AC - autonomy NC - util police PIC case 1AR - all NC - all 2AR - all
Damus
3
Opponent: Brentwood MM | Judge: David Dosch
AC - autonomy NC - util nonviolence cp police pic case 1AR - all condo NR - util condo police pic case 2AR - framework police pic case
Damus
6
Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Jacob Nails
AC - EU NC - postwork K nebel t case 1AR - all NR - K case 2AR -
Glenbrooks
2
Opponent: Garland AA | Judge: Abishek Stanley
AC - China soft power NC - Nebel T v2 China violent strikes PIC collective bargaining CP case 1AR - T (rvi) collective bargaining CP case NR - T PIC case 2AR - T case
Glenbrooks
4
Opponent: Harker KB | Judge: Tarun Ratnasabapathy
AC - EU NC - postwork nebel T v2 EU advantage CP case 1AR - all RVI on t NR - T K case 2AR - T K
Glenbrooks
5
Opponent: Dulles IC | Judge: Lauren Woodall
AC - whole res china adv NC - only China PIC postwork K WSDE CP case 1AR - case postwork WSDE NR - PIC postwork case 2AR - postwork case
Glenbrooks
7
Opponent: Southlake Carroll SD | Judge: Nick Fleming
AC - teachers NC - Nebel T (workers) NLRA CP teacher pay CP case 1AR - all condo NR - condo NLRA case 2AR - case NLRA
Harvard Westlake
2
Opponent: Peninsula AJ | Judge: Quentin Clark
AC - asteroid mining NC - US PIC Russia expansionism DA Japan prolif DA case 1AR - all NR - PIC Russia expansionism case 2AR - all
Harvard Westlake
4
Opponent: Harker AD | Judge: Danielle Dosch
AC - asteroid mining NC - US PIC Russia expansionism DA salvage CP case 1AR - russia expansionism case NR - PIC CP case 2AR - case PIC CP
Harvard Westlake
5
Opponent: Strake KS | Judge: Jack Quisenberry
AC - Kant Debris NC - Util NC mining PIC case 1AR - AFC truth testing presumption debris PICs bad PICs NR - AFC truth testing PICs good PIC presumption 2AR - AFC
Loyola
2
Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Joshua Michael
AC - set colwhole res NC - Earth Bio-Genome Project Cp Innovation DA case 1AR - all NR - all 2AR - framing case CP DA
Loyola
4
Opponent: King CP | Judge: Alyssa Hooks
AC - disability pessimism NC - T FW case 1AR - all NR - T FW 2AR
Loyola
5
Opponent: Sidwell SW | Judge: Julian Kuffour
AC - community of care NC - T subversivism K case 1AR - all NR - K case 2AR - case K
Palm Classic
2
Opponent: Strake NW | Judge: John Boals
AC - asian melanchology NC - T fwk case 1AR - T case NR - T 2AR - T case
Palm Classic
3
Opponent: Lake Highland HL | Judge: David Salazar
AC - colonialism NC - T policy action legal trust CP asteroid mining DA case 1AR - rvi all NR - CP DA case 2AR - rvi
Palm Classic
5
Opponent: Honor VD | Judge: Spencer Paul
AC - megaconstellations NC - Use fees and NEO CP Russia Starlink DA Internet DA case 1AR - CP DAs asteroid collision adv NR - CP internet DA asteroid collision adv 2AR - CP DA adv
Presentation
2
Opponent: South Eugene KS | Judge: Ben Cortez
AC - covid vaccines NC - moderna cp hif cp innovation (future pandemics) da case 1AR - all NC - moderna cp innovation case 2AR - case moderna innovation
Presentation
5
Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Scott Brown
AC - biopiracy NC - Extra T indigenous medicines CP innovation da case 1AR - all condo NR - extra t condo NC - case extra t
Presentation
3
Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: David Dosch
AC - Trade Secrets NC - T trade secrets germany advantage cp trade secrets innovation da 1AR - all NR - t trade secrets 2AR - t case
St Marks
2
Opponent: Westwood AP | Judge: Derek Hilligoss
AC - biocolonialism NC - sui generis cp indigenous communities PIC indigenous patents da case 1AR - all NR - sui generis case 2AR - case sui generis
St Marks
4
Opponent: Harker SS | Judge: Eric He
AC - trade secrets NC - T IP Germany CP v2 innovation DA case 1AR - all NR - T IP presumption (case) 2AR - case T
AC - covid NC - vaccine equity CP innovation da infrastructure ptx da case 1AR - case innovation ptx NR - CP innovation case 2AR - case innovation
Tournament of Champions
1
Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nathan Fleming
AC - megaconstellations NC - T appropriation SSP PIC Tradeable debris CP case 1AR - all PICs bad Condo bad alt actor fiat bad NR - PICs condo alt actor fiat SSP case 2AR - case SSP
Tournament of Champions
1
Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nathan Fleming
AC - megaconstellations NC - T appropriation SSP PIC Tradeable debris CP case 1AR - all PICs bad Condo bad alt actor fiat bad NR - PICs condo alt actor fiat SSP case 2AR - case SSP
Tournament of Champions
3
Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Jack Quisenberry
AC - Kant and debris adv NC - Util Legal Trust Cyberattacks DA 1AR - all condo NR - condo DA Kant Util 2AR - Kant Util
Tournament of Champions
5
Opponent: Oxford VM | Judge: David Dosch
AC - lunar mining NC - T appropriation legal trust CP lunar settlement DA 1AR - all RVI on T condo NR - answer to RVI condo good CP DA case 2AR - case CP DA
UNLV
2
Opponent: Sammamish LW | Judge: Nikhil Navare
AC - megaconstellations NC - SSP PIC T outer space case 1AR - all (kicked ag advantage) NR - SSP case ag turns presumption 2AR - all case SSP
UNLV
4
Opponent: Harvard Westlake ML | Judge: Nick Fleming
AC - inquality NC - legal trust CP asteroid mining DA policy action T case 1AR - all NR - CP DA case 2AR - case CP DA
UNLV
6
Opponent: Brentwood MD | Judge: Jackson Hanna
AC - set col NC - legal trust asteroid mining geo pic 1AR - all pics bad NR - pic pics good case 2AR - rob pic
USC
2
Opponent: Sharon RG | Judge: Kristian Baez
AC - Daoism NC - T FW set col k case 1AR - all disads on T NR - disads on T k case 2AR - disads on T k case
USC
4
Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Jacob Nails
AC - US cap adv NC - Nebel T Police PIC WSDE CP econ DA case 1AR - all NR - T backlash turn (case) 2AR - T case
USC
5
Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Derek Hilligoss
AC - US inequality NC - postwork k police PIC case 1AR - all vague alts bad mindset shift bad condo bad pics bad NR - vague alts mindset shift condo pics police pic 2AR - case police pic
USC
Octas
Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Ben Cortez, Jacob Nails, Samantha McLoughlin
AC - Brazil NC - Nebel WSDE CP Econ da min wage and carbon tax cp case 1AR - Nebel WSDE econ da min wage and carobn tax cp inequality advantage private actor fiat bad condo bad NR - private actor fiat condo min wage and carbon tax cp econ da case 2AR - cp da case
USC
Semis
Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Jared Burke, Claudia Ribera, Gordon Krauss
AC - Qatar NC - Nebel Postwork Unions CP case 1AR - all NR - cp case 2AR - cp case
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
0 - contact
Tournament: 0 - contact | Round: 1 | Opponent: x | Judge: x Hi! I'm Julianne and I use she/her pronouns. You can email me at juliannehannon22@marlborough.org for disclosure info.
9/4/21
JF - Asteroid Mining PIC
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake KS | Judge: Jack Quisenberry CP: The appropriation of outer space by private entities except for asteroid mining is unjust. The private sector is essential for asteroid mining – competition is key and government development is not effective, efficient, or cheap enough. Thiessen 21: Marc Thiessen, 6-1, 21, Washington Post, Opinion: SpaceX’s success is one small step for man, one giant leap for capitalism, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/06/01/spacexs-success-is-one-small-step-man-one-giant-leap-capitalism/ It was one ...here on Earth?
Asteroid mining can happen with private sector innovation and is key to solve a laundry list of impacts--climate change, economic decline and asteroid collisions. Taylor 19 Chris Taylor journalist, 19 - ("How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires," Mashable, 2019, accessed 12-13-2021, https://mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy)//ML How much, exactly?... probably kill you.)
Warming causes extinction. Bill McKibben 19, Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; holds honorary degrees from 18 colleges and universities; Foreign Policy named him to their inaugural list of the world’s 100 most important global thinkers. "This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out." Rolling Stone. 4-9-2019. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/bill-mckibben-falter-climate-change-817310/ Oh, it could ...the warmest periods.”
1/16/22
JF - Cyberattacks DA
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 3 Cyber attacks on critical infrastructure are coming now Underwood 20 Kimberly Underwood is a reporter on emerging communication technologies, cyberwarfare, the intelligence community, military command operations and weaponry research. “China is Retooling, and Russia Seeks Harm to Critical Infrastructure.” June 24, 2020. https://www.afcea.org/content/china-retooling-and-russia-seeks-harm-critical-infrastructure Intelligence leader warns of the mounting threats of cyber espionage, digital attacks and influence operations from adversaries. U.S. adversaries are trying to take control of cyberspace as a medium, resulting in implications to our freedom of maneuver and access in cyberspace, says Brig. Gen. Gregory Gagnon, USAF, director of Intelligence (A2), Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Joint Base Langley-Eustis. Increasing cyberspace activity is coming from China, Russia, Iran and North Korea. “We are seeing it not just in volume, but we are seeing an expansion in the ways that they use cyberspace, whether it is to steal information, whether it is to directly influence our citizens or whether it is to disrupt critical infrastructure,” Gen. Gagnon reports. The general spoke at the AFCEA Tidewater chapter’s recent monthly virtual luncheon. China and Russia continue to pose the greatest espionage and cyber attack threats to the United States, but the intelligence leader anticipates that other adversaries and strategic competitors will also build and integrate cyber espionage, cyber attacks and influence operations into how they conduct business. “Our strategic competitors will increasingly use cyber space capabilities including cyber espionage, cyber attack and continued influence operations to seek political, economic and military advantage over the United States, our allies and our partners,” he said. “This is not an ‘if,’ it is a yes. They are doing it and they will continue.” Gen. Gagnon warned that China in particular is using cyber espionage to collect intelligence, target critical infrastructure and steal intellectual property. It is all part of China’s plan to move from being a regional actor to being seen as a global power. The shift also means a greater role for the adversary’s military. The Chinese military is in the process of transitioning from a defensive, inflexible ground-based force charged with domestic and peripheral security to a joint, highly agile, expeditionary and power projecting arm of Chinese foreign policy, he noted. “What is going on in China is a dynamic revectoring of the objectives and goals of the People's Liberation Army,” Gen. Gagnon said. “This is not a small change. This is a major change in course and direction. They're doing it to be a power projection arm of a Chinese foreign policy that engages both in military diplomacy and operations around the globe, but also in predatory economic activity.” Moreover, China’s military spending in 2018 exceeded $200 billion, an increase of about 300 since 2002, the general stated. And while it is not the $750 billion that the United States government spends every year on military defense, the Chinese funding does not reflect the same level of investment in manpower or healthcare. A good portion of their $200 billion directly funds technology and capabilities. “A big chunk of our budget is not buying kit,” Gen. Gagnon explained. “If you're the CCP Chinese Communist Party, you don't have the same extensive retirement programs that you have to pay for,” he said. “You don't have this extensive healthcare which you have to provide. So, when you think about $200 billion, think about that buying kit and buying operations. That is significant.” To the industry, Gen. Gagnon warned companies that Beijing will authorize Chinese espionage against key U.S technologies. “Many of your corporations hold this technology,” he stressed. “They are trying to undercut your ability to be profitable by developing those same technologies in China. They are competing against us in the international market. I will tell you that China's persistent cyber espionage threat and their growing tech threat to our core military and critical infrastructure will continue to be persistent. China remains the most active strategic competitor responsible for cyber espionage against corporations and allies.” China, like Russia, is also increasing its information warfare against the United States. “They are becoming more adept at using social media to deliver messages directly to the U.S. population that alter the way we think, the way we behave and the way we decide,” the general observed. The improvement of their cyber attack capabilities and ways to alter information online is intended to shape views inside China, shift the mindset of Chinese people around the world, as well as to try to shape the world’s view, not just of China, but also of the United States. “You are seeing that play out in the pandemic, how people view us around the world,” he offered. “We're also concerned about Chinese intelligence and security services,” the A2 continued. “They use Chinese information technology firms as routine and systemic espionage platforms against the United States and against our allies. Many of you are tracking what is in the news about 5G and Huawei, and that's what we're talking about.” As for Russia, their highly capable operations of cyber espionage, influence and cyber attacks continue to target the United States and its allies. In particular, Russia’s form of integrating cyber espionage attacks and influence operations, or information confrontation, is very effective, Gen. Gagnon emphasized. “If you think about it, they’re generally playing with the weaker hand, so they have been rather brilliant on the international stage in achieving their foreign policy objectives,” he said. In addition, Moscow is staging cyberattack assets to disrupt or damage U.S. military or civilian information systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. “There is activity that they undertake on a day-to-day basis to try to gain a decisive military intelligence,” he stated. “Their security services continue to target our systems, both for U.S. information systems and critical infrastructure, as well as the networks of our NATO and Five-Eye partners. They do it for positional advantage in cyberspace to be able to do the five Ds: deceive, deny, disrupt, degrade and destroy our assets, but also to gain intelligence on how systems are established and set up so that they can maintain attack vectors.” Russia also is targeting U.S. critical infrastructure, the general cautioned. “Russia has the ability to execute cyber attacks in the United States that can generate localized temporary disruptive effects on critical infrastructure, such as disrupting electric distribution networks for at least a few hours.” In fact, he warned, Moscow is mapping out critical infrastructure with the long-term goal of being able to cause “substantial damage.” Megaconstellations function as critical infrastructure that increase resiliency and protect against cyberattacks Hallex and Cottom 20 Matthew A. Hallex is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses. Travis S. Cottom is a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses. “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security.” 2020. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940 While potentially threatening the sustainability of safe orbital operations, new proliferated constellations also offer opportunities for the United States to increase the resilience of its national security space architectures. Increasing the resilience of U.S. national security space architectures has strategic implications beyond the space domain. Adversaries such as China and Russia see U.S. dependence on space as a key vulnerability to exploit during a conflict. Resilient, proliferated satellite constellations support deterrence by denying adversaries the space superiority they believe is necessary to initiate and win a war against the United States.28 Should deterrence fail, these constellations could provide assured space support to U.S. forces in the face of adversary counterspace threats while imposing costs on competitors by rendering their investments in counterspace systems irrelevant. Proliferated constellations can support these goals in four main ways. First, the extreme degree of disaggregation inherent in government and commercial proliferated constellations could make them more resilient to attacks by many adversary counterspace systems. A constellation composed of hundreds or thousands of satellites could withstand losing a relatively large number of them before losing significant capability. Conducting such an attack with kinetic antisatellite weapons—like those China and Russia are developing—would require hundreds of costly weapons to destroy satellites that would be relatively inexpensive to replace. Second, proliferated constellations would be more resilient to adversary electronic warfare. Satellites in LEO can emit signals 1,280 times more powerful than signals from satellites in GEO.29 They JFQ 97, 2nd Quarter 2020 Hallex and Cottom 25 also are faster in the sky than satellites in more distant orbits, which, combined with the planned use of small spot beams for communications proliferated constellations, would shrink the geographic area in which an adversary ground-based jammer could effectively operate, making jammers less effective and easier to geolocate and eliminate.30 Third, even if the United States chooses not to deploy national security proliferated constellations during peacetime, industrial capacity for mass-producing proliferated constellation satellites could be repurposed during a conflict. Just as Ford production lines shifted from automobiles to tanks and aircraft during World War II, one can easily imagine commercial satellite factories building military reconnaissance or communications satellites during a conflict. Fourth, deploying and maintaining constellations of hundreds or thousands of satellites will drive the development of low-cost launches to a much higher rate than is available today. Inexpensive, high-cadence space launch could provide a commercial solution to operationally responsive launch needs of the U.S. Government. In a future where space launches occur weekly or less, the launch capacity needed to augment national security space systems during a crisis or to replace systems lost during a conflict in space would be readily available.31 Cyberattacks cause extinction---false warnings, stealing nukes, and introducing vulnerability Ernest J. Moniz et al. 18, Ernest J. Moniz is the CEO of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, served as the thirteenth United States Secretary of Energy from 2013 to January 2017. Sam Nunn, and Des Browne, September 2018, “Nuclear Weapons in the New Cyber Age,” https://media.nti.org/documents/Cyber_report_finalsmall.pdf The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Weapons and Related Systems Cyber-based threats target all sectors of society—from the financial sector to the entertainment industry, from department stores to insurance companies. Governments face an even more critical challenge when it comes to cyberattacks on their most critical systems. Attacks on critical infrastructure could have extraordinary consequences, but a successful cyberattack3 on a nuclear weapon or related system—a nuclear weapon, a delivery system, or the related Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications (NC3) systems—could have existential consequences. Cyberattacks could lead to false warnings of attack, interrupt critical communications or access to information, compromise nuclear planning or delivery systems, or even allow an adversary to take control of a nuclear weapon. Given the level of digitization of U.S. systems and the pace of the evolving cyber threat, one cannot assume that systems with digital components—including nuclear weapons systems—are not or will not be compromised. Among the reasons: nuclear weapons and delivery systems are periodically upgraded, which may include the incorporation of new digital systems or components. Malware could be introduced into digital systems during fabrication, much of which is not performed in secure foundries. In addition, there are a range of external dependencies, such as connections to the electric grid, that are outside the control of defense officials but directly affect nuclear systems. Finally, the possibility always exists that an insider, either purposefully or accidentally, could enable a cybersecurity lapse by introducing malware into a critical system. Increased use of digital systems may also adversely affect the survivability of nuclear systems. New technologies can enhance reliability and performance, but they can also lead to new vulnerabilities in traditionally survivable systems, such as submarines or mobile missile launchers.4
4/23/22
JF - GEO PIC
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Brentwood MD | Judge: Jackson Hanna GEO PIC The appropriation of geostationary orbit by private entries is just. GEO is different than LEO because a.) it’s much further out from the earth b.) satellites in GEO continuously occupy the same location in space.
