AC - Norway Pragmatism v3 NC - 3 tier Consult Can't read plans vs black debaters theory hedge Afropess Case 1AR - All Race Burdens Bad 2N - All but CP 2AR - Race Burdens Bad
AC - Pragmatism v4 NC - Lacan Agamben T-Body PTX Bidirectional Paradigm issues good Case 1AR - All Must spec T or K 2N - Agamben Case 1AR shell no RVI 2AR - RVI body ptx
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Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hi I am Anthony (he/him)
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions on open source with highlighting on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki 30 minutes after the round in which they read them.
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Interpretation: At all tournaments, debaters must disclose all constructive positions on open source with highlighting on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki after the round in which they read them. The disclosure must occur within 30 minutes after the round. If there is something you don’t want to disclose for personal reasons there should be a note and it may be omitted.
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Interpretation: debaters must disclose disclosure interps
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Interpretation: Debaters must put their Judge’s full name as displayed on tabroom when disclosing a round on the 2021-22 NDCA ld wiki.
The metaethic is pluralism or the idea that differing views of ethics are valid,
1~ Empirics- Best studies prove pluralistic tendencies are inevitable
Polzler and Wright 19~Thomas Pölzler and Jennifer Cole Wright- "Empirical research on folk moral objectivism" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686698/ NCBI. Published July 5th 2019~ Examining these studies' results more closely, however, makes it less clear whether this AND Heiphetz and Young, 2017; Wright, 2018; Zijlstra, forthcoming.
Emperics O/W they are the only verifiable metric and take into account all conditions.
2~ Resolvability – Thousands of years of unresolved debates over ethics are on our side. It's unlikely a 45 minute debate can come to a useful truth.
Framing
Meaning only has value in a frame of reference when it is practical to the individual, James 2K
James, William ~William James was an American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.~, and Giles B. Gunn. Pragmatism and Other Writings. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. A glance at the history of the idea will show you still better what pragmatism AND , and I hope I may end by inspiring you with my belief.
Thus deliberation must be used for moral inquiry, Misak 99
Misak, C. J. (Cheryl J.) ~Cheryl J. Misak FRSC is a Canadian philosopher who works in pragmatism, the history of analytic philosophy, and bioethics. She is a University Professor at the University of Toronto, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in intellectual and cultural history.~, "Truth, politics, morality: pragmatism and deliberation", 1999, https://philpapers.org/rec/MISTPM-4 Pragmatism, I have suggested, can offer such protection. Unlike noncognitivism, it AND ought to use its persuasive power to try to reform a polluted climate.
Thus, the standard is promoting pragmatic deliberation.
Prefer:
1~ Materiality- Our framework moves away from abstraction and understands knowledge as changing in order to base social change and revision of ideas. Glaude 7' Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (5-7) Recut from Dulles AS
In a Shade of Blue is my contribution to the tradition I have just sketched. My aim is to think through some of the more pressing conceptual problems confronting African American political life, and I do so as a Deweyan prag-matist. I should say a bit about what I mean by this self-description. John Dewey thought of philosophy as a form of cultural and social criticism. He held the view that philosophy, properly understood as a mode of wis-dom, ought to aid us in our efforts to overcome problematic situations and worrisome circumstances. The principal charge of the philosopher, then, is to deal with the problems of human beings, not simply with the problems of philosophers. For Dewey, over the course of his long career, this involved bridging the divide between science, broadly understood, and morals—a divide he traced to a conception of experience that has led philosophers over the centuries to tilt after windmills. Dewey declared, "The problem of restoring integration and co-operation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of any philosophy that is not isolated from life."9Dewey bases this conclusion on several features of his philosophy: (1) anti foundationalism, (2) experimentalism, (3) contextualism, and (4) soli-darity.10 Antifoundationalism, of course, is the rejection of foundations of knowledge that are beyond question. Dewey, by contrast, understands knowledge to be the fruit of our undertakings as we seek "the enrichment of our immediate experience through the control over action it exercises."11He insists that we turn our attention from supposed givens to actual consequences, pursuing a future fundamentally grounded in values shaped by experience and realized in our actions. This view makes clear the experimental function of knowledge. Dewey emphasized that knowledge entails efforts to control and select future experience and that we are always con-fronted with the possibility of error when we act. We experiment or tinker, with the understanding that all facts are fallible and, as such, occasionally afford us the opportunity for revision.12Contextualism refers to an understanding of beliefs, choices, and actions as historically conditioned. Dewey held the view that inquiry, or the pursuit of knowledge, is value-laden, in the sense that we come to problems with interests and habits that orient us one way or another, and that such pursuits are also situational, in the sense that "knowledge is pursued and produced somewhere, some when, and by someone."13Finally, solidarity captures the associational and cooperative dimensions of Dewey's thinking. Dewey conceives of his pragmatism as "an instrument of social improvement" aimed principally at expanding democratic life and broadening the ground of individual self-development.14Democracy, for him, constitutes more than a body of formal procedures; it is a form of life that requires constant attention if we are to secure the ideals that purportedly animate it. Individuality is understood as developing one's unique capacities within the context of one's social relations and one's community. The formation of the democratic character so important to our form of associated living involves, then, a caring disposition toward the plight of our fellows and a watchful concern for the well-being of our democratic life.
