Billings, Linda Rummel, John Schwartz, James Weeden, Brian
College Prep
1
Monta Vista KR
Dosch, David
College Prep
3
Loyola IB
Towner, Asher
College Prep
6
OA Independent VD
Park, Joanne
College Prep
Octas
Harker RMu
Goel, Arya Dosch, David Dosch, Danielle
Debate LA Challenge
1
Southlake Carroll PK
Dosch, Danielle Paramo, Rodrigo
Debate LA Challenge
4
Isidore Newman EE
Ribera, Claudia Dosch, David
Debate LA Challenge
6
Strake Jesuit KS
Morris, Brendon Clark, Quentin
Glenbrooks
3
Ayala AM
Thode, Micah
Glenbrooks
7
Strake Jesuit KS
Ratnasabapathy, Tarun
Glenbrooks
Doubles
DTHS HV
Reeves, Peyton Hilligoss, Derek Kuffour, Julian
Glenbrooks
1
Westridge KY
Mizrahi, Lena
Glenbrooks
6
Westwood AG
Strong, Margaret
Golden Desert
2
Brophy CC
Mitra, Shampurna
Golden Desert
4
Strake Jesuit RC
Chao, Isaac
Golden Desert
6
Strake Jesuit JS
Gentleman, Jonah
Golden Desert
Octas
West Des Moines Valley SJ
Mitra, Shampurna Torrez, Andrew Larson, Sam
Greenhill
2
Strake Jesuit JX
Rereddy, Ishan
Greenhill
3
HS SLC OW
Goel, Arya
Greenhill
6
Lexington AT
Quisenberry, Jack
Greenhill RR
4
Harrison AA
Smith, Elijah Guerrero, Sim
Greenhill RR
2
Immaculate Heart JL
Ribera, Claudia Loofbourrow, Wesley
Harvard Westlake
2
WyoVir JC
Abhyankar, Viren
Harvard Westlake
5
Strake Jesuit JS
Quisenberry, Jack
Harvard Westlake
Doubles
Immaculate Heart JL
Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu
Harvard Westlake
4
Strath Haven AM
Chaudhary, Vishan
Kandy King RR
3
Lexington AK
McLoughlin, Samantha Bukowsky, Holden
Kandy King RR
4
Sage MP
Chen, Victor Burdett, Nolan
Meadows
2
Lexington FM
Cortez, Ben
Meadows
3
Proof DR
Krauss, Gordon
Meadows
6
San Mateo YR
Croitoru, Jared
Meadows
Doubles
Harvard-Westlake IC
Fagan, Donald Dosch, David Mizrahi, Lena
Meadows
Octas
Lexington AK
Mizrahi, Lena Krauss, Gordon Gonzalez, Gabriela
NDCA
1
Prospect ST
Dosch, David
NDCA
3
San Mateo YR
Kuffour, Julian
NDCA
5
Westwood AG
Chaudhary, Vishan
NDCA
Doubles
Sequoia AS
Pandey, Indu Conrad-Mogin, Madeleine Cortez, Ben
Peninsula
2
Sage Hill JS
Hilligoss, Derek
Peninsula
5
Immaculate Heart JL
Ramireddy, Anish
Peninsula
4
Unionville PW
Johnson, Dillon
Presentation
1
Harker PGo
Fox, Patrick
Presentation
4
Sage MP
Fleming, Nick
Presentation
6
Proof DR
Malyugina, Emmiee
Presentation RR
1
Archbishop Mitty AS
Chaudhary, Vishan
Presentation RR
3
Saratoga AG
Clark, Quentin
Presentation RR
5
Harker AR
McLoughlin, Samantha
St Marks
1
Southlake Carroll SD
Hilligoss, Derek
St Marks
4
Immaculate Heart JL
Fleming, Nick
St Marks
6
Strake Jesuit KS
He, Eric
St Marks
Semis
Lexington AK
Smith, Collin He, Eric Manglik, Akshay
St Marks
Finals
Harker DS
He, Eric Hsu, Jonathan Larson, Sam
TOC
2
Harker RMu
Williams, Spencer
hi
1
why
hello
Tournament
Round
Report
Berkeley
2
Opponent: Fairview UB | Judge: Osei, Kwudjwa
AC Whole-Res NC Tax CP Space Col Good DA 1AR All NR All 2AR All
Berkeley
3
Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Stannard, Matt
AC Cosmic Space Colonialism NC Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining DA GEO PIC US Heg PIC 1AR All NR GEO PIC 2AR All
Berkeley
5
Opponent: Albuquerque AK | Judge: Nelson, Arianna
AC Mega Constellations NC T Outer Space Legal Trust CP Cybersecurity DA Democracy DA 1AR RVI Pre-round Checks Voter All NR Legal Trust CP Cybersecurity DA 2AR All (Theory Subst)
Berkeley
Triples
Opponent: Notre Dame AG | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish Bandi, Vishvak Dosch, David
AC China NC Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining PIC Xi Lashout DA Russia Fill-In DA 1AR Condo PICs Bad All NR Legal Trust CP Russia Fill-In DA 2AR All (Subst)
Berkeley
Doubles
Opponent: Westlake AK | Judge: Brown, Scott Smith, Nick Nelson, Arianna
AC Cap K NC T Framework 1AR All NR T Framework 2AR All
Berkeley RR
3
Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Jasani, Aryan Loofbourrow, Wesley
AC PTD NC T Restrict Legal Trust CP GEO PIC Asteroid Mining DA 1AR Condo T RVI All NR Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining DA 2AR All (Subst)
Berkeley RR
5
Opponent: Saratoga AG | Judge: Bukowsky, Holden StPeter, Joshua
AC Asteroid Mining NC Legal Trust CP Space Settlement DA T Restrict 1AR All NR Legal Trust CP Case Turns 2AR All
Berkeley RR
7
Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Tate, Candis Larson, Sam
AC Lunar Heritage NC SLO CP Space Settlement DA ILaw DA 1AR All NR SLO CP ILaw DA 2AR All
Berkeley RR
Finals
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Billings, Linda Rummel, John Schwartz, James Weeden, Brian
AC Lay Megaconstellations Bad NC Lay Megaconstellations Good 1AR All NR All 2AR All
College Prep
1
Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Dosch, David
AC Asteroid Mining NC Nebel T US PIC Russia Appeasement DA Japan Prolif DA New Affs Bad 1AR PICs Bad Condo All NR US PIC Japan Prolif DA 2AR All (Subst)
College Prep
3
Opponent: Loyola IB | Judge: Towner, Asher
AC Asteroid Mining NC T All Appropriation US PIC Japan Prolif DA 1AR Condo PICs All NR T 2AR T
College Prep
6
Opponent: OA Independent VD | Judge: Park, Joanne
AC Starlink NC Tax CP Starlink Democracy DA T All Appropriation T Appropriation Russia Appeasement DA Near-Object Surveyor CP 1AR All NR Tax CP Starlink Democracy DA
AC Starlink NC Private Actor Fiat T All Appropriation Satellite Tax CP Russian Appeasement DA US PIC Starlink Democracy DA 1AR All NR Satellite Tax CP Starlink Democracy DA 2AR All
Debate LA Challenge
4
Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Ribera, Claudia Dosch, David
AC Hauntology NC Util Asteroid Mining DA 1AR All NR All 2AR All
AC PettitCIL NC Util NC Police PIC WSDE CP Econ DA 1AR AFC Condo PICs Other Actor Fiat NR RVI if 1AR Is Only Theory AFC Condo PICs Other Actor Fiat 2AR Other Actor Fiat
AC Kant NC Util FW Innovation DA 1AR Cons Independent Voter No Contesting Framework or Offense Theory Kant NR All 2AR Cons Independent Voter No Contesting Framework or Offense Theory
Greenhill
3
Opponent: HS SLC OW | Judge: Goel, Arya
AC Rawls NC HIF CP Dollar Dominance DA Innovation DA 1AR All NR HIF CP Dollar Dominance DA 2AR All
Greenhill
6
Opponent: Lexington AT | Judge: Quisenberry, Jack
AC Trade Secrets NC Neolib K Innovation DA HIF CP 1AR Condo All NR Condo Innovation DA HIF CP 2AR
Greenhill RR
4
Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Smith, Elijah Guerrero, Sim
AC Racial Cap NC Neolib K Trade DA UHC CP 1AR Condo All NR Condo Neolib K 2AR Condo
AC CRISPR NC Innovation DA CRISPR Guidelines CP Nebel T 1AR Condo All NR Condo Innovation DA CRIPSR Guidelines 2AR Case
Harvard Westlake
2
Opponent: WyoVir JC | Judge: Abhyankar, Viren
AC PTD NC Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining DA Satellite Tax CP US PIC 1AR All NR Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining DA 2AR All
Harvard Westlake
5
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Quisenberry, Jack
AC Kant NC Util Asteroid Mining PIC Tax CP 1AR All NR Asteroid Mining DA Tax CP 2AR All
Harvard Westlake
Doubles
Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu
AC Ukraine NC T All Private Entities Consult ICJ CP Ukraine Adv PIC Asteroid Mining DA Putin Legitimacy DA 1AR Condo PICs All NR Ukraine Adv PIC Asteroid Mining DA 2AR All (Subst)
Harvard Westlake
4
Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan
AC Space Tourism NC T Appropriation Asteroid Mining DA Japan Prolif DA US PIC Salvage Law CP 1AR Condo PICs All NR Asteroid Mining DA 2AR All (Subst)
Kandy King RR
3
Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha Bukowsky, Holden
AC Kant Mega Constellations NC Util Legal Trust CP Cybersecurity DA 1AR Condo Util Adv Permissibility Trick NR RVI Legal Trust CP Cybersecurity DA 2AR Util Adv Permissibility Trick
Kandy King RR
4
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Chen, Victor Burdett, Nolan
AC Mega Constellations NC T Appropriation Tax CP Cybersecurity DA Ag DA 1AR Condo RVI All NR Tax CP Ag DA 2AR All (Subst)
Meadows
2
Opponent: Lexington FM | Judge: Cortez, Ben
AC Kant w Trade Secrets Democracy Adv NC HIF CP Bioterror DA Neolib K 1AR Not Loud Enough Theory NR K Theory 2AR Theory
Meadows
3
Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Krauss, Gordon
AC Evergreening NC MSF CP Neolib K Nebel T Innovation DA 1AR Theory All NR K A2 Theory 2AR Nebel T Bad Vague Alts Bad
Meadows
6
Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Croitoru, Jared
AC Race War K NC T Framework Race War Word PIC Non-Violent CP Solvo Advo Theory 1AR All NR Non-Violent CP 2AR Impact Turns on Framework
Meadows
Doubles
Opponent: Harvard-Westlake IC | Judge: Fagan, Donald Dosch, David Mizrahi, Lena
AC COVID NC Compulsory Licensing CP Innovation DA Neolib K 1AR Condo All NR Compulsory Licensing CP Innovation DA 2AR All (Subst)
Meadows
Octas
Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Mizrahi, Lena Krauss, Gordon Gonzalez, Gabriela
AC Kant w COVID Adv NC Neolib K Innovation DA Compulsory Licensing CP Must Have Plan Text Theory 1AR Condo Kant Offense NR Innovation DA Kant Turns 2AR Kant
NDCA
1
Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Dosch, David
AC SBSP NC T Appropriation Private Actor Fiat Cooperation CP Space Settlement DA 1AR All RVI NR T Appropriation
NDCA
3
Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Kuffour, Julian
AC Lunar Heritage NC Private Actor Fiat PTScientists PIC SLO CP Space Settlement DA 1AR Condo All NR SLO CP Space Settlement DA 2AR All (Subst)
NDCA
5
Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan
AC India NC T All Private Entities Legal Trust CP SSP Co-Op PIC Asteroid Mining DA 1AR Condo PICs All NR SSSP Co-Op PIC India Econ Case Turn 2AR PICs
NDCA
Doubles
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Pandey, Indu Conrad-Mogin, Madeleine Cortez, Ben
AC Mega Constellations NC Spec SSP PIC T Outer Space Cybersecurity DA 1AR Condo All NR SSP PIC Cybersecurity DA 2AR All (Subst)
Peninsula
2
Opponent: Sage Hill JS | Judge: Hilligoss, Derek
AC Cap Space Debris NC Sat Tax CP Asteroid Mining PIC T Appropriation US PIC Legal Trust CP 1AR All NR T Appropriation Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining DA 2AR All
AC China NC T All Private Entities China Co-Op CP China ASAT CP Asteroid Mining PIC Xi Lashout DA AC Condo T RVI All NR China ASAT CP Asteroid Mining PIC 1AR All (Subst)
Peninsula
4
Opponent: Unionville PW | Judge: Johnson, Dillon
AC Spatiality NC Ban Militarization Adv CP Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining PIC 1AR All NR Legal Trust CP Asteroid Mining DA 2AR All
Presentation
1
Opponent: Harker PGo | Judge: Fox, Patrick
AC Future Pandemics NC HIF CP Innovation DA Neolib K 1AR Condo All NR A2 Condo HIF CP Innovation DA 2AR Case
Presentation
4
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Fleming, Nick
AC Jordan NC T Plural Neolib K Jordan Econ CP Innovation DA 1AR Condo All NR T 2ar A2 T
Presentation
6
Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee
AC Evergreening NC T Nebel MSF CP Innovation DA Neolib K 1AR All Vague Alts NR MSF CP Innovation DA 2AR Vague Alts
Presentation RR
1
Opponent: Archbishop Mitty AS | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan
AC Data Exclusivity NC HIF CP Innovation DA Neolib K T All IP 1AR All NR K 2AR All
Presentation RR
3
Opponent: Saratoga AG | Judge: Clark, Quentin
AC US Cancer NC Nebel T HIF CP Innovation DA Neolib K 1AR Condo Vague Alts All NR Neolib K 2AR All
Presentation RR
5
Opponent: Harker AR | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha
AC Future Pandemics AC NC Lindsay CP Innovation DA Neolib K 1AR All NR Condo Lindsay CP Innovation DA 2AR All (Substance)
AC Weed NC US PIC Infrastructure DA Neolib K Nebel T 1AR All NR Neolib K 2AR All
St Marks
4
Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Fleming, Nick
AC CRISPR NC Innovation DA CRISPR Guidelines CP Nebel T 1AR Condo Vague CPs All NR Innovation DA CRISPR Guidelines CP 2AR All (Subst)
St Marks
6
Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: He, Eric
AC Kant w COVID Adv NC COVID PIC Innovation DA Neolib K 1AR PICs Condo Condo Ethics Solvo Advo Theory Covid Adv NR Neolib K 2AR PICs
St Marks
Semis
Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Smith, Collin He, Eric Manglik, Akshay
AC Kant w Covid NC Neolib K Vax Equity CP Innovation DA 1AR Util Subst Condo NR Vax Equity CP Innovation DA 2AR All (Subst)
the open source btw is being weird and showing up as quarters of St Marks rather than semi's
St Marks
Finals
Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: He, Eric Hsu, Jonathan Larson, Sam
AC Trade Secrets NC Agent IP T Neolib K Germany CP Innovation DA Nebel T 1AR All NR Agent IP T 2AR T
TOC
2
Opponent: Harker RMu | Judge: Williams, Spencer
AC Asteroid Mining NC T Appropriation Asteroid Capture Private Actor Fiat Theory Deflection Risk PIC Legal Trust CP Space Settlement DA All Appropriation T 1AR
hi
1
Opponent: why | Judge: hello
Check cites for my contact info )
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
0 - Contact Info
Tournament: hi | Round: 1 | Opponent: why | Judge: hello Pronouns: she/her Email, for questions before round: wyethrenwick24@marlborough.org Email, for email chain: wzrenwick@icloud.com
9/19/21
JF - CP - Asteroid Redirection
Tournament: College Prep | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harker RMu | Judge: Goel, Arya Dosch, David Dosch, Danielle CP: Space faring nations should establish a multilateral agreement that bans asteroid redirection mining projects and bans the weaponization of outer space. Solves for all of their asteroid mining debris scenarios. Marlborough reads yellow: Sarah Scoles 15, “Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites,” New Scientist, 5-27-2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/ NASA chose the AND to stray asteroid material.”
Asteroid mining can happen with private sector innovation and is key to solve a laundry list of impacts--climate change, economic decline and asteroid collisions. Taylor 19 Chris Taylor journalist, 19 - ("How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires," Mashable, 2019, accessed 12-13-2021, https://mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy)//ML How much, exactly? AND probably kill you.)
Warming causes extinction. Bill McKibben 19, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; holds honorary degrees from 18 colleges and universities; Foreign Policy named him to their inaugural list of the world’s 100 most important global thinkers. "This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out." Rolling Stone. 4-9-2019. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/bill-mckibben-falter-climate-change-817310/ Oh, it could AND the warmest periods.”
