| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Apple Valley | 5 | Millburn AX | Grant Brown |
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| Apple Valley | 2 | Lakeville North KN | Kenan Anderson |
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| Badgerland | 1 | West Des Moines Valley RT | Rafael Li |
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| Dowling | 3 | West Des Moines Valley CK | Sam Anderson |
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| Dowling | 1 | Iowa City West NW | Azza Elhaj |
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| Dowling | 5 | Solebury LN | Garrett Bishop |
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| Loyola | 4 | Peninsula AB | Sohum Tiwary |
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| Millard South | 2 | Lincoln East EB | Zach Wallenburg |
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| Millard West | 1 | Lincoln North Star AU | Emily Marvin |
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| Millard West | 5 | Lincoln East BH | Christine Fong |
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| Myers Park | 3 | Ardrey Kell RG | Eileen Liu |
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| Myers Park | 2 | Asheville HW | Ganesh Santhanam |
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| Valley | 3 | Bishops SR | Dylan Jones |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Dowling | 3 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley CK | Judge: Sam Anderson AC - Self Ownership |
| Dowling | 1 | Opponent: Iowa City West NW | Judge: Azza Elhaj AC - Truth testing Libertarianism Can't Contest Aff Contentions Shell |
| Dowling | 5 | Opponent: Solebury LN | Judge: Garrett Bishop AC - Cap |
| Myers Park | 3 | Opponent: Ardrey Kell RG | Judge: Eileen Liu AC - Space Exploration Adv Plutocracy Adv |
| Myers Park | 2 | Opponent: Asheville HW | Judge: Ganesh Santhanam AC - Inequality Monopolisation |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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1 - Theory - DisclosureTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeville North KN | Judge: Kenan Anderson Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive speech docs open source with highlighting on the NDCA LD wiki within an hour after debating.Violation – ~screen shots included~Debate resource inequities—you'll say people will steal cards, but that's good—it's the only way to truly level the playing field for students such as novices in under-privileged programs.Evidence ethics – open source is the only way to verify before round that cards aren't miscut – otherwise you could have highlighted unethically. That's a voter – maintaining ethical ev practices is key to being good academics and we should be able to verify you didn't cheatFairness is a voter – its constitutive of any competitive activity based on skills, wins, and losses – unfair practices skew the judge's ability to determine the better debaterDrop the debater to set a norm – if you lose you'll open source from now onCompeting interps – reasonability is arbitrary and begs the question of what's reasonable requiring judge interventionNo neg rvi – otherwise the 6 minute 2nr can collapse to a short shell and get away with infinite 1nc abuse via sheer brute force and time spent on theory | 11/14/21 |
3 - FW - HobbesTournament: Millard South | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lincoln East EB | Judge: Zach Wallenburg 1 - FWThe meta-ethic is Constructivism: Universal moral truths don't exist, instead, they're simply categories of language created by us.Parrish (Rick Parrish. "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract." Theory and Event 7, no.4 (2005)https://muse.jhu.edu/)Perhaps the single most telling quote from Hobbes on this point comes from The Philosophical Rudiments Concerning Government and Society(usually known by its Latin name, De Cive), in which he states that "to know truth, is the same thing as to remember that it was made by ourselves by the very usurpation of the words." 24 "For Hobbes truth is a function of logic and language, not of the relation between language and some extralinguistic reality,"25 so the "connections between names and objects are not natural."26 They are artificially constructed by persons, based on individual psychologies and desires. These individual desires are for Hobbes the only measure of good and bad, because value terms "are ever used with relation to the person that useth them, there being nothing simply and absolutely so, nor any common rule of good and evil to betaken from the nature of the objects themselves." 27 Since "there are no authentical doctrines concerning right and wrong, good and evil," 28 these labels are placed upon things by humans in acts of creation rather than discovered as extrinsic facts. Elaborating on this, Hobbes writes that "the nature, disposition, and interest of the speaker, such as are the names of virtues and vices; for one man calleth wisdom, what another calleth fear; and one cruelty what another justice." 29 A more simplistic understanding of the brutality of the state of nature, which David Gauthier calls the "simple rationality account," 30 has it that mere materialistic competition for goods is the cause of the war of all against all, but such rivalry is a secondary manifestation of the more fundamental competition among all persons to be the dominant creator of meaning. Certainly, Hobbes writes that persons most frequently "desire to hurt each other "because "many men at the same time have an appetite to the same thing; which yet very often they can neither enjoy in common, nor yet divide it; whence it follows that the strongest must have it, and who is strongest must be decided by the sword." 31 But this competition for goods only arises as the result of the more primary struggle that is inherent in the nature of persons of meaning creators. In the state of nature, "where every man is his own judge," 32 persons will" mete good and evil by diverse measures ,"creating labels for things as they see fit, based on individual appetites.17. One of the most significant objects that receives diverse labels in the state of nature is 'threat'. Even if most people happen to construe threat similarly, there will be serious disagreement regarding whether or not a specific situation fits a commonly held definition. This is of co—-urse the key to the famous Security Dilemma that international relations theorists spend so much time trying toovercome34—certain perfectly innocent actions by one person (or state) can easily be construed, and rationally must be construed, as a threat. Furthermore, any attempt by one person to allay another's fears about the threatening nature of actions must be taken as strategic disinformation, rather than as genuine explanation. Even if "I agree with you in principle about your right to preserve yourself," this agreement is useless "if I disagree about whether this is the moment for you to implement that right." 