2~ Movement Building – Only pragmatism provides a model of education that allows students to internalize pedagogy, using the judge as an educator to enforce ideas strips educations value, Rickert 01
Thomas Rickert , 2001 "Hands Up, You're Free", http://jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol21.2/rickert-hands.pdf An example of the connection between violence and pedagogy is implicit in the notion of AND pedagogy also opens up a cynical distance toward the writing produced in class.
3~ Actor spec – governments use pragmatism i.e. ancient Greece or in 2005 the US working with thousands of ordinary citizens to rebuild after hurricane katrina. Plus it's a theory specific to democracies like the plan. o/w on real world and specificity since differnet agents have differnet obligations
4~ Social relations are dynamic and constantly being decentered from normative systems of knowledge; only pragmatism's understanding of interactive knowledge production can mitigate entrenched violence.
Kadlec 8, Alison. "Critical pragmatism and deliberative democracy." Theoria 55.117 (2008): 54-80. (doctorate in political science from the University of Minnesota and bachelor's degrees from Michigan State University in political theory, constitutional democracy and English literature.)Dulles AS Social Intelligence: The Critical Potential Lived Experience Though human nature is intersubjectively generated on AND obstacles to deliberation and to challenge, circumvent, or neutralise their impact.
5~ Value Pluralism- Other ethical theories rely on minimalistic criteria as their foundation, our framework resolves this by using these criteria to better inform our judgments LaFollete 2K
"Pragmatic Ethics" Hugh LaFollette In Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory 2000. Hugh LaFollette is Marie E. and Leslie Cole Professor in Ethics at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg. He is editor-in-chief of The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. https://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/b-guide.htm recut from Dulles AS Pragmatic ethics takes a more aggressive approach, insisting that mankind is responsible for determining AND action to determine the best way to behave, not the minimally tolerable way
Impact Calc:
Deliberation is procedural not substantive, which means that we are first concerned with the decision-making procedure of deliberation and then evaluation of what impacts matter most. To clarify, consequences are a sequencing question. Serra 09,
Juan Pablo Serra. What Is and What Should Pragmatic Ethics Be? Some Remarks on Recent Scholarship. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PRAGMATISM AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. 2009. Francisco de Vitoria College, Humanities Department, Faculty member. Dulles AS BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: As LaFollette presents it, the key to understanding pragmatist AND – in the broad variety of circumstances which make up the moral life.
Contention
1~ Forces worker and government deliberation, Jakarta Post 20
2~ Strikes allow worker to speak out against unjust rules, Zimmermann 3-29
Antonia Zimmermann, 3-29-2021, "German union leads 4-day Amazon strike," POLITICO, https://www.politico.eu/article/german-union-leads-four-day-amazon-strike/ Just one week after a major strike by Amazon workers in Italy, their German AND while working in a safe, modern work environment," the spokesperson added.
3~ Strikes create more open forums which allow for more deliberation. Simms 18
Melanie Simms, 3-23-2018, "Why workers go on strike," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/why-workers-go-on-strike-93815 Both of these demonstrate how a strike around a fairly technical employment issue can develop AND way back to work – even if that means negotiating a new normal.
Advocacy
Thus the plan,
Resolved: The Norwegian Government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
CX checks to avoid frivolous spec shells.
I'll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA, Bondi 95
and immunity from employer lawsuits over breaches of contract and strike damages.
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,
National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike NLRA and the Right to Strike The Right to Strike. Section 7 of the AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives.
Norway doesn't have an unconditional right to strike, Iossa 18
A implies specific when put before a modifier like "Just"
CCC ("Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm~~#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class
Underview
Aff gets 1AR theory to prevent infinite abuse it's DTD since the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth, no RVIs because you can dump on a 30 sec shell for 6 minutes, and competing interps since the 2n can't dump on a reasonability bright-line that excludes only what they did wrong – 1AR theory comes first the 1AR is too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance.
Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn't engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.
Permissibility and Presumption Affirm A~ Dictionary.com defines "ought": as a verb "used to express justice, moral rightness, or the like" and "wrong" as "not in accordance with what is morally right or good" – proving something isn't wrong means it's right. B~ Otherwise we'd have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink AND since you can't say things like P and ~P are both wrong.
Government support for the fossil fuel industry prevents it from leading climate international policy, Arvin 21
Jariel Arvin, 1-15-2021, "How Norway's oil and gas legacy complicates its climate change leadership," Vox, https://www.vox.com/22227063/norway-oil-gas-climate-change Norway's ambition to be an international leader on climate change is at odds with its AND continues to rely on heavily polluting fossil fuel extraction for continued economic prosperity.