A system of private property rights in geostationary orbit is the most efficient means to solve debris while allowing for development because it creates strong incentives for prevention and cleanup.
Free internet is crucial to the promotion of democracy. Pirannejad 17: Ali Pirannejad {Department of Public Administration, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, }, 17 - ("Can the internet promote democracy? A cross-country study based on dynamic panel data models," Taylor andamp; Francis, 4-1-2017, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681102.2017.1289889?journalCode=titd20)//marlborough-wr/ In the age ... research are presented.
Democracy Promotion is key to prevent great power war – we’re on the brink. Gat 11 (Azar- the Ezer Weizman Professor of National Security at Tel Aviv University, 2011, “The Changing Character of War,” in The Changing Character of War, ed. Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers, p. 30-32) Since 1945, the ...short while ago.
2/13/22
JF - Japan Prolif DA
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula AJ | Judge: Quentin Clark The plan is a space shock that causes Asian arms races Dean Cheng 9, Senior Research Fellow in the Asia Studies Center at the Heritage Foundation, Former Senior Analyst at the China Studies Division of the Center for Naval Analyses, Former Senior Analyst with Science Applications International Corporation, “Reflections On Sino-US Space Cooperation”, Space and Defense, Volume 2, Number 3, Winter 2009, https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Space_and_Defense_2_3.pdf Broader International Implications... to precipitate one.
Japan will develop offensive strike---nuclear war Kelly C. Wadsworth 19, Non-Resident Kelly Fellow at Pacific Forum at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, PhD Student in International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, MBA and MA in International Studies (Korea Studies) at the University of Washington, Former Visiting Fellow at the Japan Institute of International Affairs, BA in International Relations and East Asia from the University of California, Davis, “Should Japan Adopt Conventional Missile Strike Capabilities?”, Asia Policy, Volume 14, Number 2, April 2019, p. 83-87 American proponents of ...than improve it.
Considering the worsening...inequalities and poverty.
2/6/22
JF - Policy Action T
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake ML | Judge: Nick Fleming 3 Interp: The AFF must defend policy action in a plan text in the 1AC. "Resolved:" the appropriation of outer space by private entities is "unjust" entails policy action: 1---Resolved. Parcher 1 Jeff; former debate coach at Georgetown; Feb 26, 2001; https://web.archive.org/web/20020929065555/http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html brett (1) Pardon me if ... adopted or not. 2---Unjust. Black’s Law The Law Dictionary Featuring Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. No Date. https://thelawdictionary.org/unjust/ brett What is UNJUST? Contrary to right... by the laws. Violation: There’s no plan, they defend the res as a general rule. Prefer: 1---Ground---absent meeting precise words in the res, we lose all the pre-round prep we did around the resolution, killing neg ground. 2---Vagueness---debates inevitably involve the AFF defending something, but only our interp lets them to clearly define that from the start. Their model leads to late-breaking debates that destroy ground, for example we won’t know if asteroid mining or space exploration are offense until the 1AR, which skews neg prep. 3---Topic ed---specific policies teaches lets us go deep into the topic, uniquely important given the evolving character of space law. outweighs bc we only have 2 month topics, and phil ed is solved by free textbooks. CI bc reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention DTD to deter future abuse No RVIs: 1 illogical, you shouldn’t win for being topical, 2 good theory debaters will read abusive positions to bait theory and dump on an RVI, 3 trades off with substance since we can’t kick out of T Neg theory first because AFF abuse made it impossible to engage so any neg abuse was to get back in the game.
2/6/22
JF - Russia Expansionism DA
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula AJ | Judge: Quentin Clark Putin hates outer space privatization. Tass {Russian news agency}, 20 - ("Any attempts to ‘privatize’ outer space unacceptable — Kremlin," TASS, 4-1-2020, https://tass.com/science/1141217)//marlborough-wr/ MOSCOW, April 7. /TASS/. Any attempts at... on the Moon.
We stopped appeasing Russia – they’ll pocket concessions from coop and increase aggression – tensions aren’t the result of understandings but hardened differences Haddad and Polakova 18 Benjamin Haddad Director, Future Europe Initiative - Atlantic Council. Alina Polyakova Director, Project on Global Democracy and Emerging Technology Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe. Don’t rehabilitate Obama on Russia. March 5, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/ Obama’s much-ballyhooed “Reset” ...has abjectly failed.
Appeasing Russia shreds the NPT and causes nuke prolif – extinction Umland 17 Andreas Umland is a German political scientist, historian and Russian interpreter, specializing in contemporary Russian and Ukrainian history. He is a Member of the Institute for Central and East European Studies at the Catholic University, and a senior research fellow at the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation in Kyiv. The Price of Appeasing Russian Adventurism. January 16, 2017. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/67692 A major foreign ...regard to Ukraine.
1/15/22
JF - Salvage CP
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker AD | Judge: Danielle Dosch CP: Apply the maritime law of salvage to space debris. Salter ’16 - Alexander William Salter Assistant Professor of Economics, Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University, “SPACE DEBRIS: A LAW AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE ORBITAL COMMONS,” 19 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 221 (2016). https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/19-2-2-salter-final_0.pdf AT Assuming a nation-state... nations’ space objects.
CP solves the entirety of the aff’s first advantage and avoids the turn on case – there’s an incentive to capture the debris that result from mining.
We stopped appeasing Russia – they’ll pocket concessions from coop and increase aggression – tensions aren’t the result of understandings but hardened differences Haddad and Polakova 18 Benjamin Haddad Director, Future Europe Initiative - Atlantic Council. Alina Polyakova Director, Project on Global Democracy and Emerging Technology Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe. Don’t rehabilitate Obama on Russia. March 5, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/ Obama’s much-ballyhooed... has abjectly failed.
Appeasing Russia shreds the NPT and causes nuke prolif – extinction Umland 17 Andreas Umland is a German political scientist, historian and Russian interpreter, specializing in contemporary Russian and Ukrainian history. He is a Member of the Institute for Central and East European Studies at the Catholic University, and a senior research fellow at the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation in Kyiv. The Price of Appeasing Russian Adventurism. January 16, 2017. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/67692 A major foreign... regard to Ukraine.
2/13/22
JF - T appropriation
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nathan Fleming Interpretation: The aff must defend the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust or a subset thereof
Violation: Mega Constellations aren’t appropriation.
Megaconstellations are not appropriation since they respect free use, are consistent with existing precedent for non-appropriation, are not stationary, and do not reflect the intent to appropriate. Johnson 20 Christopher D. Johnson, “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” Handbook of Small Satellites, 2020-09-13, p.1337-1358 CT 5.2 No, This Is Not Impermissible Appropriation An opposite conclusion can also be reasonably arrived at when approached along the following lines. The counter argument would assert that the deployment and operation of these global constellations, such as SpaceX’s Starlink, OneWeb, Kepler, etc., are aligned with and in full conformity with the laws applicable to outer space. These constellations are merely the exercise and enjoyment of the freedom of exploration and use of outer space and do not constitute any impermissible appropriation of the orbits that they transit. 5.2.1 Freedom of Access and Use Permits Constellations Rather than being a violation of other’s rights to access and explore outer space, the deployment of these constellations is more correctly viewed as the exercise and restrict or impinge on other users of the space domain. Because due regard is therefore displayed for the space domain, and to the interests of others, these constellations do not prejudice or infringe upon the freedoms of use and exploration of the space domain and are therefore not occupation, or possession, much less appropriation. 5.2.4 This Does Not Constitute Possession, or Ownership, or Occupation The use of LEO by satellite constellations is substantially similar to the use of GSO, and therefore permissible. In each region, individual actors are given permission - either from a national administrator or from an international governing body (the ITU) via a national administer–to use precoordinated subsections of space. In a way that is overwhelmingly similar to the use of orbital slots in GSO, the placement of spacecraft into orbits in LEO or higher orbits does not constitute possession, ownership, or occupation of those orbits. This is because States (and their companies) have been occupying orbital slots in GSO for decades, and these uses of GSO have never been accused of “appropriating” GSO. The users have never claimed to be appropriating GSO, and their exercising of rights to use GSO is respected by other actors in the space domain. This is the same situation for other orbits, including LEO and other non-Geostationary orbits. And while GSO locations are relatively stable (subject to space weather and other perturbations, and require stationkeeping), spacecraft in LEO are actually moving through space and are not stationary, so it is even more difficult to see this use by constellations as occupation, much less appropriation. Moreover, Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Traffic Management (STM) will allow other uses to use these orbits, and nothing about the use of any one user necessarily precludes others. Lastly, there is no intention by operators of constellations to exclusively occupy, must less possess or appropriate, these orbits. Would not the appropriation of outer space be an intentional, volutional act? No such intention can be found in the operators of global constellations.
Vote neg – two impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
4/23/22
JF - T appropriation
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nathan Fleming Interpretation: The aff must defend the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust or a subset thereof
Violation: Mega Constellations aren’t appropriation.
Megaconstellations are not appropriation since they respect free use, are consistent with existing precedent for non-appropriation, are not stationary, and do not reflect the intent to appropriate. Johnson 20 Christopher D. Johnson, “The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit,” Handbook of Small Satellites, 2020-09-13, p.1337-1358 CT 5.2 No, This Is Not Impermissible Appropriation An opposite conclusion can also be reasonably arrived at when approached along the following lines. The counter argument would assert that the deployment and operation of these global constellations, such as SpaceX’s Starlink, OneWeb, Kepler, etc., are aligned with and in full conformity with the laws applicable to outer space. These constellations are merely the exercise and enjoyment of the freedom of exploration and use of outer space and do not constitute any impermissible appropriation of the orbits that they transit. 5.2.1 Freedom of Access and Use Permits Constellations Rather than being a violation of other’s rights to access and explore outer space, the deployment of these constellations is more correctly viewed as the exercise and restrict or impinge on other users of the space domain. Because due regard is therefore displayed for the space domain, and to the interests of others, these constellations do not prejudice or infringe upon the freedoms of use and exploration of the space domain and are therefore not occupation, or possession, much less appropriation. 5.2.4 This Does Not Constitute Possession, or Ownership, or Occupation The use of LEO by satellite constellations is substantially similar to the use of GSO, and therefore permissible. In each region, individual actors are given permission - either from a national administrator or from an international governing body (the ITU) via a national administer–to use precoordinated subsections of space. In a way that is overwhelmingly similar to the use of orbital slots in GSO, the placement of spacecraft into orbits in LEO or higher orbits does not constitute possession, ownership, or occupation of those orbits. This is because States (and their companies) have been occupying orbital slots in GSO for decades, and these uses of GSO have never been accused of “appropriating” GSO. The users have never claimed to be appropriating GSO, and their exercising of rights to use GSO is respected by other actors in the space domain. This is the same situation for other orbits, including LEO and other non-Geostationary orbits. And while GSO locations are relatively stable (subject to space weather and other perturbations, and require stationkeeping), spacecraft in LEO are actually moving through space and are not stationary, so it is even more difficult to see this use by constellations as occupation, much less appropriation. Moreover, Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Space Traffic Management (STM) will allow other uses to use these orbits, and nothing about the use of any one user necessarily precludes others. Lastly, there is no intention by operators of constellations to exclusively occupy, must less possess or appropriate, these orbits. Would not the appropriation of outer space be an intentional, volutional act? No such intention can be found in the operators of global constellations.
Vote neg – two impacts:
Limits. Expanding the topic to anything that involves merely launching something into the atmosphere expands the topic into numerous new tech areas which undermines core neg prep. 2. Topic literature. Our definition has intent to define and exclude in the context of the OST, which is the core of all topic research and the only predictable source.
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
4/23/22
JF - T fwk
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake NW | Judge: John Boals NC – T v K Affs (2:00) Interpretation: the affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution or a subset thereof – Appropriation includes making space unusable. Stephen Gorove, 69 - ("Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty" 1969, 12-10-2021 https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1966andcontext=flr)//AW With respect to ... amount to appropriation
Outer space begins at one hundred kilometers above sea level. Pershing 19 Abigail Pershing (J.D. Candidate @ Yale, B.A. UChicago). “Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty’s Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today.” Yale Journal of International Law 44, no. 1. 2019. JDN. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1697andcontext=yjil A. An Introduction to ...most widely recognized.12
Unjust is the opposite of right or in violation of somebody else’s rights. Black Laws No Date "What is Unjust?" https://thelawdictionary.org/unjust/Elmer Contrary to right ... by the laws.
Not reading a topical aff creates incredible structural advantages for the aff – they get first and last speech and perms which means without a stable advocacy they get to morph their aff into whatever minimizes direct clash, and allows for a retreat to moral high ground
There’s two Impacts –
Clash – it’s a pre-requisite to debate which is an intrinsic good since we are all here for the purpose of debating – yes this may seem tautological, but so is every impact – you should use your ballot to assert that since we all took our weekend and spent it here, that clash does have meaning 2. Iterative argumentative testing – the ability to subject controversial ideas to rigorous testing allows debaters to better engage in the research process, discern what arguments are most accurate, and learn how to refine our own beliefs to become more compelling advocates – not reading a plan allows a constant spew of new content that never reaches those high levels of contestation without the constraints of the topic – Even if this topic isn’t the perfect topic, the predictability of debates under it are worth potential substantive tradeoff. Without a bridge for subjecting beliefs to a rigorous test, we are left with might-makes-right. Cheryl MISAK Philosophy @ Toronto ‘8 “A Culture of Justification: The Pragmatist's Epistemic Argument for Democracy” Episteme 5 (1) p. 100-104 The charge that...for anyone involved
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself 2. They get to read it on the neg – if their k of being topical is true then reading the aff as a K on the neg means they get auto-wins, we still access their education, and if forces affs to shift to better arguments 3. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that explains that appropriation of outerspace is unjhust because it’s racist and anti asian - this would allow a discussion of the aff in a forum that allows us to have nuanced responses – yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins the gets become hollow anyway which takes out solvency Space Appropriation rhetoric valorizes racist colonization – proves that there is value in advocating for the topic Haskin 18: Haskins, Caroline. “The Racist Language of Space Exploration.” The Outline, The Outline, 14 Aug. 2018, https://theoutline.com/post/5809/the-racist-language-of-space-exploration. Valley Mini On Thursday, Vice President ... the first place?
Space policy has no intrinsic quality – it’s porous and open to public pressure, but equipping students to engage is necessary for broader engagement that stops devastating social inequality. Weeks 12 Adjunct Professor of International Relations Online Program, Webster University (Edythe, “OUTER SPACE DEVELOPMENT: THE SOLUTION FOR GLOBAL INEQUALITY,” Outer Space Development, International Relations and Space Law: A Method for Elucidating Seeds, Chapter 7, pg 171-174 This is the ... and structural phenomena.
2/12/22
JF - T outer space
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sammamish LW | Judge: Nikhil Navare Interpretation: LEO ends before outer space begins according to science and the Karman line is not an objective way to measure the beginning of outer space. Sabine Stanley, 20 - ("Low Earth Orbit: Troposphere and Stratosphere," Great Courses Daily, 7-9-2020, 1-16-2022https:www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/low-earth-orbit-troposphere-and-stratosphere/)AW Even though low ... dominate the environment. Violation: they ban the appropriation of LEO.
Vote neg – two impacts:
They massively expand topic limits by allowing an aff that takes place anywhere in Earth’s atmosphere. That means that affs about weather balloons, missiles, school rocket projects, or airspace owned by governments could all be potential affs. Don’t let them say that they only expand it by a few thousand kilometers- our atmosphere is where most testing and air activities happen. There are more launches within our atmosphere than outside of it, so they more than double the topic prep burden. 2. Topic literature- our evidence is from a scientific source meant to clarify specifically whether or not the LEO is space from a scientific basis. Prefer it to semantics. It’s better for education because it forces the debaters to look at the substance behind the topic . Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – they don’t get to win for following the rules.
