Lexington Han Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | 1 | Rue Ledesma | Jalyn Wu |
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| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | 4 | Amanda Sun | Julie Johnstone |
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| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | 5 | Audrey Bae | Zachary Reshovsky |
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| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Doubles | Mariam Khan | Jian Hu, Michael Harris, Chrishma Kardkada |
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| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 2 | Aarush Tripathi | Sreyaash Das |
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| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 4 | Jacqueline Cook | Kyle Kopf |
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| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 6 | Mason Cheng | Charles Karcher |
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| Berhe Invitational | Finals | Chicken | Chicken |
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| Blake Invitational | 2 | Danielle Schmitt | Lawrence Zhou |
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| Blake Invitational | 3 | Eli Leadham | Kate Totz |
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| Blake Invitational | 5 | Bryan Shi | Mike Girouard |
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| Meadows Invitational | 1 | Kastella Nguyen | Silma Bathily |
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| Meadows Invitational | 4 | Bea Culligan | Asher Towner |
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| Meadows Invitational | 5 | Pranav Medikonduru | Jada Stinnett |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 2 | Phyllis Wan | Jayanne Forest |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 4 | Lily Nakakura | Parth Misra |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 6 | Annika Hamm | Anna Stockstill |
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| Yale Invitational | 2 | Caedmon Kline | Bennet Fees |
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| Yale Invitational | 4 | Maggie Liu | Tajaih Robinson |
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| Yale Invitational | 5 | Maya Lerman | Neville Tom |
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| Yale Invitational | Doubles | Rhea Rastogi | Richard Li, Fabrice Etienne, Aphe Astrachan |
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| Yale Invitational | Octas | Emlin Matthew | Grant Brown, Elias Altman, Favian Sun |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Rue Ledesma | Judge: Jalyn Wu 1AC - Kant |
| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | 4 | Opponent: Amanda Sun | Judge: Julie Johnstone 1AC - Debris v4 |
| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Audrey Bae | Judge: Zachary Reshovsky 1AC - debris v4 |
| 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Doubles | Opponent: Mariam Khan | Judge: Jian Hu, Michael Harris, Chrishma Kardkada 1AC - lay |
| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Aarush Tripathi | Judge: Sreyaash Das 1AC - kant |
| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 4 | Opponent: Jacqueline Cook | Judge: Kyle Kopf 1AC - kant v2 |
| 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Mason Cheng | Judge: Charles Karcher 1AC - kant |
| Blake Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Danielle Schmitt | Judge: Lawrence Zhou 1AC - Debris |
| Blake Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Eli Leadham | Judge: Kate Totz 1AC - Debris v2 |
| Blake Invitational | 5 | Opponent: Bryan Shi | Judge: Mike Girouard 1AC - Debris v3 |
| Meadows Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Kastella Nguyen | Judge: Silma Bathily 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Meadows Invitational | 4 | Opponent: Bea Culligan | Judge: Asher Towner 1AC - Kant |
| Meadows Invitational | 5 | Opponent: Pranav Medikonduru | Judge: Jada Stinnett 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Phyllis Wan | Judge: Jayanne Forest 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 4 | Opponent: Lily Nakakura | Judge: Parth Misra 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Annika Hamm | Judge: Anna Stockstill 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Yale Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Caedmon Kline | Judge: Bennet Fees 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Yale Invitational | 4 | Opponent: Maggie Liu | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Yale Invitational | 5 | Opponent: Maya Lerman | Judge: Neville Tom 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Yale Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Rhea Rastogi | Judge: Richard Li, Fabrice Etienne, Aphe Astrachan 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Yale Invitational | Octas | Opponent: Emlin Matthew | Judge: Grant Brown, Elias Altman, Favian Sun 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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00 - ContactTournament: Berhe Invitational | Round: Finals | Opponent: Chicken | Judge: Chicken if you have any preferences for disclosure, doc formats, or source (pdf or word doc) let me know | 10/24/21 |
