Lexington Ghosh Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 1 | Monta Vista AK | Lukas Krause |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 3 | Mission San Jose SR | Tajaih Robinson |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 6 | Westwood PM | Gordon Krauss |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Triples | Northern Valley HS Independent James Song | Breigh Plat, Joshua You, Michael Harris |
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| Duke Invitational | Doubles | Harrison TB | Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini |
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| Duke Invitational | 3 | Edgemont AJ | Badri Raghavan |
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| Duke Invitational | 6 | Myers Park CE | Zach Perry |
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| Duke Invitational | 1 | Montville AM | Anthony Cui |
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| Florida Blue Key Round Robin | 1 | Cardinal Gibbons RS | Spencer Orlowski, Matthew Berhe |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Doubles | Strake Jesuit MS | Breigh Plat, Tajaih Robinson, Keshav Dandu |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Lake Highland Prep ArVe | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Christopher Columbus AM | Aidin OBrien |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Carnegie Vanguard SR | Javier Navarette |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Lake Highland Prep PS | Tajaih Robinson |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Westwood PM | Julian Kuffour |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Iowa City West HM | Jayanne Forrest |
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| Grapevine Classic | 3 | Presentation NR | Grant Brown |
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| Grapevine Classic | 2 | Strake Jesuit DA | Becca Traber |
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| Harrison Round Robin | 3 | Alyssa Sawyer | Chris Castillo, Fabrice Etienne |
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| Harrison Round Robin | 5 | Jarvis Xie | Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela |
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| Harvard Round Robin | 2 | Memori DX | Jonathan Jeong, Sam Anderson |
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| Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | 1 | Strake JS | Matt Moorhead, Jack Quisenberry |
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| Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | 3 | Prospect ST | Alexandra Mork, Aashir Sanjrani |
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| Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | 6 | HarWes AL | Truman Le, Jack Quisenberry |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 1 | Notre Dame San Jose AG | Danielle Dosch |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 3 | Lovejoy JV | Javier Navarette |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | Doubles | Aragon ZA | David Herrera, Javier Navarette, Skyler Harris |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 6 | Harker RM | David Dosch |
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| Isidore Newman School Invitational | 4 | Orange County Arts AK | Becca Steiner |
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| Isidore Newman School Invitational | 6 | South Eugene KS | Bennett Dombcik |
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| Isidore Newman School Invitational | 2 | Harrison JC | Brianna Tsitsera |
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| Isidore Newman School Invitational | Octas | Durham SA | Ian Mikkelsen, Ariel Story, Sanju John |
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| Isidore Newman School Invitational | Quarters | Notre Dame San Jose AG | Cyrus Jackson, Jacob Lugo, Kassie Coln |
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| John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | 2 | Coppell EH | Devin Hernandez |
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| John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | 4 | Edina NK | Pratham Soni |
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| John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | 6 | Edina DS | Elijah Smith |
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| Mid America Cup | 2 | Millard North Evan Burns | James Stuckert |
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| Mid America Cup | 3 | Harrison Ali Ahmad | Holden Bukowsky |
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| Mid America Cup | 6 | Princeton Junkai Gong | Spencer Orlowski |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 1 | Westlake MR | David Herrera |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 5 | Wyoming Virtual JC | Emmie Malyugina |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 3 | Durham JH | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| New England District Tournament | 2 | 126 | Tammie Ruda |
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| New England District Tournament | 3 | 127 | kurtis lee |
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| New England District Tournament | Quarters | 121 | Jacob Moldover, Priya Eswar, Adam Nir |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | 3 | Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Lena Mizrahi |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | Octas | LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | 2 | Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Azi Hormozdiari |
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| The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | 2 | Needham JT | Tammie Ruda |
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| The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | 3 | Walpole ALe | Kalena Wang |
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| The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | Semis | Acton-Boxborough SP | Bhabana Pati, Kalena Wang, Marcel Lachenmann |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 2 | Colonial Forge SR | David Asafu-Adjaye |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 3 | San Mateo YR | Kristen Arnold |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | Quarters | Peninsula RM | Kristen Arnold, Zach Siegal, Anshuman Mishra |
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| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Memorial DX | Drew Thorburn |
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| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Memorial DX | Drew Thorburn |
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| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Memorial DX | Drew Thorburn |
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| Yale University Invitational | 6 | Chaminade ZS | Devin Jiang |
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| Yale University Invitational | 1 | Park City NL | Ben Waldman |
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| Yale University Invitational | 3 | Ardsley Kell SA | Calvin Tyler |
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| aaaaaa | Finals | you | me |
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| cooolllll | Finals | nice | me |
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| cooolllll | Finals | nice | me |
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| wheeeeee | Finals | my dog | yes |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
|---|---|---|
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista AK | Judge: Lukas Krause ac- heg v5 |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Tajaih Robinson ac-heg v6 |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Westwood PM | Judge: Gordon Krauss ac- heg v7 |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Triples | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent James Song | Judge: Breigh Plat, Joshua You, Michael Harris ac- heg v8 |
| Duke Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini ac- whole res |
| Duke Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Edgemont AJ | Judge: Badri Raghavan ac- lay |
| Duke Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Myers Park CE | Judge: Zach Perry ac- lay |
| Duke Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Montville AM | Judge: Anthony Cui ac- kant v8 |
| Florida Blue Key Round Robin | 1 | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Spencer Orlowski, Matthew Berhe ac- heg |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MS | Judge: Breigh Plat, Tajaih Robinson, Keshav Dandu ac- heg v4 same version as r5 check os |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep ArVe | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin ac- heg |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Aidin OBrien ac- heg v3 |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: Javier Navarette ac- heg v4 |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Tajaih Robinson ac- heg v11 |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Westwood PM | Judge: Julian Kuffour ac- heg v9 |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West HM | Judge: Jayanne Forrest ac- heg v10 |
| Grapevine Classic | 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown ac- kant v2 |
| Grapevine Classic | 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Becca Traber ac- kant |
| Harrison Round Robin | 3 | Opponent: Alyssa Sawyer | Judge: Chris Castillo, Fabrice Etienne ac- space mining v5 |
| Harrison Round Robin | 5 | Opponent: Jarvis Xie | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela ac- space mining v6 |
| Harvard Round Robin | 2 | Opponent: Memori DX | Judge: Jonathan Jeong, Sam Anderson ac- mining v4 |
| Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | 1 | Opponent: Strake JS | Judge: Matt Moorhead, Jack Quisenberry ac- astrology |
| Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | 3 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Alexandra Mork, Aashir Sanjrani ac- leo |
| Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | 6 | Opponent: HarWes AL | Judge: Truman Le, Jack Quisenberry ac- megaconstellations v2 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Danielle Dosch AC- Covid |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Javier Navarette AC- covid v2 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Aragon ZA | Judge: David Herrera, Javier Navarette, Skyler Harris ac- covid v4 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Harker RM | Judge: David Dosch ac- covid v3 |
| Isidore Newman School Invitational | 4 | Opponent: Orange County Arts AK | Judge: Becca Steiner ac- heg v12 |
| Isidore Newman School Invitational | 6 | Opponent: South Eugene KS | Judge: Bennett Dombcik ac- heg v13 |
| Isidore Newman School Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Harrison JC | Judge: Brianna Tsitsera ac- lay |
| Isidore Newman School Invitational | Octas | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Ian Mikkelsen, Ariel Story, Sanju John ac- lay v2 |
| Isidore Newman School Invitational | Quarters | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Cyrus Jackson, Jacob Lugo, Kassie Coln ac- heg v14 |
| John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | 2 | Opponent: Coppell EH | Judge: Devin Hernandez AC- Space Exploration V1 |
| John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | 4 | Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: Pratham Soni ac- space exploration v2 |
| John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | 6 | Opponent: Edina DS | Judge: Elijah Smith ac- space exploration v3 |
| Mid America Cup | 2 | Opponent: Millard North Evan Burns | Judge: James Stuckert ac- kant v5 |
| Mid America Cup | 3 | Opponent: Harrison Ali Ahmad | Judge: Holden Bukowsky ac- kant v6 |
| Mid America Cup | 6 | Opponent: Princeton Junkai Gong | Judge: Spencer Orlowski ac- kant v7 |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 1 | Opponent: Westlake MR | Judge: David Herrera ac- mining v6 |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Virtual JC | Judge: Emmie Malyugina ac- jf kant v2 |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 3 | Opponent: Durham JH | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin ac- jf space mining v7 |
| New England District Tournament | 2 | Opponent: 126 | Judge: Tammie Ruda ac- lay |
| New England District Tournament | 3 | Opponent: 127 | Judge: kurtis lee ac- JF- AC- Space Exploration v4 |
| New England District Tournament | Quarters | Opponent: 121 | Judge: Jacob Moldover, Priya Eswar, Adam Nir ac- jf lay ac |
| TDI Camp Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC- Space Mining v2 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | Octas | Opponent: LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Judge: Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans AC- Space Mining v3 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Judge: Azi Hormozdiari 1AC- Space Mining v1 |
| The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | 2 | Opponent: Needham JT | Judge: Tammie Ruda 1ac- ma- ac- lay v1 |
| The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | 3 | Opponent: Walpole ALe | Judge: Kalena Wang ac- ma- ac- lay v1 |
| The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | Semis | Opponent: Acton-Boxborough SP | Judge: Bhabana Pati, Kalena Wang, Marcel Lachenmann ac- MA- ac- lay v1 |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 2 | Opponent: Colonial Forge SR | Judge: David Asafu-Adjaye ac- space exploration v4 |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 3 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Kristen Arnold ac- kant |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Kristen Arnold, Zach Siegal, Anshuman Mishra ac- china |
| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Drew Thorburn ac- space mining v6 |
| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Drew Thorburn ac- space mining v8 |
| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Drew Thorburn ac- space mining v8 |
| Yale University Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Chaminade ZS | Judge: Devin Jiang ac- kant v3 afc |
| Yale University Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Ben Waldman ac- Kant v3 |
| Yale University Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Ardsley Kell SA | Judge: Calvin Tyler ac- kant v4 |
| aaaaaa | Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me aaaaaaaaaaa |
| cooolllll | Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me hi |
| cooolllll | Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me hi |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0- ContactTournament: wheeeeee | Round: Finals | Opponent: my dog | Judge: yes | 9/29/21 |
0- Disclosure NoteTournament: aaaaaa | Round: Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me | 12/12/21 |
0- NavigationTournament: aaaaaa | Round: Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me | 12/12/21 |