2/5/22
JF - Tradable Debris CP
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nathan Fleming NC Shell – Tradable Debris CP CP: States ought to adopt a binding international treaty establishing a system of tradeable allowances for space debris in LEO. - There’s academic consensus that the CP solves debris better than regulatory mechanisms proposed by the aff: more effectively prevents debris generation, encourages innovation in debris removal, which is necessary to avoid Kessler, and minimizes circumvention. - CP is mutually exclusive since tradeable allowances create require appropriation by establishing property rights in debris generating activities like satellite launches in LEO. {They get to pick between solving their plan and the perm because the CP allows for Starlink.} Prefer evidence that directly compares solvency mechanisms to the analytic conjecture of the 1AR. Taylor 11 Taylor, Jared B. "Tragedy of the space commons: a market mechanism solution to the space debris problem." Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 50 (2011): 253. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl50anddiv=9andid=andpage= CT 2. The Optimal Strategy to Manage the Space Resource In order to avoid a tragedy of the commons in space, any management strategy of a common property resource must keep resource use at or below a maximum sustainable level of use.105 If resource use increases above this sustainability level, rivalrous consumption will eventually deplete the resource beyond the point at which it can be repaired. The fundamental premise of the tragedy of the commons is that a rational actor utilizing a common resource is incentivized to use as much of the resource as quickly as possible (by reaping full rewards while bearing fractional costs), even as the aggregate use of the resource passes beyond the maximum sustainable level.106 Similarly, any resource user who decides to reduce resource consumption bears the full costs of abatement while only gaining a fraction of the benefits of that abatement, which are shared among all resource users. 107 Professor Carol Rose, who has written extensively on property rights and environmental law, suggests that commons management strategies fall into four conceptual groups: DO NOTHING, KEEPOUT, RIGHTWAY and PROP. The DO NOTHING strategy employs, as its name implies, no regulation over resource use whatsoever. 10 8 The KEEPOUT strategy operates by converting an openaccess resource into a closed-access resource. 10 9 The RIGHTWAY strategy implements conduct regulation: for example, environmental command-and-control regulations or standards that specify the right way to use the resource. 110 Finally, the PROP strategy is equivalent to the implementation of an incentive-based market mechanism, which internalizes the external costs of resource use111 so that an individual resource user's interests align with the group's interest in preserving the resource. This market mechanism can be implemented in the form of either a taxation scheme or a tradable allowance scheme. Each commons management strategy (DO NOTHING, KEEPOUT, RIGHTWAY, PROP) is increasingly more capable of constraining resource use, but is also proportionately more costly to implement. 112 As a resource becomes more valuable or the costs of exploiting it decrease, the incentive to use the resource increases.' 13 This incentive attracts more resource users whose use puts even greater pressure on the resource, causing it to be more congested and closer to its maximum sustainable level.1 14 A more congested resource requires a more effective management system in order to maintain the desired level of resource use. 15 Hence, the proper management system is a function of a resource's congestion level in relation to its maximum sustainable level of use. An important corollary is that employing a costly strategy for a resource that is not near its maximum sustainable level is not optimal, because in that case, a rarely used resource would be regulated at an inefficiently high cost. Thus, when choosing the optimal management strategy, it is critical to evaluate the level of the resource's congestion in relation to its maximum sustainable level. As previously noted, the incentive-based market mechanisms of a PROP strategy can be implemented either through a taxation scheme1 16 or a tradable allowance scheme.1 17 In theory, both incentive- based strategies are equally cost-effective.1 18 Taxes on pollution emissions aim to induce a certain total level of pollution.' 19 In this scenario, pollution sources abate their pollution until the marginal cost of abatement equals the tax on the next unit of pollution. 120 In a similar manner, a limited number of tradable allowances could be allocated to pollution sources. 12 1 In order for a source to pollute, it must hold an allowance for each quantity of pollution emitted. 122 Sources could then buy and sell allowances on a market depending on their need. Due to the limited distribution of allowances, however, the total level of pollution would be capped.12 3 In this scenario, sources would abate their pollution until the marginal cost of abatement would equal the market price of a tradable allowance.12 4 If the tax rate or number of allowances were properly determined, the market price of a tradable allowance would equal the tax rate.12 5 However, to achieve symmetrical cost-effectiveness, regulators must determine the marginal costs and marginal benefits of pollution abatement.12 6 When this information is uncertain, a tax caps abatement cost but induces an uncertain level of pollution emis-sions. 127 Tradable allowances, on the other hand, cap pollution emissions but induce an uncertain level of abatement cost. 128 The choice between taxes and tradable allowances therefore depends in part on the preference between certain costs or certain pollution control. 129 Cost-effectiveness, however, is only one aspect of a potentially optimal strategy-there are two other relevant considerations. First, it is important to evaluate a strategy's capacity to generate innovation. 130 Innovation becomes critical as a resource is approaching its maximum sustainable level of use because innovation can artificially increase the resource's maximum sustainable level of use and/or decrease the rate at which resource use approaches the maximum sustainable level of use (through cleaner and less-polluting technology along with resource-preserving and resource-renewing technology). Second, it is important to evaluate a strategy's chances of implementation. Because the space debris problem is global in nature, its solution must be implemented at a global level through an international treaty. Thus, a management strategy must be able to attract the voluntary participation of sovereign nations in a treaty. 131 A management strategy is "participation efficient" when it "secures participation at the least cost. ' 132 The sensible way to differentiate between the various types of management strategies is to balance each one's cost-effectiveness, capacity to generate innovation and participation efficiency. 133 3. The Current Management Strategy Is Not Optimal The current management strategy of the space resource is primarily a RIGHTWAY conduct-based strategy. Mitigation guidelines regulate the way in which the resource is used by directing space programs to follow a set of best practices. 134 These guidelines are nonetheless either non-binding or can be easily departed from, and hence, assuming the resource is sufficiently congested, do not provide incentives that motivate polluters to reduce resource use and pollution. How congested, exactly, is the space resource? Although catastrophic collisions between spacecraft and space debris are currently rare, 135 scientific modeling indicates that LEO is already so polluted with space debris that "collisions will become the most dominant debris- generating mechanism in the future." 136 Even in the absence of any further space activities, debris congestion will continue to increase because collision fragmentation between existing debris and satellites will outpace the natural rate at which these objects re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. 137 Scientists believe that present space debris mitigation measures are not enough to maintain LEO in a usable condition and that some debris must be removed from orbit in order to save the resource. 138 It is, however, particularly difficult to clean the space environment of debris. The only way the space resource naturally renews itself is through a process of orbital decay, whereby gravity pulls debris into the Earth's atmosphere. This process, as previously noted, can take thousands of years 139 and contemporary technology cannot easily or cost-effectively accelerate this process. 140 An optimal space management strategy must therefore incentivize innovation in the form of cost-effective and feasible space debris removal technology. A conduct-based strategy does not provide this incentive. Finally, the space debris problem is a global problem that touches every nation and therefore must be addressed in a global context. The fact that nations are sovereign entities and difficult to compel into action cannot be ignored. 141 Accordingly, in order for mitigation guidelines to stem the growing tide of space debris, every nation that can access space must voluntarily agree to adopt the guidelines. Space debris mitigation confers the greatest benefits to countries that have the most functioning satellites in orbit, because they bear the highest aggregate costs as a result of space debris. The greater the risk of collision, the greater the aggregate shielding, avoidance and monitoring costs become. Conversely, space debris mitigation imposes the greatest burden on those countries with the fewest satellites in orbit (generally, new entrants to the space-faring community). New entrants to space are most likely to be the least technologically advanced and therefore the greatest debris polluters and the greatest cost avoiders. Without an incentive to balance the extra cost of debris mitigation against the benefits of using the space resource, new space entrants are unlikely to voluntarily adopt mitigation guidelines. The current management strategy therefore does not effectively prevent a tragedy of the space commons. The space resource is too fragile and too congested to be left in the hands of unenforceable guidelines. A more effective strategy is necessary to reduce debris pollution, to generate the innovation of feasible space debris removal technology and to secure the participation of all nations in a management system. Ill. A FRAMEWORK FOR SOLVING THE TRAGEDY OF THE SPACE COMMONS In order to prevent the emerging tragedy of the space commons, the international community must take steps to reduce the space debris threat because current mitigation measures fail to minimize space debris pollution. The first step is to control the introduction of space debris into the orbital environment more effectively. This step alone, however, will not end the threat posed by space debris. There is already enough space debris that collision fragmentation will outpace debris removal by orbital decay. Thus, the optimal management strategy must also incentivize the development of space debris removal technology. Furthermore, an optimal strategy must have a realistic chance of adoption by the international community. As stated before, this Note suggests that, as an alternative to mitigation guidelines, a market mechanism strategy would most effectively prevent a tragedy of the space commons. A. Minimizing the Addition of Future Space Debris Currently, space debris is an unavoidable consequence of space-related activities. In light of the fragile and increasingly congested nature of LEO, a highly effective regulatory instrument is necessary to protect the space environment. To be efficient, an optimal management strategy should minimize the addition of future space debris at the lowest possible cost.142 It is well established in academic literature that incentive based market mechanisms (PROP strategies) are preferable to conduct- based regulatory strategies (RIGHTWAY strategies) on cost efficiency grounds. 143 Market mechanisms, in contrast with conduct strategies, "harness the power of the market XXXXXX to generate efficient outcomes and do not rely on regulators to attempt to identify and mandate those outcomes." 144 Market-based strategies assume that the polluter is more knowledgeable about its pollution and abatement costs than a regulatory agent. This approach is cost-effective because the polluter, after internalizing its external costs, is given both the incentive and the flexibility to self-regulate. 145 In the context of the space debris problem, a satellite operator would invest in technology to reduce space debris until the marginal cost of doing so equaled the cost of a tax or the cost of buying a tradable allowance for the next unit of debris. By setting a tax at the correct level or by issuing the correct number of debris permits, debris emissions could be capped at a sustainable level at the lowest possible cost. Therefore, a market mechanism is preferable to the current conduct-based regulations (mitigation guidelines) on cost-efficiency grounds. B. Encouraging Space Debris Removal Technology It is equally important in the context of the space resource that the optimal management strategy encourage innovation in space debris removal technology. Different commons management strategies have varying abilities to generate externality-reducing innovation. Conduct-based strategies (in addition to DO NOTHING, KEEPOUT and other RIGHTWAY strategies) do not internalize the external benefits of resource improvement and therefore do not incentivize investment in resource-preserving or resource-renewing technology. When using these management strategies, improvements to the resource are shared among all resource users, and thus are only fractionally beneficial to the innovator. Given that the costs of innovation likely outweigh the fractional benefits of improvement, current conduct-based strategies offer little incentive to develop space debris removal technology. Market mechanisms, on the other hand, encourage the invention of resource-renewal technology. Market mechanisms internalize both the external costs of resource use and the external benefits of resource improvement. In a taxation scheme, tax credit could be given for any debris removed from orbit. Initially, this credit could be set at a high value to provide a strong incentive for third parties to develop feasible space debris removal technology. 146 Satellite operators could then pay specialized debris removal companies to remove debris on their behalf in order to thereby receive the benefit of the tax credit. Operators would pay for space debris removal until the marginal net cost of paying for that removal 147 equaled the marginal cost of paying the tax. The story would be similar if a tradable allowance scheme were adopted. In this scenario, satellite operators could offset future debris pollution against debris that was removed from orbit. The operator would pay for space debris removal until the marginal net cost of paying for removal equaled the marginal cost of buying a tradable allowance on the market. C. Attracting Global Participation Most environmental problems are regulated on a national level by a central authority. 148 The space debris problem, however, is not constrained by national boundaries. Because no nation is likely to cede its sovereignty, an effective management strategy must be adopted on a voluntary basis, through an international treaty. Unlike regulatory decisions on a national level, where a single vote 149 or a majority vote can bind the minority, "treaties bind only those who consent to be bound." 150 Thus, a space management strategy should be Pareto-improving; that is, it should make some nations better off but make none worse off.' 5' If a treaty were not Pareto-improving, nations made worse off by the terms of the treaty would refuse to be bound by it. 152 On the grounds of cost-efficiency and innovationgeneration, both types of market mechanisms are equally superior to conduct-based regulatory strategies. When evaluated for participation- efficiency, however, tradable allowances become preferable to taxes. First, both market mechanism strategies impose costs on debris sources. 153 A treaty will induce participation, and thereby pollution abatement, only when the benefits outweigh the costs of participation. For some participants, the benefits of operating satellites and spacecraft in a cleaner LEO will outweigh the costs of debris abatement. These participants will be the least cost participants, likely nations with the most advanced technological capabilities. For other participants, abatement costs will exceed the participation benefits. The participation of these pollution sources in a treaty will have to be encouraged through a set of side payments that compensate for loss-es. 154 In other words, the net beneficiaries of environmental regulation must pay the net losers enough to cover the losers' losses, but not so much that they lose the financial benefits of regulation. 155 In a tax strategy, such side payments undercut the efficacy of the regulations. At the margin, a polluter will choose to abate its debris pollution when the cost of the tax is greater than the cost of abatement. If the cost of the tax is reimbursed through a side payment, however, polluting is costless in comparison with abatement. Thus, a tax with side payments undercuts the incentive of sources that receive the side payment to reduce debris pollution. 156 Tradable allowances, on the other hand, cap the total level of debris emissions while attracting global participation without the perverse incentives of a tax strategy. 157 Sources have no incentive to pollute and then seek compensatory side payments precisely because a tradable allowance scheme caps total pollution. 158 Participation losers would be allocated extra allowances during the initial distribution of allowances in order to secure their participation. But once those extra allowances were bought on the market, the losers would bear the full burden of any extra pollution they emitted. Thus, under a tax scheme, subsidized debris sources could continue to pollute and receive side payments, but under a tradable allowance scheme, side payments are fixed during the initial distribution of allowances. CONCLUSION Space is a resource worth preserving. Unfortunately, the legal regime that governs space treats it as a common property resource, and nations realize the full benefits of use while bearing only a fractional share of its costs. Consequently, space is quickly heading towards a tragedy of the commons. Current debris mitigation measures are not a viable long-term solution to this problem: space is too fragile and too congested a resource. Instead, an international treaty that implements a tradable allowance scheme would be a preferable solution. Tradable allowances are more cost-effective, generate more innovation and facilitate greater global participation than any other resource management strategy. Thus, tradable allowances offer the most promising solution to the tragedy of the space commons.