JF - AC - DebrisTournament: Blake Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Danielle Schmitt | Judge: Lawrence Zhou AdvantageSpace is privatizing. The resulting orbital debris production will become unsustainable.Muelhapt 19 (Theodore J. Muelhapt, et al., Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies, Center for Space Policy and Strategy, The Aerospace Corporation, 30 year Space Systems Analyst and Operator, Marlon E. Sorge, Jamie Morin, Robert S. Wilson, 6/18/19, "Space traffic management in the new space era," Journal of Space Safety Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2019.05.007) AND debris creation, the number of conjunctions, NewSpace represents a fundamental change. It’s on a first come first serve basis.Supancana 10 ~(Supancana, I. B. R, Chairman and Founder of the Center for Regulatory Research) "GUARANTEEING ACCESS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO OUTER SPACE," 2010~ TDI AND like: "paper satellites' "excessive and un-proportional" application. Orbital debris prevents developing country regional space associations.Ngcofe 16 (L.Ngcofe, Chief Directorate: National Geo-Spatial Information, Department of Land Reform, South Africa, et al. K. Gottschalk, Department of Political Studies, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town S.Madlanga, 3 National Research Foundation: Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory ’16, "THE SPACE RUSH - THE COST OF BEING A LATE STARTER FROM AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE,"African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment, http://www.africanremotesensing.org/page-1524987/4136883) AND open to discharge any remaining propellant, to prevent overheating and explosive disruptions. The current structure in space denies the global south their rights to geostationary orbit – the north crowds out the lower orbit.Viikari 7 ~(Lotta, PhD in Faculty of Law @ International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University) "The Environmental Element in Space Law, " 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16744-5, Koninklijke Brill, p 21-23.~ TDI AND be avoided where many of the key issues pit developed against developing countries. Regional space assets are key to development goals. Status quo foreign aid competition fractures regional alliances.Liao 15 (Xavier L.W. Liao, PhD in Political Science at Ghent University, ’15,"The Growing Space Regionalization of the Global Space Regime Complex" The Aviation and Space Journal, January/March 2015, No 1.) AND hardly be the only factor to lead such processes to its final goal. Regional cooperation is crucial to effecitive data integration and reducing interoperability costs.Gottschalk 08 (K. Gottschalk, Political Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, ‘8, "The Roles of Africa’s Institutions in Ensuring Africa’s Active Participation in the Space Enterprise: The Case for an African Space Agency (ASA), "African Skies/Cieux Africains, No. 12) AND African Resource Management Constellation will be best operated by a continental space agency. African space independence is possible – countries want regional programs, but Chinese intervention will always be easier.Devermont and Oniosun 20 ~(Judd, is the director of the Africa Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies) (Temidayo, a Nigerian space scientist and entrepreneur~ "IS THE UNITED STATES LOSING THE AFRICAN SPACE RACE?" War On the Rocks, 6/23/2020 https://warontherocks.com/2020/06/is-the-united-states-losing-the-african-space-race/ ~ Lex AL AND not have access to the internet, a problem communications satellites could address. Lack of African ICT infrastructure makes telemedicine implementation impossible.Bisu et al 18 ~(Anas A., Department of Engineering, Durham University)(Andrew Gallant, Hongjian Sun, Katharine Brigham, and Alan Purvis) "Telemedicine via Satellite: Improving Access to Healthcare for Remote Rural Communities in Africa" IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference, 2018~ TDI AND achieved thereby enabling effective and sustainable telemedical services in the region ~5~. Space assets provide information communication technology and telemedicine.Ferreira-Snyman 13 ~(AnĂ©l, B Juris (PUCHE); LLB (PUCHE); LLM (PUCHE); LLD (UJ). Professor: Department of Jurisprudence, at University of South Africa) "The environmental responsibility of states for space debris and the implications for developing countries in Africa" The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol. 46, No. 1, 44-49, 2013~ TDI AND in a better position to take the necessary action in this regard.181 Telemedicine substantially reduces Africa’s disease burden.Mbarika and Okoli 2 ~(Victor W. A. Mbarika, Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences)(Chitu Okoli, Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences)"Telemedicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Proposed Delphi Study," Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, 2002~ TDI AND most, if not all, Sub-Saharan countries (Table 1). AND Data integration provides malaria mapping that reduce’s disease incidence.Ceccato 5 ~(P. Ceccato1,1International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, S.J. Connor1, I. Jeanne2, M.C. Thomson) "Application of Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing technologies for assessing and monitoring malaria risk," 2005, Parassitologia 47: 81-96~ TDI AND take into account the effect of any strengths or weaknesses in these areas. Malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS are all preventable, but kill 5 million annually – "acceptable losses" frame cements inequality.Murphy 6 ~(Sean C., MD, Assistant Professor, Laboratory Medicine at the University of Washington) "Malaria and Global Infectious Diseases: Why Should We Care?," Virtual Mentor, 2006;8(4):245-250~ TDI AND standard for health is the leading bioethical problem of our time ~8~. PlanPlan – appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.2~ Prioritize probability.Kessler and Daase 08 (Dr. Oliver Kessler, Research and Teaching Associate for International Relations (University of Bielefeld), Ph.D. in International Relations. Dr. Christopher Daase, Professor (C4) for Political Science and Ordinarius for International Politics at the Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich. "From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics." Vol. 33, April 1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540803300206) AND prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty. 3~ All risks of extinction events together are 0.2 per year.Simpson 16 (Fergus Simpson, Mathematician at the University of Barcelona. ~Apocalypse Now? Reviving the Doomsday Argument, https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03072~~ BPS AND approximated by a global catastrophic risk of 0.2 per year. | 12/19/21 |
JF - AC - Debris v2Tournament: Blake Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Eli Leadham | Judge: Kate Totz | 12/19/21 |
JF - AC - Debris v3Tournament: Blake Invitational | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bryan Shi | Judge: Mike Girouard InherencyPrivate space mining and ownership allowed now.Williams 20 ~(Matt Williams, Reporter) "Trump signs an executive order allowing mining the moon and asteroids," Phys Org, April 13, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-04-trump-moon-asteroids.html~~ TDI AND debate that began with the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967. New investments coming and companies are launching – economic incentives make it alluring.Tosar 20 ~(Borja Tosar, reporter) "Asteroid Mining: A New Space Race," OpenMind BBVA, May 18, 2020, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/asteroid-mining-a-new-space-race/~~ TDI AND deGrasse argues that the planet’s first trillionaire will undoubtedly be a space miner. ADV —- DebrisAdvantage 1 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisions.Scoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spirals.Intagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI Scenario 1 is ClimateEarth observation satellites key to warming adaptation.Alonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI It’s fast—-extinction within 5 years.Garrison 21 (Dr. Jim Garrison 21, PhD from the University of Cambridge, MA from Harvard University, BA from the University of Santa Clara, Founder/President of Ubiquity University, "Human Extinction by 2026? Scientists Speak Out", UbiVerse, 7/1/2021, https://ubiverse.org/posts/human-extinction-by-2026-scientists-speak-out) Scenario 2 is US-Russia WarIncreased space debris makes future space exploration impossible.Webb 18 ~(Amy Webb is a professor at the NYU Stern School of Business and is the chief executive of the Future Today Institute, a strategic foresight and research group in Washington, D.C.), "Space Oddities: We Need a Plan to Stop Polluting Space Before It’s Too Late" WIRED Science April 12, 2018 https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-a-plan-to-stop-polluting-space-before-its-too-late/~~ TDI Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions BUT privatization foils cooperation.CSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even war.Weir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limited.Barratt 17 (Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf) Advantage 2Advantage 2 is Africa MiningSpace mining destroys the African economy.Oni 19 ~(David, a space industry and technology analyst at Space in Africa. He’s a graduate of Mining Engineering from the Federal University of Technology Akure.) "The Effect of Asteroid Mining on Mining Activities in Africa," Africa News, 9/24/19, https://africanews.space/the-effect-of-asteroid-mining-on-mining-activities-in-africa/~~ Economic decline causes Africa war.Tollefsen 17 ~(Andreas Forø, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and Ph.D. in Human Geography from the University of Oslo) "Experienced poverty and local conflict violence," Conflict Management and Peace Science, 12/21/17, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320740608'Experienced'poverty'and'local'conflict'violence~~ Great power war.Yeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI PlanPlan – states ought to ban the appropriation of outer space for mining activities by private entities.FramingNon-natural moral facts are epistemically inaccessible.Papineau 07 (David ~David Papineau is an academic philosopher. He works as Professor of Philosophy of Science at King's College London, having previously taught for several years at Cambridge University and been a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge~, "Naturalism". http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/ 2007) Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer it:1~ Actor specificity –A~ Governments must aggregate because their policies benefit some and harm others so the only non-arbitrary way to prioritize is by helping the most amount of peopleMack 4 ~(Peter, MBBS, FRCS(Ed), FRCS (Glasg), PhD, MBA, MHlthEcon) "Utilitarian Ethics in Healthcare." International Journal of the Computer, the Internet, and Management Vol. 12, No.3. 