things like wildfires, tsunamis, and other natural disasters, with huge promoted shortages of food and water.Kareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Recut Jia Contention 3: Resource WarsThe private sector will facilitate mining in space.Gilbert '21 – Complex systems researcher and a Ph.D. student in space resources at the Colorado School of Mines Space is full of valuable resources that private companies seek for profit – but experts warn resources are what spur most conflictsHart 21 ~Amalyah Hart is a science journalist based in Melbourne, Australia, Published: 11/19/2021, "New laws to prevent space wars?", Cosmos Magazine, https://cosmosmagazine.com/people/society/space-law-to-prevent-space-war/~~ /Triumph Debate Finite resources on moon could lead to conflict - private companies are hoping to extractSmith 20 ~Adam Smith is a science and technology reporter, 11/24/2020, "FIGHT FOR MOON'S LIMITED RESOURCES COULD LEAD TO 'CONFLICT' BETWEEN GOVERNMENTS AND PRIVATE COMPANIES, SCIENTISTS FEAR" Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/moon-government-companies-resources-conflicts-b1761170.html~~ /Triumph Debate | 1/29/22 |
ND - PettitTournament: Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Frenkel, Nathan I affirm, resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.FrameworkEthics must begin from freedom:~1~ Principle of generic consistency – any action requires agents to be free to take action.Gewirth 84 Alan Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, "Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critique and an Alternative," 1 June 1984, Oxford Academic, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 118-119, https://academic.oup.com/ajj/article-abstract/29/1/95/158101?redirectedFrom=fulltext brackets for gender ~2~ Agency is a precondition because ethics require people to be the cause of their action; we would not assign moral responsibility if the ability to act is compromised.~3~ Is-ought gap – ethics are derived from reason because experience only tells us about what is, not what ought to be – you can't derive prescriptive moral obligation from observation.Next, there are two models of freedom. Non-interference asserts that freedom is violated if an agent restricts another's actions, whereas non-domination asserts that freedom is violated if an agent has the unequal power to restrict another's actions.Prefer non-domination:~1~ Non-interference allows for underlying coercion because agents condition themselves to appeal to their dominator.Lovett 06 Frank Lovett, Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at Washington University, "Republicanism," 19 June 2006, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 October 2021, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/~~#ClaRepLib ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ Only non-domination can explain freedom as a power structure instead of a contingent outcome.Pettit 05 Phillip Pettit, Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University "The Domination Complaint," 2005, Nomos, Vol. 46, POLITICAL EXCLUSION AND DOMINATION, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 110-111, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24220143 recut ~ST~ Thus, the standard is consistency with freedom as non-domination.Prefer additionally:~1~ Actor specificity – individuals exist in communities, and communal governance always involves freedom restrictions, meaning only non-domination can weigh and be used by state actors.~2~ Performativity – a) freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without willing ours. b) Debate as an institution is how we interact as a community, and ensuring the community is free of domination ensures everyone's voices are heard and is a prereq to debate. c) Moral conversation concedes the validity of universal moral respect.Benhabib 94 Seyla Benhabib, Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Yale University and Adjunct Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, "In Defense of Universalism. Yet Again! A Response to Critics of Situating the Self," Spring-Summer 1994, New German Critique, accessed 4 November 2021, pg. 174-175, https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/3/949/files/2016/05/In-Defense-of-Universalism.-A-Response-to-Critics-of-Situating-the-Self-24d671a.pdf ~3~ Resource disparities – focus on evidence puts small school debaters without huge files at a disadvantage, but my framework can be won without prep, which means it's theoretically preferable.OffenseThe structure of employment dominates workers.~1~ Labor as an exchangeable commodity is inseparable from the freedom of the worker – strikes reclaim this freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 316, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ The arbitrarily one-sided power dynamic of employment dominates employees.Collins et al. 18 Hugh Collins, Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford, Gillian L. Lester, Dean of the Faculty of Law and Professor of Law at Columbia University, Virginia Mantouvalou, Professor of Human Rights and Labor Law at the University College London, "Does Labor Law Need Philosophical Foundations? (Introduction)," 2018, Oxford University Press, accessed 22 October 2021, Pg. 5-6, https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538andcontext=faculty_scholarship ~ST~ ====Contracts fail because inherent coercion forces contracting.==== ~3~ Uniformity in worker treatment fails to respect individual ends.O'Neill 85 Onora O'Neill, professor of political philosophy and ethics at the University of Cambridge, "Between Consenting Adults," Summer 1985, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vo. 14, No. 3, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 275-276, https://canvas.uw.edu/files/25697343/download?download_frd=1 / ~ST~ That necessitates a right to strike.~4~ Striking resists domination by hindering a hinderance to freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 314-315, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~5~ A right to strike reclaims freedom by framing workers as more than a seller of labor.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 317-318, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~6~ Striking expresses the core elements of freedom.Lim 19 Woojin Lim, Director of Undergraduate Human Rights Working Group at Harvard and Managing Editor of the Harvard Review of Philosophy, "The Right to Strike," 11 December 2019, The Harvard Crimson, accessed 2 November 2021, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/12/11/lim-right-to-strike/ ~ST~ | 1/15/22 |