12/19/21
JF - CP - China ASAT
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish The People’s Republic of China should ban the use and development of anti-satellite weapons.
1/28/22
JF - CP - Consult ICJ
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu Counterplan: Ukraine should enter into a prior and binding consultation with the International Court of Justice over whether or not to ban the appropriation of outer space by private entities.
Advisory opinions from ICJ are necessary to clarify and develop international space law and they say yes Simpson and Johnson 17 Michael Simpson, International Space University · Space Policy and Law; Business and Management, Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor at the Secure World Foundation, a non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on the sustainable uses of outer space. Christopher does research, writes, and speaks about international and national space law with a special focus on peaceful uses of outer space, emerging governance challenges with non-traditional space activities, and identifying and characterizing deficiencies in existing space law., September 2017, Lacunae and Silence in International Space Law – A Hypothetical Advisory Opinion from the International Court of Justice, ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320596144_Lacunae_and_Silence_in_International_Space_Law_-_A_Hypothetical_Advisory_Opinion_from_the_International_Court_of_Justice 12-16-2021 rohan - lacunae = situation where there is no applicable law - non liquet = no answer from governing system Since international space law AND was likely to entail.
International space legal regime are needed to solve space war -~-- malleable laws are key in outer space Hart 21 Amalyah Hart, Amalyah Hart is a science journalist based in Melbourne, 11-19-2021, "Do we need new space law to prevent space war", Cosmos Magazine, https://cosmosmagazine.com/people/society/space-law-to-prevent-space-war/ simha The week before last, AND heads will prevail.”
1/17/22
JF - CP - Deflection Attacks
Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker RMu | Judge: Williams, Spencer Private entities ought not use deflection technology for deflection attacks.
Solves the second scenario - if they get private actor fiat, so do we.
4/23/22
JF - CP - Legal Trust
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: WyoVir JC | Judge: Abhyankar, Viren TEXT: The Outer Space Treaty ought to be amended to establish an international legal trust system governing outer space. Fino 21 Ivan Fino (Department of Law University of Turin), “Building a New Legal Model for Settlements on Mars,” A. Froehlich (ed.), Assessing a Mars Agreement Including Human Settlements, Studies in Space Policy 30, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65013-1_7CT 7.5 A Proposal for an AND rely on property rights.
Tournament: Berkeley RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Saratoga AG | Judge: Bukowsky, Holden StPeter, Joshua TEXT: The Outer Space Treaty ought to be amended to establish an international legal trust system governing outer space. Fino 21 Ivan Fino (Department of Law University of Turin), “Building a New Legal Model for Settlements on Mars,” A. Froehlich (ed.), Assessing a Mars Agreement Including Human Settlements, Studies in Space Policy 30, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65013-1_7CT 7.5 A Proposal for an AND rely on property rights.
CP solves collisions better – development of tech + regulation is key AC Drmola and Mareš 15 - Jakub Drmola is a PhD student and Miroslav Mareš professor, at the Divison of Security and Strategic Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic, "Revisiting the deflection dilemma", Astronomy and Geophysics, Volume 56, Issue 5, October 2015, Pages 5.15–5.18, https://academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/56/5/5.15/235650 Considering these possible AND impending natural impact.
2/18/22
JF - CP - Militarization Adv
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 4 | Opponent: Unionville PW | Judge: Johnson, Dillon The appropriation of outer space by private entities is just if states ban the militarization of outer space.
1/28/22
JF - CP - Near-Object Surveyor
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 6 | Opponent: OA Independent VD | Judge: Park, Joanne CP: NASA ought to build the Near-Object Surveyor. Ground detection is not enough – space telescope needed to prevent asteroid collision. Marlborough reads yellow AC Dreier 21, Casey Dreier is Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, an independent nonprofit organization based in California. “Why an Asteroid Strike Is Like a Pandemic”, July 25, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-an-asteroid-strike-is-like-a-pandemic/, accessed 12/3/21, sb Imagine the following AND caught off-guard again.
12/19/21
JF - CP - SLO
Tournament: Berkeley RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Tate, Candis Larson, Sam CP: States ought to use a Social License to Operate model administered by non-governmental organizations to regulate activities on the moon. - Solves the aff by protecting lunar heritage sites - Competes since it allows regulated commercial activities and hands over exclusive control of the moon to NGOs which are private entities - Works by creating standards that must be agreed to before parties engage in lunar activities. Violators would not receive new approvals and the most desirable proposals are reserved for actors with the best history of compliance.
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Dosch, David CP: The United States and the People’s Republic of China ought to increase bilateral engagement on space issues by resuming the Civil Space Dialogue and the Space Security Exchange and cooperating to allow private companies to appropriate outer space for space-based solar power.
Cooperation over SBSP acts as an olive branch that moderates aggressive Chinese behavior and prevents miscalculation from a space arms race. Peter Loftus 19---Lieutenant Loftus is assigned to the 75th Fighter Squadron at Moody AFB, Georgia. He holds a bachelor’s degree from the University of Massachusetts, where he studied Political Science and Chinese, and a master’s degree in China Studies from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, “Counter and Cooperate: How Space Can Be Used to Advance US–China Cooperation While Curbing Beijing’s Terrestrial Excesses,” Air and Space Power Journal, Spring 2019, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-33_Issue-1/SEA-Loftus.pdf As China’s interests AND the militarization of space.
Solves: - Space war - Crisis escalation - Miscalc - Space debris
KAFURA 2/10 CRAIG KAFURA (Assistant director for public opinion and foreign policy at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, a security fellow with the Truman National Security Project), “RENEW SPACE DIALOGUE WITH CHINA” War on the Rocks, 2/10/2022. Accessed 2/11/2022. https://warontherocks.com/2022/02/renew-space-dialogue-with-china/ CT In 2013, the AND Space Security Exchange.
4/9/22
JF - CP - Salvage Law
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan CP: States ought to apply the maritime law of salvage to space debris. Salter ’16 - Alexander William Salter Assistant Professor of Economics, Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University, “SPACE DEBRIS: A LAW AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE ORBITAL COMMONS,” 19 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 221 (2016). https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/19-2-2-salter-final_0.pdf AT Assuming a nation-state AND nations’ space objects.
The CP solves the aff WAY better and avoids the NB. David Giordano, 21- ("Space Debris: Another Frontier in the Commercialization of Space," Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 11-31-2021, 1-1-2022https:www.jtl.columbia.edu/bulletin-blog/space-debris-another-frontier-in-the-commercialization-of-space)AW In the Summer of 2021 AND to the private.
1/23/22
JF - CP - Satellite Tax
Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Morris, Brendon Clark, Quentin Counterplan: states ought to charge private companies orbital use fees for each satellite put into orbit. Solves the case while also boosting the economy. Vergoth 20: Karin Vergoth {CIRES-NOAA Science Writer}, 20 - ("Solving the space junk problem," CU Boulder Today, 5-26-2020, https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/05/26/solving-space-junk-problem)//marlborough-wr/ Space is getting AND escalate,” Burgess said.
1/14/22
JF - CP - Satellite Tax Starlink V
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 6 | Opponent: OA Independent VD | Judge: Park, Joanne Counterplan: states ought to charge private entities orbital use fees for each satellite in a megaconstellation put into low-Earth Orbit. Solves the case while also boosting the economy. Vergoth 20: Karin Vergoth {CIRES-NOAA Science Writer}, 20 - ("Solving the space junk problem," CU Boulder Today, 5-26-2020, https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/05/26/solving-space-junk-problem)//marlborough-wr/ Space is getting crowded AND escalate,” Burgess said.
12/19/21
JF - DA - Asteroid Mining
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu The private sector is essential for asteroid mining – competition is key and government development is not effective, efficient, or cheap enough. Thiessen 21: Marc Thiessen, 6-1, 21, Washington Post, Opinion: SpaceX’s success is one small step for man, one giant leap for capitalism, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/06/01/spacexs-success-is-one-small-step-man-one-giant-leap-capitalism/ It was one AND back here on Earth?
Space regulation scares investors away and spills over to other space activities. Freeland 05 Steven Freeland (BCom, LLB, LLM, University of New South Wales; Senior Lecturer in International Law, University of Western Sydney, Australia; and a member of the Paris-based International Institute of Space Law). “Up, Up and … Back: The Emergence of Space Tourism and Its Impact on the International Law of Outer Space.” Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 6: No. 1, Article 4. 2005. JDN. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269andcontext=cjil V. THE NEED FOR AND was onboard the ISS.46
Asteroid mining can happen with private sector innovation and is key to solve a laundry list of impacts--climate change, economic decline and asteroid collisions. Taylor 19 Chris Taylor journalist, 19 - ("How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires," Mashable, 2019, accessed 12-13-2021, https://mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy)//ML How much, exactly? AND probably kill you.)
Warming causes extinction. Bill McKibben 19, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; holds honorary degrees from 18 colleges and universities; Foreign Policy named him to their inaugural list of the world’s 100 most important global thinkers. "This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out." Rolling Stone. 4-9-2019. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/bill-mckibben-falter-climate-change-817310/ Oh, it could get AND the warmest periods.”
Don’t write our impacts off as low probability – asteroid collision is complex and the existence of space keyholes exponentially increases the risk of collision. Vereš ’19 Peter Vereš ’19, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, “Chapter 6 Vision of Perfect Observation Capabilities”, 2019, Planetary Defense, Space and Society, https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/634091/mod_resource/content/1/Planetary20Defence.pdf Often, uncertain orbits AND and agencies (ESA, MPC).
1/17/22
JF - DA - Asteroid Mining India V
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan The private sector is essential for asteroid mining – competition is key and government development is not effective, efficient, or cheap enough. Thiessen 21: Marc Thiessen, 6-1, 21, Washington Post, Opinion: SpaceX’s success is one small step for man, one giant leap for capitalism, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/06/01/spacexs-success-is-one-small-step-man-one-giant-leap-capitalism/ It was one AND socialism back here on Earth?
Indian private sector crucial for asteroid mining. Marlborough reads yellow AC Nanda 10/13 (Prakash Nanda has been commenting on politics, foreign policy on strategic affairs for nearly three decades. A former National Fellow of the Indian Council for Historical Research and recipient of the Seoul Peace Prize Scholarship, he is also a Distinguished Fellow at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. October 13, 2021, As India Opens Up Space, How ISRO Could Help Indian Air Force Become An Aerospace Superpower, Eurasian Times, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on October 11 launched the Indian Space Association (ISpA) – the premier industry association of space and satellite companies. https://eurasiantimes.com/as-india-opens-up-space-how-isro-could-help-indian-air-force-become-an-aerospace-superpower/)//ww pbj He said: “Today is AND rather than later.
Asteroid mining can happen with private sector innovation and is key to solve a laundry list of impacts--climate change, economic decline and asteroid collisions. Taylor 19 Chris Taylor journalist, was senior news writer for Time.com, San Francisco bureau chief for Time magazine, 19 - ("How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires," Mashable, 2019, accessed 12-13-2021, https://mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy)//ML How much, exactly? AND probably kill you.)
Warming causes extinction. Bill McKibben 19, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; holds honorary degrees from 18 colleges and universities; Foreign Policy named him to their inaugural list of the world’s 100 most important global thinkers. "This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out." Rolling Stone. 4-9-2019. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/bill-mckibben-falter-climate-change-817310/ Oh, it could get very AND the warmest periods.”
Don’t write our impacts off as low probability – asteroid collision is complex and the existence of space keyholes exponentially increases the risk of collision. Vereš ’19 Peter Vereš ’19, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, “Chapter 6 Vision of Perfect Observation Capabilities”, 2019, Planetary Defense, Space and Society, https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/634091/mod_resource/content/1/Planetary20Defence.pdf Often, uncertain orbits AND several surveys (CSS, LCOGT) and agencies (ESA, MPC).
4/10/22
JF - DA - Asteroid Mining Space Debris V
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Chao, Isaac The private sector is essential for asteroid mining – competition is key and government development is not effective, efficient, or cheap enough. Thiessen 21: Marc Thiessen, 6-1, 21, Washington Post, Opinion: SpaceX’s success is one small step for man, one giant leap for capitalism, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/06/01/spacexs-success-is-one-small-step-man-one-giant-leap-capitalism/ It was one AND back here on Earth?
Mining creates space debris – orbital use fees for accidental dust scares away all development. Boley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE Mining can generate AND an Earth-impact emergency.
Taking away property rights scares investors away and spills over to other space activities. Freeland 05 Steven Freeland (BCom, LLB, LLM, University of New South Wales; Senior Lecturer in International Law, University of Western Sydney, Australia; and a member of the Paris-based International Institute of Space Law). “Up, Up and … Back: The Emergence of Space Tourism and Its Impact on the International Law of Outer Space.” Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 6: No. 1, Article 4. 2005. JDN. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269andcontext=cjil V. THE NEED FOR AND was onboard the ISS.46
Asteroid mining can happen with private sector innovation and is key to solve a laundry list of impacts--climate change, economic decline and asteroid collisions. Taylor 19 Chris Taylor journalist, 19 - ("How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires," Mashable, 2019, accessed 12-13-2021, https://mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy)//ML How much, exactly? AND probably kill you.)
Warming causes extinction. Bill McKibben 19, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; holds honorary degrees from 18 colleges and universities; Foreign Policy named him to their inaugural list of the world’s 100 most important global thinkers. "This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out." Rolling Stone. 4-9-2019. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/bill-mckibben-falter-climate-change-817310/ Oh, it could get AND the warmest periods.”
Don’t write our impacts off as low probability – asteroid collision is complex and the existence of space keyholes exponentially increases the risk of collision. Vereš ’19 Peter Vereš ’19, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, “Chapter 6 Vision of Perfect Observation Capabilities”, 2019, Planetary Defense, Space and Society, https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/634091/mod_resource/content/1/Planetary20Defence.pdf Often, uncertain orbits AND and agencies (ESA, MPC).
2/6/22
JF - DA - Cybersecurity
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Albuquerque AK | Judge: Nelson, Arianna Cyber attacks on critical infrastructure are coming now Underwood 20 Kimberly Underwood is a reporter on emerging communication technologies, cyberwarfare, the intelligence community, military command operations and weaponry research. “China is Retooling, and Russia Seeks Harm to Critical Infrastructure.” June 24, 2020. https://www.afcea.org/content/china-retooling-and-russia-seeks-harm-critical-infrastructure Intelligence leader warns AND cause “substantial damage.”
Megaconstellations function as critical infrastructure that increase resiliency and protect against cyberattacks Hallex and Cottom 20 Matthew A. Hallex is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Travis S. Cottom is a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses. “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security.” 2020. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940 While potentially threatening AND be readily available.31
Cyberattacks cause extinction---false warnings, stealing nukes, and introducing vulnerability Ernest J. Moniz et al. 18, Ernest J. Moniz is the CEO of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, served as the thirteenth United States Secretary of Energy from 2013 to January 2017. Sam Nunn, and Des Browne, September 2018, “Nuclear Weapons in the New Cyber Age,” https://media.nti.org/documents/Cyber_report_finalsmall.pdf The Cyber Threat AND or mobile missile launchers.4
2/20/22
JF - DA - Japan Prolif
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Dosch, David The plan is a space shock that causes Asian arms races Dean Cheng 9, Senior Research Fellow in the Asia Studies Center at the Heritage Foundation, Former Senior Analyst at the China Studies Division of the Center for Naval Analyses, Former Senior Analyst with Science Applications International Corporation, “Reflections On Sino-US Space Cooperation”, Space and Defense, Volume 2, Number 3, Winter 2009, https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Space_and_Defense_2_3.pdf Broader International Implications AND were to precipitate one.
Japan will develop offensive strike---nuclear war Kelly C. Wadsworth 19, Non-Resident Kelly Fellow at Pacific Forum at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, PhD Student in International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, MBA and MA in International Studies (Korea Studies) at the University of Washington, Former Visiting Fellow at the Japan Institute of International Affairs, BA in International Relations and East Asia from the University of California, Davis, “Should Japan Adopt Conventional Missile Strike Capabilities?”, Asia Policy, Volume 14, Number 2, April 2019, p. 83-87 American proponents of AND than improve it.
12/18/21
JF - DA - Lunar Heritage ILaw
Tournament: Berkeley RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Tate, Candis Larson, Sam New legally binding protection of Lunar Heritage Sites would violate the principles of national non-appropriation and the free use established by the OST. Existing voluntary regulations have proven sufficient to incentivize preservation. Drake 19 Nadia Drake, “Should Neil Armstrong’s Bootprints Be on the Moon Forever?,” New York Times, 07/11/2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/11/science/moon-apollo-11-archaeology-preservation.html CT Preserving things that AND other celestial bodies.”