4/23/22
JF - Tradable Debris CP
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nathan Fleming NC Shell – Tradable Debris CP CP: States ought to adopt a binding international treaty establishing a system of tradeable allowances for space debris in LEO. - There’s academic consensus that the CP solves debris better than regulatory mechanisms proposed by the aff: more effectively prevents debris generation, encourages innovation in debris removal, which is necessary to avoid Kessler, and minimizes circumvention. - CP is mutually exclusive since tradeable allowances create require appropriation by establishing property rights in debris generating activities like satellite launches in LEO. {They get to pick between solving their plan and the perm because the CP allows for Starlink.} Prefer evidence that directly compares solvency mechanisms to the analytic conjecture of the 1AR. Taylor 11 Taylor, Jared B. "Tragedy of the space commons: a market mechanism solution to the space debris problem." Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 50 (2011): 253. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl50anddiv=9andid=andpage= CT 2. The Optimal Strategy to Manage the Space Resource In order to avoid a tragedy of the commons in space, any management strategy of a common property resource must keep resource use at or below a maximum sustainable level of use.105 If resource use increases above this sustainability level, rivalrous consumption will eventually deplete the resource beyond the point at which it can be repaired. The fundamental premise of the tragedy of the commons is that a rational actor utilizing a common resource is incentivized to use as much of the resource as quickly as possible (by reaping full rewards while bearing fractional costs), even as the aggregate use of the resource passes beyond the maximum sustainable level.106 Similarly, any resource user who decides to reduce resource consumption bears the full costs of abatement while only gaining a fraction of the benefits of that abatement, which are shared among all resource users. 107 Professor Carol Rose, who has written extensively on property rights and environmental law, suggests that commons management strategies fall into four conceptual groups: DO NOTHING, KEEPOUT, RIGHTWAY and PROP. The DO NOTHING strategy employs, as its name implies, no regulation over resource use whatsoever. 10 8 The KEEPOUT strategy operates by converting an openaccess resource into a closed-access resource. 10 9 The RIGHTWAY strategy implements conduct regulation: for example, environmental command-and-control regulations or standards that specify the right way to use the resource. 110 Finally, the PROP strategy is equivalent to the implementation of an incentive-based market mechanism, which internalizes the external costs of resource use111 so that an individual resource user's interests align with the group's interest in preserving the resource. This market mechanism can be implemented in the form of either a taxation scheme or a tradable allowance scheme. Each commons management strategy (DO NOTHING, KEEPOUT, RIGHTWAY, PROP) is increasingly more capable of constraining resource use, but is also proportionately more costly to implement. 112 As a resource becomes more valuable or the costs of exploiting it decrease, the incentive to use the resource increases.' 13 This incentive attracts more resource users whose use puts even greater pressure on the resource, causing it to be more congested and closer to its maximum sustainable level.1 14 A more congested resource requires a more effective management system in order to maintain the desired level of resource use. 15 Hence, the proper management system is a function of a resource's congestion level in relation to its maximum sustainable level of use. An important corollary is that employing a costly strategy for a resource that is not near its maximum sustainable level is not optimal, because in that case, a rarely used resource would be regulated at an inefficiently high cost. Thus, when choosing the optimal management strategy, it is critical to evaluate the level of the resource's congestion in relation to its maximum sustainable level. As previously noted, the incentive-based market mechanisms of a PROP strategy can be implemented either through a taxation scheme1 16 or a tradable allowance scheme.1 17 In theory, both incentive- based strategies are equally cost-effective.1 18 Taxes on pollution emissions aim to induce a certain total level of pollution.' 19 In this scenario, pollution sources abate their pollution until the marginal cost of abatement equals the tax on the next unit of pollution. 120 In a similar manner, a limited number of tradable allowances could be allocated to pollution sources. 12 1 In order for a source to pollute, it must hold an allowance for each quantity of pollution emitted. 122 Sources could then buy and sell allowances on a market depending on their need. Due to the limited distribution of allowances, however, the total level of pollution would be capped.12 3 In this scenario, sources would abate their pollution until the marginal cost of abatement would equal the market price of a tradable allowance.12 4 If the tax rate or number of allowances were properly determined, the market price of a tradable allowance would equal the tax rate.12 5 However, to achieve symmetrical cost-effectiveness, regulators must determine the marginal costs and marginal benefits of pollution abatement.12 6 When this information is uncertain, a tax caps abatement cost but induces an uncertain level of pollution emis-sions. 127 Tradable allowances, on the other hand, cap pollution emissions but induce an uncertain level of abatement cost. 128 The choice between taxes and tradable allowances therefore depends in part on the preference between certain costs or certain pollution control. 129 Cost-effectiveness, however, is only one aspect of a potentially optimal strategy-there are two other relevant considerations. First, it is important to evaluate a strategy's capacity to generate innovation. 130 Innovation becomes critical as a resource is approaching its maximum sustainable level of use because innovation can artificially increase the resource's maximum sustainable level of use and/or decrease the rate at which resource use approaches the maximum sustainable level of use (through cleaner and less-polluting technology along with resource-preserving and resource-renewing technology). Second, it is important to evaluate a strategy's chances of implementation. Because the space debris problem is global in nature, its solution must be implemented at a global level through an international treaty. Thus, a management strategy must be able to attract the voluntary participation of sovereign nations in a treaty. 131 A management strategy is "participation efficient" when it "secures participation at the least cost. ' 132 The sensible way to differentiate between the various types of management strategies is to balance each one's cost-effectiveness, capacity to generate innovation and participation efficiency. 133 3. The Current Management Strategy Is Not Optimal The current management strategy of the space resource is primarily a RIGHTWAY conduct-based strategy. Mitigation guidelines regulate the way in which the resource is used by directing space programs to follow a set of best practices. 134 These guidelines are nonetheless either non-binding or can be easily departed from, and hence, assuming the resource is sufficiently congested, do not provide incentives that motivate polluters to reduce resource use and pollution. How congested, exactly, is the space resource? Although catastrophic collisions between spacecraft and space debris are currently rare, 135 scientific modeling indicates that LEO is already so polluted with space debris that "collisions will become the most dominant debris- generating mechanism in the future." 136 Even in the absence of any further space activities, debris congestion will continue to increase because collision fragmentation between existing debris and satellites will outpace the natural rate at which these objects re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. 137 Scientists believe that present space debris mitigation measures are not enough to maintain LEO in a usable condition and that some debris must be removed from orbit in order to save the resource. 138 It is, however, particularly difficult to clean the space environment of debris. The only way the space resource naturally renews itself is through a process of orbital decay, whereby gravity pulls debris into the Earth's atmosphere. This process, as previously noted, can take thousands of years 139 and contemporary technology cannot easily or cost-effectively accelerate this process. 140 An optimal space management strategy must therefore incentivize innovation in the form of cost-effective and feasible space debris removal technology. A conduct-based strategy does not provide this incentive. Finally, the space debris problem is a global problem that touches every nation and therefore must be addressed in a global context. The fact that nations are sovereign entities and difficult to compel into action cannot be ignored. 141 Accordingly, in order for mitigation guidelines to stem the growing tide of space debris, every nation that can access space must voluntarily agree to adopt the guidelines. Space debris mitigation confers the greatest benefits to countries that have the most functioning satellites in orbit, because they bear the highest aggregate costs as a result of space debris. The greater the risk of collision, the greater the aggregate shielding, avoidance and monitoring costs become. Conversely, space debris mitigation imposes the greatest burden on those countries with the fewest satellites in orbit (generally, new entrants to the space-faring community). New entrants to space are most likely to be the least technologically advanced and therefore the greatest debris polluters and the greatest cost avoiders. Without an incentive to balance the extra cost of debris mitigation against the benefits of using the space resource, new space entrants are unlikely to voluntarily adopt mitigation guidelines. The current management strategy therefore does not effectively prevent a tragedy of the space commons. The space resource is too fragile and too congested to be left in the hands of unenforceable guidelines. A more effective strategy is necessary to reduce debris pollution, to generate the innovation of feasible space debris removal technology and to secure the participation of all nations in a management system. Ill. A FRAMEWORK FOR SOLVING THE TRAGEDY OF THE SPACE COMMONS In order to prevent the emerging tragedy of the space commons, the international community must take steps to reduce the space debris threat because current mitigation measures fail to minimize space debris pollution. The first step is to control the introduction of space debris into the orbital environment more effectively. This step alone, however, will not end the threat posed by space debris. There is already enough space debris that collision fragmentation will outpace debris removal by orbital decay. Thus, the optimal management strategy must also incentivize the development of space debris removal technology. Furthermore, an optimal strategy must have a realistic chance of adoption by the international community. As stated before, this Note suggests that, as an alternative to mitigation guidelines, a market mechanism strategy would most effectively prevent a tragedy of the space commons. A. Minimizing the Addition of Future Space Debris Currently, space debris is an unavoidable consequence of space-related activities. In light of the fragile and increasingly congested nature of LEO, a highly effective regulatory instrument is necessary to protect the space environment. To be efficient, an optimal management strategy should minimize the addition of future space debris at the lowest possible cost.142 It is well established in academic literature that incentive based market mechanisms (PROP strategies) are preferable to conduct- based regulatory strategies (RIGHTWAY strategies) on cost efficiency grounds. 143 Market mechanisms, in contrast with conduct strategies, "harness the power of the market XXXXXX to generate efficient outcomes and do not rely on regulators to attempt to identify and mandate those outcomes." 144 Market-based strategies assume that the polluter is more knowledgeable about its pollution and abatement costs than a regulatory agent. This approach is cost-effective because the polluter, after internalizing its external costs, is given both the incentive and the flexibility to self-regulate. 145 In the context of the space debris problem, a satellite operator would invest in technology to reduce space debris until the marginal cost of doing so equaled the cost of a tax or the cost of buying a tradable allowance for the next unit of debris. By setting a tax at the correct level or by issuing the correct number of debris permits, debris emissions could be capped at a sustainable level at the lowest possible cost. Therefore, a market mechanism is preferable to the current conduct-based regulations (mitigation guidelines) on cost-efficiency grounds. B. Encouraging Space Debris Removal Technology It is equally important in the context of the space resource that the optimal management strategy encourage innovation in space debris removal technology. Different commons management strategies have varying abilities to generate externality-reducing innovation. Conduct-based strategies (in addition to DO NOTHING, KEEPOUT and other RIGHTWAY strategies) do not internalize the external benefits of resource improvement and therefore do not incentivize investment in resource-preserving or resource-renewing technology. When using these management strategies, improvements to the resource are shared among all resource users, and thus are only fractionally beneficial to the innovator. Given that the costs of innovation likely outweigh the fractional benefits of improvement, current conduct-based strategies offer little incentive to develop space debris removal technology. Market mechanisms, on the other hand, encourage the invention of resource-renewal technology. Market mechanisms internalize both the external costs of resource use and the external benefits of resource improvement. In a taxation scheme, tax credit could be given for any debris removed from orbit. Initially, this credit could be set at a high value to provide a strong incentive for third parties to develop feasible space debris removal technology. 146 Satellite operators could then pay specialized debris removal companies to remove debris on their behalf in order to thereby receive the benefit of the tax credit. Operators would pay for space debris removal until the marginal net cost of paying for that removal 147 equaled the marginal cost of paying the tax. The story would be similar if a tradable allowance scheme were adopted. In this scenario, satellite operators could offset future debris pollution against debris that was removed from orbit. The operator would pay for space debris removal until the marginal net cost of paying for removal equaled the marginal cost of buying a tradable allowance on the market. C. Attracting Global Participation Most environmental problems are regulated on a national level by a central authority. 148 The space debris problem, however, is not constrained by national boundaries. Because no nation is likely to cede its sovereignty, an effective management strategy must be adopted on a voluntary basis, through an international treaty. Unlike regulatory decisions on a national level, where a single vote 149 or a majority vote can bind the minority, "treaties bind only those who consent to be bound." 150 Thus, a space management strategy should be Pareto-improving; that is, it should make some nations better off but make none worse off.' 5' If a treaty were not Pareto-improving, nations made worse off by the terms of the treaty would refuse to be bound by it. 152 On the grounds of cost-efficiency and innovationgeneration, both types of market mechanisms are equally superior to conduct-based regulatory strategies. When evaluated for participation- efficiency, however, tradable allowances become preferable to taxes. First, both market mechanism strategies impose costs on debris sources. 153 A treaty will induce participation, and thereby pollution abatement, only when the benefits outweigh the costs of participation. For some participants, the benefits of operating satellites and spacecraft in a cleaner LEO will outweigh the costs of debris abatement. These participants will be the least cost participants, likely nations with the most advanced technological capabilities. For other participants, abatement costs will exceed the participation benefits. The participation of these pollution sources in a treaty will have to be encouraged through a set of side payments that compensate for loss-es. 154 In other words, the net beneficiaries of environmental regulation must pay the net losers enough to cover the losers' losses, but not so much that they lose the financial benefits of regulation. 155 In a tax strategy, such side payments undercut the efficacy of the regulations. At the margin, a polluter will choose to abate its debris pollution when the cost of the tax is greater than the cost of abatement. If the cost of the tax is reimbursed through a side payment, however, polluting is costless in comparison with abatement. Thus, a tax with side payments undercuts the incentive of sources that receive the side payment to reduce debris pollution. 156 Tradable allowances, on the other hand, cap the total level of debris emissions while attracting global participation without the perverse incentives of a tax strategy. 157 Sources have no incentive to pollute and then seek compensatory side payments precisely because a tradable allowance scheme caps total pollution. 158 Participation losers would be allocated extra allowances during the initial distribution of allowances in order to secure their participation. But once those extra allowances were bought on the market, the losers would bear the full burden of any extra pollution they emitted. Thus, under a tax scheme, subsidized debris sources could continue to pollute and receive side payments, but under a tradable allowance scheme, side payments are fixed during the initial distribution of allowances. CONCLUSION Space is a resource worth preserving. Unfortunately, the legal regime that governs space treats it as a common property resource, and nations realize the full benefits of use while bearing only a fractional share of its costs. Consequently, space is quickly heading towards a tragedy of the commons. Current debris mitigation measures are not a viable long-term solution to this problem: space is too fragile and too congested a resource. Instead, an international treaty that implements a tradable allowance scheme would be a preferable solution. Tradable allowances are more cost-effective, generate more innovation and facilitate greater global participation than any other resource management strategy. Thus, tradable allowances offer the most promising solution to the tragedy of the space commons.
4/23/22
JF - US PIC
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula AJ | Judge: Quentin Clark CP Text: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities should be banned by all states except for the United States of America. Chinese investments are catching up and the US needs private companies to maintain space dominance – Chinese space dominance risks extinction. Autry and Kwast 19: Greg Autry, Steve Kwast {Greg Autry is a clinical professor of space leadership, policy, and business at Arizona State University’s Thunderbird School of Global Management. He served on the 2016 NASA transition team and as the White House liaison at NASA in 2017. He is the chair of the Safety Working Group for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration’s Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee. Steve Kwast is a Lieutenant General and commander of Recruiting, Training, Educating and Development for the Air Force. He is an astronautical engineer and Harvard Fellow in Public Policy., }, 19 - ("America Is Losing the Second Space Race to China," Foreign Policy, 8-22-2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/22/america-is-losing-the-second-space-race-to-china/)//marlborough-wr/ The current U.S. ... and the world.
1/15/22
JF - Use Fees and NEO CP
Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 5 | Opponent: Honor VD | Judge: Spencer Paul Counterplan: states ought to charge private entities orbital use fees for each satellite in a megaconstellation put into low-Earth Orbit and NASA ought to build the Near-Object Surveyor. Solves the case while also boosting the economy. Vergoth 20: Karin Vergoth {CIRES-NOAA Science Writer}, 20 - ("Solving the space junk problem," CU Boulder Today, 5-26-2020, https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/05/26/solving-space-junk-problem)//marlborough-wr/ Space is getting ...escalate,” Burgess said.
Ground detection is not enough – space telescope needed to prevent asteroid collision. Marlborough reads yellow AC Dreier 21, Casey Dreier is Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, an independent nonprofit organization based in California. “Why an Asteroid Strike Is Like a Pandemic”, July 25, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-an-asteroid-strike-is-like-a-pandemic/, accessed 12/3/21, sb Imagine the following... off-guard again.
2/13/22
JF - Util NC
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake KS | Judge: Jack Quisenberry 1 The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer it:
No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen. 2. Extinction comes first – it’s the worst of all evils Baum and Barrett 18 - Seth D. Baum and Anthony M. Barrett, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute. 2018. “Global Catastrophes: The Most Extreme Risks.” Risk in Extreme Environments: Preparing, Avoiding, Mitigating, and Managing, edited by Vicki Bier, Routledge, pp. 174–184. What Is GCR ...GCR reduction efforts. 3. Non util ethics are impossible Greene 07 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: https://www.gwern.net/docs/philosophy/ethics/2007-greene.pdf, pages 47-50) What turn-of-the-millennium science ...philosophy in question. 4. That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So, ... of my defense.
1/16/22
NovDec - China Violent Strikes PIC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Garland AA | Judge: Abishek Stanley Counterplan: China ought to guarantee the right to strike except for violent strike tactics. Strikes can be violent, South Africa proves. This link turns the AC by harming the affected sector and decking the economy. Tenzam ’20 - Mlungisi Tenzam LLB LLM LLD Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020, The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1682-58532020000300004 The Constitution guarantees...economy and employment.
11/20/21
NovDec - China violent strikes PIC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Garland AA | Judge: Abishek Stanley 2: Violence PIC Counterplan: China ought to guarantee the right to strike except for violent strike tactics. Strikes can be violent, South Africa proves. This link turns the AC by harming the affected sector and decking the economy. Tenzam ’20 - Mlungisi Tenzam LLB LLM LLD Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020, The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1682-58532020000300004 The Constitution guarantees ...economy and employment.
11/20/21
NovDec - Collective Bargaining CP
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Garland AA | Judge: Abishek Stanley 4: Collective Bargaining CP TEXT: A just government of the People’s Republic of China ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to collectively bargain.
Their own solvency card says this solves virtually the entire Aff. Evaluate the CP through a lens of sufficiency. If we solve virtually the entire Aff advantage then any risk of the Econ DA or a case turn is enough to negate. Dongfang 11 Han Dongfang 4-6-2011 "Liberate China's Workers" https://archive.md/7RvDG#selection-307.0-316.0 (director of China Labour Bulletin, a nongovernmental organization that defends the rights of workers in China.)Elmer HONG KONG — There ... and harmonious society.
Avoids disad Strikes create a stigmatization effect over labor and consumption that devastates the economy Tenza 20, Mlungisi. "The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa." Obiter 41.3 (2020): 519-537. (Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal) When South Africa ...0.72 and 0.78.32
Strikes cause widespread economic harm - GM strikes prove. This turns the Aff econ scenarios and controls the internal link to Chinese soft-power. John McElroy, 2019, Strikes Hurt Everybody.Wards Auto Industry News, October 25, https://www.wardsauto.com/ideaxchange/strikes-hurt-everybody But strikes don’t... fast as possible.
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker KB | Judge: Tarun Ratnasabapathy The member nations of the European Union should change their laws regarding unions and collective bargaining as per the Lynch 21 card. THEIR AUTHOR Lynch 21 Esther Lynch was elected as a deputy general secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation at its Vienna Congress in 2019, having previously been a confederal secretary. "Time to put an end to union-busting." https://socialeurope.eu/time-to-put-an-end-to-union-busting Specific measures¶ The ...and governments too.
11/21/21
NovDec - Econ DA
Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Jacob Nails Econ DA The economy is steadily recovering now, but is fragile. Rugaber 11/8 - Christopher Rugaber Economics Reporter, Associated Press, “'A struggle and a journey': Report shows US economy recovering,” Christian Science Monitor (Web). Nov. 8, 2021. Accessed Nov. 8, 2021. https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2021/1108/A-struggle-and-a-journey-Report-shows-US-economy-recovering AT America’s employers accelerated ... months of declines.
Economic downturns devastate people’s lives EPI ’09 – Economic Policy Institute, “Economic Scarring: The long-term impacts of the recession,” Economic Policy Institute (Web). Briefing Paper #243. Sept. 30, 2009. Accessed Nov. 8, 2021. https://www.epi.org/publication/bp243/ AT Economic recessions are ... years to come.