ND - Pettit v2Tournament: Apple Valley Minneapple Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: Lavender, Lila FrameworkI affirm, resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Ethics must begin from freedom:~1~ Principle of generic consistency – any action requires agents to be free to take action.Gewirth 84 Alan Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, "Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critique and an Alternative," 1 June 1984, Oxford Academic, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 118-119, https://academic.oup.com/ajj/article-abstract/29/1/95/158101?redirectedFrom=fulltext brackets for gender ~2~ Agency is a precondition because ethics require people to be the cause of their action; we would not assign moral responsibility if the ability to act is compromised.~3~ Is-ought gap – ethics are derived from reason because experience only tells us about what is, not what ought to be – you can't derive prescriptive moral obligation from observation.Next, there are two models of freedom. Non-interference asserts that freedom is violated if an agent restricts another's actions, whereas non-domination asserts that freedom is violated if an agent has the unequal power to restrict another's actions.Prefer non-domination:~1~ Non-interference allows for underlying coercion because agents condition themselves to appeal to their dominator.Lovett 06 Frank Lovett, Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at Washington University, "Republicanism," 19 June 2006, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 October 2021, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/~~#ClaRepLib ~ST~ brackets for gender Thus, the standard is consistency with freedom as non-domination.Prefer additionally:~1~ Actor specificity – individuals exist in communities, and communal governance always involves freedom restrictions, meaning only non-domination can weigh and be used by state actors.~2~ Performativity – a) freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without willing ours. b) Debate as an institution is how we interact as a community, and ensuring the community is free of domination ensures everyone's voices are heard and is a prereq to debate. c) Moral conversation concedes the validity of universal moral respect.Benhabib 94 Seyla Benhabib, Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Yale University and Adjunct Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, "In Defense of Universalism. Yet Again! A Response to Critics of Situating the Self," Spring-Summer 1994, New German Critique, accessed 4 November 2021, pg. 174-175, https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/3/949/files/2016/05/In-Defense-of-Universalism.-A-Response-to-Critics-of-Situating-the-Self-24d671a.pdf ~3~ Resource disparities – focus on evidence and statistics puts small school debaters without huge files at a disadvantage, but my framework can be won without prep, which means it's theoretically preferable.~4~ Domination explains oppression – civic republican institutions prevent domination from all sources. Exploitative capitalism, patriarchy, antiblackness, etc. are forms of subjugation that our framework seeks to eliminate.Marti 13 Jose Luis Marti, Associate Professor of Law at Pompeu Fabra University of Barcelona, "Civic Republicanism: a North Star for hard times ," 16 January 2013, openDemocracy, accessed 4 November 2021, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/civic-republicanism-north-star-for-hard-times/ OffenseThe structure of employment dominates workers.~1~ Labor as an exchangeable commodity is inseparable from the freedom of the worker – strikes reclaim this freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 316, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ The arbitrarily one-sided power dynamic of employment dominates employees.Collins et al. 18 Hugh Collins, Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford, Gillian L. Lester, Dean of the Faculty of Law and Professor of Law at Columbia University, Virginia Mantouvalou, Professor of Human Rights and Labor Law at the University College London, "Does Labor Law Need Philosophical Foundations? (Introduction)," 2018, Oxford University Press, accessed 22 October 2021, Pg. 5-6, https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538andcontext=faculty_scholarship ~ST~ That necessitates a right to strike.~3~ Striking resists domination by hindering a hinderance to freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 314-315, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~4~ A right to strike reclaims freedom by framing workers as more than a seller of labor.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 317-318, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~5~ Striking expresses the core elements of freedom.Lim 19 Woojin Lim, Director of Undergraduate Human Rights Working Group at Harvard and Managing Editor of the Harvard Review of Philosophy, "The Right to Strike," 11 December 2019, The Harvard Crimson, accessed 2 November 2021, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/12/11/lim-right-to-strike/ ~ST~ | 11/6/21 |