Lunar heritage sites would violate the OST’s prohibition on national appropriation and would be seen as a political move to seize territory in space. Farsaris 20 Alexandros Eleftherios Farsaris, “Chapter 7 How to Preserve Humanity’s Lunar Heritage,” Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon, edited by Annette Froehlich, Springer International Publishing AG, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/harvard-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6157437. Created from harvard-ebooks on 2022-02-14 19:52:46. 7.3.1 Impossibility Under Current AND of international cooperation.
National non-appropriation is key to prevent space war. Violations risk unwinding the foundations of space law triggering conflict. Tronchetti 08 Fabio Tronchetti (LL.M Bologna University and Lecturer at the International Institute of Air and Space Law) “The Non-Appropriation Principle as a Structural Norm of International Law: A New Way of Interpreting Article II of the Outer pace Treaty,” Air and Space Law, Vol XXXIII/3 (June 2008). CT 2. Predominance of the AND of its structural status.
Space conflicts go nuclear- both fast and probable. Grego 15 Laura Grego, an expert in space weapons and security; ballistic missile proliferation, and ballistic missile defense, "Preventing Space War", Union of Concerned Scientists, 07-05-2015 https://allthingsnuclear.org/lgrego/preventing-space-war JDN So says a very AND to Washington, DC.
2/18/22
JF - DA - Putin Legitimacy
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu Russian ethno-nationalism is fringe now because of Putin’s strength – he’ll align to regain clout, causing global war Wiechnik 19, Stanley Wiechnik is a prior-enlisted officer in the U.S. Army Reserve, serves in the Office of the Chief Army Reserve, and writes on political legitimacy and democratization, Russian Identity: The Risks of a New Russian Nationalism, March 12, https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/03/12/russian_identity_the_risks_of_a_new_russian_nationalism_114255.html As one threat AND next few decades.
The plan’s a huge loss that destroys regime legitimacy Khakimov 17, Grigory Khakimov is a recent graduate from Tufts University with a degree in Political Science focusing on Comparative Politics and the post-Soviet region. Before moving to the United States, he was a member of the Russian Democratic Party Yabloko, 1-21-2017, "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Russian Challenge: Is a Trump Reset Possible?," JIA SIPA, https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/online-articles/trump-russia-reset The Trump Administration AND state of suspense.
Putin lashes out with a diversionary war – extinction. Gressel 16 Gustav Acting Director and a senior policy fellow with the Wider Europe Programme at the European Council on Foreign Relations' Berlin office, European Council on Foreign Relations, “The dangerous decade: Russia-NATO relations 2014 to 2024”, July 2016, https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_the_dangerous_decade_russia_nato_relations_2014_to_2024 The domestic logic AND for these contingencies.
1/17/22
JF - DA - Russia Appeasement
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Dosch, David We stopped appeasing Russia – they’ll pocket concessions from coop and increase aggression – tensions aren’t the result of understandings but hardened differences Haddad and Polakova 18 Benjamin Haddad Director, Future Europe Initiative - Atlantic Council. Alina Polyakova Director, Project on Global Democracy and Emerging Technology Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe. Don’t rehabilitate Obama on Russia. March 5, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/ Obama’s much-ballyhooed “Reset" AND has abjectly failed.
Appeasing Russia shreds the NPT and causes nuke prolif – extinction Umland 17 Andreas Umland is a German political scientist, historian and Russian interpreter, specializing in contemporary Russian and Ukrainian history. He is a Member of the Institute for Central and East European Studies at the Catholic University, and a senior research fellow at the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation in Kyiv. The Price of Appeasing Russian Adventurism. January 16, 2017. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/67692 A major foreign AND regard to Ukraine.
12/18/21
JF - DA - Russia Fill-In
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Notre Dame AG | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish Bandi, Vishvak Dosch, David Russia and China are in a space arms race- the plan causes China to bow out and Russia wins. This independently turns case because their Bowman and Thompson + Rogin cards are not about a Russian-Sino alliance, but about an arms race between the countries. Bowman and Thompson 20: Bradley Bowman, Jared Thompson {Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, and Jared Thompson, a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, }, 20 - ("Russia and China Seek to Tie America’s Hands in Space," Foreign Policy, 11-12-2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/)//marlborough-wr/ Consider the actions AND to attack satellites.
Unchecked Russian influence in space will inevitably lead to war – the asymmetric advantage given to them by the plan is key for Russian space heg. They are uniquely more aggressive than China, and the CP is the only way to limit them. Don’t let them say Russia needs China – Stent only says that Russia supports Chinese aggression, not that they’re dependent on it, which means Russia heg independently turns case. Boulègue and Unal 20: Mathieu Boulègue, Beyza Unal {Unal is Deputy Director, International Security Programme, Boulègue is a Research Fellow, Russia and Eurasia Programme}, 20 - ("Russia’s Behaviour Risks Weaponizing Outer Space," Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank, 7-27-2020, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/07/russias-behaviour-risks-weaponizing-outer-space)//marlborough-wr/ Russia’s use of outer space AND becomes a reality.
We stopped appeasing Russia – they’ll pocket concessions from coop and increase aggression – tensions aren’t the result of understandings but hardened differences Haddad and Polakova 18 Benjamin Haddad Director, Future Europe Initiative - Atlantic Council. Alina Polyakova Director, Project on Global Democracy and Emerging Technology Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe. Don’t rehabilitate Obama on Russia. March 5, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/ Obama’s much-ballyhooed “Reset AND has abjectly failed.
Appeasing Russia shreds the NPT and causes nuke prolif – extinction Umland 17 Andreas Umland is a German political scientist, historian and Russian interpreter, specializing in contemporary Russian and Ukrainian history. He is a Member of the Institute for Central and East European Studies at the Catholic University, and a senior research fellow at the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation in Kyiv. The Price of Appeasing Russian Adventurism. January 16, 2017. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/67692 A major foreign AND regard to Ukraine.
12/19/21
JF - DA - Space Col Good
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Fairview UB | Judge: Osei, Kwudjwa Current law is not a barrier to space settlement. Gesl 18 Paul M. Gesl (Maj, USAF JD), “PREPARING FOR THE NEXT SPACE RACE: Legislation and Policy Recommendations for Space Colonies,” A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF OPERATIONAL ARTS AND SCIENCES (April 2018). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1053024.pdf CT Existing Legal Framework AND must appropriately supervise it.
But, non-appropriation makes space settlement impossible. Kerkonian 17 Aram Daniel Kerkonian (Institute of Air and Space Law Faculty of Law, McGill University Montréal, Quebec), “The Legal Aspects of Permanent Human Settlement on Celestial Bodies,” A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Laws (LLM) (Oct 2017). https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/tq57nt396 CT Article II prohibits the AND justify its violation.
AND, even if it’s theoretically possible, without private appropriation space settlement will not happen – no incentives, and would result in conflict. Thomas 05 Jonathan Thomas, “Privatization of Space Ventures: Proposing a Proven Regulatory Theory for Future Extraterrestral Appropriation,” 1 BYU Int'l L. and Mgmt. R. 191 (2005). https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/ilmr/vol1/iss1/7CT The current corpus AND in geostationary orbit.
Space Settlement is coming now and prevents inevitable extinction. Settlement requires private industry and rule of law. Gesl 18 Paul M. Gesl (Maj, USAF JD), “PREPARING FOR THE NEXT SPACE RACE: Legislation and Policy Recommendations for Space Colonies,” A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF OPERATIONAL ARTS AND SCIENCES (April 2018). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1053024.pdf CT Why the United States AND anarchistic company town.
An extinction event is inevitable, unpredictable, and the risk is growing. Space settlement is the only solution and it requires a thriving private space industry including orbital installations, mining, and tourism. Hertzler and Rench 16 Kevin Hertzler and Rebecca McCauley Rench (PhD), “GLOBAL EXTINCTION or a Space-Industrial Complex,” Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (2016). https://www.potomacinstitute.org/steps/images/PDF/Articles/HertzlerSTEPS_2016Issue3.pdf CT Yet, the bigger existential AND global extinction event.
Space settlement outweighs every impact. Even slight delays result in an unfathomable loss of life. Bostrom 03 Nick Bostrom, “Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development,” Utilitas Vol. 15, No. 3 (2003): pp. 308-314. https://nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html#_edn8, CT II. THE OPPORTUNITY COST AND maxim “Minimize existential risk!”.
2/19/22
JF - DA - Space Col Good Asteroid Mining V
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Brophy CC | Judge: Mitra, Shampurna Asteroid mining is crucial for space colonization – it’ll provide the necessary financial incentives, materials, and tech to create space settlements. Sonter 06: Mark Sonter {2 years as a high school science teacher, 6 years as a University Physics lecturer in Papua New Guinea, postgraduate studies in medical physics, and 28 years in uranium mining radiation safety management, including 5 years as Corporate Safety Manager for a major mining corporation. Mark was a visiting scholar at U of Arizona in 1995, and during 1995-97 wrote a research thesis on the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Mining the Near-Earth Asteroids.andnbsp; He was granted funding andnbsp;by the Foundation for International Non-governmental Development of Space (FINDS) to develop concepts for mining the near-Earth asteroids., }, 6 - ("Asteroid Mining: Key to the Space Economy," Space, 2-9-2006, https://www.space.com/2032-asteroid-mining-key-space-economy.html)//marlborough-wr/ The Near Earth AND the 21st century.
AND the non-appropriation principle sets a bad precedent that scares away investors – no incentives, and would result in conflict. Thomas 05 Jonathan Thomas, “Privatization of Space Ventures: Proposing a Proven Regulatory Theory for Future Extraterrestral Appropriation,” 1 BYU Int'l L. and Mgmt. R. 191 (2005). https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/ilmr/vol1/iss1/7CT The current corpus AND in geostationary orbit.
Space Settlement is coming now and prevents inevitable extinction. Settlement requires private industry and rule of law. Gesl 18 Paul M. Gesl (Maj, USAF JD), “PREPARING FOR THE NEXT SPACE RACE: Legislation and Policy Recommendations for Space Colonies,” A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF OPERATIONAL ARTS AND SCIENCES (April 2018). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1053024.pdf CT Why the United AND anarchistic company town.
An extinction event is inevitable, unpredictable, and the risk is growing. Space settlement is the only solution and it requires a thriving private space industry including orbital installations, mining, and tourism. Hertzler and Rench 16 Kevin Hertzler and Rebecca McCauley Rench (PhD), “GLOBAL EXTINCTION or a Space-Industrial Complex,” Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (2016). https://www.potomacinstitute.org/steps/images/PDF/Articles/HertzlerSTEPS_2016Issue3.pdf CT Yet, the bigger AND global extinction event.
Space settlement outweighs every impact. Even slight delays result in an unfathomable loss of life. Bostrom 03 Nick Bostrom, “Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development,” Utilitas Vol. 15, No. 3 (2003): pp. 308-314. https://nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html#_edn8, CT II. THE OPPORTUNITY COST AND “Minimize existential risk!”.
2/5/22
JF - DA - Space Settlement Lunar Heritage V
Tournament: Berkeley RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Tate, Candis Larson, Sam Lunar exploration is key to space settlement – very feasible and necessary first step to further settlement. Lowman 08 Paul Lowman JR, “Why Go Back to the Moon?,” NASA, 01/14/2008. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/series/moon/why_go_back.html CT Returning to the AND in the 15th century.
Private companies are key to lunar exploration and space settlement. Also, turns the aff, without private companies space agencies can’t actually do the science the aff advantages are based on. Pearson 21 Ezzy Pearson, “How humanity will return to the Moon: The future of lunar exploration,” Science Focus, 06/12/2021. https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/future-of-moon-exploration/ CT For almost 40 years, AND it’s ever been.
Space Settlement is coming now and prevents inevitable extinction. Settlement requires private industry and rule of law. Gesl 18 Paul M. Gesl (Maj, USAF JD), “PREPARING FOR THE NEXT SPACE RACE: Legislation and Policy Recommendations for Space Colonies,” A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF OPERATIONAL ARTS AND SCIENCES (April 2018). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1053024.pdf CT Why the United States AND anarchistic company town.
2/18/22
JF - DA - Space Settlement SSP V
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Dosch, David SSP is key to space settlement. Best source of power for basing and deep space exploration.
Space Settlement is coming now and prevents inevitable extinction. Settlement requires private industry and rule of law. Gesl 18 Paul M. Gesl (Maj, USAF JD), “PREPARING FOR THE NEXT SPACE RACE: Legislation and Policy Recommendations for Space Colonies,” A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF OPERATIONAL ARTS AND SCIENCES (April 2018). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1053024.pdf CT Why the United AND anarchistic company town.
An extinction event is inevitable, unpredictable, and the risk is growing. Space settlement is the only solution and it requires a thriving private space industry including orbital installations, mining, and tourism. Hertzler and Rench 16 Kevin Hertzler and Rebecca McCauley Rench (PhD), “GLOBAL EXTINCTION or a Space-Industrial Complex,” Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (2016). https://www.potomacinstitute.org/steps/images/PDF/Articles/HertzlerSTEPS_2016Issue3.pdf CT Yet, the bigger existential AND existential global extinction event.
Space settlement outweighs every impact. Even slight delays result in an unfathomable loss of life. Bostrom 03 Nick Bostrom, “Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development,” Utilitas Vol. 15, No. 3 (2003): pp. 308-314. https://nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html#_edn8, CT II. THE OPPORTUNITY COST AND maxim “Minimize existential risk!”.
4/9/22
JF - DA - Starlink Agriculture
Tournament: Kandy King RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Chen, Victor Burdett, Nolan Starlink is key to rural broadband expansion Weinschenk 2/25 (Carl, IT and telecom journalist for Telecompetitor, Teleco Transformation, and IT Business Edge) “Report: Starlink Looks Very Promising for Rural Broadband,” Telecompetitor, 2/25/2021 JL SpaceX’s Starlink satellite AND about Startlink rural speeds.
Broadband enables precision agriculture transition ABI 19 (American Broadband Initiative, a leading force in driving changes across Federal Agencies to identify and remove barriers to broadband access and leverage public assets and resources to expand our Nation’s broadband infrastructure capacity.) “A Case for Rural Broadband,” The United States Department of Agriculture, 4/2019 BC HOW E-CONNECTIVITY WILL AND not been previously available.
Food insecurity causes state collapse, nuclear war, and terror – extinction DeFeo 17 (Michael, Regional Organizing Director at Arizona Democratic Party who graduated in 2019 with a bachelor’s degree in political science from Gettysburg College) “Food Insecurity and the Threat to Global Stability and Security in the 21st Century” Inquires Journal, 2017 BC Poor Institutional Capacity AND consumes starving countries.
Free internet is crucial to the promotion of democracy. Pirannejad 17: Ali Pirannejad {Department of Public Administration, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, }, 17 - ("Can the internet promote democracy? A cross-country study based on dynamic panel data models," Taylor andamp; Francis, 4-1-2017, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681102.2017.1289889?journalCode=titd20)//marlborough-wr/ In the age of AND research are presented.
Democracy Promotion is key to prevent great power war – we’re on the brink. Gat 11 (Azar- the Ezer Weizman Professor of National Security at Tel Aviv University, 2011, “The Changing Character of War,” in The Changing Character of War, ed. Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers, p. 30-32) Since 1945, the AND short while ago.
12/19/21
JF - DA - Xi Lashout
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish Despite resistance, the CCP regime is stable now – but challenges to legitimacy cause lashout Ball, MA in IR, 20 (Joshua, University of St. Andrews, https://globalsecurityreview.com/degree-chinas-internal-stability-depend-economic-growth/, April 10) BW For decades, Western AND pronounced economic downturn.
The plan erodes CCP legitimacy. Xi and CCP leadership have made the privatization of space their top priority for military and economic superiority. Marlborough reads yellow: Patel 21 (Neel, space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.) “China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US” MIT Technology Review, 1/21/2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance/ BC How did China AND and rockets alike.
Diversionary conflict – it escalates. Hassid, PhD, 19 (Jonathan, PoliSci@Berkeley, AssistProfPoliSci@IowaState, A Poor China Might Be More Dangerous Than a Rich China, in Foreign Policy Issues for America, ed. Richard Mansbach DPhil and James McCormick PhD, Routledge) China has a AND news for everyone.
Robust Chinese Space Industry key to Economic rejuvenation. Goswami 19 Namrata Goswami 2019 "What China Wants in Outer Space" https://www.thecairoreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/cr33-global-forum.pdf (Dr. Namrata Goswami is an independent scholar on space policy, great power politics, and ethnic conflicts. She was subject matter expert in international affairs with the Futures Laboratory, Alabama, U.S., and guest lecturer, India Today Class, Emory University. After earning her Ph.D. in international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, she worked as research fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She has been a visiting fellow at Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; and University of Heidelberg, Germany.)Elmer Beijing has made AND exploration and operations.
Diversionary conflict – it escalates. Hassid, PhD, 19 (Jonathan, PoliSci@Berkeley, AssistProfPoliSci@IowaState, A Poor China Might Be More Dangerous Than a Rich China, in Foreign Policy Issues for America, ed. Richard Mansbach DPhil and James McCormick PhD, Routledge) China has a AND news for everyone.
