Lexington Yang Aff
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SO aff utilTournament: test | Round: 1 | Opponent: test | Judge: test 1AC1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI 3~ Actor specificity: A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.OffenseThus, I affirm the resolution Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Definitions:WTO — the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medicine Contention 1: COVID-19 vaccinesRich countries are blocking a WTO patent-waiver proposal necessary to boost global production of COVID vaccines.Meredith 21. ~(Sam Meredith is a Correspondent at CNBC in London, covering international politics, energy and business news) "Rich countries are refusing to waive the rights on Covid vaccines as global cases hit record levels," CNBC, April 22, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html~~ TDI The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it's the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 Contention 2: InsulinUS insulin prices are skyrocketing – lifesaving drugs for patients with diabetes are becoming more unaffordable.Rajkumar 20 ~S. Vincent Rajkumar, "The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action," Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 22-28. Rajkumar, MD, is Consultant at the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic.~ CHSTM Monopolization of the insulin market and lack of competing alternatives drives high cost – patent evergreening erects barriers to entry and gives major companies exclusive control of the product.Rajkumar 20 ~S. Vincent Rajkumar, "The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action," Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 22-28. Rajkumar, MD, is Consultant at the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic.~ CHSTM Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on Insulin delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM Covid has left many unemployed exacerbating the difficulty for low-income diabetic patients from affording insulin – absent constant insulin intake diabetics risk death.Terhune et al 8/12 ~Chad Terhune, Robin Respaut, Deborah J. Nelson, "Special Report-How the pandemic laid bare America's diabetes crisis", U.S., 8-12-2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diabetes-covid-specialreport/special-report-how-the-pandemic-laid-bare-americas-diabetes-crisis-idUSKBN2FD13Q, accessed: 9-9-2021.~ Lex VM No UQ for innovation – insulin revenue goes to shareholders not RandD.Collington 20 ~Rosie Collington is a Junior Researcher with the Academic-Industry Research Network and MSc student at the University of Copenhagen. She has previously worked in health policy and advocacy at medical research and patient organizations in the UK., "Who Benefits When the Price of Insulin Soars?", Institute for New Economic Thinking, 4-16-2020, https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/who-benefits-when-the-price-of-insulin-soars, accessed: 9-9-2021.~ Lex VM 1AC – Underview~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Permissibility and presumption substantively affirm: a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me | 9/13/21 |
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