2004. Department of Surgery. Singapore General Hospital.~ SJDI B~ No intent-foresight distinction for governments – deliberating over an action requires analysis of foreseen consequences which could be prevented which makes them intrinsic to state action.C~ Governments aren’t singular rational agents which makes theories about individuals irrelevant – only consequentialism solves by analyzing ends divorced from an actor.2~ No act-omission distinction – governments are culpable for omissions cuz their purpose is to protect the constituency – otherwise they would have no obligation to make murder illegal. Actor spec o/w – different agents have different ethical standings that affect their obligations and considerations.3~ Extinction outweighs – moral theories convergePummer 15 ~Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. "Moral Agreement on Saving the World" Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015~ AT 4~ Methodological pluralism is necessary to any sustainable critique – we impact turn your notion of "severance" or "exclusivity".Bleiker 14 – (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique," International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327) | 12/19/21 |
JF - AC - Debris v4Tournament: 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Amanda Sun | Judge: Julie Johnstone Advantage: DebrisPrivatization of space will increase space debris collisions.Muelhaupt 19 ~Theodore J. Muelhaupt, June 2019, "Space traffic management in the new space era", Journal of Space Safety Engineering, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246889671930045X?via3Dihub, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND current catalog process and automated maneuvers for a large constellation are fundamentally incompatible. Kessler Syndrome destroys all satellites and traps us on earth.Ratner 18 ~Paul Ratner, 8-29-2018, "How the Kessler Syndrome can end all space exploration and destroy modern life", Big Think, https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/how-the-kessler-syndrome-can-end-all-space-exploration-and-destroy-modern-life/, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND resulted in more than 2,000 pieces of relatively large space junk. Debris triggers nuclear miscalculation—uniquely likely in space.Blatt 20 ~Talia M. Blatt, May 26th, 2020, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race", Harvard International Review, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND because militaries cannot rely on their spaced-based systems after first strikes. Extinction – nuke war fallout creates Ice Age and mass starvationStarr 15 (Steven Starr 15. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG) AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. Public satellite data is key to biodiversity.Pennisi 21~Elizabeth Pennisi, 18 NOV 2021, "Satellites offer new ways to study ecosystems—and maybe even save them", No Publication, https://www.science.org/content/article/satellites-offer-new-ways-study-ecosystems-maybe-even-save-them, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND because of drought or insect invasion—or has been cleared for development. Biodiversity loss causes extinction.Gallagher 21~Katherine Gallagher, Apr 5, 2021, ""Extinction – The Facts" explores the global extinction crisis", Inhabitat - Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building | Green design andamp; innovation for a better world, https://inhabitat.com/extinction-the-facts-explores-the-global-extinction-crisis-and-its-consequences/, date accessed 1-19-2022~ Lex AT AND dwindles due to overfishing, so the impact on marine ecosystems is widespread. Advantage 2: CooperationEntrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing success.Thompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Arbatov 17 (Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Privatization of space travel makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs! PlanPlan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Enforcement is banning constellations in the LEO by claiming they violate Article II of the OST.Johnson 20 ~Christopher D. Johnson, 2020, "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit", Secure World Foundation, https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND other operators of these large constellations which will be solely occupying entire orbits. Private entities are non-governmental.Dunk 11 – Frans G. von der Dunk, 2011, ~"The Origins of Authorisation: Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty and International Space Law," University of Nebraska~ Justin AND . Partly, this was the consequence of