12/12/21
NovDec - Min Wage and Carbon Tax CP
Tournament: USC | Round: Octas | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Ben Cortez, Jacob Nails, Samantha McLoughlin Counterplan text: Brazil ought to raise the minimum wage as per the Moser and Engbom card in the AC and implement a carbon tax. A carbon tax substantially decreases greenhouse gas emissions and increases revenue under every plausible implementation. Barron et. al 5/7 - Alexander R. Barron Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, Smith College; Alex Barron graduated from Carleton College with a B.A. in chemistry and obtained his Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from Princeton University, Marc A. C. Hafstead PhD in economics, Stanford University, 2011, BA in mathematical methods in the social sciences and economics, Northwestern University, 2004, and Adele Morris Adele Morris is a senior fellow and policy director for Climate and Energy Economics at the Brookings Institution, “Policy insights from comparing carbon pricing modeling scenarios,” Brookings Institute Climate And Energy Economics Discussion Paper (Web). May 7, 2019. Accessed Oct. 19, 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ES_20190507_Morris_CarbonPricing.pdf AT Carbon pricing is a...near-term policy design.
Carbon taxes dramatically reduce emissions and save lives from air pollution – international consensus and best studies prove. Barron et. al 5/7 - Alexander R. Barron Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Policy, Smith College; Alex Barron graduated from Carleton College with a B.A. in chemistry and obtained his Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from Princeton University, Marc A. C. Hafstead PhD in economics, Stanford University, 2011, BA in mathematical methods in the social sciences and economics, Northwestern University, 2004, and Adele Morris Adele Morris is a senior fellow and policy director for Climate and Energy Economics at the Brookings Institution, “Policy insights from comparing carbon pricing modeling scenarios,” Brookings Institute Climate And Energy Economics Discussion Paper (Web). May 7, 2019. Accessed Oct. 19, 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ES_20190507_Morris_CarbonPricing.pdf AT An extensive literature ...and EPA tools (Abt, 2017).
Solves the entire aff. Their evidence says that raising the minimum wage reduces inequality. It is better to just enact this policy than to leave it to unpredictable strikes leading to a minimum wage raise. Their evidence says action to stop emissions is key, the cp does that directly. The Carbon tax stops deforestation – it’s no longer economically valuable to expend the resources to cut down Amazonian forests.
12/12/21
NovDec - NLRA CP
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll SD | Judge: Nick Fleming NLRA CP CP: A just government ought to extend the right to strike specified by the NLRA to teachers. The NLRA provides the right to strike if certain conditions are met. NLRB ND "Right to strike and picket," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/the-law/employees/right-to-strike-and-picket You cannot be ... to strike is.
Strikes can be violent, South Africa proves. This link turns the AC by harming the affected sector and decking the economy. Tenzam ’20 - Mlungisi Tenzam LLB LLM LLD Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020, The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1682-58532020000300004 The Constitution guarantees ... economy and employment.
Economic downturns devastate people’s lives. EPI ’09 – Economic Policy Institute, “Economic Scarring: The long-term impacts of the recession,” Economic Policy Institute (Web). Briefing Paper #243. Sept. 30, 2009. Accessed Nov. 8, 2021. https://www.epi.org/publication/bp243/ AT Economic recessions are ... years to come.
Economic decline causes nuclear war – collapses faith in deterrence Tønnesson, 15—Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University (Stein, “Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace,” International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311, dml) Several recent works ...disputes and diplomacy. The NB turns their IL – they destroy the economy
11/21/21
NovDec - Nebel T
Tournament: Damus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Jacob Nails T Interpretation—the aff may not defend a subset of governments A is an generic indefinite singular. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf *IS generic = Indefinite Singulars French, then, expresses... room is¶ square?
Rules readings are always generalized – specific instances are not consistent. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf In general, as,... avoid hitting something.
That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptive Violation—they specified the member nations of the EU. TVA solves – read as an advantage to whole rez Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a government offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments in the world. Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps –reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation Hypothetical neg abuse doesn’t justify aff abuse, and theory checks cheaty CPs No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
11/7/21
NovDec - Nebel T workers
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll SD | Judge: Nick Fleming T Interpretation: workers is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that a just government ought to recognize the unconditional right of a specific type of workers to strike. Nebel 19 Jake Nebel Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. , 8-12-2019, "Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution," Briefly, https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/ SM Both distinctions are... tend to mean.
It applies to workers:
Upward entailment test – spec fails the upward entailment test because saying that a just government ought to recognize the right of one type of workers to strike does not entail that all nations ought to recognize the right of all workers to strike 2. Adverb test – adding “usually” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning
Vote neg:
Semantics outweigh: it’s the only stasis point we know before the round so it controls the internal link to engagement – there’s no way to use ground if debaters aren’t prepared to defend it
2. Limits – there are countless affs accounting for thousands of different professions and any combination thereof– unlimited topics incentivize obscure affs that negs won’t have prep on – limits are key to reciprocal prep burden – potential abuse doesn’t justify foregoing the topic and 1AR theory checks PICs
3. TVA solves – read as an advantage to whole rez
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation
11/21/21
NovDec - Nebel v2
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Garland AA | Judge: Abishek Stanley 1: Topicality Interpretation—the aff may not specify a single just government A is an generic indefinite singular. Cohen 01 Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), “On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars,” Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf *IS generic = Indefinite Singulars French, then, expresses...room is¶ square?
That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptive Violation—they specified China Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a just government offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments in the world depending on their definition of “just government”. DTD for deterrence Topicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
11/20/21
NovDec - Nonviolence CP
Tournament: Damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Brentwood MM | Judge: David Dosch Nonviolence CP Counterplan: A just government ought to recognize the right to strike conditioned on nonviolence. Strikes can be violent, South Africa proves. This link turns the AC by harming the affected sector and decking the economy. Tenzam ’20 - Mlungisi Tenzam LLB LLM LLD Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2020, The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandpid=S1682-58532020000300004 The Constitution guarantees ... economy and employment.
Solves better than the aff – no reason why violence is key to autonomy, and violence creates restrictions on autonomy by limiting people who face violence. Also, violence is a form of coercion.
11/6/21
NovDec - Only China PIC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dulles IC | Judge: Lauren Woodall 1 – PIC A just government of China ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike. No other government ought to recognize this right. Solves the entirety of the aff while avoiding the disads an turns.
11/21/21
NovDec - Police PIC
Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood BB | Judge: Madeleine Conrad-Mogin CP Text: A just government should recognize the unconditional right of non-police workers to strike, abolishing police unions. The aff makes police collective bargaining worse and gives more power to police unions. Andrew Grim, 20 Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, is at work on a dissertation on anti-police brutality activism in post-WWII Newark - ("What is The Blue Flue and How Has It Increased Police Power," Washington Post, 7-1-2020, 11-2-2021https:www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/01/what-is-blue-flu-how-has-it-increased-police-power/)AW This weekend, officers... concessions from municipalities.
Police unions use collective bargaining to reinforce systems of racism and violence. Clark ‘19 Paul F. Clark School Director and Professor of Labor and Employment Relations, Penn State, 10-10-2019, "Why police unions are not part of the American labor movement," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/why-police-unions-are-not-part-of-the-american-labor-movement-142538accessed 10/20/2021 marlborough jh In the wake ... nation at large.
Turn Unions Police unions are anti-labor- means the aff can never solve without getting rid of them AND turns case. Modak 20. Ria Modak Student Coordinator, Muslim American Studies Working Group, Harvard Student Labor Action Movement and the Harvard Graduate Students Union 20 - ("Police Unions Are Anti-Labor," Ria Modak, Harvard Political Review, 9-9-2020, 10-27-2021 https://harvardpolitics.com/police-unions-are-anti-labor/)//AW My own experiences ... protect anti-worker interests.
Tournament: Damus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Jacob Nails The aff’s refusal to work is not a refusal of work – their endorsement of striking reinforces the belief that withholding labor puts people in a position of power. This reduces humans to labor capital, which causes work-dependency and inhibits alternatives. Hoffmann, 20 (Maja, "Resolving the ‘jobs-environment-dilemma’? The case for critiques of work in sustainability research. Taylor and Francis, 4-1-2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718)//usc-br/ The societal dependence on work If work is ... in sustainability research.
The aff uniquely valorizes work – they say work is key to democracy, proving that their ideology is completely intertwined with the societal focus on work. Work necessitates material throughput and waste that destroys the environment, even when the jobs are ‘green’ Hoffmann, 20 (Maja, "Resolving the ‘jobs-environment-dilemma’? The case for critiques of work in sustainability research. Taylor and Francis, 4-1-2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718)//usc-br/ An ecological critique... (Haberl et al. 2009).
Unions are intrinsically invested in labor being good – they don’t strike to get rid of work; they strike to get people back to work. Lundström 14: Lundström, Ragnar; Räthzel, Nora; Uzzell, David {Uzell is Professor (Emeritus) of Environmental Psychology at the University of Surrey with a BA Geography from the University of Liverpool, a PhD Psychology from the University of Surrey, and a MSc in Social Psychology from London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London. Lundstrom is Associate professor at Department of Sociology at Umea University. Rathzel is an Affiliated as professor emerita at Department of Sociology at Umea University.}, 14 - ("Disconnected spaces: introducing environmental perspectives into the trade union agenda top-down and bottom-up," Taylor and Francis, 12-11-2014, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2015.1041212?scroll=topandamp;needAccess=true)//marlborough-wr/ Even though there ... hand becomes elusive.
This culminates in extinction – outweighs all aff impacts Miller-McDonald, 18 – (Samuel, Master of Environmental Management at Yale University studying energy politics and grassroots innovations in the US. 5-2-2018. "Extinction vs. Collapse." Resilience. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2018-05-02/extinction-vs-collapse/) Climate twitter – the... that sustains life.
The alternative is rejecting the affirmative to embrace postwork – it questions the centrality of work and ontological attachments to productivity to enable emancipatory transformation of society to an ecologically sustainable form. Your ballot symbolizes an answer to the question of whether work can be used as the solution to social ills. The plan doesn’t “happen,” and you are conditioned to valorize work – vote neg to interrogate these ideological assumptions. Hoffmann, 20 (Maja, "Resolving the ‘jobs-environment-dilemma’? The case for critiques of work in sustainability research. Taylor and Francis, 4-1-2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23251042.2020.1790718)//usc-br/ What is postwork? How can a ...for the future.
11/7/21
NovDec - Set Col K
Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sharon RG | Judge: Kristian Baez Set Col They say that we should adopt a deterritorialized notion of property which entails that indigenous people should stop fighting for their stolen land and should cede to settler governments. Justice for indigenous communities requires a territorial understanding of property.
Deterritorialization is a strategy of colonial power. Ballantyne 14 – Dechinta Bush U, Dechinta Bush University: Mobilizing a knowledge economy of reciprocity, resurgence and decolonization Erin Freeland; Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 3, No. 3; 2014; pg 67-85 ku - mads *pronoun change denoted by brackets As the conversation ... theory in action.
Settler colonialism is the permeating structure of the nation-state which requires the elimination of Indigenous life and land via the occupation of settlers. The appropriation of land turns Natives into ghosts and chattel slaves into excess labor. Tuck and Yang 12 (Eve Tuck, Unangax, State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40, JKS) Our intention in ... and unsettles everyone.
Settler colonialism is driven by the logic of elimination –settler societies establish the structure of invasion through the will-to-possession and structural occupation of indigenous land Rifkin 14 – Associate Professor of English and WGS @ UNC-Greensboro Mark, ‘Settler Common Sense: Queerness and Everyday Colonialism in the American Renaissance,’ pp. 7-10 If nineteenth-century American... colonialism enacts itself ” (xix).
The alternative is to give back the land. Tuck and Yang 12 (Eve Tuck. Associate Professor and Coordinator of Native American Studies at SUNY New Paltz. Wayne Yang. Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, San Diego. (2012). Decolonization is Not a Metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society, 1(1), 31-6.) More on incommensurability...It is an elsewhere.
The role of the judge is to refuse settler colonialism. Refusal turns settler colonialism into an object of research, de-naturalizing its totalizing western structure. Tuck and Yang 14 Eve (Uangax), and Y. Wayne, “R-Words: Refusing Research,” Humanizing Research (2014): https://faculty.newpaltz.edu/evetuck/files/2013/12/Tuck-and-Yang-R-Words_Refusing-Research.pdf DH The Erased Lynching ... your field notebooks.
12/11/21
NovDec - T FW
Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Sharon RG | Judge: Kristian Baez T Interpretation—a strike is a collective industrial action taken by laborers that entails stopping work done in exchange for a change in their working conditions. The right to strike must be a legal guarantee of a government Strikers are made up of a group of industrial workers advocating for material resolving disputes about working conditions—it can’t be individual. Malebye 14 Cynthia Dithato Malebye, Department of Mercantile Law, University of Pretoria, 2014, The Right to Strike in Respect of Employment Relationships and Collective Bargaining.” Dissertation. University of Pretoria, April 2014. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43163/Malebye_Right_2014.pdf?sequence=1 The employee in ... does statutory protection.81
The right to strike must be a legal guarantee. Malebye 14 Cynthia Dithato Malebye, Department of Mercantile Law, University of Pretoria, 2014, The Right to Strike in Respect of Employment Relationships and Collective Bargaining, Dissertation, . University of Pretoria, April 2014. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/43163/Malebye_Right_2014.pdf?sequence=1 Before the implementation ... to collective bargaining.
Violation – they adopt a deterritorialized form of possession – hold them to cx. Vote neg:
topic education—All of the literature on the topic is about industrial workers engaging in collective action for material changes to their pay or working conditions, not about the production of meaning. This means that none of the neg generics link such as econ disads, politics disads, PICs out of specific industries. They read multiple cards that strikes are bad which proves the abuse 2. Clash – it’s a pre-requisite to debate which is an intrinsic good since we are all here for the purpose of debating – yes this may seem tautological, but so is every impact – you should use your ballot to assert that since we all took our weekend and spent it here, that clash does have meaning
Drop the debater to preserve fairness and education – use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. No RVIs – it’s their burden to be topical.
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself 2. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that talks about that an expansion of the right to striking causes a reorientation towards Daoist principles– yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins the gets become hollow anyway which takes out solvency
12/11/21
NovDec - Teacher pay CP
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll SD | Judge: Nick Fleming Teacher Pay CP CP: A just government ought increase teacher salaries by the equivalent of $13,500 a year as per Scott ’19. Dylan Scott, 3-26-2019, "Kamala Harris’s plan to dramatically increase teacher salaries, explained," Vox, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/26/18280734/kamala-harris-2020-election-policies-teachers-salariesAccessed 11/21/2021 marlborough JH Sen. Kamala Harris ... variation across states.
Solves the entirety of the aff – teachers get paid significantly more, keeping them in education. It also solves for activism – passage of the CP creates the perception that the government met teachers’ demands, encouraging more activism in students and other sectors. It also gives teachers more a greater ability to advocate for their needs – they aren’t living paycheck to paycheck.
The net benefit is learning loss: Teacher strikes mean that students miss out on learning – turns case. Norton and Hernandez ‘18 Hilary Norton and Tracy Hernandez, 10-10-2018, "Commentary: A teachers strike is bad for our students, families and economy ," No Publication, http://laschoolreport.com/commentary-a-teachers-strike-is-bad-for-our-students-families-and-economy/Accessed 11/21/2021 marlborough JH While a strike ...future leaders learning!
Tournament: USC | Round: Semis | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Jared Burke, Claudia Ribera, Gordon Krauss CP Text: The state of Qatar should allow migrant and domestic workers to join Unions. Their Amnesty International ev: Joining and forming a trade union is a fundamental right for workers, a right enshrined in international treaties that Qatar has ratified.74 Yet migrant workers in Qatar are still not allowed to do this. As a result, they cannot collectively re-balance the relationship with their employers to improve their working conditions and combat labour abuses. The aff does not let people join unions – hold them to their plan text, not what they say will happen. The CP solves the whole aff because when people join unions, they are able to engage in other forms of collective bargaining. Also solves for strike crackdown – migrants and domestic workers can now be part of powerful labor organizations.
12/13/21
NovDec - Util NC
Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brentwood BB | Judge: Madeleine Conrad-Mogin Util NC The standard is consistency with utilitarianism Actor specificity – Util is the only moral system available to policymakers. Goodin 95 Robert E. Goodin 95 professor of government at the University of Essex, and professor of philosophy and social and political theory at Australian National University, “Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy”, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, May 1995, BE Consider, first, the ...it to happen.
Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI, brackets in original Let us start by ... in matters of value.
Every study of credible social theories concludes consequentialism is good---Scientific studies of biology, evolution, and psychology prove that deontological proclivities are only illogical layovers from evolution - Util isn’t about treating humans as objects: it’s about treating each person equally and choosing the action that maximizes human life, which is the ultimate human good Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) What turn-of-the-millennium ...philosophy in question.
Autonomy collapses to util – violetion of autonomy is a consequence
11/6/21
NovDec - WSDE CP
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dulles IC | Judge: Lauren Woodall 3: Self-Directed Enterprises WSDE CP Plan text: Firms should be transformed into worker self-directed enterprises. Wolff ND - Richard D. Wolff professor of economics emeritus at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and a visiting professor at the New School in New York City. He has also taught economics at Yale University, the City University of New York, and the University of Paris I (Sorbonne), “Start with Worker Self-Directed Enterprises,” The Next System Project. https://thenextsystem.org/sites/default/files/2017-08/RickWolff.pdf AT We therefore propose... the capitalist sector.