35Given that persons "are individual in experience, they are individual in their conceptions and in their speech. Their power of reasoning with words . . . dissociates them and provokes violent competition" 36 specifically because concepts that seem simple invoke very different interpretations. If there were some universally objective and knowable set of circumstances that constituted Threat as such, the rationally self-interested persons of the state of nature would not have to seek control over all things for their own protection. All persons could both avoid actions that would be defined as threat and shed the overbearing suspicion that, taken together, make the Hobbesian state of nature so unbearably brutish. We are all restricted by our experiences; Thought/reason is finite and it is impossible to ever be truly objective.Mitchell 93' ("Hobbes and the Equality of All under the One", Joshua Mitchell, February 1993, https://www.jstor.org/stable/191853) Competition in the state of nature to create meaning causes violence (and makes it impossible to generate moral claims).Parrish 05' Rick Parrish, 2005 "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract" Theory and Event 7:4 To escape the state of nature, people unite to imbue a sovereign with absolute authority to define ethics and enforce them at will. The sovereign is the only binding ethical force–Absent the sovereign, ethics fail, since everyone has competing conceptions of the good.Parrish 2(Rick Parrish. "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract." Theory and Event 7,no. 4 (2005)https://muse.jhu.edu/)All of the foregoing points to the conclusion that in the commonwealththe sovereign'sfirstand most fundamentaljob is to be the ultimate definer.Several other commentators have also reached this conclusion. By way of elaborating upon theimportance of the moderation of individuality in Hobbes' theory of government, Richard Flathman claims thatpeace"is possibleonly iftheambiguityand disagreement that pervade general thinking and actingare eliminated bythe stipulationsof asovereign.Pursuant to debunking the perennial misinterpretation of Hobbes' mention of people as wolves, PaulJohnson arguesthat "one oftheprimaryfunctionsof the sovereign is to providethe necessaryunity ofmeaningand reference for the primary termsin which men try to conduct their social lives." 58 "The whole raison d'être of sovereignhelmsmanship lies squarely in the chronic defusing of interpretive clashes," 59 without which humans would "fly off in all directions" 60 and fallinevitably into the violence of the natural condition.26. It is not surprising that so many noted students of Hobbes have reached thisconclusion, given how prominently he himself makes this claim. According to Hobbes, "in the state of nature, where every man is his ownjudge, and differeth from others concerning the names and appellations of things, and from those differences arise quarrels and breach ofpeace, it was necessary there shouldbe a common measure of all things, that might fall in controversy." 61 The main categories of thesovereign's tasks are "to make and abrogate laws, to determine war and peace, ~and~ to know and judge of all controversies,"62 but each ofthese duties is asubspecies of its ultimate duty to be the sole and ultimate definer in matters of public importance.It isonlythroughthesovereign'seffective continuedaccomplishmentof this dutythatthepeopleof acommonwealthavoid thedefinitionalproblems thattypifythestate of nature.27. Judging controversies, which Hobbeslists as the third main task of the sovereign, is the duty most obviously about being the ultimate definer. In fact, Hobbes declares it a law ofnature that "ineverycontroversy,thepartiesthereto oughtmutuallytoagree uponanarbitrator,whom they both trust; and mutually to covenant to stand to the sentence he shall give therein." 63 As I repeatedly alluded toabove, thisagreement to abide bythe decision of a third party arbitrator, asovereignin the commonwealth,isnecessary because ofthe fundamentally perspectival andrelative nature ofpersons' imputations ofmeaningand value into the situations they construct. Hobbes understands thisproblem, as evidenced by his claim that "seeing rightreason is not existent, the reason ofsome man or men must supply the place thereof; and that man or men, is he or they, thathave thesovereign power" 64 to dictate meanings that will be followed by all. The sovereign is even protected from potential democratic impulses, bywhich a 'true' meaning would be that agreed upon by the greatest number of people. Because "no one man's reason, nor the reason of any onenumber of men, makes the certainty," they willstill "come to blows . . . for want of a right reason constituted by nature" 65 unless both themajority and the minority agree to abide by the meanings promulgated by the sovereign. 28. These meanings are usually createdandpromulgated by the sovereignin the form of laws, another of the tasks with which 7/29/13 RickParrish | Derrida's Economyof Violence inHobbes' Social Contract | Theoryand Event 7:4https:muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v007/7.4parrish.html13/42 Hobbes charges it. In one of his clearest explanations of the law, Hobbes writes that "it belongs to the same chief power to make some common rules for all men, and to declare them publicly, by which every man may know what may be called his, what another's, what just, what unjust, what honest, what dishonest, what good, what evil; that is summarily, what is to be done, what to be avoided in our common course of life." 66The civil law is the set of the sovereign's definitions for ownership, justice, good, evil, and all other concepts that are important for the maintenance of peace in the commonwealth. When everyone follows the law(that is, when everyone follows the sovereign's definitions) there are far fewer conflicts among persons because everyone appeals to the same meanings. This means that people know what meanings others will use to evaluate the actions of themselves and others, so the state of nature's security dilemmas and attempts to force one's own meanings upon others are overcome The standard is inescapable – when one sovereign is removed each individual becomes their own sovereign and attempts to subsume others until one comes above the rest.Parrish 06, Rick, "Violence Inevitable: The Play of Force and Respect in Derrida, Nietzsche, Hobbes, and Berlin," 2006. NK. | 11/20/21 |