ND - Pettit v3Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Montville TV | Judge: Dennis Nahl, William FrameworkEthics must first begin from freedom, defined as the ability to set and pursue ends. This is for 2 reasons:~1~ Agents must accept the importance of freedom because any action requires them to be free to take the action.Gewirth 84 Alan Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, "Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critique and an Alternative," 1 June 1984, Oxford Academic, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 118-119, https://academic.oup.com/ajj/article-abstract/29/1/95/158101?redirectedFrom=fulltext brackets for gender ~2~ Freedom is necessary for the conception of ethics because they require people to have control over their actions; we would not assign moral responsibility if the ability to set and pursue ends is compromised.Next, there are two models of freedom. The traditional non-interference model asserts that freedom is violated if one person does actually restrict another's ability to act. Prefer the non-domination model, which asserts that freedom is violated if one person can restrict another's ability to act. For example, even if a slave is not commanded to work on a given day, we would not call them a free agent because they are still vulnerable to such command.~1~ The non-interference model is inadequate for true freedom because agents condition their actions to appeal to their dominator.Lovett 06 Frank Lovett, Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at Washington University, "Republicanism," 19 June 2006, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 October 2021, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/~~#ClaRepLib ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ Freedom is based on the status of people as free agents, not their ability to defend themselves if their freedom were attempted to be interfered with.Pettit 05 Phillip Pettit, Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University "The Domination Complaint," 2005, Nomos, Vol. 46, POLITICAL EXCLUSION AND DOMINATION, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 110-111, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24220143 recut ~ST~ Thus, the standard is consistency with freedom as non-domination.To clarify, here is how our framework evaluates offense. We consider whether the intrinsic nature of a given action aids in the balance of social relationships in which one party has an unequal amount of control over another party. Consequences are irrelevant because we can only be responsible for what is contained within our original action, not the chain of events that occur after it. An example of "intrinsic nature" is that deceit is intrinsic to theft – we then consider whether or not this complies with the framework of non-domination.OffenseThe structure of employment dominates workers.~1~ Labor as an exchangeable commodity is inseparable from the freedom of the worker – strikes reclaim this freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 316, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ The arbitrarily one-sided power dynamic of employment dominates employees.Collins et al. 18 Hugh Collins, Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford, Gillian L. Lester, Dean of the Faculty of Law and Professor of Law at Columbia University, Virginia Mantouvalou, Professor of Human Rights and Labor Law at the University College London, "Does Labor Law Need Philosophical Foundations? (Introduction)," 2018, Oxford University Press, accessed 22 October 2021, Pg. 5-6, https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538andcontext=faculty_scholarship ~ST~ ====Contracts fail because inherent coercion forces contracting.==== ~3~ Uniformity in worker treatment fails to respect individual ends.O'Neill 85 Onora O'Neill, professor of political philosophy and ethics at the University of Cambridge, "Between Consenting Adults," Summer 1985, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vo. 14, No. 3, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 275-276, https://canvas.uw.edu/files/25697343/download?download_frd=1 / ~ST~ That necessitates a right to strike:~4~ Striking resists domination by hindering a hinderance to freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 314-315, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~5~ A right to strike reclaims freedom by framing workers as more than a seller of labor.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 317-318, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~6~ Striking expresses the core elements of freedom.Lim 19 Woojin Lim, Director of Undergraduate Human Rights Working Group at Harvard and Managing Editor of the Harvard Review of Philosophy, "The Right to Strike," 11 December 2019, The Harvard Crimson, accessed 2 November 2021, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/12/11/lim-right-to-strike/ ~ST~ | 12/4/21 |