2/21/22
JF - NC - Lay Megaconstellations
Tournament: Berkeley RR | Round: Finals | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Billings, Linda Rummel, John Schwartz, James Weeden, Brian I Negate. We offer the following counterplan.
States ought to charge private companies orbital use fees for each satellite put into orbit. This alternative solves the problem better than a blanket ban. Use fees force companies to internalize the externalities they generate, which limits the overuse of space while also ensuring that society shares in the wealth generated by space enterprises. CIRES-NOAA Science Write Karin Vergoth writes in 2020: Karin Vergoth {CIRES-NOAA Science Writer}, 20 - ("Solving the space junk problem," CU Boulder Today, 5-26-2020, https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/05/26/solving-space-junk-problem)//marlborough-wr/ Space is getting crowded AND escalate,” Burgess said.
Contention 1: Cybersecurity
Cyberattacks are a growing threat to global infrastructure. Adversaries are increasingly able to disrupt communication, transportation, energy, and access to clean water without firing a shot. Megaconstellations function as critical infrastructure that increase resiliency and protect against cyberattacks. Institute for Defense Analysis researchers Matthew Hallex and Travis Cottom write in 2020: Hallex and Cottom 20 Matthew A. Hallex is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Travis S. Cottom is a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses. “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security.” 2020. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940 While potentially threatening AND would be readily available.31
Contention 2: Space-Based Solar Power
Megaconstellations solve warming. In the short term, they provide cheap, renewable, and flexible baseload power for on and off-world applications. Daniel Oberhaus writes in 2021 DANIEL OBERHAUS, “Space Solar Power: An Extraterrestrial Energy Resource For The U.S.,” Innovation Frontier Project, August 18, 2021. https://innovationfrontier.org/space-solar-power-an-extraterrestrial-energy-resource-for-the-u-s/ CT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND space exploration strategies.
Global warming is an imminent threat to human civilization. Failure to address it will result in catastrophic ecosystem loss, sea level rise, natural disasters, draught and famine, and even threatens human survival. The magnitude of the threat means that we need to pursue all viable technological and regulatory solutions, and SSP is one such technology. This proves that a blanket ban on megaconstellations throws out the baby with the bathwater, and instead we should use smart regulation that weighs the costs on a case by case basis.
Democracy helps to ensure effective governance that respects people’s human rights and makes the government responsive to their needs. It also makes countries less likely to go to war with each other. Authoritarians repress pro-democracy movements by shutting down or censoring the internet, tactics megaconstellations make impossible. This is a crucial moment to promote democracy, as authoritarianism is on the rise globally.
ON HIS AFFIRMATIVE ARGUMENTS:
First, as an overview, Megaconstellations don’t constitute appropriation since they are respect free use, are not stationary, are consistent with existing precedent for non-appropriation under the OST, and do not reflect the intent to appropriate. Christopher Johnson writes in 2020 Christopher D. Johnson, “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” Handbook of Small Satellites, 2020-09-13, p.1337-1358 CT 5.2 No, This Is Not Impermissible AND of global constellations.
The implication is that the affirmative does not uphold the resolution because megaconstellations are not an instance of private appropriation.
The interpretation of appropriation in their Takaya evidence is too broad, contrary to precedent, and would render all orbital use a violation of the OST.
Second, The affirmative overstates the problem of space debris. The risk of the Kessler Syndrome is very low and it should not be a reason to completely ban constellations. The counterplan is sufficient to reduce the risk. Mark Albrecht writes in 16, Chairman of the board of USSpace LLC and fmr. head of the National Space Council, “Congested space is a serious problem solved by hard work, not hysteria, 5/9/16, https://spacenews.com/op-ed-congested-space-is-a-serious-problem-solved-by-hard-work-not-hysteria/ There are over a AND Why do people worry?
Third, Asteroid collisions are not a reason to stop all private constellations ---the probability of one hitting earth is extremely slim and countries are developing prevention methods now Inigo Monzon writes in 2019, IBT Correspondent, 9-2-2019, "Scientist Reveals Truth About Earth’s Chances Of Surviving An Asteroid Impact", International Business Times, 9-2-2019, https://www.ibtimes.com/scientist-reveals-truth-about-earths-chances-surviving-asteroid-impact-2820951, hec) Dr. Lewiss Dartnell, a professor AND massive space boulder.
Additionally, space-based asteroid detection is already happening. NASA’s NEOWISE detector has been operating since 2009 and is better than ground-based options.
2/19/22
JF - NC - Util
Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: 4 | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Ribera, Claudia Dosch, David The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer it:
Extinction comes first – it’s the worst of all evils Baum and Barrett 18 - Seth D. Baum and Anthony M. Barrett, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. 2018. “Global Catastrophes: The Most Extreme Risks.” Risk in Extreme Environments: Preparing, Avoiding, Mitigating, and Managing, edited by Vicki Bier, Routledge, pp. 174–184. What Is GCR AND GCR reduction efforts.
2. Non util ethics are impossible Greene 07 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: https://www.gwern.net/docs/philosophy/ethics/2007-greene.pdf, pages 47-50) What turn-of-the-millennium AND philosophy in question.
3. That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So, I think AND of my defense.
*ROUND SPECIFIC STUFF*
4. On their Santos card - A Their historical examples aren't utilitarian - nazis, slave owners, etc. never claimed to be utilitarian and the philosophical timeline makes that clean ridiculous. The pain those affected went through would also severely outweigh B Impartiality solves - treats all people are equal which prevents genocidal exclusion logic - we obviously agree stuff like market colonialism is bad we just disagree with their method C doesn't apply to us - we read a climate change impact which disparetly affects the third world and a disad about agency tradeoffs which is completely divorced from quote unquote sacrificial logic - that specificity comes first because all their examples don't say util in the abstract is bad but that it's occasionally applied badly, we apply it well
1/14/22
JF - PIC - Asteroid Mining China V
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish The People’s Republic of China should ban the appropriation of outer space by private entities except for asteroid mining.
Asteroid mining can happen with private sector innovation and is key to solve a laundry list of impacts--climate change, economic decline and asteroid collisions. Taylor 19 Chris Taylor journalist, 19 - ("How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires," Mashable, 2019, accessed 12-13-2021, https://mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy)//ML How much, exactly? AND would probably kill you.)
Warming causes extinction. Bill McKibben 19, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; holds honorary degrees from 18 colleges and universities; Foreign Policy named him to their inaugural list of the world’s 100 most important global thinkers. "This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out." Rolling Stone. 4-9-2019. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/bill-mckibben-falter-climate-change-817310/ Oh, it could AND the warmest periods.”
Don’t write our impacts off as low probability – asteroid collision is complex and the existence of space keyholes exponentially increases the risk of collision. Vereš ’19 Peter Vereš ’19, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, “Chapter 6 Vision of Perfect Observation Capabilities”, 2019, Planetary Defense, Space and Society, https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/634091/mod_resource/content/1/Planetary20Defence.pdf Often, uncertain orbits AND and agencies (ESA, MPC).
1/28/22
JF - PIC - GEO
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Chao, Isaac The appropriation of geostationary orbit by private entries is just.
GEO is different than LEO because a.) it’s much further out from the earth b.) satellites in GEO continuously occupy the same location in space.
A system of private property rights in geostationary orbit is the most efficient means to solve debris while allowing for development because it creates strong incentives for prevention and cleanup. Government regulation inevitably fail – numerous warrants. Blodger 16 Ian Blodger (JD Candidate, 2016, University of Minnesota Law School),“Reclassifying Geostationary Earth Orbit as Private Property: Why Natural Law and Utilitarian Theories of Property Demand Privatization,” 17 MINN. J.L. SCI. and TECH. 409 (2016). https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol17/iss1/7?utm_source=scholarship.law.umn.edu2Fmjlst2Fvol172Fiss12F7andutm_medium=PDFandutm_campaign=PDFCoverPages CT C. ALLOCATING PRIVATE PROPERTY AND should be privatized.
2/6/22
JF - PIC - PTScientists
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Kuffour, Julian CP: Private entries ought to be able to appropriate lunar heritage sites as long as they follow NASA guidelines and their use does not disrupt the scientific utility of those sites. If private actor fiat is OK, then there’s no principled reason to reject the CP. SOLVES 100 of the aff since their advantages are about harmful uses of heritage sites, not appropriation as such. Vote neg on any risk of a DA to the plan. PTScientists’s lunar missions will follow NASA guidelines and work with For All Moonkind, to ensure their scientific missions do not damage Heritage Sites. Proves the CP is viable.
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan The Republic of India should ban the appropriation of outer space by private entities except for appropriation for space-based solar power. The Republic of India should cooperate with China to facilitate the appropriation of outer space by private entities for space-based solar power. Indian space solar power crucial to promoting cooperation with China. Saha and Filijovic 21 Rushali Saha and Marko Filijovic “HIGH SKY – LOW TENSION: CAN INDIA AND CHINA FIND COMMON INTEREST IN OUTER SPACE?” https://www.ips.ac.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Casopis-Politicka-revija-1-21.pdf#page=201 Both India and China AND suit common interests.
4/10/22
JF - PIC - US
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Dosch, David CP Text: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities should be banned by all states except for the United States of America. Chinese investments are catching up and the US needs private companies to maintain space dominance – Chinese space dominance risks extinction. Autry and Kwast 19: Greg Autry, Steve Kwast {Greg Autry is a clinical professor of space leadership, policy, and business at Arizona State University’s Thunderbird School of Global Management. He served on the 2016 NASA transition team and as the White House liaison at NASA in 2017. He is the chair of the Safety Working Group for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration’s Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee. Steve Kwast is a Lieutenant General and commander of Recruiting, Training, Educating and Development for the Air Force. He is an astronautical engineer and Harvard Fellow in Public Policy., }, 19 - ("America Is Losing the Second Space Race to China," Foreign Policy, 8-22-2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/22/america-is-losing-the-second-space-race-to-china/)//marlborough-wr/ The current U.S. AND and the world.
12/18/21
JF - PIC - US Asteroid Mining
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 3 | Opponent: Loyola IB | Judge: Towner, Asher CP Text: all states except for the United States of America ought to ban the appropriation of outer space for mining activities by private entities. Chinese investments are catching up and the US needs private companies to maintain space dominance – Chinese space heg risks extinction. Autry and Kwast 19: Greg Autry, Steve Kwast {Greg Autry is a clinical professor of space leadership, policy, and business at Arizona State University’s Thunderbird School of Global Management. He served on the 2016 NASA transition team and as the White House liaison at NASA in 2017. He is the chair of the Safety Working Group for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration’s Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee. Steve Kwast is a Lieutenant General and commander of Recruiting, Training, Educating and Development for the Air Force. He is an astronautical engineer and Harvard Fellow in Public Policy., }, 19 - ("America Is Losing the Second Space Race to China," Foreign Policy, 8-22-2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/22/america-is-losing-the-second-space-race-to-china/)//marlborough-wr/ The current U.S. AND and the world.
Private Sector asteroid mining is the major profit motive for further space exploration Martin Elvisis 7/21 a senior astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian. He is the author of Asteroids: How Love, Fear, and Greed Will Determine Our Future in Space (2021)., "Asteroid mining could pay for space exploration and adventure," Aeon, https://aeon.co/essays/asteroid-mining-could-pay-for-space-exploration-and-adventure Perhaps 10,000 asteroids AND a beyond-Earth society.
Primacy solves arms races and great power war – unipolarity is sustainable, and prevents power vacuums and global escalation Brands 18 (Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments) "American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump," Page 129-133 Since World War II, AND more competitive environment.
12/18/21
JF - PIC - US SSP V
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Dosch, David CP: The appropriation of outer space by private entities except for American private entities via space-based solar power is unjust.
Hegemony prevents extinction Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads) Events in Libya AND Pacific Century now unfolding.
4/9/22
JF - PIC - Ukraine Adv
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu The appropriation of outer space by private entities in Ukraine that sell parts for ballistic missiles to North Korea and/or that are invested in by the Chinese is unjust.
1/17/22
JF - T - All Appropriation
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Dosch, David Interpretation—the aff may not defend a subset of appropriation. Appropriation is a generic indefinite singular. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf *IS generic = Indefinite Singulars French, then, expresses AND room is¶ square?
Their plan violates. Rules readings are always generalized – specific instances are not consistent. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf In general, as, AND avoid hitting something.
That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptive Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a type of appropriation offers huge explosion in the topic since space is, quite literally, infinite. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps –reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation Hypothetical neg abuse doesn’t justify aff abuse, and theory checks cheaty CPs No RVIs—it’s their burden to be topical.
12/18/21
JF - T - All Private Entites
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Davidson, Ari Strong, Margaret Pandey, Indu Interpretation: private entities is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that the appropriation of outer space by a subset of private entities is unjust. Nebel 19 Jake Nebel Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. , 8-12-2019, "Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution," Briefly, https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/ SM Both distinctions are AND tend to mean.
It applies to private entities: • Upward entailment test – spec fails the upward entailment test because saying that one company’s appropriation is bad does not entail that all companies’ appropriation is bad • Adverb test – adding “usually” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning
Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a type of appropriation offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments, specific companies, and different sectors in the world. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps –reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation Hypothetical neg abuse doesn’t justify aff abuse, and theory checks cheaty CPs No RVIs—it’s their burden to be topical.
1/17/22
JF - T - Appropriation Asteroid Capture V
Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker RMu | Judge: Williams, Spencer Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Gorove 69: Stephen Gorove, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to AND amount to appropriation.
Violation: a. They’re not banning mining, they’re banning asteroid capture – no reason why AAC is appropriation. Their intentionality card doesn’t matter – I can intentionally use something, that doesn’t mean I own it. b. the non-Appropriation principle does not apply to resource extraction. International consensus and rejection of the Moon Treaty support the distinction between sovereign ownership and resource extraction Wrench 19 John, JD Candidate at Case Western, BA from Pace University “Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 51 Issue 1, https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2546andcontext=jil, 2019 RE An interpretation of AND is nothing new.
Vote neg – two impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves doing anything in space if it’s near appropriation expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
4/23/22
JF - T - Appropriation Asteroid Mining V
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Brophy CC | Judge: Mitra, Shampurna Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Gorove 69: Stephen Gorove, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to AND amount to appropriation.
Violation: the non-Appropriation principle does not apply to resource extraction. International consensus and rejection of the Moon Treaty support the distinction between sovereign ownership and resource extraction Wrench 19 John, JD Candidate at Case Western, BA from Pace University “Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 51 Issue 1, https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2546andcontext=jil, 2019 RE An interpretation of AND is nothing new.
Vote neg – two impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
2/5/22
JF - T - Appropriation SSP V
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Dosch, David Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Gorove 69: Stephen Gorove, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to the concept of appropriation the basic question is what constitutes "appropriation," as used in the Treaty, especially in contradistinction to casual or temporary use. The term "appropriation" is used most frequently to denote the taking of property for one's own or exclusive use with a sense of permanence. Under such interpretation the establishment of a permanent settlement or the carrying out of commercial activities by nationals of a country on a celestial body may constitute national appropriation if the activities take place under the supreme authority (sovereignty) of the state. Short of this, if the state wields no exclusive authority or jurisdiction in relation to the area in question, the answer would seem to be in the negative, unless, the nationals also use their individual appropriations as cover-ups for their state's activities.5 In this connection, it should be emphasized that the word "appropriation" indicates a taking which involves something more than just a casual use. Thus a temporary occupation of a landing site or other area, just like the temporary or nonexclusive use of property, would not constitute appropriation. By the same token, any use involving consumption or taking with intention of keeping for one's own exclusive use would amount to appropriation.
Space-based solar power is not appropriation since they respect free use, are consistent with existing precedent for non-appropriation, are not stationary, and do not reflect the intent to appropriate. Johnson 20 Christopher D. Johnson, “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” Handbook of Small Satellites, 2020-09-13, p.1337-1358 CT 5.2 No, This Is Not Impermissible AND of global constellations. Vote neg – two impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation.
No RVI’s – they encourage abuse which destroys fairness and a good theory will just dump on the RVI in the 2AR, which crowds out substantive education. This turns the topic education standard and a good theory block will deter frivolous violations. Reciprocity doesn’t make sense – they don’t get to win for following the rules
4/9/22
JF - T - Appropriation Space Debris V
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 6 | Opponent: OA Independent VD | Judge: Park, Joanne Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Gorove 69: Stephen Gorove, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to AND amount to appropriation.
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Cross-apply the paradigm issues from the first shell
12/19/21
JF - T - Appropriation Space Tourism V
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Gorove 69: Stephen Gorove, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to the AND amount to appropriation.