1- Broken InterpsTournament: cooolllll | Round: Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me Condo is a voting issue Floating PIKs are a voting issue Interpretation: negative debaters may not read multiple shells that are DTD and deny the aff an RVI Interp: negative debaters must defend PICs unconditionally Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative’s framework choice. Interpretation: negative debaters may not read multiple conditional advocacies Interpretation: negative debaters must read conditional advocacies Interpretation- The negative may not claim topicality is a prior question to theory and that the aff doesn't get an RVI on T | 4/10/22 |
1- K- Gauthier RepsTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West HM | Judge: Jayanne Forrest Gauthier is indefensibly ableist and their philosophy concludes the same.Pfeiffer 01 ~David Pfeiffer, 1-11-2001, "'Disabled Lives' commentary," No Publication, http://www.raggededgemagazine.com/0901/0901pfeiffer.htm JB~ AND person with or without a disability. It has to do with bigotry. This is a reason to drop them – it kills accessibility to disabled people. Their author was also ableist which means they can’t cross apply the theory to defend itself because it’s whats indicted. Reps first – and comes before theory—Fairness and education are NUQ, but our impacts are structural—ow on ballot proximity—u cant rectify all unfairness and lack of edu in one round but u can re 1~ controls the form of argumentation – every arg you make is skewed because you justified them with flawed rhetoric2~ prevents debaters from engaging in your arguments – if you’re arguments justify these things, they may be sensitive to debaters who identify with those groups and prevent them from effectively engaging.3~ reps shape reality because we only understand arguments through how they’re conveyed, just like you won’t vote on an argument you don’t understand.The representations used are vital to testing the truth claims of the negative.Crawford 2 ~Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, "Argument and Change in World Politics", p. 19-21~ AND entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. | 12/12/21 |
1- K- James Madison RepsTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Tajaih Robinson James Madison was irredeemably racist. Introducing his violent scholarship is a reason to drop the debater. McAllister 21 ~McAllister, Connor, Leigslative correspondent, 2021. A Contextual Contradiction: James Madison and Slavery in Revolutionary Virginia and Retirement. The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review, 10, pp.1–12. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/vtuhr.v10i1.116//Aanya~~ AND but his racism and paternalism prevented him from fully realizing those principles. They have aligned themselves with a view of America through the lens of a man who upheld the institution of chattel slavery and an undoubtedly racist legacy. That functions as an indict to T, but it’s also a K of their reps since they’ve endorsed his view of a just governemnt specifically as the correct one—T is a procedural that determines the correct interpretation of the rez, and that includes his views on slavery.This is a reason to drop them – it kills accessibility to POC. Their author was also horribly racist which means they can’t cross apply the theory or substance to defend itself because it’s whats indicted. Reps first – and comes before theory—Fairness and education are NUQ, but our impacts are structural—ow on ballot proximity—u cant rectify all unfairness and lack of edu in one round but u can re 1~ controls the form of argumentation – every arg you make is skewed because you justified them with flawed rhetoric2~ prevents debaters from engaging in your arguments – if you’re arguments justify these things, they may be sensitive to debaters who identify with those groups and prevent them from effectively engaging.3~ reps shape reality because we only understand arguments through how they’re conveyed, just like you won’t vote on an argument you don’t understand.The representations used are vital to testing the truth claims of the negative.Crawford 2 ~Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, "Argument and Change in World Politics", p. 19-21~ AND entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. | 11/21/21 |
1- Round ReportsTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown | 9/11/21 |
JF- AC- AstrologyTournament: Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake JS | Judge: Matt Moorhead, Jack Quisenberry 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer—Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actions.Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM AND If we are onto something in our everyday relations that ground Pettit’s theory. Evil pleasures produce overall disutility.Moen 16 Ole Martin, PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at the University of Oslo. "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50(2). 2016. https://www.academia.edu/26656561/'An'Argument'for'Hedonism'by'Ole'Martin'Moen. PeteZ AND even in cases of great overall value, pain retains its intrinsic disvalue. That outweighs their justifications on probability—simpler beliefs are more likely to be true and external standards collapse to pleasure and pain.Consequentialism is true—~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ No act omission distinction—-choosing to omit is an act itself – people psychologically decide not to act.Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasure Minimizing Pain. Calc indicts don’t link—my framework is a general principle to be applied intuitively, not a rigid calculator. Prefer—~1~ Death outweighs—agents cannot act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC.~2~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. If nothing unifies agency from one second to the next, then only states of consciousness can matter—that’s util.~3~ Actor-Spec – States are institutions and not agents with intentions so non-consequentialist impacts are incoherent—outweighs since different agents have different ethical obligations. Also takes out calc indict since governments use util all the time.~4~ Use modesty—we are limited by logical errors and sensory limitations so there’s always a risk we are wrong.~5~ Presume util—If you’re unsure about deontological obligations then default to util since there’s always good in making the world a better place.~6~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our 1AC—AstrologyAdvantage one is Astrology.Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Compounding Space Debris and Mega-Constellations wreck astrological practices. Edut and Edut 20(Ophira and Tali are professional astrologers who reach millions worldwide. Through their website and as the official astrologers for ELLE magazine, they bring the stars down to earth with their lifestyle and coaching-based approach to horoscopes. They’ve created astrology sections for multiple media properties. As bestselling authors, they’ve written a collection of books and their own brand imprint annual horoscope guides), September 8, 2020, "Save the Zodiac! Will Satellites Block the Constellations?," Astrostyle, https://astrostyle.com/mega-constellations/, 12-28-2021Aanya *Note: This article is published on their website, which cites the authors as ‘AstroTwins’, their pseudonym, but I’ve substituted their legal names for clarity. The date cited is the most accurately recorded one for this article I could find in an embedded link. AND human endeavor. That’s a view that won’t be as easy to change. Recorded planetary alignments control the global stock market—astrology is the most reliable predictive analytic. Pesavento and Smoleny 15Larry Pesavento, president of Trading Tutor and a 45-year veteran trader. He managed Drexel Burnham Lambert's commodity department from 1976 to 1981. Following this, he became a floor trader at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, trading SandP futures, T-Bills, gold, and foreign currencies until 1984, then he traded for Commodity Corporation of Princeton, New Jersey, until 1986. He has trained more than 1000 students, in the US and abroad, over the past 25 years and authored a vast library of books on trading, and Shane Smoleny, president of Wolf Trader Futures, was a physics and biomedical science professor for 12 years and has been trading financial markets and commodities for over 20 years. He is a registered CPO and CTA. "A Trader’s Guide to Financial Astrology: Forecasting Market Cycles Using Planetary and Lunar Movements", January 2015, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Aanya AND financial astrology, which studies the outcome of market event as planets interact. Independently, continued investment capital makes astrology an economic cornerstone during the pandemic. Kaplan and Stenberg 20Juliana Kaplan, a labor and inequality reporter, previously Associate Editor for Contributors, and Mark Stenberg, a reporter with a master's in journalism from Northwestern, 12-26-2020, "Meet the astrology entrepreneurs who turned an awful 2020 into a boom for the $2.2 billion industry," Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/astrology-industry-boomed-during-pandemic-online-entrepreneurs-2020-12, 12-29-2021Aanya AND saying about why we're in the moment that we're in," she said. Economic decline worsens climate change and causes Arctic and Space War.McLennan 21 – Strategic Partners Marsh McLennan SK Group Zurich Insurance Group, Academic Advisers National University of Singapore Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, University of Pennsylvania, "The Global Risks Report 2021 16th Edition" "http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF'The'Global'Risks'Report'2021.pdf Re-cut by Elmer AND less willing or less able to step in to find a peaceful solution. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." Nuke war causes extinctionEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Specifically, India—Mercury Retrograde creates an opportune stock market—predictable volatility is key to hugely profitable returns. Mahendra et al 20Ashish Mahendra, Senior Research Fellow in Finance at Pondicherry University, has an MBA in finance from Lucknow University and also a JAIIB fellow from the Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (IIBF), Shiba Prasad Mohanty, a Research Associate (Public Policy) area at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad. Prior to this, he was a Research Associate in finance at IIM Nagpur, Doctoral Fellow in Banking and Finance at Symbiosis International University, Pune., and Sudalaimuthu, Professor and Head in the Department of Banking Technology, School of Management, Pondicherry Central University, (July 2020). Financial Astrology and Behavioral Bias: Evidence from India. Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer Japan, 28(1), 3–17. doi:10.1007/s10690-020-09310-8Aanya AND that can serve individual and nvestors to reap profits in the short term. Indian Astrology fosters compounded growth through targeted investments. Mahendra et al 2Ashish Mahendra, Senior Research Fellow in Finance at Pondicherry University, has an MBA in finance from Lucknow University and also a JAIIB fellow from the Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (IIBF), Shiba Prasad Mohanty, a Research Associate (Public Policy) area at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad. Prior to this, he was a Research Associate in finance at IIM Nagpur, Doctoral Fellow in Banking and Finance at Symbiosis International University, Pune., and Sudalaimuthu, Professor and Head in the Department of Banking Technology, School of Management, Pondicherry Central University, (July 2020). Financial Astrology and Behavioral Bias: Evidence from India. Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer Japan, 28(1), 3–17. doi:10.1007/s10690-020-09310-8Aanya AND Taiwan; and sunk a Vietnamese fishing boat in the South China Sea. Economic collapse ensures Modi puts all his eggs in the nationalist basket - the COVID blame won’t save him again.Gupta 21 (, S., 2021. It isn't the economy, genius. India proves it by voting for Modi again and again. ~online~ ThePrint. Available at: https://theprint.in/national-interest/it-isnt-the-economy-genius-india-proves-it-by-voting-for-modi-again-and-again/633329/ ~Accessed 25 October 2021~ Shekhar Gupta is an Indian journalist and author. He is the founder and the current editor-in-chief of ThePrint. He is also a columnist for the Business Standard and pens a weekly column which appears every Saturday. He has had long stints at The Indian Express and India Today. Shekhar Gupta has received assorted awards: the 1985 Inlaks award for young journalist of the year,~10~ G. K. Reddy Award for Journalism,~11~ and the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Memorial Award for National Integration.~12~ He was awarded Padma Bhushan by the then UPA Government in 2009 for his contribution to journalism.~13~ Under his leadership, The Indian Express won the Vienna-based International Press Institute's Award for Outstanding Journalism in the Public Interest thrice: The first time for its coverage of the Gujarat riots of 2002, the second time for uncovering the Bihar flood relief scam in 2009 and the third time for its sustained investigation into the Malegaon and Modasa blasts of 2008 and the alleged role of extremists and organisations.~14~.)-rahulpenu AND prefer to say at this point: It isn’t the economy, genius. Greenlights diversionary war - overwhelming evidence.Humayun et al. 20 (, F., Walt, Quinn, Tatar, Katerji, Crabtree, Agrawal, Maqsood, Walt, Gao and Moody, 2020. After India’s Skirmish With China, Is Pakistan Next?. ~online~ Foreign Policy. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/29/india-skirmish-china-modi-pick-fight-pakistan/ ~Accessed 25 October 2021~ Yale University, Ph.D., Political Science 2022 Dissertation: "Democratic Institutions and International Crisis Behaviour" Committee: Steven I. Wilkinson (Yale), Alexandre Debs (Yale), Vipin Narang (MIT) Yale University, M.A., Political Science 2019 University of Cambridge, M.Phil, International Relations 2013 London School of Economics, B.Sc, International Relations and History 2011. Research is supported by the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, the Yale South Asian Studies Council, and International Security Studies at Yale)-rahulpenu AND , South Asia’s next crisis may happen sooner than we expect. Indian leadership’s under-appreciated—-their gradualist strategy accounts for alt-causes but sustained economic growth is key.Dhruva Jaishankar 19, Director of the US Initiative at the Observer Research Foundation, 10/5/19, "On climate, connectivity, maritime security, India is reshaping the world order," https://www.orfonline.org/research/on-climate-connectivity-maritime-security-india-is-reshaping-the-world-order-56189/ AND that India is not just sitting on its hands as the world turns. 1AC—PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.A~ Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. The plan inaugurates a necessary international framework—establishing baseline legal limits preserves celestial observation. Resnick 20Brian Resnick, a science reporter at Vox.com, covering social and behavioral sciences, space, medicine, the environment, and anything that makes you think "whoa that's cool." He is the co-creator of Unexplainable, a Vox podcast about unanswered questions in science. He serves as the show's science editor and senior reporter, shaping the editorial direction of the series. Before Vox, he was a staff correspondent at National Journal where he wrote two cover stories for the (now defunct) weekly print magazine, and reported on breaking news and politics. 1-7-2020, "The night sky is increasingly dystopian," Vox, https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/1/7/21003272/space-x-starlink-astronomy-light-pollution, 12-29-2021Aanya AND still a company, they’re still out to make money," Johnson says. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—Underview1~ Yes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of D~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory.4~ Use comparative worlds – A~ topic ed – forces the neg to research the topic instead of low quality rez flaw args – the only benefit to debate is making us better arguers not perfect logicians, B~ reciprocity – truth-testing allows the neg to disprove any part of the aff, but the aff has to defend every part, which gives the neg too much ground, C~ inclusion – truth testing says rez is only thing that’s relevant which excludes ks – either only the rez matters so we can’t punish slurs, or people should get dropped for making debate unsafe which proves other things matter | 1/13/22 |