ND - Pettit v4Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Brown, Grant FrameworkEthics must begin from freedom:~1~ Principle of generic consistency – any action requires agents to be free to take action.Gewirth 84 Alan Gewirth, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, "Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critique and an Alternative," 1 June 1984, Oxford Academic, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 118-119, https://academic.oup.com/ajj/article-abstract/29/1/95/158101?redirectedFrom=fulltext brackets for gender ~2~ Agency is a precondition because ethics require people to be the cause of their action; we would not assign moral responsibility if the ability to act is compromised.Next, there are two models of freedom. Non-interference asserts that freedom is violated if an agent restricts another's actions, whereas non-domination asserts that freedom is violated if an agent has the unequal power to restrict another's actions.Prefer non-domination:~1~ Non-interference allows for underlying coercion because agents condition themselves to appeal to their dominator.Lovett 06 Frank Lovett, Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at Washington University, "Republicanism," 19 June 2006, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 26 October 2021, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/~~#ClaRepLib ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ Only non-domination can explain freedom as a power structure instead of a contingent outcome.Pettit 05 Phillip Pettit, Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University "The Domination Complaint," 2005, Nomos, Vol. 46, POLITICAL EXCLUSION AND DOMINATION, accessed 3 November 2021, pg. 110-111, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24220143 recut ~ST~ Thus, the standard is consistency with freedom as non-domination.Prefer additionally:~1~ Actor specificity – individuals exist in communities, and communal governance always involves freedom restrictions, meaning only non-domination can weigh and be used by state actors.~2~ Performativity – a) freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without willing ours. b) Debate as an institution is how we interact as a community, and ensuring the community is free of domination ensures everyone's voices are heard and is a prereq to debate.~3~ Resource disparities – focus on evidence puts small school debaters without huge files at a disadvantage, but my framework can be won without prep, which means it's theoretically preferable.~4~ Domination explains oppression – civic republican institutions prevent domination from all sources. Exploitative capitalism, patriarchy, antiblackness, etc. are forms of subjugation that our framework seeks to eliminate.Marti 13 Jose Luis Marti, Associate Professor of Law at Pompeu Fabra University of Barcelona, "Civic Republicanism: a North Star for hard times ," 16 January 2013, openDemocracy, accessed 4 November 2021, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/civic-republicanism-north-star-for-hard-times/ OffenseThe structure of employment dominates workers.~1~ Labor as an exchangeable commodity is inseparable from the freedom of the worker – strikes reclaim this freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 316, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ brackets for gender ~2~ The arbitrarily one-sided power dynamic of employment dominates employees.Collins et al. 18 Hugh Collins, Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford, Gillian L. Lester, Dean of the Faculty of Law and Professor of Law at Columbia University, Virginia Mantouvalou, Professor of Human Rights and Labor Law at the University College London, "Does Labor Law Need Philosophical Foundations? (Introduction)," 2018, Oxford University Press, accessed 22 October 2021, Pg. 5-6, https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538andcontext=faculty_scholarship ~ST~ That necessitates a right to strike:~4~ Striking resists domination by hindering a hinderance to freedom.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 314-315, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~5~ A right to strike reclaims freedom by framing workers as more than a seller of labor.Gourevitch 16 Alex Gourevitch, assistant professor of political science at Brown University, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike," 2016, American Political Science Association, accessed 20 October 2021, Pg. 317-318, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/quitting-work-but-not-the-job-liberty-and-the-right-to-strike/27B690FEDDBCF002FB20FB50E852D6A3 ~ST~ ~6~ Striking expresses the core elements of freedom.Lim 19 Woojin Lim, Director of Undergraduate Human Rights Working Group at Harvard and Managing Editor of the Harvard Review of Philosophy, "The Right to Strike," 11 December 2019, The Harvard Crimson, accessed 2 November 2021, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/12/11/lim-right-to-strike/ ~ST~ | 12/4/21 |
SO - KorsgaardTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SB | Judge: Liyanage, Nethmin FrameworkThe metaethic is non-naturalism, that moral facts are derived from abstraction instead of experience.~1~ Is-ought gap – we only perceive what is, not what ought to be. It's impossible to derive prescriptive obligation from descriptive premises.~2~ Uncertainty – a posteriori ethics is subject to uncertainty. We could be dreaming, hallucinating, or being deceived by an evil demon. Infinitely outweighs because it would be escapable and therefore pointless.Next, ethics must begin with practical reason.~1~ Action theory – action is infinitely divisible. For example, the action of brewing tea could be broken into many small actions. The actions can't be moral or immoral since it would be infinitely divisible, but intention to brew tea unifies action.~2~ Bindingness – experience is subjective; only practical reason unifies and creates a moral theory.~3~ Epistemology – all arguments appeal to reason; otherwise, they are baseless, so reason is a constraint on evaluating their arguments.~4~ Infinite regress – we can always ask "why should I follow this framework," leading to infinite regress, but asking for a reason for reason concedes its authority. Only self-justified frameworks are epistemically sound.That entails universal maxims.~1~ Arbitrariness – absent universal ethics, morality is arbitrary and can't guide action, making it useless.~2~ Non-contradiction – there is no world in which p and ~p are both true. Acting recognizes the validity of others to take the action, which makes universal maxims a logical side constraint to other frameworks.