Violation: space tourism is not appropriation. Merely entering outer space is not appropriation – legal precedent proves. Freeland ND Stephen Freeland teaches commercial space law . “FLY ME TO THE MOON: HOW WILL INTERNATIONAL LAW COPE WITH COMMERCIAL SPACE TOURISM?” University of Melbourne. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1686276/Freeland.pdf. Accessed 1-13-2022 All of this discussion AND the legal position.
Vote neg – three impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. Space tourism doesn’t count as appropriation because you don’t stay there – you come back down to Earth. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source. 3. Predictability – no unifying core neg generics and the resolution is the only stasis point which ensures clash
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
1/23/22
JF - T - Appropriation Starlink V
Tournament: Kandy King RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Chen, Victor Burdett, Nolan Interpretation: Appropriation is permanently taking property for exclusive use. Gorove 69: Stephen Gorove, Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, 37 Fordham L. Rev. 349 (1969). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol37/iss3/2 With respect to AND amount to appropriation.
Violation: Megaconstellations are not appropriation. Johnson 20 Christopher D. Johnson, “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” Handbook of Small Satellites, 2020-09-13, p.1337-1358 CT 5.2 No, This Is AND operators of global constellations.
Vote neg – two impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
3/26/22
JF - T - Framework
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Westlake AK | Judge: Brown, Scott Smith, Nick Nelson, Arianna Interpretation: the affirmative must only defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution or a subset thereof – Appropriation includes making space unusable. Stephen Gorove, 69 - ("Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty" 1969, 12-10-2021 https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1966andcontext=flr)//AW With respect to AND amount to appropriation
Outer space begins at one hundred kilometers above sea level. Pershing 19 Abigail Pershing (J.D. Candidate @ Yale, B.A. UChicago). “Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty’s Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today.” Yale Journal of International Law 44, no. 1. 2019. JDN. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1697andcontext=yjil A. An Introduction to AND most widely recognized.12
Unjust is the opposite of right or in violation of somebody else’s rights. Black Laws No Date "What is Unjust?" https://thelawdictionary.org/unjust/Elmer Contrary to right AND furnished by the laws.
Vote negative – there is a distinction between debate as an institution and debate as a game, and while the affs intervention may or may not be effective on an institutional level, the ballot only signifies a win or loss within debate as a game
We are both in this round primarily to get a win - its why we all adhere to other rules of the game like speech times and prep time, even if breaking those norms might make the debate “better” – its why you would vote neg if they read a 10 hour long AC about why speech time constraints are bad
Not reading a topical aff creates incredible structural advantages for the aff – they get first and last speech and perms which means without a stable advocacy they get to morph their aff into whatever minimizes direct clash, and allows for a retreat to moral high ground
You don’t have to disagree with the aff to vote neg. But, the ballot is fundamentally tied to the structure of the game of debate, not the institution, which means that your ballot can only ascribe who did a better job playing the game that we agreed upon before the start of the tournament.
There’s two Impacts –
Clash – Non-T affs avoid meaningful objections by preventing effective prep. This is supercharged by the Aff not being disclosed open source. That link turns all their research and subjectivity arguments. We can’t deploy new research strategies or cultivate new dispositions to power structures if we can’t effectively evaluate the arguments. Clash is a pre-requisite to debate, because we use competitive argumentation to understand and internalize attitudes and knowledge. That’s what distinguishes debate from other forms of learning.
2. Iterative argumentative testing – for example, think about how the India aff transformed over the course of the Compulsory Voting topic. The first tournament was generic democracy and turnout arguments, but by the end of October debates centered around third level analysis of vote-banking and whether Modi’s nationalism was self-driven or a response to his voter base – the ability to subject controversial ideas to rigorous testing allows debaters to better engage in the research process, discern what arguments are most accurate, and learn how to refine our own beliefs to become more compelling advocates – not reading a plan allows a constant spew of new content that never reaches those high levels of contestation without the constraints of the topic – Even if this topic isn’t the perfect topic, the predictability of debates under it are worth potential substantive tradeoff. Limits produce a rigorous culture of justification instead of a culture of assertion or presumption. Without a bridge for subjecting beliefs to a rigorous test, we are left with might-makes-right. This link turns the Aff again, because our ability to develop critical subjectivities that can strategically challenge power structures necessitates this type of argument culture. Cheryl MISAK Philosophy @ Toronto ‘8 “A Culture of Justification: The Pragmatist's Epistemic Argument for Democracy” Episteme 5 (1) p. 100-104 The charge that AND they are enforceable. Frame procedural impacts through a lens of optimization – we don’t need to win that they make the game impossible, just relatively less effective. In the same way you would vote aff to reject a bad process CP even if there are theoretically solvency deficits based on certainty and immediacy – the fact that we still have some neg ground doesn’t mean that reading the cap k for the 87th time against a survival strategy aff is a good debate to have for anyone involved
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself
2. They get to read it on the neg – if their k of being topical is true then reading the aff as a K on the neg means they get auto-wins, we still access their education
3. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that only advocated for the ban of the appropriation of outer space by private entities or nationalized the space industry - this would allow a discussion of the aff in a forum that allows us to have nuanced responses – yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins they get become hollow anyway which takes out solvency – only with our TVA can we discuss how the topic interacts with capitalism
4. Truth testing is awful.
A) It turns an urgent public policy question into an esoteric question of philosophical labels, which kills real world decision-making skills – i.e. without a plan there is no counterplan or disad ground;
B) It turns negating into an endless quest for counterwarrants, which make the debate irresolvable because we don’t know how many counterwarrants justify a neg ballot, and kills clash because the discussion is about assessing the salience of extreme examples rather than engaging with a competing advocacies.
C) It kills precision by forcing both sides to defend sweeping generalizations that no responsible scholar would ever defend without qualification. Plans require more rigorous scholarship.
Don’t let them say that the resolution has no actor or verb. Their advocacy only needs to entail the resolution to be topical. Proving that a plan baring the private appropriation of outer space by private entities produces the most just world proves the resolution true. They get to choose which actor would best accomplish this objective because a plan with any actor might entail the resolution.
2/21/22
JF - T - Outer Space
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Albuquerque AK | Judge: Nelson, Arianna Interpretation: LEO ends before outer space begins according to science and the Karman line is not an objective way to measure the beginning of outer space. Sabine Stanley, 20 - ("Low Earth Orbit: Troposphere and Stratosphere," Great Courses Daily, 7-9-2020, 1-16-2022https:www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/low-earth-orbit-troposphere-and-stratosphere/)AW Even though low earth AND dominate the environment.
Vote neg – two impacts:
They massively expand topic limits by allowing an aff that takes place anywhere in Earth’s atmosphere. That means that affs about weather balloons, missiles, school rocket projects, or airspace owned by governments could all be potential affs. Don’t let them say that they only expand it by a few thousand kilometers- our atmosphere is where most testing and air activities happen. There are more launches within our atmosphere than outside of it, so they more than double the topic prep burden.
2. Topic literature- our evidence is from a scientific source meant to clarify specifically whether or not the LEO is space from a scientific basis. Prefer it to semantic. It’s better for education because it forces the debaters to look at the substance behind the topic .
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules, RVIs encourage abuse, and a good theory debater will just dump on the RVI in the 2AR which crowds out substance. T is higher than 1AR theory because it skews the round from the start
2/20/22
JF - T - Policy Action
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley SJ | Judge: Mitra, Shampurna Torrez, Andrew Larson, Sam Interp: The aff must defend policy action in a plan text in the 1AC. "Resolved:" the appropriation of outer space by private entities is "unjust" entails policy action: 1---Resolved. Parcher 1 Jeff; former debate coach at Georgetown; Feb 26, 2001; https://web.archive.org/web/20020929065555/http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html brett (1) Pardon me if AND be adopted or not.
2---Unjust. Black’s Law The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. No Date. https://thelawdictionary.org/unjust/ brett What is UNJUST? AND furnished by the laws.
Violation: There’s no plan, they defend the res as a general rule.
Prefer:
1---Ground---absent meeting precise words in the res, we lose all the pre-round prep we did around the resolution, killing neg ground.
2---Vagueness---debates inevitably involve the AFF defending something, but only our interp lets them to clearly define that from the start. Their model leads to late-breaking debates that destroy ground, for example we won’t know if asteroid mining or space exploration are offense until the 1AR, which skews neg prep.
3---Topic ed---specific policies lets us go deep into the topic, uniquely important given the evolving character of space law. outweighs bc we only have 2 month topics, and phil ed is solved by free textbooks.
CI bc reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention
DTD to deter future abuse
No RVIs: 1 illogical, you shouldn’t win for being topical, 2 good theory debaters will read abusive positions to bait theory and dump on an RVI, 3 trades off with substance since we can’t kick out of T
Neg theory first because AFF abuse made it impossible to engage so any neg abuse was to get back in the game.
2/7/22
JF - T - Restrict
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit RC | Judge: Chao, Isaac Interp: The affirmative must eliminate private claims of ownership in outer space and not merely restrict appropriation under particular conditions.
This is the distinction between the non-appropriation principle and regulations on the use of space. Easy test – if the aff allows the same piece of space to be appropriated for a different use case, or under different conditions, it’s not topical. Wrench 19 John G. Wrench, Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining, 51 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 437 (2019) https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol51/iss1/11 The non-appropriation doctrine AND existing property regimes. Prefer it:
Ground—To restrict private property rights in outer space they would have to create private property rights in space because there currently are none. All negative positions have to be based on private property rights being good so they can delink any disad. The most equitable division of ground is that the aff bans and the neg regulates
2. Shiftiness—The aff just defends restricting property rights in space so they become a moving target in the 1ar. If I say that they don’t solve because they don’t eliminate property rights, they will say that the restrictions are big and if I read a disad based on private property rights being good they will say that the restrictions will be tiny
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
2/6/22
JF - Theory - New Affs
Tournament: College Prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Dosch, David New, un-disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round I asked – screenshot in doc.
2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff
No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules
12/18/21
JF - Theory - Private Actor
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Kuffour, Julian Interpretation: The affirmative may not fiat the actions of private actors
Violation: Their plan is that private entities simply don’t appropriate, they do not advocate any legal changes to stop appropriation.
Prefer-
Object fiat – Private actor fiat allows the aff to fiat the object of the plan. They can wish away their harms by fiating that the agents causing them simply stop. This guts neg ground by robbing our ability to generate solvency deficits, CPs, or offense generated from the unanticipated consequences of the plan. 2. No logical decision maker – No actor could be faced with the choice of whether or not to do the plan, since it’s done by an indefinably large set of actors who share no institutional means for shared decision making. Destroys topic and real-world education by side stepping the relevant discussion of how organizations with the actual power to solve the issue ought to respond. Proven by the fact EVERY ONE of their “solvency advocate” cards are really suggesting that governments regulate lunar sites, not that private companies stop lunar activities. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
4/9/22
JF - Theory - Private Actor Fiat
Tournament: Debate LA Challenge | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Dosch, Danielle Paramo, Rodrigo Interpretation: Debaters may not fiat the acts of private actors or fiat changes in mindset. Violation: Reasons to prefer: Real world decision-making. Their Aff waives a magic wand to make every individual coordinate their action and every person just change their mind. That is wishing away a problem, not solving it. There is no neg against utopian fiat - they could fiat that everyone decides to no longer be racist.
1/13/22
JF - Theory - Private Actor Fiat V2
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Dosch, David Interpretation: Debaters may not fiat the acts of private actors or fiat changes in mindset. Violation: Reasons to prefer:
Real world decision-making. Their Aff waives a magic wand to make every individual coordinate their action and every person just change their mind. That is wishing away a problem, not solving it. 2. There is no neg against utopian fiat - they could fiat that everyone decides to no longer be racist. 3. Limits – there are thousands of companies and permutations of companies, which explodes the number of possible positions and forces a shift to cheaty CPs and theory debates
4/9/22
JF - Theory - Spec Mega Constellations V
Tournament: NDCA | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Pandey, Indu Conrad-Mogin, Madeleine Cortez, Ben Interpretation: The affirmative should specify in the AC the number of satellites allowed in low-Earth Orbit before a mega constellation constitutes exclusive and permanent use. Violation: Their Liang card is not talking about at what point mega constellations become exclusive and permanent use but just what distance between satellites is needed for basic functionality. Their other Takaya card doesn’t even say that mega constellations are appropriation but that the ITU should do science to determine what risk threshold is acceptable, except nobody has done that science yet so the aff definition gives no way to determine at what point mega constellations are appropriation. Vote aff for stable ground – they can infinitely shift the 1AR to defend more or less satellites depending on my NC to spike out of DAs and always perm do the CP or have a solvency deficit versus the CP. This is purposeful vagueness – Debate Drills read this Spec shell against themselves. At worst give us extreme leeway in our DA and CP links. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
4/10/22
NC - CP - China Co-Op
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish Text: People’s Republic of China (PRC) should commit to continuing research and development of the appropriation of outer space by private entities in the PRC. The PRC should give all information and developed products regarding the appropriation of outer space to the United States.
The CP solves the AFF – It stops China from deploying space weaponization which solves the whole advantage, BUT it solves the AFF better, even if they win a circumvention argument, because it means the US will always have their tech + its own.
It avoids the NB – the US getting their own tech + China’s tech means they can beat Russia
No perms – we mandate the appropriation of space – the plan bans the CP, so perms are mutually exclusive or sever
1/28/22
NC - T - All Private Entities
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ramireddy, Anish Interpretation: private entities is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that the appropriation of outer space by a subset of private entities is unjust. Nebel 19 Jake Nebel Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. , 8-12-2019, "Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution," Briefly, https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/ SM Both distinctions are AND resolutions tend to mean.
It applies to private entities:
Upward entailment test – spec fails the upward entailment test because saying that one company’s appropriation is bad does not entail that all companies’ appropriation is bad 2. Adverb test – adding “usually” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning
Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a type of appropriation offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments, specific companies, and different sectors in the world. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps –reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation Hypothetical neg abuse doesn’t justify aff abuse, and theory checks cheaty CPs No RVIs—it’s their burden to be topical.
1/28/22
ND - CP - US Aid to Egypt
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Strong, Margaret Counterplan: The United States should reverse its withholding of $130 million to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
11/22/21
ND - CP - US Only
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Ratnasabapathy, Tarun CP: The United States of America ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
11/21/21
ND - DA - Econ Egypt
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Strong, Margaret The Egyptian economy is steadily recovering now, but continued consumption key. Patrick Werr { Economics and finance journalist based in Egypt for 26 years, writing on the Egyptian economy for Reuters and for Abu Dhabi’s National newspaper.}, 21 - ("Egypt economy forecast to grow 5.1 in year to June, 5.5 in 2022/23," Reuters, 10-21-2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypt-economy-forecast-grow-51-year-june-55-202223-2021-10-21/)//marlborough-wr/ CAIRO, Oct 21 (Reuters) - Egypt's AND Naeem Brokerage said.
Strikes cause widespread economic harm - GM strikes prove. John McElroy, 2019, Strikes Hurt Everybody.Wards Auto Industry News, October 25, https://www.wardsauto.com/ideaxchange/strikes-hurt-everybody But strikes don’t AND fast as possible.
Economic downturns devastate people’s lives. EPI ’09 – Economic Policy Institute, “Economic Scarring: The long-term impacts of the recession,” Economic Policy Institute (Web). Briefing Paper #243. Sept. 30, 2009. Accessed Nov. 8, 2021. https://www.epi.org/publication/bp243/ AT Economic recessions are AND years to come.
Economic decline causes nuclear war – collapses faith in deterrence Tønnesson, 15—Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University (Stein, “Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace,” International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311, dml) Several recent works AND disputes and diplomacy.
11/22/21
ND - K - Postwork
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Thode, Micah The aff’s refusal to work is not a refusal of work – their endorsement of striking reinforces the belief that withholding labor puts people in a position of power. This reduces humans to labor capital, which causes work-dependency and inhibits alternatives. Hoffmann, 20 (Maja, "Resolving the ‘jobs-environment-dilemma’? The case for critiques of work in sustainability research. Taylor and Francis, 4-1-2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718)//usc-br/ The societal dependence on work AND in sustainability research.
Work necessitates material throughput and waste that destroys the environment, even when the jobs are ‘green’ Hoffmann, 20 (Maja, "Resolving the ‘jobs-environment-dilemma’? The case for critiques of work in sustainability research. Taylor and Francis, 4-1-2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718)//usc-br/ An ecological critique of work AND far beyond sustainable limits (Haberl et al. 2009).