Empirics prove that self-directed firms are more democratic and successful – decreases inequality. Jerry Ashton, 13 - ("The Worker Self-Directed Enterprise: A "Cure" for Capitalism, or a Slippery Slope to Socialism?," HuffPost, 1-2-2013, accessed 11-16-2021, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/worker-self-directed-enterprise_b_2385334)//MS Decidedly so, Wolff ... benefits and risks." ¶
11/21/21
SeptOct - Earth Bio-Genome Project CP
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Joshua Michael Earth Bio-Genome Project CP Plan Text: States should support and fund the Earth Bio-Genome Project as described in the Mathuros 18 card The Earth Bio-Genome Project stops biopiracy while helping indigenous people profit from their genetic resources. Mathuros 18 Fon Mathuros Head of Media, World Economic Forum, 18 - ("New Partnership Aims to Sequence Genomes of All Life on Earth, Unlock Nature’s Value, Tackle Bio-Piracy and Habitat Loss," World Economic Forum, 1-23-2018, accessed 7-1-2021, https://www.weforum.org/press/2018/01/new-partnership-aims-to-sequence-genomes-of-all-life-on-earth-unlock-nature-s-value-tackle-bio-piracy-and-habitat-loss/)//ML · Initiative launched today c... benefits is operationalized.
9/4/21
SeptOct - Extra T
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 5 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Scott Brown Our interpretation is The aff shouldn’t be allowed to garner offense from actions beyond the scope of the resolution.
Medicines are used for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. OED ND Oxford English Dicitonary Medicine noun plural... to exclude surgery).
Violation: they defend reduction of IP protections on non-medicines. I read yellow. Martin Khor October 2000 Why Life Forms Should Not Be Patented Third World Network Features, https://www.twn.my/title/2103.htm She said that ... Dolly the sheep) Standards: Ground: Allowing the aff to access extratopical offense explodes the range of possible aff arguments. While the negative may only access offense from topical arguments about the aff, the aff may access offense from any area they wish. This is essentially unlimited: once the topic doesn’t matter, they can garner offense from reforming the government entirely or solving world peace. Predictability: The negative preparation for the round relies on the topic as a limit to aff advocacies. Allowing the aff to be extratopical prevents the negative from preparing answers, and gives the aff a huge advantage in terms of quality and quantity of relevant evidence. This prevents me from having evidence to test her solvency advocates. Strat Skew: Her blurring of extratopical arguments with topical arguments forces me to waste CX and speech time to identify which impacts she can get. She also can plan on claiming more of the extratopical benefits later in the round, which skews NC and NR Strategy. She’ll say that these lead to a reduction in IPR but that logic applies to affs that say overthrow capitalism because that’ll get rid of IPR. Voter: Fairness is a gateway issue because unfair rules result in unfair decisions. The ballot shouldn’t be a measure of who can interpret the resolution in the most imbalanced manner. Your decision is meaningless unless you enforce ground-rules that maintain fairness. No RVIS – don’t get a cookie for being fair and it’s illogical T before 1AR theory – any abuse on our part was because of an unfair aff Drop the debater – Aff set the stage for the rest of the debate, dropping the argument is the same as dropping the Aff and deters other abuses
10/9/21
SeptOct - Germany CP
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: David Dosch CP Counterplan: The member states of the European Union ought to adopt Germany’s trade secret law. Solves for uniformity if they all do the same thing.
Solves for uniformity if they all do the same thing.
10/17/21
SeptOct - HIF CP
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 2 | Opponent: South Eugene KS | Judge: Ben Cortez Counterplan text: the member nations of the World Trade Organization should implement and fund a Health Impact Fund as per the Hollis and Pogge 08 card The Health Impact Fund would guarantee patent rights and increase profits, while also equalizing the cost of medicines Hollis and Pogge ’08 - Aidan Hollis Associate Professor of Economics, the University of Calgary and Thomas Pogge Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs, Yale University, “The Health Impact Fund Making New Medicines Accessible for All,” Incentives for Global Health (2008) AT We propose the ...cross national borders.
10/9/21
SeptOct - Indigenous Communities PIC
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood AP | Judge: Derek Hilligoss The member nations of the World Trade Organization should eliminate patents on medicines based on Indigenous knowledge from patentability unless the patents are already owned or will be owned by indigenous people.
10/16/21
SeptOct - Indigenous Medicine PIC
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 5 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Scott Brown
Indigenous people need strong intellectual property rights to traditional medicines – their unique medicinal knowledge is open to appropriation and theft from larger Western pharmaceutical companies without it. Turns case because they prevent Indigenous people from patenting their own medicines by limiting patents to countries. – Sinela and Ramcharan ‘05 SINJELA, MPAZI, and ROBIN RAMCHARAN. “Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Medicines of Indigenous Peoples through Intellectual Property Rights: Issues, Challenges and Strategies.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, vol. 12, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1–24. LK At one stage a... Human Genome Diversity Project.28
CP Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines except for those medicines produced or primarily used by Indigenous peoples that were originally discovered by them. IP rights for those medicines should be expanded in a flexible and culturally appropriate context according to principles of IP law including but not limited to repression of unfair competition, recognition of rights, equity and benefit-sharing, prior informed consent, full and effective participation of knowledge holders, and an appropriate framework for access as per the Sinjela and Ramcharan card. IP rights should never prevent Indigenous people from taking advantage of their own knowledge. SINJELA, MPAZI, and ROBIN RAMCHARAN 05 “Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Medicines of Indigenous Peoples through Intellectual Property Rights: Issues, Challenges and Strategies.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, vol. 12, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1–24. mb-va The question is ... be closely studied
10/9/21
SeptOct - Indigenous Patents DA
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood AP | Judge: Derek Hilligoss Indigenous people need strong intellectual property rights to traditional medicines – their unique medicinal knowledge is open to appropriation and theft from larger Western pharmaceutical companies without it – Sinela and Ramcharan ‘05 SINJELA, MPAZI, and ROBIN RAMCHARAN. “Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Medicines of Indigenous Peoples through Intellectual Property Rights: Issues, Challenges and Strategies.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, vol. 12, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1–24. LK At one stage ... Genome Diversity Project.28
10/16/21
SeptOct - Infrastructure DA
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SW | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo Politics DA Biden not pushing the waiver Ramachandran, 8-21, 21, Reshma Ramachandran is a family medicine physician and fellow at the National Clinician Scholars Program at Yale University. She sits on the board of the non-profit organization Universities Allied for Essential Medicines North America, and is a member of the People's Vaccine Alliance and co-host of the Free The Vaccine campaign. Asia Russell is the Executive Director of the non-profit Health GAP, a member of the People's Vaccine Alliance and partner organization of the Free The Vaccine campaign, CNN, Biden's failing global Covid-19 response, https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/21/opinions/biden-global-covid-response-ramachandran-russell/index.html Reallocating excess doses ... at the WTO.
The infrastructure and budget bills are on the knife’s edge to pass. Grandoni and Dennis 8/11 - Dino Grandoni and Brady Dennis Environment reporters, “Biden aims for sweeping climate action as infrastructure, budget bills advance,” Washington Post (Web). 8/11/21. Accessed 9/15/21. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/08/10/biden-climate-congress/ AT The Senate approved ... red for humanity.”
Infrastructure solves the grid – it’s vulnerable now and requires investment Gozdziewski 3/22 - Charles J. Gozdziewski is the American Council of Engineering Companies' (ACEC) Board Chair. He is also the Chairman Emeritus of Hardesty and Hanover in New York where he oversees transportation planning, construction inspection and support services for highways; all types of movable, fixed and railroad bridges; as well as special structures. 2021 (“Our nation's critical infrastructure is dangerously vulnerable”, available online at https://thehill.com/changing-america/opinion/544330-our-nations-critical-infrastructure-is-dangerously-vulnerable?amp, Changing America is a subsidiary of the Hill) The recent historic ... the weeks ahead.
Loss of critical infrastructure causes extinction Friedemann 16 (Alice Friedemann, transportation expert, founder of EnergySkeptic.com and author of “When Trucks Stop Running, Energy and the Future of Transportation,” worked at American Presidential Lines for 22 years, where she developed computer systems to coordinate the transit of cargo between ships, rail, trucks, and consumers, citing Dr. Peter Vincent Pry. Pry is executive director of the Task Force on National and Homeland Security, a Congressional advisory board dedicated to achieving protection of the United States from electromagnetic pulse and other threats. Dr. Pry is also the director of the United States Nuclear Strategy Forum, an advisory body to Congress on policies to counter weapons of mass destruction. Dr. Pry has served on the staffs of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from an EMP Attack, the House Armed Services Committee, as an intelligence officer with the CIA, and as a verification analyst at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. 1-24-16, accessed 1/1/19 “Electromagnetic pulse threat to infrastructure (U.S. House hearings)” http://energyskeptic.com/2016/the-scariest-u-s-house-session-ever-electromagnetic-pulse-and-the-fall-of-civilization/) Modern civilization cannot ... of social order.
10/17/21
SeptOct - Innovation DA
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Joshua Michael The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other... new medicines to patients.
COVID has kept patents and innovation strong, but continued protection is key to innovation by incentivizing biomedical research – it’s also crucial to preventing counterfeit medicines, economic collapse, and fatal diseases, which turns case. Macdole and Ezell 4-29: Jaci Mcdole and Stephen Ezell {Jaci McDole is a senior policy analyst covering intellectual property (IP) and innovation policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). She focuses on IP and its correlations to global innovation and trade. McDole holds a double BA in Music Business and Radio-Television with a minor in Marketing, an MS in Education, and a JD with a specialization in intellectual property (Southern Illinois University Carbondale). McDole comes to ITIF from the Institute for Intellectual Property Research, an organization she co-founded to study and further robust global IP policies. Stephen Ezell is vice president, global innovation policy, at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). He comes to ITIF from Peer Insight, an innovation research and consulting firm he cofounded in 2003 to study the practice of innovation in service industries. At Peer Insight, Ezell led the Global Service Innovation Consortium, published multiple research papers on service innovation, and researched national service innovation policies being implemented by governments worldwide. Prior to forming Peer Insight, Ezell worked in the New Service Development group at the NASDAQ Stock Market, where he spearheaded the creation of the NASDAQ Market Intelligence Desk and the NASDAQ Corporate Services Network, services for NASDAQ-listed corporations. Previously, Ezell cofounded two successful innovation ventures, the high-tech services firm Brivo Systems and Lynx Capital, a boutique investment bank. Ezell holds a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, with an honors certificate from Georgetown’s Landegger International Business Diplomacy program.}, 21 - ("Ten Ways Ip Has Enabled Innovations That Have Helped Sustain The World Through The Pandemic," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-29-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2021/04/29/ten-ways-ip-has-enabled-innovations-have-helped-sustain-world-through)//marlborough-wr/ To better understand ... the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance. Marjanovic and Fejiao ‘20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). Quality Control As key actors ...improved innova-tion conditions. Bioterror causes extinction---early response key Farmer 17 (“Bioterrorism could kill more people than nuclear war, Bill Gates to warn world leaders” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/17/biological-terrorism-could-kill-people-nuclear-attacks-bill/) Bioterrorists could one ...his foundation believe.
9/4/21
SeptOct - Innovation DA future pandemics
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 2 | Opponent: South Eugene KS | Judge: Ben Cortez Innovation Future Pandemics – Longer NC Shell The pharma industry is strong now but patents are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other capital-intensive, advanced manufacturing industries in the U.S., the biopharmaceutical industry is a leader in RandD investment, IP generation, venture capital investment, and RandD employment. Policies and infrastructure that helped foster these innovative activities have allowed the U.S. to seize global leadership in biopharmaceutical RandD over the past 30 years. However, as this report details, other countries are seeking to compete with the U.S. by borrowing and building upon some of these pro-innovation policies to improve their own operating environment and become more favorable to biopharmaceutical companies making decisions about where to locate their RandD and manufacturing activities. A unique contribution of this report was the inclusion of the perspective of senior-level strategic planning executives of biopharmaceutical companies regarding what policy areas they see as most likely to impact the favorability of the U.S. business operating environment. The executives cited the following factors as having the most impact on the favorability of the operating environment and hence, potential growth of the innovative biopharmaceutical industry in the U.S.: • Coverage and payment policies that support and encourage medical innovation • A well-functioning, science-based regulatory system • Strong IP protection and enforcement in the U.S. and abroad The top sub-attribute identified as driving future biopharmaceutical industry growth in the U.S. cited by executives was a domestic IP system that provides adequate patent rights and data protection. Collectively, these factors underscore the need to reduce uncertainties and ensure adequate incentives for the lengthy, costly, and risky RandD investments necessary to develop new treatments needed by patients and society to address our most costly and challenging diseases. With more than 300,000 jobs at stake between the two scenarios, the continued growth and leadership of the U.S. innovative biopharmaceutical industry cannot be taken for granted. Continued innovation is fundamental to U.S. economic well-being and the nation’s ability to compete effectively in a globalized economy and to take advantage of the expected growth in demand for new medicines around the world. Just as other countries have drawn lessons from the growth of the U.S. biopharmaceutical sector, the U.S. needs to assess how it can improve the environment for innovation and continue to boost job creation by increasing RandD investment, fostering a robust talent pool, enhancing economic growth and sustainability, and continuing to bring new medicines to patients.