key principles being left undefined. Outer space isBetz 21 ~Eric Betz, 3-5-2021, "The KĂ¡rmĂ¡n Line: Where does space begin?", Astronomy, https://astronomy.com/news/2021/03/the-krmn-line-where-does-space-begin, date accessed 1-22-2022~ Lex AT AND the first privately-built spacecraft to carry a crew back in 2004. FrameworkThe standard is maximized expected well-being.1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic value and disvalue is that pleasure is intrinsically valuable and pain is intrinsically disvaluable. On virtually any proposed list of intrinsic values and disvalues (we will look at some of them below), pleasure is included among the intrinsic values and pain among the intrinsic disvalues. This inclusion makes intuitive sense, moreover, for there is something undeniably good about the way pleasure feels and something undeniably bad about the way pain feels, and neither the goodness of pleasure nor the badness of pain seems to be exhausted by the further effects that these experiences might have. "Pleasure" and "pain" are here understood inclusively, as encompassing anything hedonically positive and anything hedonically negative.2 The special value statuses of pleasure and pain are manifested in how we treat these experiences in our everyday reasoning about values. If you tell me that you are heading for the convenience store, I might ask: "What for?" This is a reasonable question, for when you go to the convenience store you usually do so, not merely for the sake of going to the convenience store, but for the sake of achieving something further that you deem to be valuable. You might answer, for example: "To buy soda." This answer makes sense, for soda is a nice thing and you can get it at the convenience store. I might further inquire, however: "What is buying the soda good for?" This further question can also be a reasonable one, for it need not be obvious why you want the soda. You might answer: "Well, I want it for the pleasure of drinking it." If I then proceed by asking "But what is the pleasure of drinking the soda good for?" the discussion is likely to reach an awkward end. The reason is that the pleasure is not good for anything further; it is simply that for which going to the convenience store and buying the soda is good.3 As Aristotle observes: "We never ask ~a man~ what his end is in being pleased, because we assume that pleasure is choice worthy in itself."4 Presumably, a similar story can be told in the case of pains, for if someone says "This is painful!" we never respond by asking: "And why is that a problem?" We take for granted that if something is painful, we have a sufficient explanation of why it is bad. If we are onto something in our everyday reasoning about values, it seems that pleasure2~ Actor spec—Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.3~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH AND that people in the future will be much better situated to help themselves. Extra CardsKessler syndrome ensures cascading impacts – turns every impact.Dvorsky 15 (George Dvorsky 6-4-2015 "What Would Happen If All Our Satellites Were Suddenly Destroyed?" https://io9.gizmodo.com/what-would-happen-if-all-our-satellites-were-suddenly-d-1709006681 (Senior staff reporter at Gizmodo specializing in astronomy, space exploration, SETI, archaeology, bioethics, animal intelligence, human enhancement, and risks posed by AI and other advanced tech.) Elmer AND of what could happen if we’re no longer able to use these spaces. | 2/12/22 |
JF - AC - KantTournament: 47th University of Pennsylvania Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rue Ledesma | Judge: Jalyn Wu 1ACFrameworkMorality must be derived a priori:1. Is/ought gap – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.2. Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.The existence of conditional goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard 83 (Christine M., ~American philosopher and Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University whose main scholarly interests are in moral philosophy and its history "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr. 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) AG *bracket for gendered language ~Recut by Lex CH~ AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. Next, any moral system faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress deflates since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" asks for a reason for reasons, which concedes its authority. Reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.==== Prefer:1. Collapses —they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG AND tells us to act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. 2. This constrains consequentialist theories. While consequences may be relevant, they are of secondary importance.Lee 85 ~Steven Lee, "The Morality of Nuclear Deterrence: Hostage Holding and Consequences", Ethics, Vol. 95, No. 3, Special Issue: Symposium on Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence, (Apr., 1985), pp. 549-56~ AG AND so accords, we should begin by examining it from a nonconsequentialist perspective. PlanPlan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Outer space isBetz 21 ~Eric Betz, 3-5-2021, "The KĂ¡rmĂ¡n Line: Where does space begin?", Astronomy, https://astronomy.com/news/2021/03/the-krmn-line-where-does-space-begin, date accessed 1-22-2022~ Lex AT AND the first privately-built spacecraft to carry a crew back in 2004. Offense1~ Appropriation of mineral resources in outer space constitutes property rights.Leon 18 (Amanda M. Leon, Associate*, Caplin and Drysdale, Chtd., ’18, Virginia Law Review ~"MINING FOR MEANING: AN EXAMINATION OF THE LEGALITY OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SPACE RESOURCES" Vol. 104:497 2018~ AND compelling and suggest the SREU Act may abrogate the United States’ treaty obligations. Property rights assume a government to enforce them which means original acquisition in space is unjust, and cosmopolitan rights trump acquired rights like property.Notes