Climate Change Causes Extinction – 12 studies
Ng '19 ~Yew-Kwang; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, "Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism," vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP~ Catastrophic climate change Though by no means certain, CCC causing global extinction is possible AND the whole world is more important to avoid by literally a trillion times.
The metaethic is pluralism or the idea that differing views of ethics are valid,
1~ Empirics- Best studies prove pluralistic tendencies are inevitable
Polzler and Wright 19~Thomas Pölzler and Jennifer Cole Wright- "Empirical research on folk moral objectivism" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686698/ NCBI. Published July 5th 2019~ Examining these studies' results more closely, however, makes it less clear whether this AND Heiphetz and Young, 2017; Wright, 2018; Zijlstra, forthcoming.
Emperics O/W they are the only verifiable metric and take into account all conditions.
2~ Resolvability – Thousands of years of unresolved debates over ethics are on our side. It's unlikely a 45 minute debate can come to a useful truth.
Framing
Meaning only has value in a frame of reference when it is practical to the individual, James 2K
James, William ~William James was an American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.~, and Giles B. Gunn. Pragmatism and Other Writings. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. A glance at the history of the idea will show you still better what pragmatism AND , and I hope I may end by inspiring you with my belief.
Thus deliberation must be used for moral inquiry, Misak 99
Misak, C. J. (Cheryl J.) ~Cheryl J. Misak FRSC is a Canadian philosopher who works in pragmatism, the history of analytic philosophy, and bioethics. She is a University Professor at the University of Toronto, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in intellectual and cultural history.~, "Truth, politics, morality: pragmatism and deliberation", 1999, https://philpapers.org/rec/MISTPM-4 Pragmatism, I have suggested, can offer such protection. Unlike noncognitivism, it AND ought to use its persuasive power to try to reform a polluted climate.
Thus, the standard is promoting pragmatic deliberation.
Prefer:
1~ Materiality- Our framework moves away from abstraction and understands knowledge as changing in order to base social change and revision of ideas. Glaude 7' Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (5-7) Recut from Dulles AS
In a Shade of Blue is my contribution to the tradition I have just sketched. My aim is to think through some of the more pressing conceptual problems confronting African American political life, and I do so as a Deweyan prag-matist. I should say a bit about what I mean by this self-description. John Dewey thought of philosophy as a form of cultural and social criticism. He held the view that philosophy, properly understood as a mode of wis-dom, ought to aid us in our efforts to overcome problematic situations and worrisome circumstances. The principal charge of the philosopher, then, is to deal with the problems of human beings, not simply with the problems of philosophers. For Dewey, over the course of his long career, this involved bridging the divide between science, broadly understood, and morals—a divide he traced to a conception of experience that has led philosophers over the centuries to tilt after windmills. Dewey declared, "The problem of restoring integration and co-operation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of any philosophy that is not isolated from life."9Dewey bases this conclusion on several features of his philosophy: (1) anti foundationalism, (2) experimentalism, (3) contextualism, and (4) soli-darity.10 Antifoundationalism, of course, is the rejection of foundations of knowledge that are beyond question. Dewey, by contrast, understands knowledge to be the fruit of our undertakings as we seek "the enrichment of our immediate experience through the control over action it exercises."11He insists that we turn our attention from supposed givens to actual consequences, pursuing a future fundamentally grounded in values shaped by experience and realized in our actions. This view makes clear the experimental function of knowledge. Dewey emphasized that knowledge entails efforts to control and select future experience and that we are always con-fronted with the possibility of error when we act. We experiment or tinker, with the understanding that all facts are fallible and, as such, occasionally afford us the opportunity for revision.12Contextualism refers to an understanding of beliefs, choices, and actions as historically conditioned. Dewey held the view that inquiry, or the pursuit of knowledge, is value-laden, in the sense that we come to problems with interests and habits that orient us one way or another, and that such pursuits are also situational, in the sense that "knowledge is pursued and produced somewhere, some when, and by someone."13Finally, solidarity captures the associational and cooperative dimensions of Dewey's thinking. Dewey conceives of his pragmatism as "an instrument of social improvement" aimed principally at expanding democratic life and broadening the ground of individual self-development.14Democracy, for him, constitutes more than a body of formal procedures; it is a form of life that requires constant attention if we are to secure the ideals that purportedly animate it. Individuality is understood as developing one's unique capacities within the context of one's social relations and one's community. The formation of the democratic character so important to our form of associated living involves, then, a caring disposition toward the plight of our fellows and a watchful concern for the well-being of our democratic life.
2~ Social relations are dynamic and constantly being decentered from normative systems of knowledge; only pragmatism's understanding of interactive knowledge production can mitigate entrenched violence.