JF- AC- ChinaTournament: The Newark Invitational 2022 | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Kristen Arnold, Zach Siegal, Anshuman Mishra 1AC—Newark Quarters vs Peninsula RM1AC – PlanPlan: The People’s Republic of China ought to prohibit appropriation of space by private entities.1AC—FramingPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI Recut Aanya AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 1AC – AdvThe Advantage is Primacy.The US is in the lead now but China’s set to surpass – space becomes a new frontier for war, influence, and property.Kharpal 21 ~Arjun Kharpal, 5-29-2021, "China once said it couldn’t put a potato in space. Now it’s eyeing Mars," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html JB~ AND debris, space traffic management and the exploitation of extra-terrestrial resources." Appropriation is key to meet China’s goals through space resources and techCampo 21 ~Jose A. Martin del Campo, J.D. Candidate at Texas AandM University School of Law, 3-23-2021, "Finders K Finders Keepers: Who Has Say Over Private Property in Space," Texas AandM Journal of Property Law, https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155andcontext=journal-of-property-law~~/Kankee AND of property rights. II. LEGAL PRINCIPLES INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE LAW It’s exponential – more and more companies will followJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What’s Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ AND the priority to the interests from the exploration and utilization of space resources. Space becomes a new domain where China establishes primacy and appropriation is their golden ticketJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What’s Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ AND This part will focus on an international mechanism for the space mining activities. Scenario 1 is Primacy –Primacy solves arms races, land grabs, rogue states, and great power war.Brands 18 ~Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments." American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump." Page 129-133~ AND to its military dominance than it has for at least a quarter century. Chinese leadership in technology causes extinction.Kroenig 18 ~Matthew, Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council, and Bharath Gopalaswamy, Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council, holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin, Nov 2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war~~ AND race for technological superiority to its autocratic challengers just might mean nuclear Armageddon. Reject heg bad arguments – their evidence is epistemologically suspectGilsinan 20 ~(Kathy, a St. Louis-based contributing writer at The Atlantic. Her book, The Helpers: Profiles From the Front Lines of the Pandemic, comes out in March 2022. She was previously an editor at World Politics Review.) "How China Is Planning to Win Back the World" The Atlantic, 5/28/2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/05/china-disinformation-propaganda-united-states-xi-jinping/612085/~~ BC AND and that the reeling world may condemn it but still depends on it. Unipolarity is sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation – power vacuums cause cascade prolif and extinctionHal Brands 15. On the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28 AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. The world is more peaceful than ever – hegemony collapse guarantees nuclear annihilationThomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads AND in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come. Scenario 2 is Space War –Sino-Russian space alliance undermines existing treaties and greenlights space militarizationBowman and Thompson 3/31 ~(Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies) (Jared Thompson, a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) "Russia and China Seek to Tie America’s Hands in Space" Foreign Policy 3/31/2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/~~ BC AND desire to pursue constructive and peaceful policies in space. Their duplicity continues. Extinction – destruction of satellites, diminished future use of near space, and terrestrial warGilliard 19 ~(Alexandra, a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) "What Are The Consequences Of Militarizing Outer Space?" Global Security Review, 6/10/2019. https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/~~ BC AND not yet broken into the space industry or developed equally-advanced weaponry. 1AC – UV1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check. It’s drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they’d dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention. | 1/14/22 |
JF- AC- KantTournament: The Newark Invitational 2022 | Round: 3 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Kristen Arnold 1AC Newark R3 vs CESH CAO1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is procedural moral realism - substantive realism holds that moral truths exist independently of that in the empirical world. Prefer procedural realism –~1~ Uncertainty – our experiences are inaccessible to others which allows people to say they don’t experience the same, however a priori principles are universally applied to all agents.Our relation to how we establish ethics is lexically prior to consequences – there are intrinsic values that make it such the means can never justify the ends.Vallentyne 6 Peter is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. ~"Against Maximizing Act-Consequentialism" mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/10174/AgainstMaximizingActConsequentialism.pdf?sequence=1.~Mberhe AND it impermissible to treat people in certain ways even if it promotes value. ~2~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be, this means experience may be generally useful but should not be the basis for ethical action.Practical Reason is that procedure. To ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Velleman (David, "Self To Self", Cambridge University Press, 2006, pg 18-19) AND something self-defeating about asking for a reason to act for reasons. Reason’s authority is self-justified. Only self-justification is epistemically sound—otherwise inquiry is infinitely regressive or circular. That means the aff must prove their framework is based in a self-justifying axiom.Moral law must be universal—our judgements can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.==== Death is not terminal OR a side constraint to value – quantum physics verifies both life after death AND infinite universes that simulate ALL possible realities, regardless of any EVENT – means moral concerns distanced from well being outweigh. Don’t evaluate 1NC that doesn’t assume addition of micro-tubles to study.Daily Galaxy 20 The Daily Galaxy is citing Max Goldberg, via Nautil.us, Robert Lanza and Sunday Guardian Live are all cited at the bottom of the article Robert Lanza is an American medical doctor, scientist and philosopher. He is currently Head of Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine, and is Chief Scientific Officer of the Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Adjunct Professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. ~"Quantum Death –"Human Cells Carry Quantum Information That Exists as a Soul" https://dailygalaxy.com/2020/03/quantum-death-human-cells-carry-quantum-information-that-exists-as-a-soul-weekend-feature/ March 14 2020~Mberhe AND destroyed. But does this energy transcend from one world to the other?" NASA proves there’s NO extinction BUT only transformation – their theory assumes disappearing energy, which is faulty.Kettley 20 Sebastian is a science reporter at express written at a variety of newspapers and cites NASA rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun ~"Life after death: NASA's chief rocket scientist believed science proves afterlife is REAL" https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1240806/Life-after-death-NASA-scientist-proof-of-afterlife-Wernher-von-Braun-life-after-death-real LIFE after death and the prospect of a heavenly afterlife is guaranteed by science, at least according to NASA rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun. Nov 26 2020~Mberhe AND will be treated with justice in another life respecting its conduct in this." IF they say our ev isn’t qualified strike it off – we don’t need to READ Einstein if we have ev citing him, NASA chiefs, Robert Lanza and plenty more.BUT don’t use util:Util is not morally guiding 1. Naturalistic fallacy – it needs another framework to define "good" – as theirs collapses to pleasure is good because good is pleasure 2. Aggregation is impossible A. Relies on non-falsifiable intuitions B. Assumes pain can be defined univocally, which is circumvented by artificial, sadistic desires and the pleasure machine.Grisez 98 Germain Gabriel Grisez was a French-American philosopher. Grisez's development of ideas from Thomas Aquinas has redirected Catholic thought and changed the way it has engaged with secular moral philosophy.~"Against Consequentialism" https://watermark.silverchair.com/ajj-23-21.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW'Ercy7Dm3ZL'9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAp0wggKZBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKKMIIChgIBADCCAn8GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM31I2JRwpIDRMtBt4AgEQgIICUPGnXFsM-WpZTMmjsvPLgy3q8l5rnkIxDz81T0kEBIIzW5Nl3pF8mNA43HdB9X'X38CzovhZPn5cahx2BsTf9yMoI3YXXP2w0YAzTL1vLtZ86q-GyT8dkvPxR4jZtfjuqM6z'DJkDfjWAbcJi1ElcDBv3t'VUqIXkXL5TLX'VtR5738SYkQ—sdWQTG2VtWgtGXkHg6lXoxgosAyI'eoOroAakJcUGfQc-fORn8mmJcLd3pe0MJAtLD9eEZs1-cqSQM8g4LUPB94U2pMM9fB8G6fvVrgJS60x8lF'tMcdD3CFq'2A1SKcb68PD8Fdihp9r60W-NBbxOkUw22CTS3BZWyEAt63QxKQTi931W3O4BJ-tLiRwXtohTj-osNXkPSSKFuzMzRxQdcfgeWzLrwOhezKs7j8kPd4JyHdgEwC'CdZhbK22TKsMAfKBqxCwU2wA'lbtm7K0g9jCIpV6JZgXL3zNZ0He4elP3cFwj5noKSz6SMlCpOGvwe3UOvT5LXL'punPbCC-F-66WIZG5qCyjY3kzSLITP9ocRgBYIYKgRmyd5fXO16k1GkvVwFVWf4pehQVUpmi637gCzxtmSdIbSa'EI3Q1Qnev-tQI7-I4MUpNBUa20umMsNrDOMJsgzWHZXFapm93GHP92FTrs5N-2TCe3h7dszGU'0DikR1HPKA3jHVbXQgK2wLATRIu0ajpT05qSl57rbOdeC'bZJ00udDxm35tfPYEb'5P6VlZVFqnB5cYR60rCIVbHJ2IU1RW17YfF1-cqbac-X-lNYXI 1978~Mberhe AND with them. The goods remain incommensurable, and consequentialist calculation is blocked. Universes are infinite, so aggregative consequentialism is incoherent since impact to human extinction or anything imaginable is finite and can’t alter the infinite sum.Bostrom 2008 Nick is a Professor at University of Oxford, PhD from London School of Economics. ~"The Infinitarian Challenge to Aggregative Ethics". http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/infinite.pdf 2008~Mberhe AND world presents a graver problem for aggregative ethics than it does for prudential rationality 1AC—ContentionResolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.A~ Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI AND and potentially find compromises where there are disagreements. B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. 1~ Property rights assume a government to enforce them which means original acquisition in space is unjust, and cosmopolitan rights trump acquired rights like property.Walla 16 ~(Alice Pinheiro, Department of Philosophy at Trinity College Dublin) "Common Possession of the Earth and Cosmopolitan Right" Kant-Studien Volume 107 Issue 1, 2016~ TDI AND needed to avoid scenarios which would contradict the rationale for introducing certain rights. 2~ An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizableWestphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND in RL §6 suffer analogous weaknesses (see §§2.4f.). That implies that private appropriation is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). 3~ Privatization of outer space runs counter to international lawvan Eijk 20 ~(Cristian, finishing an accelerated BA in Law at the University of Cambridge. He holds a BA cum laude in International Justice and an LLM in Public International Law from Leiden University, and has previously worked at the T.M.C. Asser Institute and the International Commission on Missing Persons.) "Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it’s not yours, either," 5/11/20, Völkerrechtsblog, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/sorry-elon-mars-is-not-a-legal-vacuum-and-its-not-yours-either~~ TDI AND the room. It leaves us space lawyers just shouting into the void. Violating I-Law is a form of promise breaking that is non-universalizable since it leads to an inconceivable world where everyone lies and there is no conception of truth.1AC – Debris AdvantageAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI AND The study is in the journal Physics of Plasmas. ~Alex C. Fletcher and Sigrid Close, Particle-in-cell simulations of an RF emission mechanism associated with hypervelocity impact plasmas~ Scenario 1 is ClimateEarth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND The answer is that virtually all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." Scenario 2 is MiscalcEarly warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND "The number of small-size, non-catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. | 1/8/22 |