3 - FW - UtilTournament: Badgerland | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RT | Judge: Rafael Li FWThe standard is maximizing expected well being.1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic values and disvalues.Blum et al. 18 2~ Governments/states have to prefer utilitarianism, as we cannot look into the lives of every single person in order to determine an action to make, especially on the scale of a nation.Goodin 95 (Robert, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63) 3~ Bureaucrats aren't philosophers – policymakers do not have experience with dense frameworks so they don't understand how to apply them to specific instances but they do understand that pain is bad and pleasure is good because it's intrinsic to existing.4~ Extinction outweighs and comes firstPummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT 5~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they're the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can't deductively determine why.6~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can't act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it's a side constraint since we can't reach the end goal of ethics without life7~ Other frameworks collapse to util because they attempt to achieve things or maximize things in society in order to produce more wellbeing. | 11/14/21 |
3 - FW - Util v2Tournament: Millard West | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lincoln North Star AU | Judge: Emily Marvin FW – UtilPleasure and pain are intrinsic values and disvalues.Blum et al. 18 Extinction outweighs and comes first.Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT Governments are forced to use util and can only understand generalities.Goodin 95 (Robert, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63) Thus the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing – or utilitarianism. | 12/4/21 |
3 - FW - Util v3Tournament: Millard West | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lincoln East BH | Judge: Christine Fong FW - UtilThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing, or utilitarianism.Pleasure and pain are intrinsic values and disvalues.Blum et al. 18 Extinction outweighs and comes first.Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT Governments are forced to use util and can only understand generalities.Goodin 95 (Robert, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63) Bureaucrats aren't philosophers – policymakers aren't able to understand and apply dense frameworks and they only understand that pleasure is good and pain is bad since it's intrinsic to existing.Ethical policymaking requires analysis of consequences.Fettweis 13 – Professor of IR @ Tulane | 12/4/21 |
3 - FW - Util v4Tournament: Myers Park | Round: 2 | Opponent: Asheville HW | Judge: Ganesh Santhanam FrameworkI negate the resolutionThe value for this round is morality, defined as the principles and differentiation concerning what is right and wrong. All other values collapse into it as they all require a sense of morality as a prerequisite.The criterion for this round is maximizing expected wellbeing.Prefer it for the following reasons:Extinction outweighs and comes first.Pummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ 3~ Governments are forced to use util and as they can only understand generalities.Goodin 95 (Robert, philsopher at the Research School of the Social Sciences, Utilitarianism as Public Philosophy. P. 62-63) | 1/8/22 |
JANFEB - DA - DeterrenceTournament: Myers Park | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ardrey Kell RG | Judge: Eileen Liu 2Space Commercialization is key to Space Deterrence – Commercial Flexibility is key to deterrence by denial.Klein 19, John J. Understanding space strategy: the art of war in space. Routledge, 2019. (a Senior Fellow and Strategist at Falcon Research, Inc. and Adjunct Professor at George Washington University's Space Policy Institute) Space Deterrence Breakdowns causes War and Extinction.Parker 17 Clifton Parker 1-24-2017 "Deterrence in space key to U.S. security" https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/news/deterrence-space-key-us-security (Policy Analyst at the Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation) | 1/8/22 |
JANFEB - DA - IndiaTournament: Myers Park | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ardrey Kell RG | Judge: Eileen Liu 1Private sector development is happening now and is necessary to scale up and lock in India's status as a powerhouse in space.EdexLive, 06-25-2020, "Opening space sector will enable India to play important role in global space economy: ISRO chief," New Indian Express, https://www.edexlive.com/news/2020/jun/25/opening-space-sector-will-enable-india-to-play-important-role-in-global-space-economy-isro-chief-12874.html India private sector is key to space success – low cost operations, transparency, and accountability.Rajagopalan '20 ~Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi., 5-24-2020, "India's Space Programme: A role for the private sector, finally?," ORF, https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-space-programme-a-role-for-the-private-sector-finally-66661/~~ India space key to soft power.Hickert 17 Cameron Hickert, Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Schwarzman Scholars, "Space Rivals: Power and Strategy in the China-India Space Race - Schwarzman Scholars", August 14, 2017, https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/space-rivals-power-strategy-china-india-space-race/ India k2 taking up the climate change and alternative energy causeGPC 17 ~(Greater Pacific Capital, investing institution designed to identify and develop investing opportunities in and between India and other international economies), "Path to Power: India's Great Opportunity in the Changing World Order," 7/17/17, Greater Pacific Capital, https://greaterpacificcapital.com/path-to-power-indias-great-opportunity-in-the-changing-world-order/ Global warming causes extinctionCummins '10 (Ronnie, International Director – Organic Consumers Association and Will Allen, Advisor – Organic Consumers Association, "Climate Catastrophe: Surviving the 21st Century", 2-14, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/02/14-6) | 1/8/22 |