Unions are intrinsically invested in labor being good – they don’t strike to get rid of work; they strike to get people back to work. Lundström 14: Lundström, Ragnar; Räthzel, Nora; Uzzell, David {Uzell is Professor (Emeritus) of Environmental Psychology at the University of Surrey with a BA Geography from the University of Liverpool, a PhD Psychology from the University of Surrey, and a MSc in Social Psychology from London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London. Lundstrom is Associate professor at Department of Sociology at Umea University. Rathzel is an Affiliated as professor emerita at Department of Sociology at Umea University.}, 14 - ("Disconnected spaces: introducing environmental perspectives into the trade union agenda top-down and bottom-up," Taylor and Francis, 12-11-2014, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2015.1041212?scroll=topandamp;needAccess=true)//marlborough-wr/ Even though there was AND the hand becomes elusive.
The alternative is rejecting the affirmative to embrace postwork – it questions the centrality of work and ontological attachments to productivity to enable emancipatory transformation of society to an ecologically sustainable form. Your ballot symbolizes an answer to the question of whether work can be used as the solution to social ills. The plan doesn’t “happen,” and you are conditioned to valorize work – vote neg to interrogate these ideological assumptions. Hoffmann, 20 (Maja, "Resolving the ‘jobs-environment-dilemma’? The case for critiques of work in sustainability research. Taylor and Francis, 4-1-2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718)//usc-br/ What is postwork? AND for the future.
11/20/21
ND - NC - Util
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Ratnasabapathy, Tarun The standard is consistency with utilitarianism
Use epistemic modesty – treat framework as impact defense. You have to be 100 certain that Pettit is right to entirely exclude neg impacts 2. Permissibility negates – the aff hasn’t proven an active obligation as indicated by ought. Presume neg – we default to statements being false which is why we don’t believe conspiracy theories. 3. No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen. 4. Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI, brackets in original Let us start AND matters of value.
5. Collapses to util: Moreover, maximizing utility is the only way to affirm equal and unconditional human dignity. Cummiskey ’90 - David Cummiskey. Associate Philosophy Professor at Bates College.Kantian Consequentialism. Ethics, Vol. 100, No. 3. 1990. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2381810. We must not AND some to save many.
6. Actor specificity – Util is the only moral system available to policymakers, which answers all their consequences fail arguments. Goodin 95 Robert E. Goodin 95 professor of government at the University of Essex, and professor of philosophy and social and political theory at Australian National University, “Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy”, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, May 1995, BE Consider, first, the AND fine-grained for that.
7. The assumption that there are self-evident truths is the basic error of Kantian metaethics. A pragmatic, intersubjective conception of truth is preferable. Habermas ’98 - Jurgen Habermas Former Chair of Philosophy and Sociology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Institute for Social Research, Permanent Visiting Professor at Northwestern University, "Theodor Heuss Professor" at The New School, New York., The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press (1998), p. 36-37 AT A sentence or proposition AND all future objections.
11/21/21
ND - T - All Governments
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood AG | Judge: Strong, Margaret Interpretation—the aff may not defend a subset of governments A is an generic indefinite singular. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf *IS generic = Indefinite Singulars French, then, expresses AND room is¶ square?
Rules readings are always generalized – specific instances are not consistent. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf In general, as AND avoid hitting something.
That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptive Violation—they specified the member nations of the EU. TVA solves – read as an advantage to whole rez Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a government offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments in the world. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps –reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation Hypothetical neg abuse doesn’t justify aff abuse, and theory checks cheaty CPs No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
11/22/21
ND - T - Strike
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: DTHS HV | Judge: Reeves, Peyton Hilligoss, Derek Kuffour, Julian Interpretation—a strike is a collective industrial action taken by laborers that entails stopping work done in exchange for a change in their working conditions. The right to strike must be a legal guarantee of a government Strikers are made up of a group of industrial workers advocating for material resolving disputes about working conditions—it can’t be individual. Malebye 14 Cynthia Dithato Malebye, Department of Mercantile Law, University of Pretoria, 2014, The Right to Strike in Respect of Employment Relationships and Collective Bargaining.” Dissertation. University of Pretoria, April 2014. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43163/Malebye_Right_2014.pdf?sequence=1 The employee in AND so does statutory protection.81
The right to strike must be a legal guarantee. Malebye 14 Cynthia Dithato Malebye, Department of Mercantile Law, University of Pretoria, 2014, The Right to Strike in Respect of Employment Relationships and Collective Bargaining, Dissertation, . University of Pretoria, April 2014. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43163/Malebye_Right_2014.pdf?sequence=1 Before the implementation AND to collective bargaining.
Vote neg:
Semantics outweigh: it’s the only stasis point we know before the round so it controls the internal link to engagement – there’s no way to use ground if debaters aren’t prepared to defend it 2. topic education—All of the literature on the topic is about industrial workers engaging in collective action for material changes to their pay or working conditions, not about the production of meaning. This means that none of the neg generics link such as econ disads, politics disads, PICs out of specific industries. None of their cards even say the word “strike” which proves that it is not a part of the topic a. Clash – it’s a pre-requisite to debate which is an intrinsic good since we are all here for the purpose of debating – yes this may seem tautological, but so is every impact – you should use your ballot to assert that since we all took our weekend and spent it here, that clash does have meaning b. Iterative argumentative testing – the ability to subject controversial ideas to rigorous testing allows debaters to better engage in the research process, discern what arguments are most accurate, and learn how to refine our own beliefs to become more compelling advocates – not reading a plan allows a constant spew of new content that never reaches those high levels of contestation without the constraints of the topic – Even if this topic isn’t the perfect topic, the predictability of debates under it are worth potential substantive tradeoff. Without a bridge for subjecting beliefs to a rigorous test, we are left with might-makes-right. Cheryl MISAK Philosophy @ Toronto ‘8 “A Culture of Justification: The Pragmatist's Epistemic Argument for Democracy” Episteme 5 (1) p. 100-104 The charge that AND they are enforceable.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation
Frame procedural impacts through a lens of optimization – we don’t need to win they make the game impossible, just relatively less effective. In the same way you would vote aff to reject a bad process CP even if there are theoretically solvency deficits based on certainty and immediacy – the fact that we still have some neg ground doesn’t mean that reading the cap k for the 87th time against a survival strategy aff is a good debate to have for anyone involved
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself 2. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that talks about that an expansion of the right to striking causes a reorganization of working relations - this would allow a discussion of the aff in a forum that allows us to have nuanced responses – yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins the gets become hollow anyway which takes out solvency
11/22/21
SO - CP - CRISPR Guidelines
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ribera, Claudia Loofbourrow, Wesley Counter plan text: The World Health Organization should harmonize its approach to CRISPR patents and the member nations of the World Trade Organization should follow these guidelines. Marlborough reading yellow. Their own card--Wachowicz 19 (Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) “The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, “ Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/ RR At present, countries AND concepts of morality.
The counterplan entails that the European Union would comply with the same patent rules as the rest of the WTO which solves the second advantage.
9/19/21
SO - CP - Compulsory Licensing
Tournament: Meadows | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake IC | Judge: Fagan, Donald Dosch, David Mizrahi, Lena CP: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to declare COVID a national emergency on the basis of public health and issue compulsory licenses for medicines for COVID-19. Member nations should offer regulatory and legal assistance to nations filing a compulsory license. Compulsory licensing solves access- empirics and past precedent Zhuang 2017 (Wei, PhD from the University of Geneva, is currently an associate in the Geneva Office of Van Bael and Bellis. She assists governments in WTO dispute settlement proceedings and advises companies and governments in trade remedy investigations. Prior to joining Van Bael and Bellis, Wei worked in the Legal Affairs Division of the WTO as part of a Secretariat Team on a trade remedy dispute from beginning to end. In addition, she assisted the WTO Secretariat Team in an IP-related dispute, including by contributing to the preliminary rulings. Wei has also gained practical experience as a legal consultant at the United Nations (2010 – 2011), as a legal intern at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2009) and as an associate judicial officer at the Commission for Discipline Inspection (Muchuan Branch) in China. Wei was also a Marie Curie Fellow with the DISSETTLE (Dispute Settlement in Trade: Training in Law and Economics) Programme; a Visiting Fellow at the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge, and a Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for IP and Competition Law. Interpreting Patent-Related Flexibilities in the TRIIPS Agreement for Facilitating Innovation and Transfer of ESTs, chapter 6 of Intellectual Property Rights and Climate Change Cambridge University Press Pg. 298-304)DR 21 *Note: EST= Environmentally Sound Technologies* Even though there AND with pharmaceutical companies.298
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Finals | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: He, Eric Hsu, Jonathan Larson, Sam Counterplan: The member states of the European Union ought to adopt Germany’s trade secret law. Adoption of Germany’s law solves the entirety of the aff – it increases whistleblower protections. Von Muellern ‘19 Eva Von Muellern, 8-20-2019, "Germany: New Trade Secrets Law Now in Effect ," SHRM, https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-germany-trade-secrets-act.aspxJH Germany's Trade Secrets AND to six months.
Solves for uniformity if all EU countries do the same thing.
10/31/21
SO - CP - HIF
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: HS SLC OW | Judge: Goel, Arya Counterplan text: the member nations of the World Trade Organization should implement and fund a Health Impact Fund as per the Hollis and Pogge 08 card The Health Impact Fund would guarantee patent rights and increase profits, while also equalizing the cost of medicines Hollis and Pogge ’08 - Aidan Hollis Associate Professor of Economics, the University of Calgary and Thomas Pogge Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs, Yale University, “The Health Impact Fund Making New Medicines Accessible for All,” Incentives for Global Health (2008) AT We propose the AND cross national borders.
9/18/21
SO - CP - Jordan Econ CP
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Fleming, Nick CP: The United States ought to provide development aid and technical assistance in the implementation of economic reforms to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. International support is needed to solve Jordan instability - Marlborough reads yellow AC Al-Shami et al 4/13 “Jordan’s Thorny Spring Spells Trouble for the Middle East” Farah Al-Shami, Research Fellow, Arab Reform Initiative (ARI), Tuqa Nusairat, Deputy Director, Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East - Atlantic Council, Paolo Maggiolini, Associate Researcher, Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI) and Lecturer in History of Islamic Asia, Catholic University of Milan, Bruce Riedel, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center for Middle East Policy, Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology, Director - The Intelligence Project, Brookings, April 13, 2021 https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/jordans-thorny-spring-spells-trouble-middle-east-30024 SM Jordan's image, painstakingly AND is deeply unpopular.”
Tournament: Presentation RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harker AR | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha Counterplan: High-income country governments, backed by the United States, should provide all necessary funding and technology to build manufacturing capacity for emergency use listing medicines during public health emergencies of international concern, fund research and development of those medicines, make advance purchase commitments of those medicines, and buy large number of doses of those medicines at a set price. Lindsay 6/11 - Brink Lindsay, Brookings, 6-11, 2021, Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/ Waiving patent protections AND direct government support. CP answers their Gostin card because it enables domestic manufacturing
10/11/21
SO - CP - MSF
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 6 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reform intellectual property protections for medicines using the mechanisms described by MSF ’17.
We allow secondary patents, but only under stricter patentability requirements, which solves innovation and high drug prices. MSF 17: MSF ’17 – Médecins Sans Frontières Doctors Without Borders - Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an international, independent, medical humanitarian organisation that delivers emergency aid to people affected by armed conflict, epidemics, healthcare exclusion and natural or man-made disasters., “A Fair Shot for Vaccine Affordability: Understanding and addressing the effects of patents on access to newer vaccines,” September, 2017. Accessed Aug. 12, 2021. https://msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/2018-06/VAC_report_A20Fair20Shot20for20Vaccine20Affordability_ENG_2017.pdf AT Countries can take AND for new vaccines.75
10/10/21
SO - CP - Non-Violent Protest
Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Croitoru, Jared CP Text: Embrace “combat breath” and refuse racism through peaceful rebellion and acts of protest.
The CP solves better. Violent acts of rebellion backfire particularly in racial protest scenarios. They strengthen the stereotypes of race in relation to violence and are easily crushed because they are such a minority. Tyler Cowen, 18 - ("Are peaceful or violent protests more effective?," Marginal REVOLUTION, 11-2-2018, 3-5-2020https:marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2018/11/peaceful-violent-protests-effective.html)AW Are peaceful or AND not to black voters.
2. They have no reason why specifically violent rebellion is needed. The net benefit is building strength in the image of black citizens. 3. Nonviolent protests are effective without rebuilding the worlds of racial inequality they help to destroy. 4. Nonviolent protest have become increasingly successful. Their evidence is outdated and understates effectiveness. We will insert these charts and quote from the article. Fisher 13 Max Fisher, 13 - ("Peaceful protest is much more effective than violence for toppling dictators," Washington Post, 11-5-2013, 3-5-2020https:www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/05/peaceful-protest-is-much-more-effective-than-violence-in-toppling-dictators/)AW Political scientist Erica AND (Erica Chenoweth/YouTube)
10/31/21
SO - CP - UHC
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Smith, Elijah Guerrero, Sim CP: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to implement a universal healthcare system. Implementing a UHC system gets medicine to the uninsured Goozner PhD 20 Merril Goozner (PhD and literally wrote the book on overpriced drugs, called “The 800$ pill), Winter 2020, "Insulin Should Be Free. Yes, Free.," Democracy Journal, https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/55/insulin-should-be-free-yes-free/ AW Later in the year AND of appropriate quality.”
Medicine needs to made free DIRECTLY – even after IP removal, likely new laws + industry subsidies to keep big pharma in power Goozner PhD 20 Merril Goozner (PhD and literally wrote the book on overpriced drugs, called “The 800$ pill), Winter 2020, "Insulin Should Be Free. Yes, Free.," Democracy Journal, https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/55/insulin-should-be-free-yes-free/ AW But flagrant violations AND are heavily Democratic.
9/17/21
SO - CP - Vax Equity
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Semis | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Smith, Collin He, Eric Manglik, Akshay Counterplan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to increase Covax support, prioritise trade facilitation, commit to aid for trade, and invest in preparedness. Gonzalez 21 Violeta Gonzalez Behar is head of partnerships, communications, and resource mobilization at the Enhanced Integrated Framework, a sustainable trade multilateral partnership at the World Trade Organization. In this capacity, she leads a global team in helping EIF build strategic partnerships, communicate results, and secure financing for operations in 51 developing economies. “Opinion: 4 ways to promote vaccine equity through trade”. 8-1-2021. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-4-ways-to-promote-vaccine-equity-through-trade-100457. Accessed 8-12-2021; MJen Vaccine inequity is AND pandemic inevitably hits.
A waiver for Covid takes too long-~--only the CP solves. Fabricius 6/25 Peter Fabricius institute for security services consultant, 6/20 - ("South Africa: Is Ramaphosa Tripping Over a TRIPS Waiver?," allAfrica, 6/25/2021, accessed 6-30-2021, https://allafrica.com/stories/202106260001.html)//ML His fervour is AND become more self-reliant.
And it competes off the net benefit: the perm wouldn’t solve because it would still link to the Innovation DA.
10/30/21
SO - DA - Dollar Dominance
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: HS SLC OW | Judge: Goel, Arya Dollar centrality high now Watts 6/21 Watts, William. “Why the U.S. Dollar Is Soaring - and What's next - AFTER Fed's Change in Tone.” MarketWatch, MarketWatch, 17 June 2021, www.marketwatch.com/story/soaring-u-s-dollar-sparks-forex-market-rethink-after-fed-shifts-tone-11623955943. Phoenix The U.S. dollar AND asset buying program.
IPR is key for U.S Dollar Centrality – it allows US firms near if not complete monopolies pushing dollars into international markets and stabilizing US financial influence Schwartz ‘19 Schwartz, Herman Mark (2019). American hegemony: intellectual property rights, dollar centrality, and infrastructural power. Review of International Political Economy, (), 1–30. doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1597754 Phoenix Mechanism one relates AND endogenous sources of decay.
Collapse of dollar centrality decks the US economy, prevents stimulus, and undermines security spending which emboldens China aggression. Zoffer 12 - Josh Zoffer (Legal Intern at the IMF, Yale Law), "Future of Dollar Hegemony", Harvard International Review, July 7, 2012. http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=2951 DM Despite the dollar’s AND of the Pacific.
Cannabis legislation costs Biden floortime and kills bipartisanship. Roberts '21 (Chris Roberts; Chris Roberts is an award-winning investigative reporter with bylines in VICE, The Daily Beast, The Guardian, The Verge, Curbed, Forbes, SF Weekly, and others; 2-7-2021; "On Marijuana Reform, Joe Biden Will Disappoint You"; https://whowhatwhy.org/opinion/on-marijuana-reform-joe-biden-will-disappoint-you/, WhoWhatWhy, accessed 9-6-2021; JPark) Democrats control the AND And it shows.
Infrastructure solves the grid – it’s vulnerable now and requires investment Gozdziewski 3/22 - Charles J. Gozdziewski is the American Council of Engineering Companies' (ACEC) Board Chair. He is also the Chairman Emeritus of Hardesty and Hanover in New York where he oversees transportation planning, construction inspection and support services for highways; all types of movable, fixed and railroad bridges; as well as special structures. 2021 (“Our nation's critical infrastructure is dangerously vulnerable”, available online at https://thehill.com/changing-america/opinion/544330-our-nations-critical-infrastructure-is-dangerously-vulnerable?amp, Changing America is a subsidiary of the Hill) The recent historic AND the weeks ahead.