~3~ Reason implies universalizability.Korsgaard 85 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, "Kant's Formula of Universal Law," 1985, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66, no. 1-2: 24-47, accessed 6 September 2021, pg. 1, https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3201869/Korsgaard_KantForumulaUniversalLaw.pdf?sequence=2andisAllowed=y ACCS JM recut Thus, the standard is consistency with universal maxims.Prefer additionally:~1~ Performativity – freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without willing ours.~2~ Other frameworks collapse – they contain conditional obligations which derive authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 96 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, introduction to "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," 1996, Cambridge University Press, accessed 6 September 2021 pg. xvii-xviii, https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/blog.nus.edu.sg/dist/c/1868/files/2012/12/Kant-Groundwork-ng0pby.pdf AG recut ~3~ Resource disparities – focus on evidence and statistics puts small school debaters without huge files at a disadvantage, but my framework can be won without prep, which means it's theoretically preferable.~4~ Universalization unites the abstract with the concrete—that's key to challenging oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr, professor of philosophy at the University of Kentucky, "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" Spring 2002, JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, accessed 12 September 2021, pg. 17–32, sci-hub.se/10.1111/1467-9833.00121 ~5~ Prefer ideal theory: a) normative justification required because unjustified assumptions cause bad things, like oppression, b) collapses – saying an advocacy is better means saying it's closer to an ideal, c) material circumstances affected by different accounts of violence, d) arguing non-ideal is better requires an ideal theory of what theories should be.~6~ Consequences fail – a) we don't know if an action is bad until after it happens, meaning obligations can't be formed, b) every consequence causes another consequence – when do we evaluate "the consequence?" c) induction fails – we know induction works because it has in the past – that relies on induction and is therefore circular, d) assumes causation, which is an a priori concept, and e) if you're responsible for things other than intention, ethics aren't binding because there are infinite events over which you have no control.Offense~1~ Property rights are only coherent because of the principle of rivalryRauscher 07 Frederick Rauscher, professor of philosophy at Michigan State University, "Kant's Social and Political Philosophy," 24 July 2007, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 2 September 2021, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-social-political/ ~ST~ Rivalry doesn't apply to IP – it can be used by many agents simultaneously. That makes IP protections unjust.Westphal 97 Kenneth R. Westphal, Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, Ph.D. in Philosophy from Wisco, "Do Kant's Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" 1997, Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5, accessed 5 September 2021, pg. 189-190, sci-hub.se/10.2307/43593592 RE recut ~2~ Medicine is a discovery because it's about truth statements.Rhodes 19 Rosamond Rhodes, professor of medical education at Mount Sinai University, "The ethical concept of medicine as a profession discovery or invention?," December 2019, Journal of Medical Ethics, accessed 24 August 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/45/12/786.full/ ~ST~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over natural truth and impede individual's abilities to pursue ends.Long 95 Roderick T. Long, professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society, "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Autumn 1995, Free Nation Foundation, accessed 5 September 2021, http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html JL recut ~3~ Intellectual property protections in the squo violate physical property rights.Krawisz 09 Daniel Krawisz, director of research at Satoshi Nakamoto Institute, "The Fallacy of Intellectual Property," 25 August 2000, Mises Institute, accessed 16 September 2021, https://mises.org/library/fallacy-intellectual-property** That affirms – even if IP is legit, it's strictly theoretical and has no jurisdiction over its physical manifestations.~4~ Current medicine patents violate patients' ability to pursue freedom from death.Merges 11 Robert P. Merges, professor of law and technology at the University of California, "Justifying Intellectual Property," 13 June 2011, Harvard University Press, accessed 6 September 2021, pg. 275-277, https://in.booksc.me/book/52982150/a95147 SJEP recut | 9/18/21 |
SO - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Nona BJ | Judge: Colicchio, Maria FrameworkThe metaethic is non-naturalism – ethics begin a priori from our ability to reason.~1~ Is-ought gap – we only perceive what is, not what ought to be. It's impossible to derive prescriptive obligation from descriptive premises.~2~ Uncertainty – a posteriori ethics is subject to uncertainty. We could be dreaming, hallucinating, or being deceived by an evil demon. Infinitely outweighs because it would be escapable and therefore pointless.~3~ Bindingness – experience is subjective; only practical reason unifies and creates a moral theory.~4~ Infinite regress – we can always ask "why should I follow this framework," leading to infinite regress, but asking for a reason for reason concedes its authority. Only self-justified frameworks are epistemically sound.That entails universal maxims.~1~ Non-contradiction – there is no world in which p and ~p are both true. Acting recognizes the validity of others to take the action, which makes universal maxims a logical side constraint to other frameworks.