JANFEB - NC - LayTournament: Myers Park | Round: 2 | Opponent: Asheville HW | Judge: Ganesh Santhanam Contention 1Our first contention is India.India private sector is key to space success – low cost operations, transparency, and accountability.Rajagopalan '20 ~Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi., 5-24-2020, "India's Space Programme: A role for the private sector, finally?," ORF, https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-space-programme-a-role-for-the-private-sector-finally-66661/~~ India space growth is key to India soft power.Hickert 17 Cameron Hickert, Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Schwarzman Scholars, "Space Rivals: Power and Strategy in the China-India Space Race - Schwarzman Scholars", August 14, 2017, https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/space-rivals-power-strategy-china-india-space-race/ This is key for India to take up climate change and alternative energy cause – they are going to lead the way.GPC 17 ~(Greater Pacific Capital, investing institution designed to identify and develop investing opportunities in and between India and other international economies), "Path to Power: India's Great Opportunity in the Changing World Order," 7/17/17, Greater Pacific Capital, https://greaterpacificcapital.com/path-to-power-indias-great-opportunity-in-the-changing-world-order/~~ Global warming causes extinctionCummins '10 (Ronnie, International Director – Organic Consumers Association and Will Allen, Advisor – Organic Consumers Association, "Climate Catastrophe: Surviving the 21st Century", 2-14, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/02/14-6) Contention 2The second contention is innovation.Strong commercial space catalyzes tech innovation – progress at the margins and spinoff tech change global information networksJoshua Hampson 2017, Security Studies Fellow at the Niskanen Center, 1-25-2017, "The Future of Space Commercialization", Niskanen Center, https://republicans-science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/TheFutureofSpaceCommercializationFinal.pdf Short innovation cycles mean every contract countsJohn J. Klein 19, Senior Fellow and Strategist at Falcon Research Inc. and adjunct professor at the George Washington University Space Policy Institute, 1-15-2019, "Rethinking Requirements and Risk in the New Space Age," Center for a New American Security, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/rethinking-requirements-and-risk-in-the-new-space-age Tech innovation solves every existential threat – cumulative extinction events outweigh the affDylan Matthews 18. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good | 1/8/22 |
NOVDEC - CP - Consult CILTournament: Dowling | Round: 5 | Opponent: Solebury LN | Judge: Garrett Bishop CPCounterplan Text: A just government ought to formally declare that customary international law compels not enforcing restrictions and/or conditions on strikes.CP solves and avoids the net benefit. CIL is legally binding and enforceable.Brudney 21 (Professor James J. Brudney is the Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law at Fordham Law School. Professor Brudney served for six years as Chief Counsel and Staff Director of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Labor. He has been Adjunct Professor of Law at the Georgetown Law Center and Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. His scholarly writing is in the areas of workplace law and statutory interpretation. Professor Brudney is co-chair of the Public Review Board for the United Auto Workers International Union, and is a member of the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law". 2021.) Spurs and advances workers movements globally.Brudney 21 (Professor James J. Brudney is the Joseph Crowley Chair in Labor and Employment Law at Fordham Law School. Professor Brudney served for six years as Chief Counsel and Staff Director of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Labor. He has been Adjunct Professor of Law at the Georgetown Law Center and Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. His scholarly writing is in the areas of workplace law and statutory interpretation. Professor Brudney is co-chair of the Public Review Board for the United Auto Workers International Union, and is a member of the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization "The Right to Strike as Customary International Law". 2021.) CIL is critical to solve climate change threats. Relying only on treaty commitments fails.Clark 18 (Kayla Clark is a lawyer at Morgan Lewis. Education: University of Notre Dame Law School, 2018, J.D. California Polytechnic State University, 2015, B.A. "The Paris Agreement: Its Role in International Law and American Jurisprudence". 5-10-2018.) Anthropogenic warming causes extinction —- mitigation efforts now are keyGriffin, 2015 (David, Professor of Philosophy at Claremont, "The climate is ruined. So can civilization even survive?", CNN, 4/14/2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/14/opinion/co2-crisis-griffin/ ) | 12/11/21 |
NOVDEC - CP - PoliceTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeville North KN | Judge: Kenan Anderson CPCounterplan text: A just government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike except for police officers.Police Strikes are used to combat racial progress and attempts to limit police power. Making them legal and easier only make progress much harder.Andrew Grim 2020 What is the 'blue flu' and how has it increased police power? https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/01/what-is-blue-flu-how-has-it-increased-police-power/ Those strikes cement a police culture which leads to endless amounts of racist violence and the bolstering of the prison industrial complex.Chaney and Ray 13, Cassandra (Has a PhD and is a professor at LSU. Also has a strong focus in the structure of Black families) , and Ray V. Robertson (Also has a PhD and is a criminal justice professor at LSU). "Racism and police brutality in America." Journal of African American Studies 17.4 (2013): 480-505. SMdo I really need a card for this | 11/14/21 |