Kadlec 8, Alison. "Critical pragmatism and deliberative democracy." Theoria 55.117 (2008): 54-80. (doctorate in political science from the University of Minnesota and bachelor's degrees from Michigan State University in political theory, constitutional democracy and English literature.)Dulles AS Social Intelligence: The Critical Potential Lived Experience Though human nature is intersubjectively generated on AND obstacles to deliberation and to challenge, circumvent, or neutralise their impact.
3~ Actor spec – governments use pragmatism i.e. ancient Greece or in 2005 the US working with thousands of ordinary citizens to rebuild after hurricane katrina. Plus it's a theory specific to democracies like the plan. o/w on real world and specificity since differnet agents have differnet obligations
4~ Rule following paradox – we can infinitely question why to follow that rule, which will eventually terminate at some base assumption with no external justification. Only the pragmatic deliberation solves since we realize what it means to follow rules is to participate in the common good because we look at multiple interpretation of the rules
5~ Performativity- Responding to our framework concedes the validity of pragmatism since that in and of itself is a process of contestation that pragmatism would say is valuable and necessary for spaces like debate to function.
6~ Value Pluralism- Other ethical theories rely on minimalistic criteria as their foundation, our framework resolves this by using these criteria to better inform our judgments LaFollete 2K
"Pragmatic Ethics" Hugh LaFollette In Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory 2000. Hugh LaFollette is Marie E. and Leslie Cole Professor in Ethics at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg. He is editor-in-chief of The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. https://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/b-guide.htm recut from Dulles AS Pragmatic ethics takes a more aggressive approach, insisting that mankind is responsible for determining AND action to determine the best way to behave, not the minimally tolerable way
Impact Calc:
Deliberation is procedural not substantive, which means that we are first concerned with the decision-making procedure of deliberation and then evaluation of what impacts matter most. To clarify, consequences are a sequencing question. Serra 09,
Juan Pablo Serra. What Is and What Should Pragmatic Ethics Be? Some Remarks on Recent Scholarship. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PRAGMATISM AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. 2009. Francisco de Vitoria College, Humanities Department, Faculty member. Dulles AS BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: As LaFollette presents it, the key to understanding pragmatist AND – in the broad variety of circumstances which make up the moral life.
Contention
1~ Forces worker and government deliberation, Jakarta Post 20
2~ Strikes allow worker to speak out against unjust rules, Zimmermann 3-29
Antonia Zimmermann, 3-29-2021, "German union leads 4-day Amazon strike," POLITICO, https://www.politico.eu/article/german-union-leads-four-day-amazon-strike/ Just one week after a major strike by Amazon workers in Italy, their German AND while working in a safe, modern work environment," the spokesperson added.
3~ Strikes create more open forums which allow for more deliberation. Simms 18
Melanie Simms, 3-23-2018, "Why workers go on strike," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/why-workers-go-on-strike-93815 Both of these demonstrate how a strike around a fairly technical employment issue can develop AND way back to work – even if that means negotiating a new normal.
Advocacy
Thus the plan,
Resolved: The Norwegian Government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
CX checks to avoid frivolous spec shells.
I'll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA, Bondi 95
and immunity from employer lawsuits over breaches of contract and strike damages.
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,
National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike NLRA and the Right to Strike The Right to Strike. Section 7 of the AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives.
Norway doesn't have an unconditional right to strike, Iossa 18
A implies specific when put before a modifier like "Just"
CCC ("Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm~~#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class
Underview
Aff gets 1AR theory to prevent infinite abuse it's DTD since the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth, no RVIs because you can dump on a 30 sec shell for 6 minutes, and competing interps since the 2n can dump on a reasonability bright-line that excludes only what they did wrong – 1AR theory comes first the 1AR is too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance.
Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn't engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.
Permissibility and Presumption Affirm A~ Dictionary.com defines "ought": as a verb "used to express justice, moral rightness, or the like" and "wrong" as "not in accordance with what is morally right or good" – proving something isn't wrong means it's right. B~ Otherwise we'd have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink AND since you can't say things like P and ~P are both wrong.
Government support for the fossil fuel industry prevents it from leading climate international policy, Arvin 21
Jariel Arvin, 1-15-2021, "How Norway's oil and gas legacy complicates its climate change leadership," Vox, https://www.vox.com/22227063/norway-oil-gas-climate-change Norway's ambition to be an international leader on climate change is at odds with its AND continues to rely on heavily polluting fossil fuel extraction for continued economic prosperity.
Climate Change Causes Extinction – 12 studies
Ng '19 ~Yew-Kwang; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, "Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism," vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP~ Catastrophic climate change Though by no means certain, CCC causing global extinction is possible AND the whole world is more important to avoid by literally a trillion times.