~2~ Reason implies universalizability.Korsgaard 85 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, "Kant's Formula of Universal Law," 1985, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66, no. 1-2: 24-47, accessed 6 September 2021, pg. 1, https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3201869/Korsgaard_KantForumulaUniversalLaw.pdf?sequence=2andisAllowed=y ACCS JM recut Thus, the standard is consistency with universal maxims.Prefer additionally:~1~ Performativity – freedom is key to argumentation. Abiding by their ethical theory presupposes we own ourselves, making it incoherent to justify a standard without willing ours.~2~ Other frameworks collapse – they contain conditional obligations which derive authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 96 Christine M. Korsgaard, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, introduction to "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," 1996, Cambridge University Press, accessed 6 September 2021 pg. xvii-xviii, https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/blog.nus.edu.sg/dist/c/1868/files/2012/12/Kant-Groundwork-ng0pby.pdf AG recut ~3~ Resource disparities – focus on evidence and statistics puts small school debaters without huge files at a disadvantage, but my framework can be won without prep, which means it's theoretically preferable.Offense~1~ Property rights are only coherent because of the principle of rivalryRauscher 07 Frederick Rauscher, professor of philosophy at Michigan State University, "Kant's Social and Political Philosophy," 24 July 2007, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed 2 September 2021, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-social-political/ ~ST~ Rivalry doesn't apply to IP – it can be used by many agents simultaneously. That makes IP protections unjust.Westphal 97 Kenneth R. Westphal, Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, Ph.D. in Philosophy from Wisco, "Do Kant's Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" 1997, Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5, accessed 5 September 2021, pg. 189-190, sci-hub.se/10.2307/43593592 RE recut ~2~ Medicine is a discovery because it's about truth statements.Rhodes 19 Rosamond Rhodes, professor of medical education at Mount Sinai University, "The ethical concept of medicine as a profession discovery or invention?," December 2019, Journal of Medical Ethics, accessed 24 August 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/45/12/786.full/ ~ST~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over natural truth and impede individual's abilities to pursue ends.Long 95 Roderick T. Long, professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society, "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Autumn 1995, Free Nation Foundation, accessed 5 September 2021, http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html JL recut ~3~ Intellectual property protections in the squo violate physical property rights.Krawisz 09 Daniel Krawisz, director of research at Satoshi Nakamoto Institute, "The Fallacy of Intellectual Property," 25 August 2000, Mises Institute, accessed 16 September 2021, https://mises.org/library/fallacy-intellectual-property** That affirms – even if IP is legit, it's strictly theoretical and has no jurisdiction over its physical manifestations.~4~ Current medicine patents violate patients' ability to pursue freedom from death.Merges 11 Robert P. Merges, professor of law and technology at the University of California, "Justifying Intellectual Property," 13 June 2011, Harvard University Press, accessed 6 September 2021, pg. 275-277, https://in.booksc.me/book/52982150/a95147 SJEP recut | 9/18/21 |
SO - Korsgaard v3Tournament: New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westridge TW | Judge: Gonzaba, Brixz FrameworkFirst, ethics begin from a priori concepts derived from practical reason. | 10/15/21 |
SO - Trad LarpTournament: New York City Invitational Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Isodore Newman SW | Judge: Orlowski, Susan FrameworkI value morality because the word "ought" implies a moral obligation.The value criterion is maximizing well-being, also known as utilitarianism. Prefer this for 3 reasons:~1~ No policy action is perfect in all respects, which makes maximizing the universal good of pleasure the only way to resolve tradeoffs between different people.~2~ Utilitarianism is uniquely good in the context of government action since they are only able to use generalities.Goodin 90 Goodin, Robert, fellow in philosophy, Australian National Defense University, THE UTILITARIAN RESPONSE, 1990, p. 141-2 http://open-evidence.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/files/Morality_Starter_Pack___SDI_2012.docx ~3~ Decision-making always takes place with positive endpoints as the focal consideration. For example, when I make arguments, it is because I believe doing so will allow me to achieve the endpoint of winning the round, meaning good consequences are intrinsic to taking action.Thus, prefer utilitarianism as the criterion.OffenseC1: VaccinesThe COVID-19 pandemic has devastated people across the globe, and increasing manufacturing capacity for vaccines is critical for the current pandemic as well as ensuring preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21 Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." 