NOVDEC - DA - EconomyTournament: Millard West | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lincoln North Star AU | Judge: Emily Marvin DA - EconThe Global Economy is stabilizing and set for increases in 2021 but is still vulnerable to shocksWorld Bank 6-8 6-8-2021 "The Global Economy: on Track for Strong but Uneven Growth as COVID-19 Still Weighs" https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs Strikes decimate the economy – they hurt critical core industries vital for growth.McElroy 19 John McElroy 10-25-2019 "Strikes Hurt Everybody" https://www.wardsauto.com/ideaxchange/strikes-hurt-everybody (MPA at McCombs school of Business) Strikes create a stigmatization effect over labor and investment that further devastates the economyTenza 20, Mlungisi. "The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa." Obiter 41.3 (2020): 519-537. (Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal) Err negative – traditional data underestimates the economic damage caused by strikes.Babb Katrina Babb "Chapter 11: The Economic Impact of Unions" http://isu.indstate.edu/conant/ecn351/ch11/chapter11.htm (Professor of Economic at Indiana State) Economic Collapse goes Nuclear.Tønnesson 15, Stein. "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace." International Area Studies Review 18.3 (2015): 297-311. (the Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Peace research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway) Nuke war means extinction.Starr 15' Steven Starr "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG | 12/4/21 |
NOVDEC - DA - PoliceTournament: Millard West | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lincoln North Star AU | Judge: Emily Marvin DA – Police StrikesPolice strikes illegal nowDiSalvo 20 (Daniel, Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute and professor of political science in the Colin Powell School at the City College of New York, Manhattan Institute, "The Trouble with Police Unions," https://www.manhattan-institute.org/the-trouble-with-police-unions ) Police Strikes are used to combat racial progress and attempts to limit police power. Making them legal and easier only make progress much harder.Andrew Grim 2020 What is the 'blue flu' and how has it increased police power? https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/01/what-is-blue-flu-how-has-it-increased-police-power/ Those strikes cement a police culture which leads to endless amounts of racist violence and the bolstering of the prison industrial complex.Chaney and Ray 13, Cassandra (Has a PhD and is a professor at LSU. Also has a strong focus in the structure of Black families) , and Ray V. Robertson (Also has a PhD and is a criminal justice professor at LSU). "Racism and police brutality in America." Journal of African American Studies 17.4 (2013): 480-505. SMdo I really need a card for this | 12/4/21 |
NOVDEC - DA - South AfricaTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeville North KN | Judge: Kenan Anderson DASouth Africa is on the verge of economic and political collapseRakowski 20' ("South Africa's leaders are facing impending disaster", Stephen Rakowski, https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/south-africa-s-leaders-are-facing-impending-disaster-1.963586, 1/26/2020, Stephen Rakowski is a sub-Saharan Africa Analyst at geopolitical risk consultancy Stratfor, focused on security, political and economic trends across the continent.) Strikes decimate South Africa's economyTenza 20', Tenza Mlungisi. The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa. Obiter ~online~. 2020, vol.41, n.3 ~cited 2021-11-04~, pp.519-537. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1682-58532020000300004andlng=enandnrm=iso. ISSN 2709-555X. Economic decline causes political instabilitySpence 16 (William R. Berkley Professor in Economics and Business, NYU Stern School of Business, A . Michael Spence 1966, BA (Hons), Princeton University; 1968, BA and MA, Oxford University; 1972, PhD in Economics, Harvard University. Economist. 1973-75, Associate Professor of Economics, Stanford University; 1975-90, Professor, Economics and Business Administration, Harvard University; 1977-79, Member, Economics Advisory Panel, National Science Foundation; 1984-90, Dean, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University; 1990-99, Phillip H Knight Professor and Dean, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. Currently, Chairman, Independent Commission on Growth and Development; Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, "Economic decline is leading to political instability. What's the solution?", 3/24/16, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/03/economic-decline-is-leading-to-political-instability-whats-the-solution) Africa instability goes nuclear.Mead 13. ~(Walter Mead is a James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities, Bard College) "Peace in The Congo? Why the World Should Care," The American Interest, December 15, 2013. https://www.the-american-interest.com/2013/12/15/peace-in-the-congo-why-the-world-should-care/ ExtinctionGermanos 13 ~senior editor staff writer Common Dreams on IPPNW and PSR~~"Nuclear War Could Mean 'Extinction of the Human Race.'" Common Dreams, 10 Dec. 2013, www.commondreams.org/news/2013/12/10/nuclear-war-could-mean-extinction-human-race~#:7E:text=A20war20using20even20a,people2C20a20new20report20warns.andtext=The20updated20report20adds20that,such20a20war20broke20out.~ | 11/14/21 |
NOVDEC - K - PsychoanalysisTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millburn AX | Judge: Grant Brown The subject is alienated when it articulates its desires – incomplete signifiers structure the emergence of subjectivity and produce repetitive drives to fill the lack that justify coercive violence. Thus, the ROB is to traverse the fantasy – that means exposing drives.Matheson 15 Calum Matheson, PhD, 2015, "Desired Ground Zeroes: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive," University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, ~Calum Matheson is author of Desiring the Bomb: Communication, Psychoanalysis, and the Atomic Age (University of Alabama). He is a former high school debater. His research focuses on intersections of rhetoric, media, and theories of psychoanalysis and deconstruction. His current work focuses on right-wing political extremism, conspiracy thinking, and Lacanian concepts of anxiety and psychosis. He has also published work on argument, history of rhetoric, and games. Dr. Matheson is a former debate coach at Harvard University and a current candidate at the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Center.~, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/dissertations/6682x4537 They link - The 1AC is an ideological fantasy constructed by relentless planning at the expense of scapegoated identities, all for recognition from the Other in an attempt to fill the lack. Cross apply this to the aff's attempts to fulfill the res or achieve their fw (i.e. recognizing the right to strike) to produce a more perfect world.Gunder 05 Michael Gunder, 2005, "The Production of Desirous Space: Mere Fantasies of the Utopian City?" Planning Theory 2005 4: 173, DOI: 10.1177/1473095205054604, all brackets were in the original text Impact is value to life – only the death drive and accepting the finitude of death allow one to enjoy true pleasures of lifeMcGowan '13 ~Todd, Assoc. Prof. of Film and Television Studies @ U. of Vermont, Enjoying What We Don't Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis, pp. 223-227~VC Vote negative to embrace the lack – this requires being open to the anxiety that occurs from an encounter with the other and breaks down fantasy and drives.McGowan 13 Todd McGowan, 2013, "Enjoying What We Don't Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis," University of Nebraska Press/Lincoln and London | 11/7/21 |