The metaethic is pluralism or the idea that differing views of ethics are valid,
1~ Empirics- Best studies prove pluralistic tendencies are inevitable
Polzler and Wright 19~Thomas Pölzler and Jennifer Cole Wright- "Empirical research on folk moral objectivism" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686698/ NCBI. Published July 5th 2019~ Examining these studies' results more closely, however, makes it less clear whether this AND Heiphetz and Young, 2017; Wright, 2018; Zijlstra, forthcoming.
Emperics O/W they are the only verifiable metric and take into account all conditions.
2~ Resolvability – Thousands of years of unresolved debates over ethics are on our side. It's unlikely a 45 minute debate can come to a useful truth.
Framing
Meaning only has value in a frame of reference when it is practical to the individual, James 2K
James, William ~William James was an American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.~, and Giles B. Gunn. Pragmatism and Other Writings. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. A glance at the history of the idea will show you still better what pragmatism AND , and I hope I may end by inspiring you with my belief.
Thus deliberation must be used for moral inquiry, Misak 99
Misak, C. J. (Cheryl J.) ~Cheryl J. Misak FRSC is a Canadian philosopher who works in pragmatism, the history of analytic philosophy, and bioethics. She is a University Professor at the University of Toronto, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in intellectual and cultural history.~, "Truth, politics, morality: pragmatism and deliberation", 1999, https://philpapers.org/rec/MISTPM-4 Pragmatism, I have suggested, can offer such protection. Unlike noncognitivism, it AND ought to use its persuasive power to try to reform a polluted climate.
Thus, the standard is promoting pragmatic deliberation.
Prefer:
1~ Materiality- Our framework moves away from abstraction and understands knowledge as changing in order to base social change and revision of ideas. Glaude 7' Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (5-7) Recut from Dulles AS
In a Shade of Blue is my contribution to the tradition I have just sketched. My aim is to think through some of the more pressing conceptual problems confronting African American political life, and I do so as a Deweyan prag-matist. I should say a bit about what I mean by this self-description. John Dewey thought of philosophy as a form of cultural and social criticism. He held the view that philosophy, properly understood as a mode of wis-dom, ought to aid us in our efforts to overcome problematic situations and worrisome circumstances. The principal charge of the philosopher, then, is to deal with the problems of human beings, not simply with the problems of philosophers. For Dewey, over the course of his long career, this involved bridging the divide between science, broadly understood, and morals—a divide he traced to a conception of experience that has led philosophers over the centuries to tilt after windmills. Dewey declared, "The problem of restoring integration and co-operation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of any philosophy that is not isolated from life."9Dewey bases this conclusion on several features of his philosophy: (1) anti foundationalism, (2) experimentalism, (3) contextualism, and (4) soli-darity.10 Antifoundationalism, of course, is the rejection of foundations of knowledge that are beyond question. Dewey, by contrast, understands knowledge to be the fruit of our undertakings as we seek "the enrichment of our immediate experience through the control over action it exercises."11He insists that we turn our attention from supposed givens to actual consequences, pursuing a future fundamentally grounded in values shaped by experience and realized in our actions. This view makes clear the experimental function of knowledge. Dewey emphasized that knowledge entails efforts to control and select future experience and that we are always con-fronted with the possibility of error when we act. We experiment or tinker, with the understanding that all facts are fallible and, as such, occasionally afford us the opportunity for revision.12Contextualism refers to an understanding of beliefs, choices, and actions as historically conditioned. Dewey held the view that inquiry, or the pursuit of knowledge, is value-laden, in the sense that we come to problems with interests and habits that orient us one way or another, and that such pursuits are also situational, in the sense that "knowledge is pursued and produced somewhere, some when, and by someone."13Finally, solidarity captures the associational and cooperative dimensions of Dewey's thinking. Dewey conceives of his pragmatism as "an instrument of social improvement" aimed principally at expanding democratic life and broadening the ground of individual self-development.14Democracy, for him, constitutes more than a body of formal procedures; it is a form of life that requires constant attention if we are to secure the ideals that purportedly animate it. Individuality is understood as developing one's unique capacities within the context of one's social relations and one's community. The formation of the democratic character so important to our form of associated living involves, then, a caring disposition toward the plight of our fellows and a watchful concern for the well-being of our democratic life.
2~ Movement Building – Only pragmatism provides a model of education that allows students to internalize pedagogy, using the judge as an educator to enforce ideas strips educations value, Rickert 01
Thomas Rickert , 2001 "Hands Up, You're Free", http://jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol21.2/rickert-hands.pdf An example of the connection between violence and pedagogy is implicit in the notion of AND pedagogy also opens up a cynical distance toward the writing produced in class.
3~ Actor spec – governments use pragmatism i.e. ancient Greece or in 2005 the US working with thousands of ordinary citizens to rebuild after hurricane katrina. Plus it's a theory specific to democracies like the plan. o/w on real world and specificity since differnet agents have differnet obligations
4~ Social relations are dynamic and constantly being decentered from normative systems of knowledge; only pragmatism's understanding of interactive knowledge production can mitigate entrenched violence.