AND he did not accept this in the case of involuntary occupation of space. 2~ An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizable which private appropriation of scarce resources contravenes.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Ăœniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch fĂ¼r Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND in RL §6 suffer analogous weaknesses (see §§2.4f.). 3~ Privatization of outer space runs counter to international law.van Eijk 20 ~(Cristian, finishing an accelerated BA in Law at the University of Cambridge. He holds a BA cum laude in International Justice and an LLM in Public International Law from Leiden University, and has previously worked at the T.M.C. Asser Institute and the International Commission on Missing Persons.) "Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it’s not yours, either," 5/11/20, Völkerrechtsblog, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/sorry-elon-mars-is-not-a-legal-vacuum-and-its-not-yours-either~~ TDI AND the room. It leaves us space lawyers just shouting into the void. Violating ILaw is a form of promise breaking that is non universalizable since it leads to an inconceivable world where everyone lies and there is no conception of truth.4~ Libertarianism turns don’t apply – privatization of space inherently relies on an anti-libertarian state-based model.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L. Oslo Metropolitan University, Tomas B. Independent scholar) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," Palgrave Communications, 1-29-19, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-019-0218-9~~ TDI AND of the state’s interest in ensuring ‘national security' (Foust, 2018b). AdvantagePrivatization of space will increase space debris collisions.Muelhaupt 19 ~Theodore J. Muelhaupt, June 2019, "Space traffic management in the new space era", Journal of Space Safety Engineering, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246889671930045X?via3Dihub, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND current catalog process and automated maneuvers for a large constellation are fundamentally incompatible. Kessler Syndrome destroys all satellites and traps us on earth.Ratner 18 ~Paul Ratner, 8-29-2018, "How the Kessler Syndrome can end all space exploration and destroy modern life", Big Think, https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/how-the-kessler-syndrome-can-end-all-space-exploration-and-destroy-modern-life/, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND resulted in more than 2,000 pieces of relatively large space junk. Debris triggers nuclear miscalculation—uniquely likely in space.Blatt 20 ~Talia M. Blatt, May 26th, 2020, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race", Harvard International Review, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/, date accessed 1-23-2022~ Lex AT AND because militaries cannot rely on their spaced-based systems after first strikes. Extinction – nuke war fallout creates Ice Age and mass starvationStarr 15 (Steven Starr 15. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG) AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. | 2/11/22 |
JF - AC - Kant v2Tournament: 48th Annual Harvard National Forensics Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Jacqueline Cook | Judge: Kyle Kopf | 2/19/22 |
SO - AC - KantTournament: Meadows Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bea Culligan | Judge: Asher Towner | 10/30/21 |
SO - AC - Vaccine ImperialismTournament: Yale Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Caedmon Kline | Judge: Bennet Fees AC – InequalityThe Advantage is InequalityThe status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin of North-South health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. The TRIPS IP regime is at the heart of that imbalance. It creates a privileged class with access to medicine and locks in data exclusivity and evergreening practices that delay the entrance of generic medicines into the market, which would decrease prices.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND rising, making essential medicines inaccessible for millions of people around the world. Vaccine imperialism inevitably commodifies medicine and results in vaccine nationalism that magnifies North-South health disparities.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 2-4) julian AND , and thus consolidating a denial of their obligations to employ TRIPS flexibilities. Status quo distribution results in disparities between nations. That results in colonial hierarchies of health.