NOVDEC - NC - HobbesTournament: Millard South | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lincoln East EB | Judge: Zach Wallenburg 1 - FWThe meta-ethic is Constructivism: Universal moral truths don't exist, instead, they're simply categories of language created by us.Parrish (Rick Parrish. "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract." Theory and Event 7, no.4 (2005)https://muse.jhu.edu/)Perhaps the single most telling quote from Hobbes on this point comes from The Philosophical Rudiments Concerning Government and Society(usually known by its Latin name, De Cive), in which he states that "to know truth, is the same thing as to remember that it was made by ourselves by the very usurpation of the words." 24 "For Hobbes truth is a function of logic and language, not of the relation between language and some extralinguistic reality,"25 so the "connections between names and objects are not natural."26 They are artificially constructed by persons, based on individual psychologies and desires. These individual desires are for Hobbes the only measure of good and bad, because value terms "are ever used with relation to the person that useth them, there being nothing simply and absolutely so, nor any common rule of good and evil to betaken from the nature of the objects themselves." 27 Since "there are no authentical doctrines concerning right and wrong, good and evil," 28 these labels are placed upon things by humans in acts of creation rather than discovered as extrinsic facts. Elaborating on this, Hobbes writes that "the nature, disposition, and interest of the speaker, such as are the names of virtues and vices; for one man calleth wisdom, what another calleth fear; and one cruelty what another justice." 29 A more simplistic understanding of the brutality of the state of nature, which David Gauthier calls the "simple rationality account," 30 has it that mere materialistic competition for goods is the cause of the war of all against all, but such rivalry is a secondary manifestation of the more fundamental competition among all persons to be the dominant creator of meaning. Certainly, Hobbes writes that persons most frequently "desire to hurt each other "because "many men at the same time have an appetite to the same thing; which yet very often they can neither enjoy in common, nor yet divide it; whence it follows that the strongest must have it, and who is strongest must be decided by the sword." 31 But this competition for goods only arises as the result of the more primary struggle that is inherent in the nature of persons of meaning creators. In the state of nature, "where every man is his own judge," 32 persons will" mete good and evil by diverse measures ,"creating labels for things as they see fit, based on individual appetites.17. One of the most significant objects that receives diverse labels in the state of nature is 'threat'. Even if most people happen to construe threat similarly, there will be serious disagreement regarding whether or not a specific situation fits a commonly held definition. This is of co—-urse the key to the famous Security Dilemma that international relations theorists spend so much time trying toovercome34—certain perfectly innocent actions by one person (or state) can easily be construed, and rationally must be construed, as a threat. Furthermore, any attempt by one person to allay another's fears about the threatening nature of actions must be taken as strategic disinformation, rather than as genuine explanation. Even if "I agree with you in principle about your right to preserve yourself," this agreement is useless "if I disagree about whether this is the moment for you to implement that right." 35Given that persons "are individual in experience, they are individual in their conceptions and in their speech. Their power of reasoning with words . . . dissociates them and provokes violent competition" 36 specifically because concepts that seem simple invoke very different interpretations. If there were some universally objective and knowable set of circumstances that constituted Threat as such, the rationally self-interested persons of the state of nature would not have to seek control over all things for their own protection. All persons could both avoid actions that would be defined as threat and shed the overbearing suspicion that, taken together, make the Hobbesian state of nature so unbearably brutish. We are all restricted by our experiences; Thought/reason is finite and it is impossible to ever be truly objective.Mitchell 93' ("Hobbes and the Equality of All under the One", Joshua Mitchell, February 1993, https://www.jstor.org/stable/191853) Competition in the state of nature to create meaning causes violence (and makes it impossible to generate moral claims).Parrish 05' Rick Parrish, 2005 "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract" Theory and Event 7:4 To escape the state of nature, people unite to imbue a sovereign with absolute authority to define ethics and enforce them at will. The sovereign is the only binding ethical force–Absent the sovereign, ethics fail, since everyone has competing conceptions of the good.Parrish 2(Rick Parrish. "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract." Theory and Event 7,no. 4 (2005)https://muse.jhu.edu/)All of the foregoing points to the conclusion that in the commonwealththe sovereign'sfirstand most fundamentaljob is to be the ultimate definer.Several other commentators have also reached this conclusion. By way of elaborating upon theimportance of the moderation of individuality in Hobbes' theory of government, Richard Flathman claims thatpeace"is possibleonly iftheambiguityand disagreement that pervade general thinking and actingare eliminated bythe stipulationsof asovereign.Pursuant to debunking the perennial misinterpretation of Hobbes' mention of people as wolves, PaulJohnson arguesthat "one oftheprimaryfunctionsof the sovereign is to providethe necessaryunity ofmeaningand reference for the primary termsin which men try to conduct their social lives." 