Kadlec 8, Alison. "Critical pragmatism and deliberative democracy." Theoria 55.117 (2008): 54-80. (doctorate in political science from the University of Minnesota and bachelor's degrees from Michigan State University in political theory, constitutional democracy and English literature.)Dulles AS Social Intelligence: The Critical Potential Lived Experience Though human nature is intersubjectively generated on AND obstacles to deliberation and to challenge, circumvent, or neutralise their impact.
5~ Value Pluralism- Other ethical theories rely on minimalistic criteria as their foundation, our framework resolves this by using these criteria to better inform our judgments LaFollete 2K
"Pragmatic Ethics" Hugh LaFollette In Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory 2000. Hugh LaFollette is Marie E. and Leslie Cole Professor in Ethics at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg. He is editor-in-chief of The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. https://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/b-guide.htm recut from Dulles AS Pragmatic ethics takes a more aggressive approach, insisting that mankind is responsible for determining AND action to determine the best way to behave, not the minimally tolerable way
6~ Rule following paradox – we can infinitely question why to follow that rule, which will eventually terminate at some base assumption with no external justification. Only the pragmatic deliberation solves since we realize what it means to follow rules is to participate in the common good because we look at multiple interpretation of the rules
Impact Calc:
Deliberation is procedural not substantive, which means that we are first concerned with the decision-making procedure of deliberation and then evaluation of what impacts matter most. To clarify, consequences are a sequencing question. Serra 09,
Juan Pablo Serra. What Is and What Should Pragmatic Ethics Be? Some Remarks on Recent Scholarship. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PRAGMATISM AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. 2009. Francisco de Vitoria College, Humanities Department, Faculty member. Dulles AS BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: As LaFollette presents it, the key to understanding pragmatist AND – in the broad variety of circumstances which make up the moral life.
Contention
1~ Forces worker and government deliberation, Jakarta Post 20
2~ Strikes allow worker to speak out against unjust rules, Zimmermann 3-29
Antonia Zimmermann, 3-29-2021, "German union leads 4-day Amazon strike," POLITICO, https://www.politico.eu/article/german-union-leads-four-day-amazon-strike/ Just one week after a major strike by Amazon workers in Italy, their German AND while working in a safe, modern work environment," the spokesperson added.
3~ Strikes create more open forums which allow for more deliberation. Simms 18
Melanie Simms, 3-23-2018, "Why workers go on strike," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/why-workers-go-on-strike-93815 Both of these demonstrate how a strike around a fairly technical employment issue can develop AND way back to work – even if that means negotiating a new normal.
Advocacy
Thus the plan,
Resolved: The Norwegian Government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
CX checks to avoid frivolous spec shells.
I'll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA, Bondi 95
and immunity from employer lawsuits over breaches of contract and strike damages.
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,
National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike NLRA and the Right to Strike The Right to Strike. Section 7 of the AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives.
Norway doesn't have an unconditional right to strike, Iossa 18
A implies specific when put before a modifier like "Just"
CCC ("Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm~~#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class
Underview
Aff gets 1AR theory to prevent infinite abuse it's DTD since the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth, no RVIs because you can dump on a 30 sec shell for 6 minutes, and competing interps since the 2n can't dump on a reasonability bright-line that excludes only what they did wrong – 1AR theory comes first the 1AR is too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance.
Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn't engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.
Permissibility and Presumption Affirm A~ Dictionary.com defines "ought": as a verb "used to express justice, moral rightness, or the like" and "wrong" as "not in accordance with what is morally right or good" – proving something isn't wrong means it's right. B~ Otherwise we'd have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink AND since you can't say things like P and ~P are both wrong.
Government support for the fossil fuel industry prevents it from leading climate international policy, Arvin 21
Jariel Arvin, 1-15-2021, "How Norway's oil and gas legacy complicates its climate change leadership," Vox, https://www.vox.com/22227063/norway-oil-gas-climate-change Norway's ambition to be an international leader on climate change is at odds with its AND continues to rely on heavily polluting fossil fuel extraction for continued economic prosperity.
Climate Change Causes Extinction – 12 studies
Ng '19 ~Yew-Kwang; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, "Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism," vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP~ Catastrophic climate change Though by no means certain, CCC causing global extinction is possible AND the whole world is more important to avoid by literally a trillion times.
The metaethic is pluralism or the idea that differing views of ethics are valid,
1~ Empirics- Best studies prove pluralistic tendencies are inevitable
Polzler and Wright 19~Thomas Pölzler and Jennifer Cole Wright- "Empirical research on folk moral objectivism" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686698/ NCBI. Published July 5th 2019~ Examining these studies' results more closely, however, makes it less clear whether this AND Heiphetz and Young, 2017; Wright, 2018; Zijlstra, forthcoming.
Emperics O/W they are the only verifiable metric and take into account all conditions.