Loss of critical infrastructure causes extinction Friedemann 16 (Alice Friedemann, transportation expert, founder of EnergySkeptic.com and author of “When Trucks Stop Running, Energy and the Future of Transportation,” worked at American Presidential Lines for 22 years, where she developed computer systems to coordinate the transit of cargo between ships, rail, trucks, and consumers, citing Dr. Peter Vincent Pry. Pry is executive director of the Task Force on National and Homeland Security, a Congressional advisory board dedicated to achieving protection of the United States from electromagnetic pulse and other threats. Dr. Pry is also the director of the United States Nuclear Strategy Forum, an advisory body to Congress on policies to counter weapons of mass destruction. Dr. Pry has served on the staffs of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from an EMP Attack, the House Armed Services Committee, as an intelligence officer with the CIA, and as a verification analyst at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. 1-24-16, accessed 1/1/19 “Electromagnetic pulse threat to infrastructure (U.S. House hearings)” http://energyskeptic.com/2016/the-scariest-u-s-house-session-ever-electromagnetic-pulse-and-the-fall-of-civilization/) Modern civilization cannot AND of social order.
10/16/21
SO - DA - Innovation
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Semis | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Smith, Collin He, Eric Manglik, Akshay The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other AND medicines to patients.
Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance. Marjanovic and Fejiao ‘20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). Quality Control As key actors AND under improved innova-tion conditions.
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ribera, Claudia Loofbourrow, Wesley The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other AND medicines to patients.
CRISPR’s development cost is especially high. Irvine 19 Alison Irvine science writer, 19 - ("Paying for CRISPR Cures: The Economics of Genetic Therapies," Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), 12-16-2019, accessed 9-4-2021, https://innovativegenomics.org/blog/paying-for-crispr-cures/)//ML Developing a gene AND over a lifetime.
Reducing patents sets a precedent that spills over to all future diseases – Hopkins 21: Jared S. Hopkins {Jared S. Hopkins is a New York-based reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering the pharmaceutical industry, including companies such as Pfizer Inc. and Merck and Co. He previously was a health-care reporter at Bloomberg News and an investigative reporter at the Chicago Tribune. Jared started his career at The Times-News in Twin Falls, Idaho covering politics. In 2014, he was a finalist for the Livingston Award For Young Journalists for an investigation into charities founded by professional athletes. In 2011, he was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Investigative Reporting for a series about neglect at a residential facility for disabled kids. Jared graduated from the Merrill College of Journalism at the University of Maryland-College Park with a bachelor's degree in journalism}, 21 - ("U.S. Support for Patent Waiver Unlikely to Cost Covid-19 Vaccine Makers in Short Term ," WSJ, 5-7-2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-support-for-patent-waiver-unlikely-to-cost-covid-19-vaccine-makers-in-short-term-11620414260)//marlborough-wr/ The Biden administration’s AND is largely symbolic.”
COVID has kept patents and innovation strong, but continued protection is key to innovation by incentivizing biomedical research – it’s also crucial to preventing counterfeit medicines, economic collapse, and fatal diseases, which independently turns case. Macdole and Ezell 4-29: Jaci Mcdole and Stephen Ezell {Jaci McDole is a senior policy analyst covering intellectual property (IP) and innovation policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). She focuses on IP and its correlations to global innovation and trade. McDole holds a double BA in Music Business and Radio-Television with a minor in Marketing, an MS in Education, and a JD with a specialization in intellectual property (Southern Illinois University Carbondale). McDole comes to ITIF from the Institute for Intellectual Property Research, an organization she co-founded to study and further robust global IP policies. Stephen Ezell is vice president, global innovation policy, at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). He comes to ITIF from Peer Insight, an innovation research and consulting firm he cofounded in 2003 to study the practice of innovation in service industries. At Peer Insight, Ezell led the Global Service Innovation Consortium, published multiple research papers on service innovation, and researched national service innovation policies being implemented by governments worldwide. Prior to forming Peer Insight, Ezell worked in the New Service Development group at the NASDAQ Stock Market, where he spearheaded the creation of the NASDAQ Market Intelligence Desk and the NASDAQ Corporate Services Network, services for NASDAQ-listed corporations. Previously, Ezell cofounded two successful innovation ventures, the high-tech services firm Brivo Systems and Lynx Capital, a boutique investment bank. Ezell holds a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, with an honors certificate from Georgetown’s Landegger International Business Diplomacy program.}, 21 - ("Ten Ways Ip Has Enabled Innovations That Have Helped Sustain The World Through The Pandemic," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-29-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2021/04/29/ten-ways-ip-has-enabled-innovations-have-helped-sustain-world-through)//marlborough-wr/ To better understand AND the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance. Marjanovic and Fejiao ‘20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). Quality Control As key actors in the AND under improved innova-tion conditions.
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Fleming, Nick COVID has kept patents and innovation strong, but continued protection is key to innovation by incentivizing biomedical research – it’s also crucial to preventing counterfeit medicines, economic collapse, and fatal diseases, which independently turns case. Macdole and Ezell 4-29: Jaci Mcdole and Stephen Ezell {Jaci McDole is a senior policy analyst covering intellectual property (IP) and innovation policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). She focuses on IP and its correlations to global innovation and trade. McDole holds a double BA in Music Business and Radio-Television with a minor in Marketing, an MS in Education, and a JD with a specialization in intellectual property (Southern Illinois University Carbondale). McDole comes to ITIF from the Institute for Intellectual Property Research, an organization she co-founded to study and further robust global IP policies. Stephen Ezell is vice president, global innovation policy, at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). He comes to ITIF from Peer Insight, an innovation research and consulting firm he cofounded in 2003 to study the practice of innovation in service industries. At Peer Insight, Ezell led the Global Service Innovation Consortium, published multiple research papers on service innovation, and researched national service innovation policies being implemented by governments worldwide. Prior to forming Peer Insight, Ezell worked in the New Service Development group at the NASDAQ Stock Market, where he spearheaded the creation of the NASDAQ Market Intelligence Desk and the NASDAQ Corporate Services Network, services for NASDAQ-listed corporations. Previously, Ezell cofounded two successful innovation ventures, the high-tech services firm Brivo Systems and Lynx Capital, a boutique investment bank. Ezell holds a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, with an honors certificate from Georgetown’s Landegger International Business Diplomacy program.}, 21 - ("Ten Ways Ip Has Enabled Innovations That Have Helped Sustain The World Through The Pandemic," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-29-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2021/04/29/ten-ways-ip-has-enabled-innovations-have-helped-sustain-world-through)//marlborough-wr/ To better understand AND the COVID-19 pandemic.
Data exclusivity is uniquely key to innovation. Lybecker ‘14 Kristina Lybecker {Dr. Kristina M. Lybecker is an Associate Professor of Economics at Colorado College in Colorado Springs, where she is also the Associate Chair of the Department of Economics and Business and the Gerald L. Schlessman Professor of Economics. Dr. Lybecker earned a B.A. in Economics and Latin American Studies from Macalester College and received her Ph.D. in Economics in 2000 from the University of California, Berkeley. Her Dissertation was on “Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals: Product Piracy and the Transition to Stronger Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries.”}, 14 - ("When Patents Aren’t Enough: The Case for Data Exclusivity for Biologic Medicines," IPWatchdog, 7-9-2014, https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/07/09/patents-arent-enough-data-exclusivity-for-biologic-medicines/id=50318/)//marlborough-wr/ Biologic medicines are AND must protect them.
Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance. Marjanovic and Fejiao ‘20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). Quality Control As key actors in the AND improved innova-tion conditions.
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 6 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other AND medicines to patients.
Secondary patents in particular are key to generating new treatments to medicines based on existing medicines. Evergreening does not stop production of generic versions of the orginial formulation Christopher M. Holman, senior scholar C-IP2 18 - ("Why Follow-On Pharmaceutical Innovations Should Be Eligible For Patent Protection," Intellectual Property Watch, 9-21-2018, accessed 9-18-2021, https://www.ip-watch.org/2018/09/21/follow-pharmaceutical-innovations-eligible-patent-protection/)//ML Why Protect Follow-On AND patent system itself.¶
10/10/21
SO - DA - Innovation General
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: HS SLC OW | Judge: Goel, Arya The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other AND medicines to patients.
Reducing patents sets a precedent that spills over to all future diseases – Hopkins 21: Jared S. Hopkins {Jared S. Hopkins is a New York-based reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering the pharmaceutical industry, including companies such as Pfizer Inc. and Merck and Co. He previously was a health-care reporter at Bloomberg News and an investigative reporter at the Chicago Tribune. Jared started his career at The Times-News in Twin Falls, Idaho covering politics. In 2014, he was a finalist for the Livingston Award For Young Journalists for an investigation into charities founded by professional athletes. In 2011, he was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Investigative Reporting for a series about neglect at a residential facility for disabled kids. Jared graduated from the Merrill College of Journalism at the University of Maryland-College Park with a bachelor's degree in journalism}, 21 - ("U.S. Support for Patent Waiver Unlikely to Cost Covid-19 Vaccine Makers in Short Term ," WSJ, 5-7-2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-support-for-patent-waiver-unlikely-to-cost-covid-19-vaccine-makers-in-short-term-11620414260)//marlborough-wr/ The Biden administration’s AND is largely symbolic.”
COVID has kept patents and innovation strong, but continued protection is key to innovation by incentivizing biomedical research – it’s also crucial to preventing counterfeit medicines, economic collapse, and fatal diseases, which independently turns case. Macdole and Ezell 4-29: Jaci Mcdole and Stephen Ezell {Jaci McDole is a senior policy analyst covering intellectual property (IP) and innovation policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). She focuses on IP and its correlations to global innovation and trade. McDole holds a double BA in Music Business and Radio-Television with a minor in Marketing, an MS in Education, and a JD with a specialization in intellectual property (Southern Illinois University Carbondale). McDole comes to ITIF from the Institute for Intellectual Property Research, an organization she co-founded to study and further robust global IP policies. Stephen Ezell is vice president, global innovation policy, at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). He comes to ITIF from Peer Insight, an innovation research and consulting firm he cofounded in 2003 to study the practice of innovation in service industries. At Peer Insight, Ezell led the Global Service Innovation Consortium, published multiple research papers on service innovation, and researched national service innovation policies being implemented by governments worldwide. Prior to forming Peer Insight, Ezell worked in the New Service Development group at the NASDAQ Stock Market, where he spearheaded the creation of the NASDAQ Market Intelligence Desk and the NASDAQ Corporate Services Network, services for NASDAQ-listed corporations. Previously, Ezell cofounded two successful innovation ventures, the high-tech services firm Brivo Systems and Lynx Capital, a boutique investment bank. Ezell holds a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, with an honors certificate from Georgetown’s Landegger International Business Diplomacy program.}, 21 - ("Ten Ways Ip Has Enabled Innovations That Have Helped Sustain The World Through The Pandemic," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-29-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2021/04/29/ten-ways-ip-has-enabled-innovations-have-helped-sustain-world-through)//marlborough-wr/ To better understand AND the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance. Marjanovic and Fejiao ‘20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). Quality Control As key actors in the AND under improved innova-tion conditions.
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington AT | Judge: Quisenberry, Jack The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other AND medicines to patients.
COVID has kept patents and innovation strong, but continued protection is key to innovation by incentivizing biomedical research – it’s also crucial to preventing counterfeit medicines, economic collapse, and fatal diseases, which independently turns case. Macdole and Ezell 4-29: Jaci Mcdole and Stephen Ezell {Jaci McDole is a senior policy analyst covering intellectual property (IP) and innovation policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). She focuses on IP and its correlations to global innovation and trade. McDole holds a double BA in Music Business and Radio-Television with a minor in Marketing, an MS in Education, and a JD with a specialization in intellectual property (Southern Illinois University Carbondale). McDole comes to ITIF from the Institute for Intellectual Property Research, an organization she co-founded to study and further robust global IP policies. Stephen Ezell is vice president, global innovation policy, at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). He comes to ITIF from Peer Insight, an innovation research and consulting firm he cofounded in 2003 to study the practice of innovation in service industries. At Peer Insight, Ezell led the Global Service Innovation Consortium, published multiple research papers on service innovation, and researched national service innovation policies being implemented by governments worldwide. Prior to forming Peer Insight, Ezell worked in the New Service Development group at the NASDAQ Stock Market, where he spearheaded the creation of the NASDAQ Market Intelligence Desk and the NASDAQ Corporate Services Network, services for NASDAQ-listed corporations. Previously, Ezell cofounded two successful innovation ventures, the high-tech services firm Brivo Systems and Lynx Capital, a boutique investment bank. Ezell holds a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, with an honors certificate from Georgetown’s Landegger International Business Diplomacy program.}, 21 - ("Ten Ways Ip Has Enabled Innovations That Have Helped Sustain The World Through The Pandemic," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-29-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2021/04/29/ten-ways-ip-has-enabled-innovations-have-helped-sustain-world-through)//marlborough-wr/ To better understand AND the COVID-19 pandemic.
Trade secrets key to innovation Junge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, “THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS”, MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2839693, accessed 9-15-21, Marlborough-WR) Trade secrets embody AND and manufacture processes.
Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance. Marjanovic and Fejiao ‘20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). Quality Control As key actors in AND improved innova-tion conditions.
NOTE: I skipped Marjanovic and Fejiao in this debate, which is why it isn't in the open source for this round, but you can check out the other open sourced docs w/ Innovation DA for that card
9/19/21
SO - DA - Trade
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Smith, Elijah Guerrero, Sim The WTO is dying, but the IPR waiver saves it. Stangler 9/10 - Cole Stangler, 9-10, 11, Jacobin, Joe Biden Is Still Fighting a Vaccine Waiver for the Rest of the World, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/09/joe-biden-vaccine-waiver-global-ip-world-trade In May, the AND will it be?”
Trade causes food insecurity, environmental destruction, racist and sexist violence, poverty, exploitation, and destroys investment in public wellbeing. Business hoards the gains. Paul and Gebrial ’21 - The Ecologist, August 25, 2021, Harpreet Kaur Paul and Dalia Gebrial are the curators and editors of Perspectives on a Global Green New Deal, where this article first appeared. https://theecologist.org/2021/aug/25/agribusiness-devastates-our-environment The global food AND the global economy.
Turns case - Free trade leads to massive spread of infectious disease ASU 15 (Arizona State University, cites a new study by Charles Perrings, an ASU professor of environmental economics, “Infectious disease spread is fueled by international trade” December 22 2015, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151222163415.htm) International trade and AND impose on consumers."
9/17/21
SO - FW - Util vs Kant
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JX | Judge: Rereddy, Ishan The standard is consistency with utilitarianism 1 Preventing extinction is the most ethical outcome Bostrom 13 (Nick, Professor at Oxford University, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director, Future of Humanity Institute, Director, Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority”, Global Policy Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2013 AKONG) Some other ethical AND entire human population.
2 Actor specificity – Util is the only moral system available to policymakers. Goodin 95 Robert E. Goodin 95 professor of government at the University of Essex, and professor of philosophy and social and political theory at Australian National University, “Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy”, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, May 1995, BE Consider, first, the AND fine-grained for that.
A No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.
3 Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI, brackets in original Let us start by AND in matters of value. 4 No act-omission distinction – A Psychology – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission. B Actor specificity – governments are culpable for omissions because their purpose is to protect the constituency – otherwise they would have no obligation to make murder illegal. Only util can escape culpability in the instance of tradeoffs – i.e. it resolves the trolley problem because a deontological theory would hold you responsible for killing regardless. Actor spec o/w – different agents have different ethical standings that affect their obligations and considerations.
5 Every study of credible social theories concludes consequentialism is good---Scientific studies of biology, evolution, and psychology prove that deontological proclivities are only illogical layovers from evolution Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) What turn-of-the-millennium AND philosophy in question.
9/18/21
SO - K - Neolib
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Smith, Elijah Guerrero, Sim The Aff’s portrayal of a world with reduced IP protections as an “information commons” where health inequality is solved by deregulation perpetuates the neoliberal myth of increased competition ensuring a perfect market Kapczynski 14 (Amy, a Professor of Law at Yale Law School, Faculty Co-Director of the Global Health Justice Partnership, and Faculty Co-Director of the Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency. She is also Faculty Co-Director of the Law and Political Economy Project and cofounder of the Law and Political Economy blog. Her areas of research include information policy, intellectual property law, international law, and global health.) “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY’S LEVIATHAN” Duke Law, Law and Contemporary problems, 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4710andcontext=lcp BC Over the last decade AND public international law.