58 "The whole raison d'être of sovereignhelmsmanship lies squarely in the chronic defusing of interpretive clashes," 59 without which humans would "fly off in all directions" 60 and fallinevitably into the violence of the natural condition.26. It is not surprising that so many noted students of Hobbes have reached thisconclusion, given how prominently he himself makes this claim. According to Hobbes, "in the state of nature, where every man is his ownjudge, and differeth from others concerning the names and appellations of things, and from those differences arise quarrels and breach ofpeace, it was necessary there shouldbe a common measure of all things, that might fall in controversy." 61 The main categories of thesovereign's tasks are "to make and abrogate laws, to determine war and peace, ~and~ to know and judge of all controversies,"62 but each ofthese duties is asubspecies of its ultimate duty to be the sole and ultimate definer in matters of public importance.It isonlythroughthesovereign'seffective continuedaccomplishmentof this dutythatthepeopleof acommonwealthavoid thedefinitionalproblems thattypifythestate of nature.27. Judging controversies, which Hobbeslists as the third main task of the sovereign, is the duty most obviously about being the ultimate definer. In fact, Hobbes declares it a law ofnature that "ineverycontroversy,thepartiesthereto oughtmutuallytoagree uponanarbitrator,whom they both trust; and mutually to covenant to stand to the sentence he shall give therein." 63 As I repeatedly alluded toabove, thisagreement to abide bythe decision of a third party arbitrator, asovereignin the commonwealth,isnecessary because ofthe fundamentally perspectival andrelative nature ofpersons' imputations ofmeaningand value into the situations they construct. Hobbes understands thisproblem, as evidenced by his claim that "seeing rightreason is not existent, the reason ofsome man or men must supply the place thereof; and that man or men, is he or they, thathave thesovereign power" 64 to dictate meanings that will be followed by all. The sovereign is even protected from potential democratic impulses, bywhich a 'true' meaning would be that agreed upon by the greatest number of people. Because "no one man's reason, nor the reason of any onenumber of men, makes the certainty," they willstill "come to blows . . . for want of a right reason constituted by nature" 65 unless both themajority and the minority agree to abide by the meanings promulgated by the sovereign. 28. These meanings are usually createdandpromulgated by the sovereignin the form of laws, another of the tasks with which 7/29/13 RickParrish | Derrida's Economyof Violence inHobbes' Social Contract | Theoryand Event 7:4https:muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v007/7.4parrish.html13/42 Hobbes charges it. In one of his clearest explanations of the law, Hobbes writes that "it belongs to the same chief power to make some common rules for all men, and to declare them publicly, by which every man may know what may be called his, what another's, what just, what unjust, what honest, what dishonest, what good, what evil; that is summarily, what is to be done, what to be avoided in our common course of life." 66The civil law is the set of the sovereign's definitions for ownership, justice, good, evil, and all other concepts that are important for the maintenance of peace in the commonwealth. When everyone follows the law(that is, when everyone follows the sovereign's definitions) there are far fewer conflicts among persons because everyone appeals to the same meanings. This means that people know what meanings others will use to evaluate the actions of themselves and others, so the state of nature's security dilemmas and attempts to force one's own meanings upon others are overcome The standard is inescapable – when one sovereign is removed each individual becomes their own sovereign and attempts to subsume others until one comes above the rest.Parrish 06, Rick, "Violence Inevitable: The Play of Force and Respect in Derrida, Nietzsche, Hobbes, and Berlin," 2006. NK. 2 - Sovereign1~ The sovereign has absolute authority; strikes contest the rule of the authority of the sovereign which leads to infinite regress and freezes action.Lloyd and Sreedhar (Sharon A. Lloyd and Susanne Sreedhar, Sharon Lloyd is Professor of Philosophy, Law, and Political Science at the University of Southern California. She co-founded the USC Center for Law and Philosophy, and directs the USC Levan Institute's Conversations in Practical Ethics Program., Susanne Sreedhar is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Boston University. Sreedhar's work on social contract theory has been influential, and has mostly been aimed at the nature and scope of obligation within political systems, and the possibility of ethical civil disobedience within a Hobbesian system., 2-12-2002, accessed on 6-29-2021, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), "Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/)//st 2~ The sovereign cannot impose a moral obligation on themselves, only on the people in which they rule over. Therefore, it cannot impose a moral obligation on itself to recognize the right to strike, even if they want to. | 11/20/21 |
SEPTOCT - K - CapTournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bishops SR | Judge: Dylan Jones KTwo links -Disaster Capitalism uses fear rhetoric created by catastrophe to create new investment opportunities – plan is an example of this phenomenonKlein 5 (The Nation April 14, 2005) (The Rise of Disaster Capitalism Introduction) http://www.fuckyouusa.com/Writings/The_Rise_of_Disaster_Capitalism.pdf Naomi Klein is a former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics and holds an honorary Doctor of Civil Laws from the University of King's College, Nova Scotia. She is currently at work on a new book and film on how the climate crisis can spur economic and political transformation. ALG Usage of the WTO in "reducing" IPPs is inherently illusory and ends up re-entrenching the developing countries for the growth of companies and is only doing it in attempts to gain more power for the bourgeoisie.Naio, H. (March, 2, 2012) The WTO: Development or the Dollar?, https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/18288 Capitalism is structurally reliant on militarism to absorb surpluses of capital - wholesale destruction of human life as a form of devaluation is the resultHarvey 6 (Harvey, Professor of Anthropology City University of New York, 2006 (David, The Limits to