2~ Resolvability – Thousands of years of unresolved debates over ethics are on our side. It's unlikely a 45 minute debate can come to a useful truth.
Framing
Meaning only has value in a frame of reference when it is practical to the individual, James 2K
James, William ~William James was an American philosopher, historian, and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.~, and Giles B. Gunn. Pragmatism and Other Writings. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. A glance at the history of the idea will show you still better what pragmatism AND , and I hope I may end by inspiring you with my belief.
Thus deliberation must be used for moral inquiry, Misak 99
Misak, C. J. (Cheryl J.) ~Cheryl J. Misak FRSC is a Canadian philosopher who works in pragmatism, the history of analytic philosophy, and bioethics. She is a University Professor at the University of Toronto, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in intellectual and cultural history.~, "Truth, politics, morality: pragmatism and deliberation", 1999, https://philpapers.org/rec/MISTPM-4 Pragmatism, I have suggested, can offer such protection. Unlike noncognitivism, it AND ought to use its persuasive power to try to reform a polluted climate.
Thus, the standard is promoting pragmatic deliberation.
Prefer:
1~ Materiality- Our framework moves away from abstraction and understands knowledge as changing in order to base social change and revision of ideas. Glaude 7' Eddie S. (Eddie S. Glaude Jr. is the chair of the Center for African-American Studies and the William S. Tod Professor of Religion and African-American Studies at Princeton University.) In a Shade of Blue : Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America. University of Chicago Press, 2007. EBSCOhost. (5-7) Recut from Dulles AS
In a Shade of Blue is my contribution to the tradition I have just sketched. My aim is to think through some of the more pressing conceptual problems confronting African American political life, and I do so as a Deweyan prag-matist. I should say a bit about what I mean by this self-description. John Dewey thought of philosophy as a form of cultural and social criticism. He held the view that philosophy, properly understood as a mode of wis-dom, ought to aid us in our efforts to overcome problematic situations and worrisome circumstances. The principal charge of the philosopher, then, is to deal with the problems of human beings, not simply with the problems of philosophers. For Dewey, over the course of his long career, this involved bridging the divide between science, broadly understood, and morals—a divide he traced to a conception of experience that has led philosophers over the centuries to tilt after windmills. Dewey declared, "The problem of restoring integration and co-operation between man's beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of any philosophy that is not isolated from life."9Dewey bases this conclusion on several features of his philosophy: (1) anti foundationalism, (2) experimentalism, (3) contextualism, and (4) soli-darity.10 Antifoundationalism, of course, is the rejection of foundations of knowledge that are beyond question. Dewey, by contrast, understands knowledge to be the fruit of our undertakings as we seek "the enrichment of our immediate experience through the control over action it exercises."11He insists that we turn our attention from supposed givens to actual consequences, pursuing a future fundamentally grounded in values shaped by experience and realized in our actions. This view makes clear the experimental function of knowledge. Dewey emphasized that knowledge entails efforts to control and select future experience and that we are always con-fronted with the possibility of error when we act. We experiment or tinker, with the understanding that all facts are fallible and, as such, occasionally afford us the opportunity for revision.12Contextualism refers to an understanding of beliefs, choices, and actions as historically conditioned. Dewey held the view that inquiry, or the pursuit of knowledge, is value-laden, in the sense that we come to problems with interests and habits that orient us one way or another, and that such pursuits are also situational, in the sense that "knowledge is pursued and produced somewhere, some when, and by someone."13Finally, solidarity captures the associational and cooperative dimensions of Dewey's thinking. Dewey conceives of his pragmatism as "an instrument of social improvement" aimed principally at expanding democratic life and broadening the ground of individual self-development.14Democracy, for him, constitutes more than a body of formal procedures; it is a form of life that requires constant attention if we are to secure the ideals that purportedly animate it. Individuality is understood as developing one's unique capacities within the context of one's social relations and one's community. The formation of the democratic character so important to our form of associated living involves, then, a caring disposition toward the plight of our fellows and a watchful concern for the well-being of our democratic life.
2~ Movement Building – Only pragmatism provides a model of education that allows students to internalize pedagogy, using the judge as an educator to enforce ideas strips educations value, Rickert 01
Thomas Rickert , 2001 "Hands Up, You're Free", http://jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol21.2/rickert-hands.pdf An example of the connection between violence and pedagogy is implicit in the notion of AND pedagogy also opens up a cynical distance toward the writing produced in class.
3~ Actor spec – governments use pragmatism i.e. ancient Greece or in 2005 the US working with thousands of ordinary citizens to rebuild after hurricane katrina. Plus it's a theory specific to democracies like the plan. o/w on real world and specificity since differnet agents have differnet obligations
4~ Social relations are dynamic and constantly being decentered from normative systems of knowledge; only pragmatism's understanding of interactive knowledge production can mitigate entrenched violence.