2021, accessed 8 October 2021 https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett Decreasing IP protections for vaccines will save lives.Krishtel 21 Priti Krishtel, health justice lawyer and co-founder of I-MAK, "Suspend intellectual property rights for covid-19 vaccines," 28 May 2021, BMJ, accessed 8 October 2021, https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1344 ~ST~ COVID has brought and will bring significant harms to everyone around the world without the aff.Lindsey 21 Brink Lindsey, Vice President and Director of the Open Society Project at the Niskanen Center, "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. Accessed 15 October 2021 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/ TDI The severity of the pandemic also causes decades-long increases of extreme poverty.Kharas and Dooley 21 Homi Kharas, fellow in the Center for Sustainable Development at Brookings Institute, Meagan Dooley, senior research analyst in the Center for Sustainable Development at Brookings Institute, "Long-run impacts of COVID-19 on extreme poverty," 2 June 2021, Brookings, accessed 15 October 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2021/06/02/long-run-impacts-of-covid-19-on-extreme-poverty/ ~ST~ C2: InsulinInsulin patents severely restrict lifesaving medication.Belluz 19 Julia Belluz, MIT science journalism fellow, senior health correspondent at Vox, "The absurdly high cost of insulin, explained," 3 April 2019, Vox, accessed 8 October 2021, https://www.vox.com/2019/4/3/18293950/why-is-insulin-so-expensive ~ST~ Generic insulin would not only provide a cheaper option, but also drastically increase overall affordability.Aitken 16 Murray Aitken, executive of the IQVIA Institute for Human Data Science and visiting professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science, "Price Declines after Branded Medicines Lose Exclusivity in the U.S.," January 2016, IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, accessed 9 October 2021, pg. 2, https://www.iqvia.com/-/media/iqvia/pdfs/institute-reports/price-declines-after-branded-medicines-lose-exclusivity-in-the-us.pdf ~ST~ This has a large impact because there has been a disproportional surge in deaths from diabetes.Terhune et al 21 Chad Terhune, Robin Respaut, Deborah J. Nelson, "Special Report-How the pandemic laid bare America's diabetes crisis", Reuters, 12 August 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diabetes-covid-specialreport/special-report-how-the-pandemic-laid-bare-americas-diabetes-crisis-idUSKBN2FD13Q, accessed: 9 September 2021.~ Lex VM That means the removal of patents would introduce generic insulin to the market, providing much-needed affordability to insulin patients.C3: Bioterrorism====Bioterrorism is an increasingly likely form of attack in which terrorists create biological weapons to use against civilian populations. Terrorists are becoming increasingly interested in manufacturing bioweapons due to the immense consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.==== ====Current patent law acts as a barrier to creating countermeasures against bioterrorist attacks and must therefore be reduced to save lives during sudden attack.==== C4: Innovation====Medical innovation is needed for a high quality of life, especially during the current pandemic.==== ====However, the current patent system is proven to decrease innovation for much-needed medicines.==== Because patents prevent true innovation by taking over rights on old medicines, people are negatively harmed by the unavailability of new medicines.C5: Developing CountriesWe debate from a Western point of view, which ignores the needs of everyone else. The patent system results in disease and suffering for half the entire world population.Gold et al. 10 E. Richard Gold, Director at the Centre for Intellectual Property Policy, Professor of Human Genetics McGill University, "Are Patents Impeding Medical Care and Innovation?," 5 January 2010, National Center for Biotechnology Information, accessed 11 October 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795161/ ~ST~ | 10/16/21 |
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1/29/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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1/29/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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1/29/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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11/20/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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11/21/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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11/21/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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11/22/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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1/15/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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1/15/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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1/16/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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1/17/22 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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10/15/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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10/16/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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10/16/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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12/4/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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12/4/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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12/10/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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9/18/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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9/18/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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9/19/21 | 24tengs@millburnorg |
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