Capital, p. 444-5) Reject any aff impacts - Capitalism's successes necessitate human extinction and destroy the value to life – impacts don't matter, we must solve value to life first.Duzgun 20 Eren Duzgun (teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands), 4-5-2020, "Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction," Socialist Project, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/, SJBE Thus, the alternative is to affirm a strategy of party organizing – only an accountable and unified Communist party can effectively empower oppressed communities and forward the base-building movementEscalante '18, - a Marxist-Leninist, Materialist Feminist and Anti-Imperialist activist. (Alyson, "Party Organizing In The 21st Century" Forge News, 9-21-2018, https://theforgenews.org/2018/09/21/party-organizing-in-the-21st-century/) Vote negative to abandon hope in capitalism. Movements are already confronting capitalism, and while it seems bleak, the alternative to neo-liberalism can solve.Saul and Leys '99 ~John S. Saul and Colin Leys in 1999 (~Saul is a member of the editorial working group of Southern Africa Report and Leys is co-editor of the Socialist Register~ Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism," Monthly Review, Vol. 51.3, http://www.monthlyreview.org/799saul.htm)~~ Rejecting the aff exposes the cracks within capitalism and open space for changeHolloway 5 ~John Holloway Ph.D Political Science-University of Edinburgh and Alex Callinicos Ph.D Philosophy University of Oxford, former Professor of Politics- University of York August 16, 2005 http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/5616~~ Vote negative - as an intellectual your rejection has emancipatory results relentless criticism allows capitalism to be challenged.Kovel 2 (Professor of Social Studies at Bard, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, p224) | 9/25/21 |
SEPTOCT - NC - HobbesTournament: Loyola | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula AB | Judge: Sohum Tiwary NCFWOur value is morality as given by the word "ought" in the resolution since it implies a moral obligation.We are all restricted by our experiences; Thought/reason is finite and it is impossible to ever be truly objective.Mitchell (93'): Competition in the state of nature to create meaning causes violence (and makes it impossible to generate moral claims).Parrish, Rick. "Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract" Theory and Event 7:4 Attempts to make intuitive claims about the kinds of impacts moral theories ought to recognize as inherently bad simply prove that we all have different instincts and intuitions when it comes to morality. If we give in to these instincts, we will never be able to generate a cohesive moral system and will inevitably create violence on those who disagree. The very fact that we are having a framework debate which has been going on for thousands of years proves that there is no one inherently correct moral theory. As such, the only way to escape moral skepticism, under which there can be no moral obligations, is to surrender the authority to make moral claims to a Sovereign.Hobbes 2 explains, Thus, the standard is Consistency with the Will of the Sovereign AND reject descriptive arguments on framing because Hobbes is normative.1Member nations of the WTO are considered individual states. Hence the following is true:1~ Moral meaning and therefore moral obligations can only exist for the people within the state, not for the state itself. The state is sovereign and is not bound by any interpretations of morality. This means that even if states wanted to reduce IPRs on medicines, they would not be able to generate a moral obligation on themselves.2~ Even if states could generate moral obligations on the sovereign, they would want to keep their options open and not limit themselves by reducing these rights. Any limit on their power would only decrease their ability to generate moral claims in the first place, creating a paradox where the original obligation ceases to exist. In other words, any acts to limit the sovereign's power weakens our ability to apply ought claims on them in the first place. The aff limits power since they link into the DA.3~ Even if states could generate moral obligations for the sovereign and the content of those obligations kept the sovereign's power, there would still be no moral obligations between different states since what binds moral claims and makes them possible is the sovereign. As such, two competing states could not generate moral claims on one another. Rather, they would need to both submit their authority to an even higher sovereign. Although the negative's advocacy is that such a higher power sovereign ought to exist, the resolution presupposes multiple states and therefore multiple sovereigns (as seen with member NATIONS). The WTO is not considered a sovereign or a higher sovereign as members aren't forced to follow guidelines and the WTO doesn't have complete control on every single action of its members.4~ Even if a single state could meet all of these conditions, the obligation would only be true of that single state, and not a general rule that all sovereigns would have to abide by. As such, it is impossible to generate a moral claim for multiple sovereigns. Again, this would all be solved if there were only one sovereign, but that is outside of the affirmative ground.No solvency: The WTO does not authorize the regulation of the IPRs rather the WIPO does (works under the UN), therefore any offense garnered off of the WTO mandating "x" is unreasonable and won't happen.https://www.hsdl.org/?viewanddid=446296 Even if they could somehow enforce this through the WTO it won't be consistent throughout the world because some countries are not a part of the organization and others don't have a specific definition of IPRs. They also have no brightline on reduce, so they will end up marginally changing the laws on IPRs and the issues intrinsic to the aff will not be solved.2Note – IP, IPR, or patents all refer to Intellectual Property RightsIPR in medicine is critical to the US and global economy, wellbeing, and the pharmaceutical industry. COVID response proves this.America's Biopharmaceutical Companies The pharmaceutical industry fuels the US and global economy.Burke 20' The aff inherently decimates the pharmaceutical industry through IPR reduction – kills economy in turn AND economic crisis leads to war and conflict. Great depression link to WWII proves.Liu 18 Global conflict goes nuclear – extinction impact.Germanos 13 | 9/6/21 |
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