Attempts to reform the WTO are neoliberal attempts to sustain the US regime of accumulation – the contradictions of neoliberalism are why credibility is low, not IP protection Bachand 20 (Remi, Professor of International Law, Département des sciences juridiques, member of the Centre d’études sur le droit international et la mondialisation (CÉDIM), Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada) “What’s Behind the WTO Crisis? A Marxist Analysis” The European Journal of International Law, 8/12/2020. https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-abstract/31/3/857/5920920?redirectedFrom=fulltext BC To offer our own AND model to neoliberalism
Neoliberalism rips apart communal bonds to maintain the illusion that structural inequalities are individual problems – the impact is systemic victim-blaming, poverty, and violence. Smith 12 (Candace, author for Societpages, cites Bruno Amable, Associate Professor of Economics at Paris School of Economics) “Neoliberalism and Individualism: Ego Leads to Interpersonal Violence?” Sociology Lens is the associated site for Sociology Compass, Wiley-Blackwell’s review journal on all fields sociological AT There appears to AND into individual problems.
The alt is to reject the aff in favor of a critique that cultivates educated hope - evaluate the aff and alt on the level of ideological commitments – these policies won’t happen which takes out consequentialism good offense – BUT until we unlearn the assumption that getting government out of the way will let markets flourish and solve all our problems, we'll never be able to engage in robust, communitarian policymaking that truly centers human need and our obligations to others. Wilson 17: Julie A. Wilson {Julie A. Wilson is Associate Professor, Allegheny College, Department of Communication Arts and Theatre. She has a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in Critical Media Studies and a M.A. in Comparative Studies in Discourse and Society. Her B.A. came from Macalester College, where she graduated Summa Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa}, 17 - ("Neoliberalism (Key Ideas in Media andamp; Cultural Studies): 9781138654631: Media Studies Books @ Amazon.com," Routledge, 7-19-2017, https://books.google.com/books?id=5pouDwAAQBAJandpg=PT29andlpg=PT29anddq=22unlearn+neoliberalism22andsource=blandots=vIhe_sQ1Wkandsig=ACfU3U0i7yO8ittjco_PDzZGO7rxU89CYAandhl=enandsa=Xandved=2ahUKEwiN4631n_ryAhUdCTQIHWLNAzcQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepageandqandf=false)//marlborough-wr/ New Stories for AND living in competition.
9/17/21
SO - K - Neolib V2
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Finals | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: He, Eric Hsu, Jonathan Larson, Sam The Aff’s portrayal of a world with reduced IP protections as an “information commons” where pandemics are solved by deregulation appears anti-neoliberal but actually perpetuates the neoliberal myth of increased competition ensuring a perfect market Kapczynski 14 (Amy, a Professor of Law at Yale Law School, Faculty Co-Director of the Global Health Justice Partnership, and Faculty Co-Director of the Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency. She is also Faculty Co-Director of the Law and Political Economy Project and cofounder of the Law and Political Economy blog. Her areas of research include information policy, intellectual property law, international law, and global health.) “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY’S LEVIATHAN” Duke Law, Law and Contemporary problems, 2014. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4710andcontext=lcp BC Over the last decade AND public international law.
The tag to their Abazi 16 card proves this – it literally says that “whistleblowing protections are key to preserving market dynamics”
Neoliberalism makes ethics impossible, causes perpetual crisis, mass structural violence and environmental destruction. Werlhof 15 – Claudia, Professor of Political Science/Women's Studies, University Innsbruck (Austria), 2015 (“Neoliberal Globalization: Is There an Alternative to Plundering the Earth?” Global Research, May 25th, Available Online at http://www.globalresearch.ca/neoliberal-globalization-is-there-an-alternative-to-plundering-the-earth/24403) At the center AND the new militarism.
The alt is to reject the aff in favor of a critique that cultivates educated hope - evaluate the aff and alt on the level of ideological commitments – these policies won’t happen which takes out consequentialism good offense – BUT until we unlearn the assumption that getting government out of the way will let markets flourish and solve all our problems, we'll never be able to engage in robust, communitarian policymaking that truly centers human need and our obligations to others. Wilson 17: Julie A. Wilson {Julie A. Wilson is Associate Professor, Allegheny College, Department of Communication Arts and Theatre. She has a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in Critical Media Studies and a M.A. in Comparative Studies in Discourse and Society. Her B.A. came from Macalester College, where she graduated Summa Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa}, 17 - ("Neoliberalism (Key Ideas in Media andamp; Cultural Studies): 9781138654631: Media Studies Books @ Amazon.com," Routledge, 7-19-2017, https://books.google.com/books?id=5pouDwAAQBAJandpg=PT29andlpg=PT29anddq=22unlearn+neoliberalism22andsource=blandots=vIhe_sQ1Wkandsig=ACfU3U0i7yO8ittjco_PDzZGO7rxU89CYAandhl=enandsa=Xandved=2ahUKEwiN4631n_ryAhUdCTQIHWLNAzcQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepageandqandf=false)//marlborough-wr/ New Stories for AND living in competition.
10/31/21
SO - PIC - COVID
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: He, Eric CP: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to waive intellectual property protections for Covid-19 related medicines.
10/18/21
SO - PIC - Race War
Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Croitoru, Jared We advocate doing the entirety of the aff except for the use of the phrase and the analysis of a “race war”
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll SD | Judge: Hilligoss, Derek Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization except the United States ought to delay patent enforcement for cannabis.
10/16/21
SO - T - Agent IP
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Finals | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: He, Eric Hsu, Jonathan Larson, Sam Interpretation: The affirmative must reduce intellectual property protections for medicines as defined by the agent of their plan. According to Europe, Intellectual property include things like patents. Piotraut ‘04 Jean-Luc Piotraut, 2004, “European National IP Laws under the EU Umbrella: From National to European Community IP Law,” Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, Volume 2, Issue I, Article 4 https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121andcontext=lucilr In Europe, intellectual AND was quickly considered.
Prefer the EU’s definition. The aff is specifically using the EU as their solvency mechanism.
Prefer our interpretation and vote neg – two impacts
Limits – they get multiple types of IP and medicines and countries – they don’t need affs that are IP-adjacent, especially when they chose the actor. Unlimited topics incentivize obscure affs that negs won’t have prep on – limits are key to reciprocal prep burden – potential abuse doesn’t justify foregoing the topic and 1AR theory and functional limits checks PICs 2. Predictability — if the aff doesn’t have to defend reductions in IP protections, it’s impossible for the neg to prep, crushing fairness 3. Topic Education – They chose the agent, so hold them to the agent’s legal standards – the only way for the neg to engage the topic lit most authentically is by using the legal definitions of their agent.
Paradigm issues:
Drop the debater – their abusive advocacy skewed the debate from the start 2. Comes before 1AR theory – NC abuse is responsive to them not being topical 3. Competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation 4. No RVIs – fairness and education are a priori burdens – and encourages baiting – outweighs because if T is frivolous, they can beat it quickly 5. Fairness is a voter ¬– necessary to determine the better debater 6. Education is a voter – why schools fund debate
10/31/21
SO - T - Framework
Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Croitoru, Jared Interpretation: the affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution or a subset thereof – The World Trade Organization is an international body that oversees global trade. Tarver 6/15 Evan Tarver bachelor's in finance and economics from San Diego State University-California, 21 - ("How Best to Define the World Trade Organization (WTO)," Investopedia, 6-15-2021, accessed 7-5-2021, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wto.asp)//ML Created in 1995, AND countries and governments.1
Intellectual property includes patents, trademarks, copyrights and patents Yang 19 James Yang (patent attorney). “Four types of intellectual property to protect your idea and how to use them.” OC Patent Lawyer. 2019. JDN. https://ocpatentlawyer.com/four-types-intellectual-property-protect-idea/¶ To protect your AND
Vote negative – there is a distinction between debate as an institution and debate as a game, and while the affs intervention may or may not be effective on an institutional level, the ballot only signifies a win or loss within debate as a game We are both in this round primarily to get a win - its why we all adhere to other rules of the game like speech times and prep time, even if breaking those norms might make the debate “better” – its why you would vote neg if they read a 10 hour long AC about why speech time constraints are bad Not reading a topical aff creates incredible structural advantages for the aff – they get first and last speech and perms which means without a stable advocacy they get to morph their aff into whatever minimizes direct clash, and allows for a retreat to moral high ground You don’t have to disagree with the aff to vote neg. But, the ballot is fundamentally tied to the structure of the game of debate, not the institution, which means that your ballot can only ascribe who did a better job playing the game that we agreed upon before the start of the tournament.
There’s two Impacts –
Clash – Non-T affs avoid meaningful objections by preventing effective prep. This is supercharged by the Aff not being disclosed open source. That link turns all their research and subjectivity arguments. We can’t deploy new research strategies or cultivate new dispositions to power structures if we can’t effectively evaluate the arguments. Clash is a pre-requisite to debate, because we use competitive argumentation to understand and internalize attitudes and knowledge. That’s what distinguishes debate from other forms of learning. 2. Iterative argumentative testing – for example, think about how the India aff transformed over the course of the September topic. The first tournament was generic democracy and turnout arguments, but by the end of October debates centered around third level analysis of vote-banking and whether Modi’s nationalism was self-driven or a response to his voter base – the ability to subject controversial ideas to rigorous testing allows debaters to better engage in the research process, discern what arguments are most accurate, and learn how to refine our own beliefs to become more compelling advocates – not reading a plan allows a constant spew of new content that never reaches those high levels of contestation without the constraints of the topic – Even if this topic isn’t the perfect topic, the predictability of debates under it are worth potential substantive tradeoff. Limits produce a rigorous culture of justification instead of a culture of assertion or presumption. Without a bridge for subjecting beliefs to a rigorous test, we are left with might-makes-right. This link turns the Aff again, because our ability to develop critical subjectivities that can strategically challenge power structures necessitates this type of argument culture. Cheryl MISAK Philosophy @ Toronto ‘8 “A Culture of Justification: The Pragmatist's Epistemic Argument for Democracy” Episteme 5 (1) p. 100-104 The charge that AND they are enforceable.
Frame procedural impacts through a lens of optimization – we don’t need to win that they make the game impossible, just relatively less effective. In the same way you would vote aff to reject a bad process CP even if there are theoretically solvency deficits based on certainty and immediacy – the fact that we still have some neg ground doesn’t mean that reading the cap k for the 87th time against a survival strategy aff is a good debate to have for anyone involved
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself 2. They get to read it on the neg – if their k of being topical is true then reading the aff as a K on the neg means they get auto-wins, we still access their education 3. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that talks about how vaccine imperialism hurts Black folks - this would allow a discussion of the aff in a forum that allows us to have nuanced responses – yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins they get become hollow anyway which takes out solvency
Adopt a hybridizing strategy - exploiting contradictions in hegemonic discourse maintains critical distance while effectively challenging the state. Kapoor ‘08 Kapoor, 2008 (Ilan, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, “The Postcolonial Politics of Development,” p. 138-139) There are perhaps AND deflect their claims.
10/31/21
SO - T - Nebel All IP
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 6 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee Interpretation: intellectual property is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that member nations of the World Trade Organization reduce a subset of intellectual property protections for medicines. Nebel 19 Jake Nebel Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. , 8-12-2019, "Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution," Briefly, https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/ SM Both distinctions are AND tend to mean.
It applies to intellectual property:
Upward entailment test – spec fails the upward entailment test because saying that nations ought to reduce one type of IPP does not entail that those nations ought to reduce all IPP 2. Adverb test – adding “usually” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning because a reduction is permanent
Vote neg:
Semantics outweigh: a. T is a constitutive rule of the activity and a basic aff burden – they agreed to debate the topic when they came here b. Jurisdiction – you can’t vote aff if they haven’t affirmed the resolution c. It’s the only stasis point we know before the round so it controls the internal link to engagement – there’s no way to use ground if debaters aren’t prepared to defend it
2. Limits – there are countless affs accounting for thousands of different combinations of states and IP – unlimited topics incentivize obscure affs that negs won’t have prep on – limits are key to reciprocal prep burden – potential abuse doesn’t justify foregoing the topic and 1AR theory and functional limits checks PICs
3. Ground – spec guts core generics like innovation that rely on reducing IP for all intellectual property because specific types of IP don’t affect the pharmaceutical industry broadly – also means there is no universal DA to spec affs
4. TVA solves – read as an advantage to whole rez
Paradigm issues:
Drop the debater – their abusive advocacy skewed the debate from the start 2. Competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation
10/10/21
SO - T - Nebel All Medicines
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Ribera, Claudia Loofbourrow, Wesley Interpretation: medicines is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that member nations of the World Trade Organization reduce intellectual property protections for a subset of medicines. Nebel 19 Jake Nebel Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. , 8-12-2019, "Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution," Briefly, https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/ SM Both distinctions are important. AND LD resolutions tend to mean.
It applies to medicines:
Upward entailment test – spec fails the upward entailment test because saying that nations ought to reduce IPP for one medicine does not entail that those nations ought to reduce IPP for all medicines 2. Adverb test – adding “usually” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning because a reduction is permanent
Vote neg:
Semantics outweigh: a. T is a constitutive rule of the activity and a basic aff burden – they agreed to debate the topic when they came here b. Jurisdiction – you can’t vote aff if they haven’t affirmed the resolution c. It’s the only stasis point we know before the round so it controls the internal link to engagement – there’s no way to use ground if debaters aren’t prepared to defend it
2. Limits – there are countless affs accounting for thousands of medicines – unlimited topics incentivize obscure affs that negs won’t have prep on – limits are key to reciprocal prep burden – potential abuse doesn’t justify foregoing the topic and 1AR theory checks PICs
There are over 20,000 affs FDA 11/18 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Service) “Fact Sheet: FDA at a Glance,” 11/18/2020 JL There are over 20,000 prescription drug products approved for marketing. FDA oversees over 6,500 different medical device product categories. There are over 1,600 FDA-approved animal drug products. There are about 300 FDA-licensed biologics products.
3. Ground – spec guts core generics like innovation that rely on reducing IP for all medicines because individual medicines don’t affect the pharmaceutical industry broadly – also means there is no universal DA to spec affs
Drop the debater on fairness and education
9/19/21
SO - T - Plural States
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Fleming, Nick Interpretation and violation – topical affs must defend two or more member nations. A. Member nations means more than one member nation B. Nations is plural. Requires multiple nations to enact the plan. WordHippo, ND - ("What is the plural of nation?," ND, 10-5-2021https:www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-plural-of/nation.html)AW The plural form of nation is nations.
Prefer our interpretation and vote neg
Neg Engagement – it’s the foundation of the activity and they destroy it a. Ground – single countries have no lit base because few people write about them and the core of the topic centers on international policy 2. They allow hundreds of affs—one for every member nation—they could defend the US, China, Luxembourg, Israel, Iran, Canada, Iceland, Jordan, or anyone else reducing IPP—the aff will always be over-prepared against negs who have to prep against numerous tiny affs. Two impacts – a) advocacy skills—they never have to defend their positions against well-researched objections since we can’t predict and prep for every specific aff ahead of time, which kills real world policymaking skills because we can’t debate what will be the best solution to the problem. b) Loss of ground destroys fairness- generic disad don’t link – the neg loses an enormous part of the link to innovation, heg, and medical safety. Forcing bigger and more predictable affs solves. Means their topic prevents the neg from effectively preparing and kills clash. c) Our interp allows multiple affs but avoids the limits disad – forcing them to defend multiple states limits the number of affs and forces affs to read a single advantage to both countries they defend so negs can’t just PIC out of one and read disads to the other—our interp substantially limits the topic but gives them affs like the EU member nations, China and Russia, India Pakistan. Vote on competing interps - anything else is arbitrary and unfair.
10/9/21
SO - Theory - Must Have Plan Text in 1AC
Tournament: Meadows | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Mizrahi, Lena Krauss, Gordon Gonzalez, Gabriela Interpretation: affirmatives must read a plan text in their 1AC. Prefer on shiftiness – knowing what their plan in from the first minute of the debate is the only way to make sure they can’t change it later on – anything else makes it impossible for the negative to have any stable ground, moots our NC, and makes pre-round prep impossible. This is a voting issue for deterrence – use competing interps because reasonability incentivizes a race to the bottom.
11/1/21
SO - Theory - Solvo Advo
Tournament: Meadows | Round: 6 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Croitoru, Jared
The AC must have a solvency advocate which endorses each component of the plan—they don’t. Vote neg for competitive equity and presumption, they explode the topic beyond the lit base which is the only way to preserve limits and predictability and lack of solvency advocate means you vote on presumption and have a low threshold for the CP because nobody thinks the plan can solve. If they cannot say how they are actually solving, the AC is just striking a pose. No specified mechanism, no actual advocacy. Presume neg if the aff does not do anything.