JF- AC- Kant v2Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wyoming Virtual JC | Judge: Emmie Malyugina 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is procedural moral realism - substantive realism holds that moral truths exist independently of that in the empirical world. Prefer procedural realism –~1~ Uncertainty – our experiences are inaccessible to others which allows people to say they don’t experience the same, however a priori principles are universally applied to all agents.Our relation to how we establish ethics is lexically prior to consequences – there are intrinsic values that make it such the means can never justify the ends.Vallentyne 6 Peter is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. ~"Against Maximizing Act-Consequentialism" mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/10174/AgainstMaximizingActConsequentialism.pdf?sequence=1.~Mberhe AND it impermissible to treat people in certain ways even if it promotes value. ~2~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be, this means experience may be generally useful but should not be the basis for ethical action.Practical Reason is that procedure. To ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Velleman (David, "Self To Self", Cambridge University Press, 2006, pg 18-19) AND something self-defeating about asking for a reason to act for reasons. Moral law must be universal—our judgements can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.==== NASA proves there’s NO extinction BUT only transformation – their theory assumes disappearing energy, which is faulty.Kettley 20 Sebastian is a science reporter at express written at a variety of newspapers and cites NASA rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun ~"Life after death: NASA's chief rocket scientist believed science proves afterlife is REAL" https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1240806/Life-after-death-NASA-scientist-proof-of-afterlife-Wernher-von-Braun-life-after-death-real LIFE after death and the prospect of a heavenly afterlife is guaranteed by science, at least according to NASA rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun. Nov 26 2020~Mberhe AND will be treated with justice in another life respecting its conduct in this." BUT don’t use util:Universes are infinite, so aggregative consequentialism is incoherent since impact to human extinction or anything imaginable is finite and can’t alter the infinite sum.Bostrom 2008 Nick is a Professor at University of Oxford, PhD from London School of Economics. ~"The Infinitarian Challenge to Aggregative Ethics". http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/infinite.pdf 2008~Mberhe AND world presents a graver problem for aggregative ethics than it does for prudential rationality 1AC—ContentionResolved: States ought to ratify the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI 1~ Property rights assume a government to enforce them which means original acquisition in space is unjust, and cosmopolitan rights trump acquired rights like property.Walla 16 ~(Alice Pinheiro, Department of Philosophy at Trinity College Dublin) "Common Possession of the Earth and Cosmopolitan Right" Kant-Studien Volume 107 Issue 1, 2016~ TDI AND needed to avoid scenarios which would contradict the rationale for introducing certain rights. 2~ An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizableWestphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND in RL §6 suffer analogous weaknesses (see §§2.4f.). That implies that private appropriation is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). 3~ Privatization of outer space runs counter to international lawvan Eijk 20 ~(Cristian, finishing an accelerated BA in Law at the University of Cambridge. He holds a BA cum laude in International Justice and an LLM in Public International Law from Leiden University, and has previously worked at the T.M.C. Asser Institute and the International Commission on Missing Persons.) "Sorry, Elon: Mars is not a legal vacuum – and it’s not yours, either," 5/11/20, Völkerrechtsblog, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/sorry-elon-mars-is-not-a-legal-vacuum-and-its-not-yours-either~~ TDI AND the room. It leaves us space lawyers just shouting into the void. Violating I-Law is a form of promise breaking that is non-universalizable since it leads to an inconceivable world where everyone lies and there is no conception of truth.1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC – UVYes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check. | 4/10/22 |
JF- AC- LayTournament: New England District Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: 126 | Judge: Tammie Ruda I affirm Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.The value is Justice, defined as giving each their due, because the only reason to value anything else is because humans value it, which concedes that humans are valuable and deserving. The presence of the word "just" in the resolution also indicates that questions of justice should come first on this topic.My value criterion is utilitarianism, which is to maximize expected well-being for the most amount of people.Maximizing expected well-being is inherent to every action we take for example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, youd pull it back before your brain sends a signal to pull it back - its scientifically proven.Blum et al. 18 ~Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Etvs Lornd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondr-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/~~ R.S. AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS. Contention 1: Space LaunchesThe Private Space Industry is showing enormous increase in launches - that causes pollutants and warming, with massive amounts of chemicals entering the upper atmosphere.Gammon 21 Katharine Gammon 7-19-2021 "How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/19/billionaires-space-tourism-environment-emissions (I'm an award-winning independent science journalist based in Santa Monica, California. My interests range from culture and nature in public lands to the lives of scientists to the complexity of baby brains. Before I became a professional journalist, I served in the Peace Corps in Bulgaria, and attended MIT and Princeton University.)Jia Recut AND to act is now while the billionaires are still buying their tickets." Currently, launches are brinking - commercialization overwhelms alt causes and decks the ozone ayer.Marais 21 Eloise Marais 7-19-2021 "Space tourism: rockets emit 100 times more CO per passenger than flights - imagine a whole industry" https://theconversation.com/space-tourism-rockets-emit-100-times-more-co-per-passenger-than-flights-imagine-a-whole-industry-164601 (Associate Professor in Physical Geography, UCL) Jia Recut AND understanding of the effect these billionaire astronauts will have on our planets atmosphere. In fact, we've gotten close to major collisions as of 2 weeks ago. The situation will only get worse as private companies put more mega-constellations into the LEO.In an article written by the global times from yesterday concludes that ~Huang Lanlan and Lin Xiaoyi, 1-6-2022, "After Starlink satellites irregular operations, SpaceXs connection with US military arouses concerns,"Global Times, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202201/1245327.shtml ~ Lydia AND heavily disrupted by the transit of at least 19 satellites from Starlink satellites. The Kessler syndrome is a non-reversible tipping point in which space is no longer usable. This precludes other impacts in the round because the usage of space for satellites is critical to crisis response.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don't address this invisible problem because Kessler Syndrome isn't waiting. Climate change disproportionately impacts minority communities, destroying homes, shelters, and stable living conditions. It is the epitome of structural oppression.Carmin Chappell 17 ~Carmin Chappell. . "Climate change in the US will hurt poor people the most, according to a bombshell federal report". 10-5-2017. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/26/climate-change-will-hurt-poor-people-the-most-federal-report.html. Accessed 12-27-2021~Jia AND made with low-income communities in mind, according to the report. Warming also causes mass destruction - things like wildfires, tsunamis, and other natural disasters, with huge promoted shortages of food and water.Kareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Recut Jia AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Contention 2: InequalityPrivate appropriation of space amplifies inequality on Earth. Stockwell 20Samuel Stockwell, 7-20-2020, "Legal Black Holes in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies," E-International Relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2020/07/20/legal-black-holes-in-outer-space-the-regulation-of-private-space-companies/ marlborough JH AND private shareholders at the expense of the vast majority of the global population. Private control of space inevitably leads to exploitation. Spencer 20Spencer, Keith A. ~senior editor at Salon~"Against Mars-a-Lago: Why SpaceX's Mars Colonization Plan Should Terrify You." Salon, Salon.com, 7 Jan. 2020, https://www.salon.com/2017/10/08/against-mars-a-lago-why-spacexs-mars-colonization-plan-should-terrify-you/. AND "Explore Mars democratically, or keep it in the sky." | 2/17/22 |
JF- AC- Mega-Constellations v1Tournament: Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | Round: 3 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Alexandra Mork, Aashir Sanjrani 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism.Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actions.Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM AND If we are onto something in our everyday relations that ground Pettit’s theory. Moral theories provide a criterion of right action, such as act as to maximize good consequences. Criterion is distinct from decision procedure, which is a mechanism for situations of choice.Bergstrom 96~Lars Bergström, "Reflections on Consequentialism". From Theoria, Vol. 62, Part 1-2, 1996, pp.74-94, (Stockholm University)~ AND agent can just do what he likes or what first occurs to him. That outweighs their justifications on probability—simpler beliefs are more likely to be true and external standards collapse to pleasure and pain.Consequentialism is true—~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ No act omission distinction—-choosing to omit is an act itself – people psychologically decide not to act.Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasure Minimizing Pain. Calc indicts don’t link—my framework is a general principle to be applied intuitively, not a rigid calculator. Prefer—~1~ Death outweighs—agents cannot act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC.~2~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. If nothing unifies agency from one second to the next, then only states of consciousness can matter—that’s util.~3~ Actor-Spec – States are institutions and not agents with intentions so non-consequentialist impacts are incoherent—outweighs since different agents have different ethical obligations. Also takes out calc indict since governments use util all the time.~4~ Use modesty—we are limited by logical errors and sensory limitations so there’s always a risk we are wrong.~5~ Presume util—If you’re unsure about deontological obligations then default to util since there’s always good in making the world a better place.Only consequentialism can meet the universalizability requirement. Universalizing non-consequentialism results in a conflict in normative reasons.Pettit 99~Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University~. The Cost of Non-Consequentialism. February 5 , 1999. http://www.philo.umontreal.ca/documents/cahiers/Pettit'Non-Consequentialism.pdf AND conformity to pattern P is the ultimate value to be promoted. ~6~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.A~ Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—Underview1~ Yes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory. | 1/14/22 |
JF- AC- Mega-Constellations v2Tournament: Harvard Westlake Debates DebateLA Challenge | Round: 6 | Opponent: HarWes AL | Judge: Truman Le, Jack Quisenberry 1AC—FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Privatized space tourism increases collision risks due to orbital debris.Tehrani 21 ~(James, Editor in Chief of Spark Magazine) "Space Junk: A Safety and Sustainability Problem Moving at 18,000 MPH," April 1, 2021, https://sphera.com/spark/space-junk-a-safety-and-sustainability-problem-moving-at-18000-mph/~~ TDI AND 5 billion industry by 2028. The more activity, the more debris. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.A~ Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—UnderviewYes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.1AR1AC—FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Privatized space tourism increases collision risks due to orbital debris.Tehrani 21 ~(James, Editor in Chief of Spark Magazine) "Space Junk: A Safety and Sustainability Problem Moving at 18,000 MPH," April 1, 2021, https://sphera.com/spark/space-junk-a-safety-and-sustainability-problem-moving-at-18000-mph/~~ TDI AND 5 billion industry by 2028. The more activity, the more debris. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.A~ Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—UnderviewYes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.1AR1AR—SecurityCatastrophic warming reps are good-it's the only way to motivate response-their empirics are attributable to climate denialismRomm 12 (Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 "Best Blogs of 2010". In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm ~#88 on its list of 100 "people who are reinventing America." Time named him a "Hero of the Environment and "The Web's most influential climate-change blogger." Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, "Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages on Climate", http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/~~#more-432546) AND by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture. Realism is straight true dawg - refusing this causes global wars and extinction ongMoshev 03 (Mois Moshev, 10-15-03, analyst specializing in Central Asian affairs, American University Bulgaria, Outstanding Achievement in Journalism and Mass Communication at American University in Bulgaria, "Realism is Still the Best Perspective") AND and deeply philosophical approaches rarely have actual results, in contrast to realism. Policy simulation allows us to more effectively influence state policy AND is key to agency - studies proveEijkman 12 (Henk, visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India, has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India, "The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice," http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims'in'authentic'learning'report.pdf) BS 1-28-2018 AND contains a detailed description, in table format, of the synopsis below. Reps don't shape reality - empirical realities outweigh.Balzacq 5Thierry, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Namur University ~"The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context" European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2~ AND departure from constructivist approaches to security, external developments are central to it. Perm, do both - abstract theorization fails, we have to take policy action to deconstruct securitization.Bilgin 11 ~Pinar, International Relations Professor at Bikent. 2011. "Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective."~ JCH-PF AND in whole and in part, to move away from its structural wrongs. | 1/14/22 |