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4) julian AND depleted health systems, are forced to divert additional funds to servicing debt. It also results in inequalities within nations. Politicians create a hierarchy of access, which feeds racism, classism, and corruption.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa; Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4-5) julian AND population from exercising their right to freedom of movement on an equal basis. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. AC – PlanPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Flexibilities are insufficient.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4) julian AND Property Regime (IPR) system to sustain and deepen global health inequities. Status quo medical innovation results in inequality, which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. Reject posturing about dangerous development—-the west spins false narratives that perpetuates scientific racism.Merelli 21 (Annalisa Merelli 5-28. ~(Reporter at Quartz) "Big pharma wants you to think sharing vaccine patents overseas is very dangerous" https://qz.com/2013661/big-pharma-argues-poor-nations-cant-be-trusted-to-make-vaccines/~~ TDI AND products made by manufacturers in poor countries trust them for their raw materials. AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs because they benefit some and harm others – aggregation is the only way to resolve these conflicts since A~ anything else would unjustifiably prioritize one group over another and B~ side constraints would freeze action in the face of tradeoffs. C~ No Intent Foresight Distinction - All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.2~ Be aware of selection bias and the conjunctive fallacy – each internal-link is a misleading snapshot of risk and infinitely reduces the probability of the nextConetta 98 (Carl Conetta, Director of the Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Fellow of the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, researcher and awarded author at the Pentagon, US State Department, US House Armed Services Committee, Army War College, National Defense University, and UNIDIR, March 1998, "Global Beat: Dueling with Uncertainty: The New Logic of American Military Planning," Project on Defense Alternatives, http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/usdefense/conetta0398.html, Accessed: 11-7-2017 /Kent Denver-NK) AND and priorities demand strict attention to what appears likely and what does not. 3~ Structural violence is the most important impact – ignoring them actively exacerbates exclusion.Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 AND a moral equivalent to war, in order to build lasting peace. 4~ Non-natural moral facts are epistemically inaccessiblePapineau 07 (David ~David Papineau is an academic philosopher. He works as Professor of Philosophy of Science at King's College London, having previously taught for several years at Cambridge University and been a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge~, "Naturalism". http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/ 2007) AND it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them. 5~ Flip decision calculus and start with the disad at 0 risk — exaggerating threats creates bad policymaking — their existential risk is just as likely to occur if you vote neg as if you vote aff.Schneier 10 ~Bruce Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School and a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, a Ph. D. from the University of Westminster by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science, "Worst-case thinking makes us nuts, not safe", 05/12/10, http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/05/12/schneier.worst.case.thinking/~~ AND don't need to refute counterarguments, there's no point in listening to them. 6~ Psychology - the most qualified brain studies and the introduction of optogenetics demonstrates neural connections to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.Schaffer 17 MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. | 9/19/21 |
SO - AC - Vaccine Imperialism v2Tournament: Meadows Invitational | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pranav Medikonduru | Judge: Jada Stinnett AC – InequalityThe Advantage is InequalityGlobal health inequality threatens progress in fight against COVID encouraging vaccine resistant mutations.Fink 21 (Fink 7-30-21 (Jenni, https://www.newsweek.com/who-warns-world-blind-understanding-covid-spread-hurting-ability-end-pandemic-1614722) AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. The TRIPS IP regime is at the heart of that imbalance. It creates a privileged class with access to medicine and locks in data exclusivity and evergreening practices that delay the entrance of generic medicines into the market, which would decrease prices.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND rising, making essential medicines inaccessible for millions of people around the world. Vaccine imperialism inevitably commodifies medicine and results in vaccine nationalism that magnifies North-South health disparities.