COVID has kept patents and innovation strong, but continued protection is key to innovation by incentivizing biomedical research – it’s also crucial to preventing counterfeit medicines, economic collapse, and fatal diseases, which independently turns case. Macdole and Ezell 4-29: Jaci Mcdole and Stephen Ezell {Jaci McDole is a senior policy analyst covering intellectual property (IP) and innovation policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). She focuses on IP and its correlations to global innovation and trade. McDole holds a double BA in Music Business and Radio-Television with a minor in Marketing, an MS in Education, and a JD with a specialization in intellectual property (Southern Illinois University Carbondale). McDole comes to ITIF from the Institute for Intellectual Property Research, an organization she co-founded to study and further robust global IP policies. Stephen Ezell is vice president, global innovation policy, at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). He comes to ITIF from Peer Insight, an innovation research and consulting firm he cofounded in 2003 to study the practice of innovation in service industries. At Peer Insight, Ezell led the Global Service Innovation Consortium, published multiple research papers on service innovation, and researched national service innovation policies being implemented by governments worldwide. Prior to forming Peer Insight, Ezell worked in the New Service Development group at the NASDAQ Stock Market, where he spearheaded the creation of the NASDAQ Market Intelligence Desk and the NASDAQ Corporate Services Network, services for NASDAQ-listed corporations. Previously, Ezell cofounded two successful innovation ventures, the high-tech services firm Brivo Systems and Lynx Capital, a boutique investment bank. Ezell holds a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, with an honors certificate from Georgetown’s Landegger International Business Diplomacy program.}, 21 - ("Ten Ways Ip Has Enabled Innovations That Have Helped Sustain The World Through The Pandemic," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-29-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2021/04/29/ten-ways-ip-has-enabled-innovations-have-helped-sustain-world-through)//marlborough-wr/ To better understand the role of IP in enabling solutions related to COVID-19 challenges, this report relies on 10 case studies drawn from a variety of nations, technical fields, and firm sizes. This is but a handful of the thousands of IP-enabled innovations that have sprung forth over the past year in an effort to meet the tremendous challenges brought on by COVID-19 globally. From a paramedic in Mexico to a veteran vaccine manufacturing company in India and a tech start-up in Estonia to a U.S.-based company offering workplace Internet of Things (IoT) services, small and large organizations alike are working to combat the pandemic. Some have adapted existing innovations, while others have developed novel solutions. All are working to take the world out of the pandemic and into the future. The case studies are: Bharat Biotech: Covaxin Gilead: Remdesivir LumiraDX: SARS-COV-2 Antigen POC Test Teal Bio: Teal Bio Respirator XE Ingeniería Médica: CápsulaXE Surgical Theater: Precision VR Tombot: Jennie Starship Technologies: Autonomous Delivery Robots Triax Technologies: Proximity Trace Zoom: Video Conferencing As the case studies show, IP is critical to enabling innovation. Policymakers around the world need to ensure robust IP protections are—and remain—in place if they wish their citizens to have safe and innovative solutions to health care, workplace, and societal challenges in the future. THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN RandD-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES Intangible assets, such as IP rights, comprised approximately 84 percent of the corporate value of SandP 500 companies in 2018.4 For start-ups, this means much of the capital needed to operate is directly related to IP (see Teal Bio case study for more on this). IP also plays an especially important role for RandD-intensive industries.5 To take the example of the biopharmaceutical industry, it is characterized by high-risk, time-consuming, and expensive processes including basic research, drug discovery, pre-clinical trials, three stages of human clinical trials, regulatory review, and post-approval research and safety monitoring. The drug development process spans an average of 11.5 to 15 years.6 For every 5,000 to 10,000 compounds screened on average during the basic research and drug discovery phases, approximately 250 molecular compounds, or 2.5 to 5 percent, make it to preclinical testing. Out of those 250 molecular compounds, approximately 5 make it to clinical testing. That is, 0.05 to 0.1 percent of drugs make it from basic research into clinical trials. Of those rare few which make it to clinical testing, less than 12 percent are ultimately approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).7 In addition to high risks, drug development is costly, and the expenses associated with it are increasing. A 2019 report by the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions concluded that since 2010 the average cost of bringing a new drug to market increased by 67 percent.8 Numerous studies have examined the substantial cost of biopharmaceutical RandD, and most confirm investing in new drug development requires $1.7 billion to $3.2 billion up front on average.9 A 2018 study by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness found similar risks and figures for vaccines, stating, “In general, vaccine development from discovery to licensure can cost billions of dollars, can take over 10 years to complete, and has an average 94 percent chance of failure.”10 Yet, a 2010 study found that 80 percent of new drugs—that is, the less than 12 percent ultimately approved by the FDA—made less than their capitalized RandD costs.11 Another study found that only 1 percent (maybe three new drugs each year) of the most successful 10 percent of FDA approved drugs generate half of the profits of the entire drug industry.12 To say the least, biopharmaceutical RandD represents a high-stakes, long-term endeavor with precarious returns. Without IP protection, biopharmaceutical manufacturers have little incentive to take the risks necessary to engage in the RandD process because they would be unable to recoup even a fraction of the costs incurred. Diminished revenues also result in reduced investments in RandD which means less research into cancer drugs, Alzheimer cures, vaccines, and more. IP rights give life-sciences enterprises the confidence needed to undertake the difficult, risky, and expensive process of life-sciences innovation secure in the knowledge they can capture a share of the gains from their innovations, which is indispensable not only to recouping the up-front RandD costs of a given drug, but which can generate sufficient profits to enable investment in future generations of biomedical innovation and thus perpetuate the enterprises into the future.13 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TO INNOVATION Although anti-IP proponents have attacked biopharmaceutical manufacturers particularly hard, the reality is all IP-protected innovations are at risk if these rights are ignored, or vitiated. Certain arguments have shown a desire for the term “COVID-19 innovations” to include everything from vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics, and PPE to biotechnology, AI-related data, and educational materials.14 This could potentially open the floodgates to invalidate IP protection on many of the innovations highlighted in this report. However, much of the current discussion concerning IP focuses almost entirely on litigation fears or RandD incentives. Although RandD is an important aspect of IP, as previously mentioned, these discussions ignore the fact that IP protection can be—and often is—used for other purposes, including generating initial capital to create a company and begin manufacturing and, more importantly, using licensing agreements and IP to track the supply chain and ensure quality control of products. This report highlights but a handful of the thousands of IP-enabled innovations that have sprung forth over the past year in an effort to meet the tremendous challenges brought on by COVID-19 globally. In 2018, Forbes identified counterfeiting as the largest criminal enterprise in the world.15 The global struggle against counterfeit and non-regulated products, which has hit Latin America particularly hard during the pandemic, proves the need for safety and quality assurance in supply chains.16 Some communities already ravaged by COVID-19 are seeing higher mortality rates related to counterfeit vaccines, therapeutics, PPE, and cleaning and sanitizing products.17 Polish authorities discovered vials of antiwrinkle treatment labeled as COVID-19 vaccines. 18 In Mexico, fake vaccines sold for approximately $1,000 per dose.19 Chinese and South African police seized thousands of counterfeit vaccine doses from warehouses and manufacturing plants.20 Meanwhile, dozens of websites worldwide claiming to sell vaccines or be affiliated with vaccine manufacturers have been taken down.21 But the problem is not limited to biopharmaceuticals. The National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center has recovered $48 million worth of counterfeit PPE and other products.22 Collaborative efforts between law enforcement and manufacturers have kept numerous counterfeits from reaching the population. In countries with strong IP protection, the chances of counterfeit products reaching the market are significantly lower. This is largely because counterfeiting tends to be an IP-related issue, and these countries generally provide superior means of tracking the supply chain through trademarks, trade secrets, and licensing agreements. This enables greater quality control and helps manufacturers maintain a level of public confidence in their products. By controlling the flow of knowledge associated with IP, voluntary licensing agreements provide innovators with opportunities to collaborate, while ensuring their partners are properly equipped and capable of producing quality products. Throughout this difficult time, the world has seen unexpected collaborations, especially between biopharmaceutical companies worldwide such as Gilead and Eva Pharma or Bharat Biotech and Ocugen, Inc. Throughout history, and most significantly in the nineteenth century through the widespread development of patent systems and the ensuing Industrial Revolution, IP has contributed toward greater economic growth.23 This is promising news as the world struggles for economic recovery. A 2021 joint study by the EU Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and European Patent Office (EPO) shows a strong, positive correlation between IP rights and economic performance.24 It states that “IP-owning firms represent a significantly larger proportion of economic activity and employment across Europe,” with IP-intensive industries contributing to 45 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) (€6.6 trillion; US$7.9 trillion).25 The study also shows 38.9 percent of employment is directly or indirectly attributed to IP-intensive industries, and IP generates higher wages and greater revenue per employee, especially for small-to-medium-sized enterprises.26 That concords with the United States, where the Department of Commerce estimated that IP-intensive industries support at least 45 million jobs and contribute more than $6 trillion dollars to, or 38.2 percent of, GDP.27 In 2020, global patent filings through the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system reached a record 275,900 filings amidst the pandemic, growing 4 percent from 2019.28 The top-four nations, which accounted for 180,530 of the patent applications, were China, the United States, Japan, and Korea, respectively.29 While several countries saw an increase in patent filings, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia both saw significant increases in the number of annual applications, with the top two filing growths of 73 percent and 26 percent, respectively.30 The COVID-19 pandemic slowed a lot of things, but it certainly couldn’t stop innovation. There are at least five principal benefits strong IP rights can generate, for both developing and developed countries alike.31 First, stronger IP protection spurs the virtuous cycle of innovation by increasing the appropriability of returns, enabling economic gain and catalyzing economic growth. Second, through patents—which require innovators to disclose certain knowledge as a condition of protection—knowledge spillovers build a platform of knowledge that enables other innovators. For instance, studies have found that the rate of return to society from corporate RandD and innovation activities is at least twice the estimated returns that each company itself receives.32 Third, countries with robust IP can operate more efficiently and productively by using IP to determine product quality and reduce transaction costs. Fourth, trade and foreign direct investment enabled and encouraged by strong IP protection offered to enterprises from foreign countries facilitates an accumulation of knowledge capital within the destination economy. That matters when foreign sources of technology account for over 90 percent of productivity growth in most countries.33 There’s also evidence suggesting that developing nations with stronger IP protections enjoy the earlier introduction of innovative new medicines.34 And fifth, strong IP boosts exports, including in developing countries.35 Research shows a positive correlation between stronger IP protection and exports from developing countries as well as faster growth rates of certain industries.36 The following case studies illustrate these benefits of IP and how they’ve enabled innovative solutions to help global society navigate the COVID-19 pandemic. This sets a precedent that spills over to all future diseases – Hopkins 21: Jared S. Hopkins {Jared S. Hopkins is a New York-based reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering the pharmaceutical industry, including companies such as Pfizer Inc. and Merck and Co. He previously was a health-care reporter at Bloomberg News and an investigative reporter at the Chicago Tribune. Jared started his career at The Times-News in Twin Falls, Idaho covering politics. In 2014, he was a finalist for the Livingston Award For Young Journalists for an investigation into charities founded by professional athletes. In 2011, he was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Investigative Reporting for a series about neglect at a residential facility for disabled kids. Jared graduated from the Merrill College of Journalism at the University of Maryland-College Park with a bachelor's degree in journalism}, 21 - ("U.S. Support for Patent Waiver Unlikely to Cost Covid-19 Vaccine Makers in Short Term ," WSJ, 5-7-2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-support-for-patent-waiver-unlikely-to-cost-covid-19-vaccine-makers-in-short-term-11620414260)//marlborough-wr/ The Biden administration’s unexpected support for temporarily waiving Covid-19 vaccine patents won’t have an immediate financial impact on the companies making the shots, industry officials and analysts said. Yet the decision could mark a shift in Washington’s longstanding support of the industry’s valuable intellectual property, patent-law experts said. A waiver, if it does go into effect, may pose long-term risks to the vaccine makers, analysts said. Moderna Inc., MRNA -4.12 Pfizer Inc. PFE -3.10 and other vaccine makers weren’t counting on sales from the developing countries that would gain access to the vaccine technology, analysts said. If patents and other crucial product information behind the technology is made available, it would take at least several months before shots were produced, industry officials said. Yet long-term Covid-19 sales could take a hit if other companies and countries gained access to the technologies and figured out how to use it. Western drugmakers could also confront competition sooner for other medicines they are hoping to make using the technologies. A World Trade Organization waiver could also set a precedent for waiving patents for other medicines, a long-sought goal of some developing countries, patient groups and others to try to reduce the costs of prescription drugs. “It sets a tremendous precedent of waiving IP rights that’s likely going to come up in future pandemics or in other serious diseases,” said David Silverstein, a patent lawyer at Axinn, Veltrop and Harkrider LLP who advises drugmakers. “Other than that, this is largely symbolic.” The DA outweighs on time-frame and magnitude: Need to sustain effective research now to avoid future pandemics Lander 8/4/21 Eric Lander, President Biden’s Science Advisory and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy) “Opinion: As bad as Covid-19 has been, a future pandemic could be even worse—unless we act now” 8/4/21, The Washington Post RM Coronavirus vaccines can end the current pandemic if enough people choose to protect themselves and their loved ones by getting vaccinated. But in the years to come, we will still need to defend against a pandemic side effect: collective amnesia. As public health emergencies recede, societies often quickly forget their experiences — and fail to prepare for future challenges. For pandemics, such a course would be disastrous. New infectious diseases have been emerging at an accelerating pace, and they are spreading faster. Our federal government is responsible for defending the United States against future threats. That’s why President Biden has asked Congress to fund his plan to build on current scientific progress to keep new infectious-disease threats from turning into pandemics like covid-19. As the president’s science adviser, I know what’s becoming possible. For the first time in our history, we have an opportunity not just to refill our stockpiles but also to transform our capabilities. However, if we don’t start preparing now for future pandemics, the window for action will close. Covid-19 has been a catastrophe: The toll in the United States alone is more than 614,000 lives and has been estimated to exceed $16 trillion, with disproportionate impact on vulnerable and marginalized communities. But a future pandemic could be even worse — unless we take steps now. It’s important to remember that the virus behind covid-19 is far less deadly than the 1918 influenza. The virus also belongs to a well-understood family, coronaviruses. It was possible to design vaccines within days of knowing the virus’s genetic code because 20 years of basic scientific research had revealed which protein to target and how to stabilize it. And while the current virus spins off variants, its mutation rate is slower than that of most viruses. Unfortunately, most of the 26 families of viruses that infect humans are less well understood or harder to control. We have a great deal of work still ahead. The development of mRNA vaccine technology — thanks to more than a decade of foresighted basic research — was a game-changer. It shortened the time needed to design and test vaccines to less than a year — far faster than for any previous vaccine. And it’s been surprisingly effective against covid-19. Still, there’s much more to do. We don’t yet know how mRNA vaccines will perform against other viruses down the road. And when the next pandemic breaks out, we’ll want to be able to respond even faster. Fortunately, the scientific community has been developing a bold plan to keep future viruses from becoming pandemics. Here are a few of the goals we should shoot for: The capability to design, test and approve safe and effective vaccines within 100 days of detecting a pandemic threat (for covid-19, that would have meant May 2020); manufacture enough doses to supply the world within 200 days; and speed vaccination campaigns by replacing sterile injections with skin patches. Diagnostics simple and cheap enough for daily home testing to limit spread and target medical care. Early-warning systems to spot new biological threats anywhere in the world soon after they emerge and monitor them thereafter. We desperately need to strengthen our public health system — from expanding the workforce to modernizing labs and data systems — including to ensure that vulnerable populations are protected. And we need to coordinate actions with our international partners, because pandemics know no borders. These goals are ambitious, but they’re feasible — provided the work is managed with the seriousness, focus and accountability of NASA’s Apollo Program, which sent humans to the moon. Importantly, these capabilities won’t just prepare us for future pandemics; they’ll also improve public health and medical care for infectious diseases today. Preparing for threats is a core national responsibility. That’s why our government invests heavily in missile defense and counterterrorism. We need to similarly protect the nation against biological threats, which range from the ongoing risk of pandemics to the possibility of deliberate use of bioweapons. Pandemics cause massive death and disruption. From a financial standpoint, they’re also astronomically expensive. If, as might be expected from history and current trends, we suffered a pandemic of the current scale every two decades, the annualized cost would exceed $500 billion per year. Investing a much smaller amount to avert this toll is an economic and moral imperative. The White House will put forward a detailed plan this month to ensure that the United States can fully prepare before the next outbreak. It’s hard to imagine a higher economic or human return on national investment. Ecosystem sensitivity from climate change means future pandemics will cause extinction—assumes COVID Supriya 4/19 Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) “Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?” News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx RM Expert argues that human-caused changes to the environment can lead to the emergence of pathogens, not only from outside but also from our own microbiome, which can pave the way for large-scale destruction of humans and even our extinction. Whenever there is a change in any system, it will cause other changes to reach a balance or equilibrium, generally at a point different from the original balance. Although this principle was originally posited by the French chemist Henry Le Chatelier for chemical reactions, this theory can be applied to almost anything else. In an essay published on the online server Preprints*, Eleftherios P. Diamandis of the University of Toronto and the Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, argues that changes caused by humans, to the climate, and everything around us will lead to changes that may have a dramatic impact on human life. Because our ecosystems are so complex, we don’t know how our actions will affect us in the long run, so humans generally disregard them. Changing our environment Everything around us is changing, from living organisms to the climate, water, and soil. Some estimates say about half the organisms that existed 50 years ago have already become extinct, and about 80 of the species may become extinct in the future. As the debate on global warming continues, according to data, the last six years have been the warmest on record. Global warming is melting ice, and sea levels have been increasing. The changing climate is causing more and more wildfires, which are leading to other related damage. At the same time, increased flooding is causing large-scale devastation. One question that arises is how much environmental damage have humans already done? A recent study compared the natural biomass on Earth to the mass produced by humans and found humans produce a mass equal to their weight every week. This human-made mass is mainly for buildings, roads, and plastic products. In the early 1900s, human-made mass was about 3 of the global biomass. Today both are about equal. Projections say by 2040, the human-made mass will be triple that of Earth’s biomass. But, slowing down human activity that causes such production may be difficult, given it is considered part of our growth as a civilization. Emerging pathogens Although we are made up of human cells, we have almost ten times that of bacteria just in our guts and more on our skin. These microbes not only affect locally but also affect the entire body. There is a balance between the good and bad bacteria, and any change in the environment may cause this balance to shift, especially on the skin, the consequences of which are unknown. Although most bacteria on and inside of us are harmless, gut bacteria can also have viruses. If viruses don’t kill the bacteria immediately, they can incorporate into the bacterial genome and stay latent for a long time until reactivation by environmental factors, when they can become pathogenic. They can also escape from the gut and enter other organs or the bloodstream. Bacteria can then use these viruses to kill other bacteria or help them evolve to more virulent strains. An example of the evolution of pathogens is the cause of the current pandemic, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several mutations are now known that make the virus more infectious and resistant to immune responses, and strengthening its to enter cells via surface receptors. The brain There is evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 can also affect the brain. The virus may enter the brain via the olfactory tract or through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) pathway. Viruses can also affect our senses, such as a loss of smell and taste, and there could be other so far unkown neurological effects. The loss of smell seen in COVID-19 could be a new viral syndrome specific to this disease. Many books and movies have described pandemics caused by pathogens that wipe out large populations and cause severe diseases. In the essay, the author provides a hypothetical scenario where a gut bacteria suddenly starts producing viral proteins. Some virions spread through the body and get transmitted through the human population. After a few months, the virus started causing blindness, and within a year, large populations lost their vision. Pandemics can cause other diseases that can threaten humanity’s entire existence. The COVID-19 pandemic brought this possibility to the forefront. If we continue disturbing the equilibrium between us and the environment, we don’t know what the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction.
10/9/21
SeptOct - Innovation DA trade secrets
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: David Dosch Innovation DA The pharma industry is strong now but IP protections are key for continued economic growth. Batell and PhRMA 14: Batell and PhRMA {Battelle is the world’s largest nonprofit independent research and development organization, providing innovative solutions to the world’s most pressing needs through its four global businesses: Laboratory Management, National Security, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences, and Health and Life Sciences. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical research and biotechnology companies, which are devoted to inventing medicines that allow patients to live longer, healthier, and more productive lives.}, 14 – “The U.S. Biopharmaceutical Industry: Perspectives on Future Growth and The Factors That Will Drive It,” http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2014-economic-futures-report.pdf//marlborough-wr// Compared to other ... medicines to patients.
Trade secrets especially key to innovation. THEIR AUTHOR Junge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, “THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS”, MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2839693, accessed 9-15-21, Marlborough-WR) Trade secrets embody ... and manufacture processes.
The DA turns case: Need to sustain effective research now to avoid future pandemics Lander 8/4/21 Eric Lander, President Biden’s Science Advisory and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy) “Opinion: As bad as Covid-19 has been, a future pandemic could be even worse—unless we act now” 8/4/21, The Washington Post RM Coronavirus vaccines can... on national investment.
Ecosystem sensitivity from climate change means future pandemics will cause extinction—assumes COVID Supriya 4/19 Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) “Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?” News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx RM Expert argues that... us to extinction.