JF- AC- Space Exploration v1Tournament: John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell EH | Judge: Devin Hernandez 1AC – Blake R2 vs Coppell EHFramingPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 1AC – AdvantageThe advantage is space exploration.It solves a litany of existential threats.Fitzgerald 3/9 ~(Shanon, Assistant Websites Editor at Liberty Fund), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," March 9 2021, https://www.econlib.org/why-human-space-exploration-matters/~~ TDI AND is becoming, if it is not already, one of pure choice. Second, Russia—Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Nuke war causes extinctionEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Currently, entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing successThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. Privatization of space travel kills off public space exploration.Two internal links—First, tradeoff—Space exploration must be public-sector – entrepreneurs purposely understate the barriers to colonization, yet exploit its potential for financial gain.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND profitability at all, but rather of our species’ survival through the eons. Privatization of space travel makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs! Second, debris— Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping pointThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND -conference call, he conceded that it’s a huge, unresolved issue. Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI AND The study is in the journal Physics of Plasmas. ~Alex C. Fletcher and Sigrid Close, Particle-in-cell simulations of an RF emission mechanism associated with hypervelocity impact plasmas~ The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND remotest locations think of satellite not just as a series of images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND Oslo Peace Research Institute, all identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Privatized space tourism increases collision risks due to orbital debris.Tehrani 4/1 ~(James, Editor in Chief of Spark Magazine) "Space Junk: A Safety and Sustainability Problem Moving at 18,000 MPH," April 1, 2021, https://sphera.com/spark/space-junk-a-safety-and-sustainability-problem-moving-at-18000-mph/~~ TDI AND space tourism is poised to blast off to become a potential $1.5 billion industry by 2028. The more activity, the more debris. Increased space debris makes future space exploration impossibleWebb 18 ~(Amy Webb is a professor at the NYU Stern School of Business and is the chief executive of the Future Today Institute, a strategic foresight and research group in Washington, D.C.), "Space Oddities: We Need a Plan to Stop Polluting Space Before It’s Too Late" WIRED Science April 12, 2018 https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-a-plan-to-stop-polluting-space-before-its-too-late/~~ TDI AND —and commit to very long-term thinking—before we try to colonize any others. Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND "The number of small-size, non-catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Space Debris trades off with effective warming mitigationManner 21 ~Jennifer Manneris senior vice president of regulatory affairs at Hughes Network Systems. 7-27-2021, "Utilizing space to fight climate change on Earth," TheHill, https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/565054-utilizing-space-to-fight-climate-change-on-earth~~/ISEE AND but also an important tool to protect invaluable resources here on Earth. AND autonomous outsourcing—-extinctionKlare and Perry ’21 — Michael Klare, Five College, professor emeritus of peace and world security studies, and director of the Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies, B.A. and M.A. from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of the Union Institute, serves on the board of the Arms Control Association and advises other organizations; Lucas Perry, interviewer; (July 30th 2021; "Michael Klare on the Pentagon’s view of Climate Change and the Risks of State Collapse"; Future of Life Institute; https://futureoflife.org/2021/07/30/michael-klare-on-the-pentagons-view-of-climate-change-and-the-risks-of-state-collapse/?cn-reloaded=1; LFS—JCM) AND Earth observation satellites key to adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND collecting climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND virtually all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC – PlanResolved: The Judicial Branch of the USFG should end occupation and appropriation of outer space, including commercial space exploration and tourism, by private entities, ruling that they violate its non-appropriation obligations under the Outer Space Treaty and succeeding treaties.This results in the banning of space colonization and exploration from private companiesCooper 8 ~Cooper, Nikhil D. "Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce." Hastings Const. LQ 36 (2008): 457.~ TDI AND NASA is designating $500 million toward the development of this commercial space capability." 2 No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND the potential for liability serves as a strong motivator and incentive for States to oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND constitute an impermissible appropriation of particular regions of outer space, regardless of any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. The aff solves orbital debris and decreases collision risks.Budhiraia 20 ~(Mili, LL.B. candidate 2022 at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.) "The Menace of Space Debris," August 30, 2020, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/08/mili-budhiraja-space-debris-india/~~ TDI AND bring Kessler Syndrome to life. | 12/18/21 |
JF- AC- Space Exploration v2Tournament: John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | Round: 4 | Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: Pratham Soni 1AC Blake R4 vs Edina NKPerformanceKanye West, 8-29-2021, "Kanye West (Ft. Vory) No Child Left Behind," Genius, https://genius.com/Kanye-west-no-child-left-behind-lyrics, Kanye West, Written By Malik Yusef, Frankie Smith, Cashmere Brown, BoogzDaBeast, Gesaffelstein, Vory and Kanye West, Mixing Engineer MIKE DEAN and IRKO Vocal Editor Josh Smith and Louis Bell, Recording Engineer Chris Connors, Randy "Enzo" Bondurant, Will Chason, Scott McDowell and Josh Berg, Other: BoogzDaBeast and Renegade El Rey Mastering Engineer IRKO, Additional Production: Cashmere Brown, Studio Personnel: IRKO, Will Chason, Scott McDowell and Josh Berg, Label: G.O.O.D. Music and Def Jam Recordings, Distributor: Universal Music Group, Copyright G.O.O.D. Music, Def Jam Recordings and Universal Music Group, Phonographic Copyright Def Jam Recordings, G.O.O.D. Music and Universal Music Group Organ Cory Henry, Release Date August 29, 2021, Accessed 12-18-2021Aanya ~Verse: Vory~Back again, I used my back against the wallNever called on y'all, never count on y'allI'll always count on GodBack again, I used my back against the wallNever called on y'all, never count on y'allI'll always count on God~Chorus: Kanye West~He's done miracles on meHe's done miracles on meFramingPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. The Role of The Ballot is to determine the desirability of the hypothetical implementation of the aff as a policy action. Our method is key to pluralism - it allows agonistic deliberation and deconstructs symbolic violence. I cut this card like right before round and I sang please give me a 30 Richardson 11Richardson, Chris ~Associate Professor of Communication Studies, Young Harris College~ (2011). "Can't Tell Me Nothing": Symbolic Violence, Education, and Kanye West. Popular Music and Society, 34(1), 97112. doi:10.1080/03007766.2011.539831Aanya AND social problems that can lead to the physical violence emphasized in popular debates. 1AC AdvantageThe advantage is space exploration.It solves a litany of existential threats.Fitzgerald 3/9 ~(Shanon, Assistant Websites Editor at Liberty Fund), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," March 9 2021, https://www.econlib.org/why-human-space-exploration-matters/~~ TDI AND is becoming, if it is not already, one of pure choice. Second, Russia:Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It's make or break for the relationship- Ukraine, decline of US authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Centers Nonproliferation Program, 17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Nuke war causes extinctionEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISACs William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earths climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Currently, entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing successThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. Privatization of space travel kills off public exploration.Two internal links: First, tradeoff.Privatization makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don't Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs! Second, debris Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks - causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider, January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND -catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat's Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia's global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbournes Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Privatized space tourism increases collision risks due to orbital debris.Tehrani 4/1 ~(James, Editor in Chief of Spark Magazine) "Space Junk: A Safety and Sustainability Problem Moving at 18,000 MPH," April 1, 2021, https://sphera.com/spark/space-junk-a-safety-and-sustainability-problem-moving-at-18000-mph/~~ TDI AND 5 billion industry by 2028. The more activity, the more debris. Increased space debris makes future space exploration impossibleWebb 18 ~(Amy Webb is a professor at the NYU Stern School of Business and is the chief executive of the Future Today Institute, a strategic foresight and research group in Washington, D.C.), "Space Oddities: We Need a Plan to Stop Polluting Space Before Its Too Late" WIRED Science April 12, 2018 https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-a-plan-to-stop-polluting-space-before-its-too-late/~~ TDI AND very long-term thinking before we try to colonize any others. Space Debris trades off with effective warming mitigationManner 21 ~Jennifer Manneris senior vice president of regulatory affairs at Hughes Network Systems. 7-27-2021, "Utilizing space to fight climate change on Earth," TheHill, https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/565054-utilizing-space-to-fight-climate-change-on-earth~~/ISEE AND , but also an important tool to protect invaluable resources here on Earth. EO satellites key to adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jimnez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC - PlanResolved: The Judicial Branch of the USFG should end occupation and appropriation of outer space, including commercial space exploration and tourism, by private entities, ruling that they violate its non-appropriation obligations under the Outer Space Treaty and succeeding treaties.This results in the banning of space colonization and exploration from private companiesCooper 8 ~Cooper, Nikhil D. "Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce." Hastings Const. LQ 36 (2008): 457.~ TDI AND designating $500 million toward the development of this commercial space capability." 2 No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance - potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. The aff solves orbital debris and decreases collision risks.Budhiraia 20 ~(Mili, LL.B. candidate 2022 at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.) "The Menace of Space Debris," August 30, 2020, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/08/mili-budhiraja-space-debris-india/~~ TDI AND The same temperament showcased for this issue could bring Kessler Syndrome to life. | 12/19/21 |
JF- AC- Space Exploration v3Tournament: John Edie Holiday Debates Hosted by The Blake School | Round: 6 | Opponent: Edina DS | Judge: Elijah Smith 1AC – Blake R6 vs Edina DSFramingPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 1AC – AdvantageThe advantage is space exploration.It solves a litany of existential threats.Fitzgerald 3/9 ~(Shanon, Assistant Websites Editor at Liberty Fund), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," March 9 2021, https://www.econlib.org/why-human-space-exploration-matters/~~ TDI AND is becoming, if it is not already, one of pure choice. Second, Russia—Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Nuke war causes extinctionEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Currently, entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing successThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. Privatization of space travel kills off public space exploration.Two internal links—First, tradeoff—Privatization of space travel makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs! Second, debris— Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping pointThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND -conference call, he conceded that it’s a huge, unresolved issue. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Privatized space tourism increases collision risks.Tehrani 4/1 ~(James, Editor in Chief of Spark Magazine) "Space Junk: A Safety and Sustainability Problem Moving at 18,000 MPH," April 1, 2021, https://sphera.com/spark/space-junk-a-safety-and-sustainability-problem-moving-at-18000-mph/~~ TDI AND 5 billion industry by 2028. The more activity, the more debris. Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND -catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Earth observation satellites key to adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC – PlanResolved: The Judicial Branch of the USFG and Russia should end occupation and appropriation of outer space, including commercial space exploration and tourism, by private entities, ruling that they violate its non-appropriation obligations under the Outer Space Treaty and succeeding treaties.This results in the banning of space colonization and exploration from private companiesCooper 8 ~Cooper, Nikhil D. "Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce." Hastings Const. LQ 36 (2008): 457.~ TDI AND designating $500 million toward the development of this commercial space capability." 2 No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. The aff solves orbital debris and decreases collision risks.Budhiraia 20 ~(Mili, LL.B. candidate 2022 at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.) "The Menace of Space Debris," August 30, 2020, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/08/mili-budhiraja-space-debris-india/~~ TDI AND The same temperament showcased for this issue could bring Kessler Syndrome to life. | 12/19/21 |