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 2-4) julian AND , and thus consolidating a denial of their obligations to employ TRIPS flexibilities. Status quo distribution results in disparities between nations. That results in colonial hierarchies of health.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4) julian AND depleted health systems, are forced to divert additional funds to servicing debt. It also results in inequalities within nations. Politicians create a hierarchy of access, which feeds racism, classism, and corruption.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa; Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4-5) julian AND population from exercising their right to freedom of movement on an equal basis. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. Expansion enables domestic manufacturing and innovation that decentralizes pharma supply chains.HRW 21 — (Human Rights Watch, "Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver", 6-3-2021, Available Online at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/03/seven-reasons-eu-wrong-oppose-trips-waiver, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?" AC – PlanPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Flexibilities are insufficient.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4) julian AND Property Regime (IPR) system to sustain and deepen global health inequities. Counterfeiting, innovation, donation, and manufacturing arguments are all wrong—strong domestic manufacturing is essential to pandemic containment.Gostin 21 — (Lawrence O Gostin, Lawrence O. Gostin is professor of global health law, Georgetown University, and directs the World Health Organization Center on Global Health Law. His book "Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future"will be published in Oct. 2021, "Biden’s plan to vaccinate the world won’t work. Here’s a better one. ", Washington Post, 9-27-2021, Available Online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/27/biden-vaccines-globe-inequity-donations/, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND vaccine technology but they, too, require cooperation from Pfizer and Moderna. Reject their posturing about dangerous development—-the west spins false narratives that perpetuates scientific racism.Merelli 21 (Annalisa Merelli 5-28. ~(Reporter at Quartz) "Big pharma wants you to think sharing vaccine patents overseas is very dangerous" https://qz.com/2013661/big-pharma-argues-poor-nations-cant-be-trusted-to-make-vaccines/~~ TDI AND products made by manufacturers in poor countries trust them for their raw materials. Status quo medical innovation results in inequality, which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Government actions will inevitably lead to trade-offs because they benefit some and harm others – aggregation is the only way to resolve these conflicts since A~ anything else would unjustifiably prioritize one group over another and B~ side constraints would freeze action in the face of tradeoffs.2~ Prioritize probability.Kessler and Daase 08 (Dr. Oliver Kessler, Research and Teaching Associate for International Relations (University of Bielefeld), Ph.D. in International Relations. Dr. Christopher Daase, Professor (C4) for Political Science and Ordinarius for International Politics at the Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich. "From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics." Vol. 33, April 1, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540803300206) AND prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty. 3~ Be aware of selection bias and the conjunctive fallacy – each internal-link is a misleading snapshot of risk and infinitely reduces the probability of the nextConetta 98 (Carl Conetta, Director of the Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Fellow of the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, researcher and awarded author at the Pentagon, US State Department, US House Armed Services Committee, Army War College, National Defense University, and UNIDIR, March 1998, "Global Beat: Dueling with Uncertainty: The New Logic of American Military Planning," Project on Defense Alternatives, http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/usdefense/conetta0398.html, Accessed: 11-7-2017 /Kent Denver-NK) AND and priorities demand strict attention to what appears likely and what does not. 4~ All risks of extinction events together are 0.2 per year.Simpson 16 (Fergus Simpson, Mathematician at the University of Barcelona. ~Apocalypse Now? Reviving the Doomsday Argument, https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03072~~ BPS AND approximated by a global catastrophic risk of 0.2 per year. 5~ Structural violence is the most important impact – ignoring them actively exacerbates exclusion.Winter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 AND a moral equivalent to war, in order to build lasting peace. 6~ A probability-centric framework is best.Karnofsky, 14 – Executive Director of the Open Philanthropy Project degree in Social Studies from Harvard University (Holden Karnofsky, 7/3/14, "The Moral Value of the Far Future" https://www.openphilanthropy.org/blog/moral-value-far-future) AND even if they don’t have a clear connection to improving the far future. | 10/31/21 |
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