Kadlec 8, Alison. "Critical pragmatism and deliberative democracy." Theoria 55.117 (2008): 54-80. (doctorate in political science from the University of Minnesota and bachelor's degrees from Michigan State University in political theory, constitutional democracy and English literature.)Dulles AS Social Intelligence: The Critical Potential Lived Experience Though human nature is intersubjectively generated on AND obstacles to deliberation and to challenge, circumvent, or neutralise their impact.
5~ Value Pluralism- Other ethical theories rely on minimalistic criteria as their foundation, our framework resolves this by using these criteria to better inform our judgments LaFollete 2K
"Pragmatic Ethics" Hugh LaFollette In Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory 2000. Hugh LaFollette is Marie E. and Leslie Cole Professor in Ethics at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg. He is editor-in-chief of The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. https://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/b-guide.htm recut from Dulles AS Pragmatic ethics takes a more aggressive approach, insisting that mankind is responsible for determining AND action to determine the best way to behave, not the minimally tolerable way
6~ Rule following paradox – we can infinitely question why to follow that rule, which will eventually terminate at some base assumption with no external justification. Only the pragmatic deliberation solves since we realize what it means to follow rules is to participate in the common good because we look at multiple interpretation of the rules
Impact Calc:
Deliberation is procedural not substantive, which means that we are first concerned with the decision-making procedure of deliberation and then evaluation of what impacts matter most. To clarify, consequences are a sequencing question. Serra 09,
Juan Pablo Serra. What Is and What Should Pragmatic Ethics Be? Some Remarks on Recent Scholarship. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PRAGMATISM AND AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY. 2009. Francisco de Vitoria College, Humanities Department, Faculty member. Dulles AS BY WAY OF CONCLUSION: As LaFollette presents it, the key to understanding pragmatist AND – in the broad variety of circumstances which make up the moral life.
Contention
1~ Forces worker and government deliberation, Jakarta Post 20
2~ Strikes allow worker to speak out against unjust rules, Zimmermann 3-29
Antonia Zimmermann, 3-29-2021, "German union leads 4-day Amazon strike," POLITICO, https://www.politico.eu/article/german-union-leads-four-day-amazon-strike/ Just one week after a major strike by Amazon workers in Italy, their German AND while working in a safe, modern work environment," the spokesperson added.
3~ Strikes create more open forums which allow for more deliberation. Simms 18
Melanie Simms, 3-23-2018, "Why workers go on strike," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/why-workers-go-on-strike-93815 Both of these demonstrate how a strike around a fairly technical employment issue can develop AND way back to work – even if that means negotiating a new normal.
Advocacy
Thus the plan,
Resolved: The Norwegian Government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
CX checks to avoid frivolous spec shells.
I'll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA, Bondi 95
and immunity from employer lawsuits over breaches of contract and strike damages.
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,
National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike NLRA and the Right to Strike The Right to Strike. Section 7 of the AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives.
Norway doesn't have an unconditional right to strike, Iossa 18
A implies specific when put before a modifier like "Just"
CCC ("Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm~~#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class
Underview
Aff gets 1AR theory to prevent infinite abuse it's DTD since the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth, no RVIs because you can dump on a 30 sec shell for 6 minutes, and competing interps since the 2n can't dump on a reasonability bright-line that excludes only what they did wrong – 1AR theory comes first the 1AR is too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance.
Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn't engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.
Permissibility and Presumption Affirm A~ Dictionary.com defines "ought": as a verb "used to express justice, moral rightness, or the like" and "wrong" as "not in accordance with what is morally right or good" – proving something isn't wrong means it's right. B~ Otherwise we'd have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink AND since you can't say things like P and ~P are both wrong.
Beystehner 13. Kristen, University of Georgia, "Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality," 2013 Storr (1981) insists, "Only a few fundamentalist psychoanalysts of an old AND Freud's theory of psychoanalysis has been proven wrong and is simply bad science.
Government support for the fossil fuel industry prevents it from leading climate international policy, Arvin 21
Jariel Arvin, 1-15-2021, "How Norway's oil and gas legacy complicates its climate change leadership," Vox, https://www.vox.com/22227063/norway-oil-gas-climate-change Norway's ambition to be an international leader on climate change is at odds with its AND continues to rely on heavily polluting fossil fuel extraction for continued economic prosperity.
Climate Change Causes Extinction – 12 studies
Ng '19 ~Yew-Kwang; May 2019; Professor of Economics at Nanyang Technology University, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and Member of the Advisory Board at the Global Priorities Institute at Oxford University, Ph.D. in Economics from Sydney University; Global Policy, "Keynote: Global Extinction and Animal Welfare: Two Priorities for Effective Altruism," vol. 10, no. 2, p. 258-266; RP~ Catastrophic climate change Though by no means certain, CCC causing global extinction is possible AND the whole world is more important to avoid by literally a trillion times.