JF- AC- Space Exploration v4Tournament: The Newark Invitational 2022 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Colonial Forge SR | Judge: David Asafu-Adjaye 1AC – Newark R2 vs Colonial Forge SRFramingPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI Recut Aanya AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 1AC – AdvantageScenario 1 is is space exploration.It solves a litany of existential threats.Fitzgerald 3/9 ~(Shanon, Assistant Websites Editor at Liberty Fund), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," March 9 2021, https://www.econlib.org/why-human-space-exploration-matters/~~ TDI AND is becoming, if it is not already, one of pure choice. Second, Russia—Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Nuke war causes extinctionEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Ongoing efforts to privatize space travel makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs! Scenario 2 is debris— Incoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Privatized space tourism increases collision risks.Tehrani 4/1 ~(James, Editor in Chief of Spark Magazine) "Space Junk: A Safety and Sustainability Problem Moving at 18,000 MPH," April 1, 2021, https://sphera.com/spark/space-junk-a-safety-and-sustainability-problem-moving-at-18000-mph/~~ TDI AND 5 billion industry by 2028. The more activity, the more debris. Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND -catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Earth observation satellites key to adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC – PlanResolved: The Judicial Branch of the USFG and Russia should end occupation and appropriation of outer space, including commercial space exploration and tourism, by private entities, ruling that they violate its non-appropriation obligations under the Outer Space Treaty and succeeding treaties.This results in the banning of space colonization and exploration from private companiesCooper 8 ~Cooper, Nikhil D. "Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce." Hastings Const. LQ 36 (2008): 457.~ TDI AND designating $500 million toward the development of this commercial space capability." 2 No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. The aff solves orbital debris and decreases collision risks.Budhiraia 20 ~(Mili, LL.B. candidate 2022 at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.) "The Menace of Space Debris," August 30, 2020, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/08/mili-budhiraja-space-debris-india/~~ TDI AND The same temperament showcased for this issue could bring Kessler Syndrome to life. | 1/8/22 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v1Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Judge: Azi Hormozdiari FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn't seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way AND probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. AC InherencyPrivate space mining and ownership allowed nowWilliams 20 ~(Matt Williams, Reporter) "Trump signs an executive order allowing mining the moon and asteroids," Phys Org, April 13, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-04-trump-moon-asteroids.html~~ TDI AND debate that began with the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967. New investments coming and companies are launching - economic incentives make it alluringTosar 20 ~(Borja Tosar, reporter) "Asteroid Mining: A New Space Race," OpenMind BBVA, May 18, 2020, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/asteroid-mining-a-new-space-race/~~ TDI AND deGrasse argues that the planets first trillionaire will undoubtedly be a space miner. AC Debris AdvantageAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per-cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPR's All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific Americans 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI AND Particle-in-cell simulations of an RF emission mechanism associated with hypervelocity impact plasmas~ Scenario 1 is ClimateEarth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jimnez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND EO data is an invaluable resource for collecting climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." Scenario 2 is MiscalcEarly warning satellites going dark signals attacks - causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider, January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Anti-Satellite Weapons and Space Debris Collisions Lead to Arms Race and WarBlatt 20 Talia M. Blatt ~I am a rising sophomore at Harvard, considering a joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology with a citation in Chinese. I specialize in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~., 26.MAY.2020, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ AND possible outcome given that there are no reliable methods of withdrawing debris from space. Nuke war causes extinction it wont stay limitedEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISACs William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earths climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND quite unlikely that any exchange between two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Space debris can be recycled for rare resourcesSpace 11 (Space.com. October 20 2011. https://www.space.com/13339-darpa-space-junk-recycling-phoenix-satellites.html)//cz** AND creating a "new," and relatively cheap, satellite using previously useless space junk. Recycling key to check Chinese REM gatekeepingScheyder et al. 19 ("Explainer: China's rare earth supplies could be vital bargaining...," by Reuters staff (Ernest Scheyder, Mike Stone, David Brunnstrom, Gui Qing Koh, Stephen Nellis, and Andrea Shalal; Writing by Andrea Shalal; Editing by Simon Webb and Lisa Shumaker) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-rareearth-explainer/explainer-chinas-rare-earth-supplies-could-be-vital-bargaining-chip-in-u-s-trade-war-idUSKCN1T00EK) AND metal (used in lasers), erbium oxide and gadolinium oxide (used in medical imaging and fuel cells) are up around 10. | 12/12/21 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v2Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Judge: Lena Mizrahi FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, | 12/1/21 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v3Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: Octas | Opponent: LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Judge: Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans UtilPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn't seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. AC InherencyPrivate space mining and ownership allowed nowWilliams 20 ~(Matt Williams, Reporter) "Trump signs an executive order allowing mining the moon and asteroids," Phys Org, April 13, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-04-trump-moon-asteroids.html~~ TDI AND debate that began with the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967. New investments coming and companies are launching - economic incentives make it alluringTosar 20 ~(Borja Tosar, reporter) "Asteroid Mining: A New Space Race," OpenMind BBVA, May 18, 2020, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/asteroid-mining-a-new-space-race/~~ TDI AND deGrasse argues that the planet's first trillionaire will undoubtedly be a space miner. Currently, entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing successThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. AC Space War AdvantageAdvantage 2 is Space WarDeep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase-out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. Its make or break for the relationship - Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even war.Weir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Centers Nonproliferation Program, 17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Its existential.Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf AND unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in the future. Flags of convenience are unlikely to occur states wont forum shopvon der Dunk 12 ~(Frans G., Othmer Professor of Space Law, University of NebraskaLincoln, College of Law, LL.M. Programme in Space, Cyber and Telecommunications Law) "Towards 'Flags of Convenience' in Space?" Space, Cyber, and Telecommunications Law Program Faculty Publications. 76. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/spacelaw/76~~ TDI AND justify substantial efforts to deal with it for example at the UN level. COVID thumpsGould and Insinna 20 ~(Joe Gould, Valerie Insinna, writers for Defense News, 3-9-2020, "Coronavirus shaking up Americas defense industry," Defense News, https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2020/03/09/coronavirus-shaking-up-americas-defense-industry~~ TDI AND , lagging the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which was down 18 percent. AC AdvocacyWe defend the resolution: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.SREU grants authority for private appropriation of space and CIL suggest removed in situ resources are still part of celestial bodies.Amanda M. Leon, Associate*, Caplin and Drysdale, Chtd., 18, Virginia Law Review ~"MINING FOR MEANING: AN EXAMINATION OF THE LEGALITY OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SPACE RESOURCES" Vol. 104:497 2018~ AND of property rights being conferred from a sovereign to a citizen become incredibly c Plan - states ought to ban the appropriation of outer space for mining activities by private entities.Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr. Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr. Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is the province of mankind, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~ TDI AND multilateral platforms such as the UN to debate the usefulness of the treaty in the changed context of technological advancements and new geopolitical dynamics, and potentially find compromises where there are disagreements. AC Debris AdvantageAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per-cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPR's All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific Americans 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI AND EO data is an invaluable resource for collecting climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND virtually all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." Scenario 2 is MiscalcEarly warning satellites going dark signals attacks - causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider, January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI AND "The number of small-size, non-catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Nuke war causes extinction it wont stay limitedEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISACs William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earths climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND but it's quite unlikely that any exchange between two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Underview1~ 1AR and 1AC theory is legit - anything else means infinite abuse - drop the debater 1AR and 1AC are too short to make up for the time trade-off- no RVIs 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. competing interps - otherwise the 2NR could drown the aff in arguments while playing defense. Aff theory first - much larger strategic loss of the 1AR vs. 1/7 of the 1NCyes rvis on 1nc theory - the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance - you must be punished and no 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew.Multiple neg shelsl bad- spread out the 1ar and forceds us to abandon substnace in the 1ar since I have 4 min to answer argumentws that come at a higher layer and they have 6 min yo fdump on underdeveloped response | 12/12/21 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v4Tournament: Harvard Round Robin | Round: 2 | Opponent: Memori DX | Judge: Jonathan Jeong, Sam Anderson 1AC1AC – FramingThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing – Act Hedonistic Util~1~ Extinction first as only a reason to prefer util –a) Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesb) Moral uncertaintyBostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. ~2~ Actor specificity –a) Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.b) No act omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself so people psychologically decide not to act.c) If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied, and link turns them because the alt would be no action.~3~ Degrees of wrongness – Looking at the consequences is the only way to tell that murdering someone is way worse than stealing their pencil.~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util if something has an if it has an external benefit – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. TJFs outweighs because concerns fairness – outweighs all args concede valid of fairness.~5~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning.Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM AND If we are onto something in our everyday relations that ground Pettit’s theory. 1AC – PlanThus, the plan – States ought to ratify the moon treatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~ TDI AND in the changed context of technological advancements and new geopolitical dynamics, and potentially find compromises where there are disagreements. 1AC – InherencyPrivate space mining and ownership allowed nowWilliams 20 ~(Matt Williams, Reporter) "Trump signs an executive order allowing mining the moon and asteroids," Phys Org, April 13, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-04-trump-moon-asteroids.html~~ TDI AND debate that began with the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967. New investments coming and companies are launching – economic incentives make it alluringTosar 20 ~(Borja Tosar, reporter) "Asteroid Mining: A New Space Race," OpenMind BBVA, May 18, 2020, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/asteroid-mining-a-new-space-race/~~ TDI AND deGrasse argues that the planet’s first trillionaire will undoubtedly be a space miner. Entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing success.Thompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. ADV 1 – RussiaAdvantage 1 is Putin Gone MadDeep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. It’s existential.Cotton-Barratt 17 Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf AND unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in the future. ADV 2 – DebrisAdvantage 2 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI AND Particle-in-cell simulations of an RF emission mechanism associated with hypervelocity impact plasmas~ Scenario 1 is ClimateEarth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND data is an invaluable resource for collecting climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinction.Klein 14 ~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND all of us are now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." Scenario 2 is MiscalcEarly warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearKessler Syndrome — refers to a critical point wherein the density of space junk grows so large that a single collision could set off a domino effect of increasingly more collisions. AND the researchers reported. Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND but it’s quite unlikely that any exchange between two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. 1AC – U/V~1~ 1AR theory –a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, which outweighs on severity because we literally can’t engage,~2~ Fiat is good faith implementation – neg teams always win if governments try to actively undermine the aff.~3~ Permissibility collapses to presumption and affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and ~P are both wrong. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it. ~e~ Squo bias – you are cognitively bias to maintaining the squo so if both options are equal err on the side of change. ~f~ that’s means we need a positive justification for things like breathing which is obviously illogical | 2/17/22 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v5Tournament: Harrison Round Robin | Round: 3 | Opponent: Alyssa Sawyer | Judge: Chris Castillo, Fabrice Etienne 1AC1AC – FramingThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing – Act Hedonistic Util~1~ Extinction first as only a reason to prefer util –a) Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesb) Moral uncertaintyBostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. ~2~ Actor specificity –a) Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.b) No act omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself so people psychologically decide not to act.c) If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied, and link turns them because the alt would be no action.~3~ Degrees of wrongness – Looking at the consequences is the only way to tell that murdering someone is way worse than stealing their pencil.~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util if something has an if it has an external benefit – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. TJFs outweighs because concerns fairness – outweighs all args concede valid of fairness.~5~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning.Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM AND If we are onto something in our everyday relations that ground Pettit’s theory. 1AC – PlanThus, the plan – States ought to ratify the moon treatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~ TDI 1AC – InherencyPrivate space mining and ownership allowed nowWilliams 20 ~(Matt Williams, Reporter) "Trump signs an executive order allowing mining the moon and asteroids," Phys Org, April 13, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-04-trump-moon-asteroids.html~~ TDI AND debate that began with the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967. New investments coming and companies are launching – economic incentives make it alluringTosar 20 ~(Borja Tosar, reporter) "Asteroid Mining: A New Space Race," OpenMind BBVA, May 18, 2020, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/asteroid-mining-a-new-space-race/~~ TDI AND deGrasse argues that the planet’s first trillionaire will undoubtedly be a space miner. Entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing success.Thompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. ADV 1 – RussiaAdvantage 1 is Putin Gone MadDeep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. It’s existential.Cotton-Barratt 17 Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf AND unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in the future. ADV 2 – DebrisAdvantage 2 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI Scenario 1 is ClimateEarth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI Warming causes extinction.Klein 14 ~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ Scenario 2 is MiscalcEarly warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearKessler Syndrome — refers to a critical point wherein the density of space junk grows so large that a single collision could set off a domino effect of increasingly more collisions. Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI 1AC – U/V~1~ 1AR theory –a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, which outweighs on severity because we literally can’t engage,~2~ Fiat is good faith implementation – neg teams always win if governments try to actively undermine the aff.~3~ Permissibility collapses to presumption and affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can’t say things like P and ~P are both wrong. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it. ~e~ Squo bias – you are cognitively bias to maintaining the squo so if both options are equal err on the side of change. ~f~ that’s means we need a positive justification for things like breathing which is obviously illogical | 4/10/22 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v6Tournament: Harrison Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Jarvis Xie | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism.Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actions.Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM AND If we are onto something in our everyday relations that ground Pettit’s theory. That outweighs their justifications on probability—simpler beliefs are more likely to be true and external standards collapse to pleasure and pain.Consequentialism is true—~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ No act omission distinction—-choosing to omit is an act itself – people psychologically decide not to act.Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasure Minimizing Pain. Calc indicts don’t link—my framework is a general principle to be applied intuitively, not a rigid calculator. Prefer—~1~ Death outweighs—agents cannot act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC.~2~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. If nothing unifies agency from one second to the next, then only states of consciousness can matter—that’s util.~3~ Actor-Spec – States are institutions and not agents with intentions so non-consequentialist impacts are incoherent—outweighs since different agents have different ethical obligations. Also takes out calc indict since governments use util all the time.~4~ Use modesty—we are limited by logical errors and sensory limitations so there’s always a risk we are wrong.~5~ Presume util—If you’re unsure about deontological obligations then default to util since there’s always good in making the world a better place.~6~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanResolved: States ought to prohibit the appropriation of Low Earth Orbit by private entities.A~ Normal means is ratification of the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—Underview1~ Yes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory. | 4/10/22 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v7Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 3 | Opponent: Durham JH | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism.Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they’re our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actions.Moen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. SM AND If we are onto something in our everyday relations that ground Pettit’s theory. That outweighs their justifications on probability—simpler beliefs are more likely to be true and external standards collapse to pleasure and pain.Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasure Minimizing Pain. Calc indicts don’t link—my framework is a general principle to be applied intuitively, not a rigid calculator. Prefer—Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanResolved: States ought to ratify the Moon TreatyMallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—Underview1~ Yes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory. | 4/10/22 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v8Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 3 | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Drew Thorburn 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism.The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasureand Minimizing Pain. Prefer—~1~ Death outweighs—agents cannot act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC.~2~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written If nothing unifies agency from one second to the next, then only states of consciousness can matter—that’s util.~3~ Actor-Spec – States are institutions and not agents with intentions so non-consequentialist impacts are incoherent—outweighs since different agents have different ethical obligations. Also takes out calc indict since governments use util all the time.~4~ Use modesty—we are limited by logical errors and sensory limitations so there’s always a risk we are wrong~5~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanThus, the plan: States ought to ratify the moon treaty.Mallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—Underview1~ Yes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory. | 4/23/22 |
JF- AC- Space Mining v8Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 3 | Opponent: Memorial DX | Judge: Drew Thorburn 1AC—FrameworkThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism.The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasureand Minimizing Pain. Prefer—~1~ Death outweighs—agents cannot act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC.~2~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written If nothing unifies agency from one second to the next, then only states of consciousness can matter—that’s util.~3~ Actor-Spec – States are institutions and not agents with intentions so non-consequentialist impacts are incoherent—outweighs since different agents have different ethical obligations. Also takes out calc indict since governments use util all the time.~4~ Use modesty—we are limited by logical errors and sensory limitations so there’s always a risk we are wrong~5~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our 1AC—DebrisIncoming mega-constellations of satellites ensure unmanageable space debris, triggering the Kessler Syndrome.Boley and Byers 21 ~Aaron C., Department of Physics and Astronomy @ The University of British Columbia*, and Michael, Department of Political Science @ The University of British Columbia; Published: 20 May 2021; Scientific Reports; "Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth," https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89909-7~~ brett AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Debris triggers miscalculated war.Dockrill 16 ~Peter; 2016; Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns~~ brett AND adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write. ====It goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Nuclear war causes extinction.Trevithick and Rogoway ’19 ~Joseph and Tyler; February 27; Military Analyst, M.A. in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University, B.A. in the History and Policy of International Relations at Carnegie-Mellon University; Defense Journalist; The Drive, "Yes, India And Pakistan Could End The World As We Know It Through A Nuclear Exchange," https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/26674/yes-india-and-pakistan-could-end-the-world-as-we-know-it-through-a-nuclear-exchange~~ brett AND nuclear weapons, it would be something that would threaten all of humanity. Cascading debris collapses satellites.Kessler et al., 18 ~Donald J. Kessler* American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris. Kessler has received numerous awards for his pioneering work, the most recent being the 2010 Dirk Brower Award for his half-century career in astrodynamics. Dr. Holder Krag Head of the Space Debris Office at the European Space Agency and has been a Space Debris Analyst in the Space Debris Office since 2006. Asher Isbrucker*, Writer and Video Producer; 11-2-2018; "Kessler Syndrome: What Happens When Satellites Collide," Medium, https://asherkaye.medium.com/kessler-syndrome-what-happens-when-satellites-collide-1b571ca3c47e~~ brett AND if we don’t address this invisible problem — because Kessler Syndrome isn’t waiting. The modern food system relies on satellites. Collapse triggers global shocks to supply.Tompkins 19 ~Steven, Inmarsat’s Director of Sector Development for Agriculture. Head of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains Team at ADAS. Entrepreneurial manager with a sustained track record of building new profitable business streams for science-based organizations in the agri-food sector.; 3-18-2019; "Enabling the connected farm – the importance of satellite communications," Inmarsat, https://www.inmarsat.com/blog/enabling-the-connected-farm-the-importance-of-satellite-communications/~~ brett AND images taken from space but an enabler to the Agri-Tech Revolution. Food shortages go nuclear.FDI 12 ~FDI; a Research institute providing strategic analysis of Australia’s global interests; citing Lindsay Falvery, PhD in Agricultural Science and former Professor at the University of Melbourne’s Institute of Land and Environment (Future Directions International, , "Food and Water Insecurity: International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/workshop-papers/537-international-conflict-triggers-and-potential-conflict-points-resulting-from-food-and-water-insecurity.html~~ brett AND identify famine as a potential trigger for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war. Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationAlonso 18 ~(Elisa Jiménez Alonso, communications consultant with Acclimatise, climate resilience organization) "Earth Observation of Increasing Importance for Climate Change Adaptation," Acclimatise, May 2, 2018, https://www.acclimatise.uk.com/2018/05/02/earth-observation-of-increasing-importance-for-climate-change-adaptation/~~ TDI AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 1AC—PlanThus, the plan: States ought to ratify the moon treaty.Mallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~~~(Senjuti Mallick, graduated from ILS Law College, Pune, in 2016. She was a Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA. She has been doing research on Outer Space Law since she was a student at ILS. Presently, she is working on different aspects of Space Law, in particular, Space debris mitigation and removal, and the law of the commons. She has published articles on Space Law in the All India Reporter Law Journal and The Hindu.)( Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.) "If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?" Occasional Papers, January 24, 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/~~~~~~ TDI B~ Unjust means unlawfully receiving something of value to which one is not entitledWaters 98 ~H. FRANKLIN WATERS, Senior District Judge. Colonia Ins. Co. v. City Nat. Bank, 13 F. Supp. 2d 891 - Dist. Court, WD Arkansas 1998~ TDI bracketed for gendered violence AND , Coleman is not entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. The plan clarifies customary law to ban private satellite mega-constellations that appropriate Low Earth Orbit and solves otherwise detrimental space debris.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND any formal, official claim of such by a responsible, authorizing government. No circumvention. Authorization, supervision, and liability ensure compliance — potential for liability causes self-regulation.Johnson 20 ~Chris, Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation, 9 years of professional experience in international space law and policy. J.D. from New York Law School; 2020; "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit," https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ brett AND oversee, monitor, and regulate what private actors are doing in space. 1AC—Underview1~ Yes 1AR Theory—the 1AR needs it to make the time investment worth 4 min and I can’t brute force substance and theory—otherwise the neg can do infinite bad things and I can’t check.2~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory. | 4/23/22 |