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 2 | Opponent: South Eugene KS | Judge: Ben Cortez Moderna Vaccine Text: The US should disseminate data on the Moderna Covid vaccine development and manufacturing, and use its existing IP to force Moderna to transfer its vaccine technology. The US already owns Moderna IP – it doesn’t have to waive anything. It can give away the formulas and manufacturing process, and strong arm Moderna into cooperating with the threat of patent litigation. Sam Mellins, 9-7, 21, Jacobin, Joe Biden Should Share US Vaccine Data With the Rest of the World, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/09/biden-vaccine-data-moderna-covid-intellectual-property The Biden administration ...respond fairly fast.”
10/9/21
SeptOct - Subversivism K
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Sidwell SW | Judge: Julian Kuffour Subversivism K The role of the ballot is to weigh the aff versus a the status quo or a competitive alternative – anything else is self serving and arbitrary and guts fairness and education. We want trans folks to have access to medical care, the aff is anti-assimilationist. Radical amateurism is using bodies as experimentation, which represents anti-assimilationism. The aff says it’s wrong to engage strategies that fight for equitable access to the medical system for trans folks.
The AC’s method is subversivism, positing the radical alterity of queer bodies and valorizing maximal performative deviance. Serano ’16 - Julia Serano American writer, spoken-word performer, trans-bi activist; Ph.D. in biochemistry and molecular biophysics from Columbia U.; Post-doctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley (1995-2003); Research Specialist, University of California, Berkeley (2003-2012), Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, 2nd Ed. Berkeley: Seal Press (eBook) (2016). AT THE MAJORITY OF ... either woman or man.
Subversivism invalidates people whose identities are seemingly assimilationist. Serano ’16 - Julia Serano American writer, spoken-word performer, trans-bi activist; Ph.D. in biochemistry and molecular biophysics from Columbia U.; Post-doctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley (1995-2003); Research Specialist, University of California, Berkeley (2003-2012), Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, 2nd Ed. Berkeley: Seal Press (eBook) (2016). AT The notion that... Thomas Kando decades ago.2
And, anti-assimilationism is classist purity politics. Turns the case and guts aff solvency. Operaista 12 Gayge, IWW, a former TransFix NorCal organizer, and a former Camp Trans organizer. Queering Anarchism: Addressing and Undressing Power and Desire, “Radical Queers and Class Struggle: A Match to Be Made,” edited by C.B. Daring, J. Rogue, Deric Shannon, and Abbey Volcano It is often ...gender-conforming, for instance.
Radical alterity gets co-opted by larger systems of domination, naturalizing violence and reversing liberatory politics. Turns case yet again and guts solvency. Sallydarity 12 Stacy, creator and editor of anarchalibrary.blogspot.com, formerly the “resources” section of anarcha.org, which provides a vast archive of items of interest to anarcha feminists. Queering Anarchism: Addressing and Undressing Power and Desire, “Gender Sabotage,” edited by C.B. Daring, J. Rogue, Deric Shannon, and Abbey Volcano That said, we ... otherized, and oppressed.”44
The alternative is to reject subversivism and the labeling of genders and sexualities as “deviant” or “conformist,” and instead challenge all forms of gender entitlement. Solves better than the aff because it fosters coalitions that actually effect material change. Serano ’16 - Julia Serano American writer, spoken-word performer, trans-bi activist; Ph.D. in biochemistry and molecular biophysics from Columbia U.; Post-doctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley (1995-2003); Research Specialist, University of California, Berkeley (2003-2012), Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, 2nd Ed. Berkeley: Seal Press (eBook) (2016). AT I worry that ... “true gender radicals”?
9/5/21
SeptOct - Sui Generis CP
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westwood AP | Judge: Derek Hilligoss CP: The member nations of the world trade organization ought to – ---create a new form of Sui Generis patent applications as per Vezina 20 ---Grant this form of patent to Indigenous peoples ---Exclude non Indigenous groups from applying for Sui Generis patents and reduce intellectual property protections for medicines for non Indigenous groups Sui generis moral rights framework emphasizing guardianship over ownership and are the only way to stop the appropriate that comes with public knowledge – answers the reforms fail ev bc it bars settlers from using knowledge which isn’t sharing – also solves K of IPR used by Indigenous groups bc it uses a new fw Vézina 20 “Ensuring Respect for Indigenous Cultures A Moral Rights Approach” Brigitte Vézina fellow at the Canadian think tank Centre for International Governance Innovation. She holds a bachelor’s degree in law from the Université de Montréal and a master’s in law from Georgetown University, Centre for International Governance Innovation Papers No. 243 — May 2020, https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/vezina-paper_1.pdf SM Features of a Sui... offensive per see.
Their ev even agrees – 1AC McGingle the ethnopharmacology community ...IPR is good.
Younging 10 “Intergovernmental Committee On Intellectual Property And Genetic Resources Traditional Knowledge And Folklore” Seventeenth Session Geneva, December 6-10, 2010 Wipo Indigenous Panel On The Role Of The Public Domain Concept: Experiences In The Fields Of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge And Traditional Cultural Expressions: Experiences From Canada Document prepared by Mr. Gregory Younging Creative Rights Alliance, Kelowna, Canada, Opaskwayak Cree Nation-Canada https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_17/wipo_grtkf_ic_17_inf_5_a.pdf SM Under the IPR system, knowledge and creative ideas that are not “protected” are in the Public Domain (i.e. accessible ... TK and Gnaritas Nullius.
10/16/21
SeptOct - T FW
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 4 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Alyssa Hooks Interpretation: the affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution or a subset thereof – The World Trade Organization is an international body that oversees global trade. Tarver 6/15 Evan Tarver bachelor's in finance and economics from San Diego State University-California, 21 - ("How Best to Define the World Trade Organization (WTO)," Investopedia, 6-15-2021, accessed 7-5-2021, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wto.asp)//ML
Created in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international institution that oversees the global trade rules among nations. It superseded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in the wake of World War II.¶ The WTO is based on agreements signed by the majority of the world’s trading nations. The main function of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, as well as exporters and importers, protect and manage their businesses. As of 2021, the WTO has 164 member countries, with Liberia and Afghanistan the most recent members, having joined in July 2016, and 25 “observer” countries and governments.1 Intellectual property includes patents, trademarks, copyrights and patents Yang 19 James Yang (patent attorney). “Four types of intellectual property to protect your idea and how to use them.” OC Patent Lawyer. 2019. JDN. https://ocpatentlawyer.com/four-types-intellectual-property-protect-idea/¶ To protect your idea so that someone else cannot steal your idea, you need to secure one or more of the four different types of intellectual property (IP). Intellectual property rights are exclusionary rights given to authors, inventors, and businesses for their literary and artistic works of authorship, useful and ornamental inventions, and valuable information.¶ Every invention generally starts as an inventor’s trade secret. Before inventors market their inventions, they need to secure one or more of the other forms of intellectual property protection – patents, trademarks, and copyrights.¶ FOUR TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS¶ The four types of intellectual property include:¶ Trade Secrets¶ Trademarks¶ Copyrights, and¶ Patents.¶ The first type of intellectual property right is a trade secret. All inventions generally start as a trade secret of the inventor. Inventors have an instinctual desire to keep their ideas secret. To market your invention, you should protect your idea with one or more of the other types of intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
Reduce is to decrease in size or amount Merriam Webster no date - ("Definition of REDUCE," Merriam Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reduce)//ML to draw together or cause to converge : CONSOLIDATE ¶reduce all the questions to one b(1): to diminish in size, amount, extent, or number ¶reduce taxes ¶reduce the likelihood of war
Vote negative – there is a distinction between debate as an institution and debate as a game, and while the affs intervention may or may not be effective on an institutional level, the ballot only signifies a win or loss within debate as a game We are both in this round primarily to get a win - its why we all adhere to other rules of the game like speech times and prep time, even if breaking those norms might make the debate “better” – its why you would vote neg if they read a 10 hour long AC about why speech time constraints are bad Not reading a topical aff creates incredible structural advantages for the aff – they get first and last speech and perms which means without a stable advocacy they get to morph their aff into whatever minimizes direct clash, and allows for a retreat to moral high ground You don’t have to disagree with the aff to vote neg. But, the ballot is fundamentally tied to the structure of the game of debate, not the institution, which means that your ballot can only ascribe who did a better job playing the game that we agreed upon before the start of the tournament.
There’s two Impacts –
Clash – Non-T affs avoid meaningful objections by preventing effective prep. This is supercharged by the Aff not being disclosed open source. That link turns all their research and subjectivity arguments. We can’t deploy new research strategies or cultivate new dispositions to power structures if we can’t effectively evaluate the arguments. Clash is a pre-requisite to debate, because we use competitive argumentation to understand and internalize attitudes and knowledge. That’s what distinguishes debate from other forms of learning. 2. Iterative argumentative testing – for example, think about how the India aff transformed over the course of the September topic. The first tournament was generic democracy and turnout arguments, but by the end of October debates centered around third level analysis of vote-banking and whether Modi’s nationalism was self-driven or a response to his voter base – the ability to subject controversial ideas to rigorous testing allows debaters to better engage in the research process, discern what arguments are most accurate, and learn how to refine our own beliefs to become more compelling advocates – not reading a plan allows a constant spew of new content that never reaches those high levels of contestation without the constraints of the topic – Even if this topic isn’t the perfect topic, the predictability of debates under it are worth potential substantive tradeoff. Limits produce a rigorous culture of justification instead of a culture of assertion or presumption. Without a bridge for subjecting beliefs to a rigorous test, we are left with might-makes-right. This link turns the Aff again, because our ability to develop critical subjectivities that can strategically challenge power structures necessitates this type of argument culture. Cheryl MISAK Philosophy @ Toronto ‘8 “A Culture of Justification: The Pragmatist's Epistemic Argument for Democracy” Episteme 5 (1) p. 100-104 The charge that ... they are enforceable. Frame procedural impacts through a lens of optimization – we don’t need to win that they make the game impossible, just relatively less effective. In the same way you would vote aff to reject a bad process CP even if there are theoretically solvency deficits based on certainty and immediacy – the fact that we still have some neg ground doesn’t mean that reading the cap k for the 87th time against a survival strategy aff is a good debate to have for anyone involved
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself 2. They get to read it on the neg – if their k of being topical is true then reading the aff as a K on the neg means they get auto-wins, we still access their education 3. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that discusses how IPP disadvantages disabled people a) Read an aff with an advantage about liberation strategies for people with disabilities that says that pharmaceutical monopolies are uniquely bad for people with disabilities 4. this would allow a discussion of the aff in a forum that allows us to have nuanced responses – yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins they get become hollow anyway which takes out solvency
9/5/21
SeptOct - T FW short
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Sidwell SW | Judge: Julian Kuffour Interpretation: the affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution or a subset thereof –
The World Trade Organization is an international body that oversees global trade. Tarver 6/15 Evan Tarver bachelor's in finance and economics from San Diego State University-California, 21 - ("How Best to Define the World Trade Organization (WTO)," Investopedia, 6-15-2021, accessed 7-5-2021, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wto.asp)//ML
Created in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international institution that oversees the global trade rules among nations. It superseded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in the wake of World War II.¶ The WTO is based on agreements signed by the majority of the world’s trading nations. The main function of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, as well as exporters and importers, protect and manage their businesses. As of 2021, the WTO has 164 member countries, with Liberia and Afghanistan the most recent members, having joined in July 2016, and 25 “observer” countries and governments.1 Member nations of the WTO are the states that are part of the WTO and its agreements. A chart in the doc shows these nations. WTO ND. WTO "WTO Members and Observers," No Publication, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm
Reduce is to decrease in size or amount Merriam Webster no date - ("Definition of REDUCE," Merriam Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reduce)//ML to draw together or cause to converge : CONSOLIDATE ¶reduce all the questions to one b(1): to diminish in size, amount, extent, or number ¶reduce taxes ¶reduce the likelihood of war
Vote negative – the ballot only signifies a win or loss within debate as a game, and their aff is outside the constraints of that game
Not reading a topical aff creates incredible structural advantages for the aff – they get first and last speech and perms which means without a stable advocacy they get to morph their aff into whatever minimizes direct clash, and allows for a retreat to moral high ground
There’s two Impacts –
Clash – it’s a pre-requisite to debate which is an intrinsic good since we are all here for the purpose of debating – yes this may seem tautological, but so is every impact – you should use your ballot to assert that since we all took our weekend and spent it here, that clash does have meaning 2. Iterative argumentative testing – the ability to subject controversial ideas to rigorous testing allows debaters to better engage in the research process, discern what arguments are most accurate, and learn how to refine our own beliefs to become more compelling advocates – not reading a plan allows a constant spew of new content that never reaches those high levels of contestation without the constraints of the topic – Even if this topic isn’t the perfect topic, the predictability of debates under it are worth potential substantive tradeoff. Without a bridge for subjecting beliefs to a rigorous test, we are left with might-makes-right. Cheryl MISAK Philosophy @ Toronto ‘8 “A Culture of Justification: The Pragmatist's Epistemic Argument for Democracy” Episteme 5 (1) p. 100-104 The charge that ... they are enforceable. Frame procedural impacts through a lens of optimization – we don’t need to win they make the game impossible, just relatively less effective. In the same way you would vote aff to reject a bad process CP even if there are theoretically solvency deficits based on certainty and immediacy – the fact that we still have some neg ground doesn’t mean that reading the cap k for the 87th time against a survival strategy aff is a good debate to have for anyone involved
They have no offense
View T impacts as a process, not a product – any education impact about their content being important are solved by reading a book – filter impacts through what is unique to the process of debating itself 2. They get to read it on the neg – if their k of being topical is true then reading the aff as a K on the neg means they get auto-wins, we still access their education, and if forces affs to shift to better arguments 3. The TVA solves – they could have read an aff that has the member - this would allow a discussion of the aff in a forum that allows us to have nuanced responses – yes, it isn’t perfect, but those imperfections are neg ground – if they aren’t forced to defend a controversy, then the meaning of any wins the gets become hollow anyway which takes out solvency
9/5/21
SeptOct - T IP
Tournament: Presentation | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: David Dosch T IP
Interpretation: topical affs must reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. According to the Europe Union, Intellectual property include things like patents. Piotraut ‘04 Jean-Luc Piotraut, 2004, “European National IP Laws under the EU Umbrella: From National to European Community IP Law,” Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, Volume 2, Issue I, Article 4 https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121andcontext=lucilr In Europe, intellectual ... possibilities for enforcement.
Prefer the EU’s definition. The aff is specifically using the EU as their actor.
Prefer our interpretation and vote neg – two impacts
Neg Engagement – it’s the foundation of the activity and they destroy it – two internal links a. Limits – they explode limits by allowing affs to reducie IP protections for medicines. This means that the neg must never gets two debates against the same aff, crushing fairness and education b. Ground – they allow the aff to read super niche cases, so no generics apply and the neg has no ground. c. Predictability — if the aff doesn’t have to defend reductions in IP protections, it’s impossible for the neg to prep, crushing fairness 2. Topic Education – The EU itself does not define trade secrets as part of IP. The core of the topic is engaging with medical intellectual property, but they sidestep that question. The aff prevents us from learning about the topic
Paradigm issues:
Drop the debater – their abusive advocacy skewed the debate from the start 2. Comes before 1AR theory – NC abuse is responsive to them not being topical 3. Competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation 4. No RVIs – fairness and education are a priori burdens – and encourages baiting – outweighs because if T is frivolous, they can beat it quickly 5. Fairness is a voter ¬– necessary to determine the better debater 6. Education is a voter – why schools fund debate
10/11/21
SetpOct - Vaccine Equity CP
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SW | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo CP Counterplan text: States should increase Covax support, prioritise trade facilitation, commit to aid for trade, and invest in preparedness. Gonzalez 21 Violeta Gonzalez Behar is head of partnerships, communications, and resource mobilization at the Enhanced Integrated Framework, a sustainable trade multilateral partnership at the World Trade Organization. In this capacity, she leads a global team in helping EIF build strategic partnerships, communicate results, and secure financing for operations in 51 developing economies. “Opinion: 4 ways to promote vaccine equity through trade”. 8-1-2021. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-4-ways-to-promote-vaccine-equity-through-trade-100457. Accessed 8-12-2021; MJen Vaccine inequity is... to reduce poverty.
4. Invest in preparedness In 2019, only $374 million — or less than 1 — of the world’s total development assistance for health was spent on pandemic preparedness. Within months, the consequences of that underinvestment became clear. Integrating lower-income countries and LDCs into global and regional pharmaceutical value chains is vital for ensuring the world is better prepared next time. Directing increased aid to help these countries become producers and exporters of medical equipment and vaccines has never been more needed. LDCs would not only receive more of the vaccines and therapeutics they need now but could actively contribute to the global response when the next pandemic inevitably hits. A waiver for Covid takes too long---only the CP solves. Fabricius 6/25 Peter Fabricius institute for security services consultant, 6/20 - ("South Africa: Is Ramaphosa Tripping Over a TRIPS Waiver?," allAfrica, 6/25/2021, accessed 6-30-2021, https://allafrica.com/stories/202106260001.html)//ML His fervour is ...become more self-reliant.
And it competes off the net benefit: the perm wouldn’t solve because it would still link to the Innovation DA.