MA- AC- Lay v1Tournament: The 27th Mardi Gras Speech Carnivale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Needham JT | Judge: Tammie Ruda I proudly affirm the resolution: Resolved: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy.First, some definitions to clarify.A free press is the freedom of expression in media without limitations by othersLiberties.EU 21 ~Civil Liberties Union for Europe, rights advocacy organization in Europe, 11-9-2021, "Free press: definition and role in democracy," Liberties.eu, https://www.liberties.eu/en/stories/free-press/43809~~/Kankee AND of the political fallout. Why is freedom of the press so important? Objectivity in journalism is fact-based, non-subjective reportingMcLaughlin 16 ~Greg McLaughlin, senior lecturer in media and journalism at the University of Ulster, 2016, "Journalism, Objectivity and War," The War Correspondent, https://sci-hub.se/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19qgf0x.7~~/Kankee AND between the blind assumption of impartiality and ideological commitment. War and alternative journalisms The value is Justice, defined as giving each their due, because the only reason to value anything else is because humans value it, meaning humans are valuable and deserving.My value criterion is utilitarianism, which is to maximize expected well-being for the most amount of people.Thats because Maximizing expected well-being is inherent to every action we take - for example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, you'd pull it back before your brain sends a signal to pull it back-its scientifically proven.Contention 1: DemocracyThe death of the fairness doctrine caused a massive decline in media trust by proliferating fake news and favoring opinion-based journalism over factsPeltin 21 ~Bradley L. Peltin, JD candidate at the University of Iowa College of Law with a B.A. in Political Science and History at the University of Wisconsin, 2021, "In the Public Interest: The Proliferation of Opinion-based T.V. News Content and the FCC's Ability to Regulate Post-Fairness Doctrine," SSRN, https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=143119101106099074120066000114104064029078039067056007087005122097103100090075108077049049044034012025110028109021127014015096049001036077001002080102100087094107070085026028026093086021126104007102124093027017097105095104105001088066071023005085127021andEXT=pdfandINDEX=TRUE~~/Kankee AND Practices or Bias as Intervention is now Seen as Unlawful Censorship. US journalism deregulation imploded trust in media journalists are "public trustees" with a responsibility to informClemens 21 ~Sarah Clemens, Deputy Managing Editor at the Concordia Law Review and JD Candidate at the Concordia University School of Law, 2021, "FROM FAIRNESS TO FAKE NEWS: HOW REGULATIONS CAN RESTORE PUBLIC TRUST IN THE MEDIA," SSRN, https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=895008008009094093031067122001022119019084025012059023087067119099073116105028009070117058032027051013021109081096098124090125008090090084081026102082092126064000027090081086117113111115015067070084096030029106030011105014117065000074025087075090122024andEXT=pdfandINDEX=TRUE~~/Kankee AND challenges raised against the regulations by reconciling two cases. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Repeal of the fairness doctrine killed objectivity in journalismZelizer 17 ~Julian E. Zelizer, William E. Huntington Professor of History at Boston University with a Ph.D. from Stanford University, 2017, "How Washington Helped Create the Contemporary Media: Ending the Fairness Doctrine in 1987," Media Nation: The Political History of News in Modern America, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812293746-012/html~~/Kankee AND into an age of polarized news without anything to hold these forces back. Media echo chambers threaten democracy - only a fairness doctrine ensures fact-based and common-ground discussionsFriedland 21 ~Julian Friedland, Assistant Professor of Corporate Social Responsibility in the School of Business at Metropolitan State University of Denver, 03-15-2021, "A Fairness Doctrine for the Twenty-First Century," AREO, https://philarchive.org/archive/FRIAFD~~/Kankee AND view tabs would lead to an honest counterview, if available. Providing objective information is a moral duty for democracies - it comparatively outweighs free speechKlein 20 ~Ian Klein, J.D. Candidate at the Texas AandM University School of Law, 2020, "Enemy of the People: The Ghost of the F.C.C. Fairness Doctrine in the Age of Alternative Facts." Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1809andcontext=hastings'comm'ent'law'journal~~/Kankee AND objective information.166 Legal Issues Surrounding Online News and Social Media Ending media objectivity requirements spawned the Alt-Right and reinvigorated white nationalismCagliuso 21 ~Dominique Cagliuso, writer with working on a Master in International Affairs with a concentration in Human Rights and a Specialization in UN Studies at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, 2021, "Age of the Alt-Right: New-Age Media and White Nationalism in Trump's America," International Social Science Review, https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1529andcontext=issr~~/Kankee AND is through the internet. The Ideology of the Alt-Right Fact-based journalism is key to reverse misinformation and polarizationMcmanus 21 ~Doyle Mcmanus, director of the journalism program at Georgetown University, 7-9-2021, "Trump's still waging a war on truth - and it's still bad for democracy," Los Angeles Times, https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-07-11/trumps-still-waging-a-war-on-truth-and-its-still-bad-for-democracy~~/Kankee AND . "The reality-based community has withstood much worse." Contention 2: Electoral LegitimacyFact based reporting is key to decrease polarization and the electorate's vulnerability to foreign influenceKlaas 21 ~Brian Klaas, fellow in comparative politics at the London School of Economics with a DPhil in political science at New College at the University of Oxford, citing Peter Pomerantsev, Senior Fellow at the SNF Agora Institute at Johns Hopkins University and project chair for the Information Warfare Initiative of the Center for European Policy Analysis, 3-23-2021, "Opinion: He worked in Russian media. He recognizes the same tactics at Fox News.," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/03/23/he-worked-russian-media-he-recognizes-same-tactics-fox-news/~~/Kankee AND polarization, we've been doing the job even more effectively ourselves. Media regulation also solves hostile disinformation campaigns - Europe provesClemens 21 ~Sarah Clemens, Deputy Managing Editor at the Concordia Law Review and JD Candidate at the Concordia University School of Law, 2021, "FROM FAIRNESS TO FAKE NEWS: HOW REGULATIONS CAN RESTORE PUBLIC TRUST IN THE MEDIA," SSRN, https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=895008008009094093031067122001022119019084025012059023087067119099073116105028009070117058032027051013021109081096098124090125008090090084081026102082092126064000027090081086117113111115015067070084096030029106030011105014117065000074025087075090122024andEXT=pdfandINDEX=TRUE~~/Kankee AND to fulfil that duty or allow it to remain a relic of history. Russian disinformation destabilizes democracy globallyRobbins 20 ~Joseph Robbins, political science department head at Valdosta State University with a PhD from Texas Tech University, 9-23-2020, "Countering Russian Disinformation," Center for Strategic and International Studies, https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/countering-russian-disinformation~~/Kankee AND propaganda machine, a multifaceted approach is vitally important. Czech Responses Russian disinformation upsets the relative balance of power vis--vis the USPosard et al. 20 ~Marek N. Posard, military sociologist at the RAND Corporation and an affiliate faculty member at the Pardee RAND Graduate School, Marta Kepe, senior defense analyst at the RAND Corporation and nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Hilary Reininger, Post-doc and Assistant Policy Researcher at RAND Corporation, James V. Marrone, associate economist at RAND Corporation, Todd C. Helmus, senior behavioral scientist at the RAND Corporation and a member of the Pardee RAND Graduate School faculty, and Jordan R. Reimer, policy analyst at the RAND Corporation, working in the Defense and Political Sciences department, 2020, "From Consensus to Conflict Understanding: Foreign Measures Targeting U.S. Elections," RAND Corporation, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research'reports/RRA704-1.html~~/Kankee AND study databases by Western and Russian authors. Russian Information Efforts Reflect Four Objectives Contention 3: War ReportingObjective reporting deters government propaganda - past lackluster reporting allowed the invasion of Iraq without proper justification or media oversight. It's especially important in the context of the current Ukraine-Russia conflict.*fyi, this card is ridiculously long AND not do much for a news organisation's bottom line, either. A critical media is a critical check to ensure wars are legitimate - otherwise, governments exploit the media to justify conflictsEilders 5 ~Christiane Eilders, senior researcher in political communication at the Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research, 12-2005, "Media under fire: Fact and fiction in conditions of war," International Review of the Red Cross, https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/a21917.pdf~~/Kankee AND intervention. Lessons learned in the 2003 Iraq war and their limitations Media plays a critical role over public opinion, which can prevent warsEilders 5 ~Christiane Eilders, senior researcher in political communication at the Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research, 12-2005, "Media under fire: Fact and fiction in conditions of war," International Review of the Red Cross, https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/a21917.pdf~~/Kankee AND problem of a "growing credibility gap."18 The strategy of embedded journalism | 3/5/22 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v01Tournament: Florida Blue Key Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Spencer Orlowski, Matthew Berhe 1AC Blue Key RR R11AC – FWThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing~1~ Extinction first –A~ Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleB~ Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesC~ Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other peopleD~ Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical~2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework –Threats to bodily security precl1ude the ability for moral actors to act upon other theories since they are in a constant crisis that inhibits the moral conditions other theories presuppose.~3~ Pain provides an objective reason for why oppression is bad.Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~ AND states that we don’t all merely share a subjective preference in avoiding pain, ~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. Hyper-specific theories mean people have little prep on the issue.AdvantageThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND than what it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Economic crisis causes global war—-defense is wrongQian Liu 18, Managing Director of Greater China for The Economist Group, previously director of the global economics unit and director of Access China for the Economist Intelligence Unit, PhD in economics from Uppsala University, Sweden, 11/13/18, "The next economic crisis could cause a global conflict. Here's why," https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/the-next-economic-crisis-could-cause-a-global-conflict-heres-why/ AND sensible and respectful global dialogue. The alternative may well be global conflagration. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Declines in RandD cede tech dominance to China.Davidson ’17 ~Paul; Reporter for USA Today; "Why China is beating the U.S. at innovation"; 4/17/17; USA Today; https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/04/17/why-china-beating-us-innovation/100016138/; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND patent laws, Atkinson says "They have huge advantages," he says. US tech dominance is critical to sustain nuclear deterrence – collapse ensures nuclear conflict.Saalman ’20 ~Dr. Lora; Associate Senior Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and a Senior Fellow at the EastWest Institute.; "THE IMPACT OF AI ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: CHINA, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES"; 4/14/20; East-West Center; https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-impact-ai-nuclear-deterrence-china-russia-and-the-united-states; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND strategic dialogues are plagued with ossified definitions of weapons platforms and nuclear deterrence. Unipolarity is sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation – power vacuums cause cascade prolif and extinctionHal Brands 15. On the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28 AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA. Bondi 95Victor Bondi , 1995, "American Decades: 1940-1949," https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=197+4294921854+4294916915+4294904579andamp;Ntk=P'EPIandamp;Ntt=15051676421114137871909840985170930831andamp;Ntx=mode2Bmatchallpartial AND
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Conditional recognition is inadequate and allows companies to exploit overlooked loopholes—that decimates strike effectiveness. McNicholas and Poydock 20Celine McNicholas, director of policy and government affairs/general counsel at the Economic Policy Institute, a nonprofit, nonpartisan think tank that uses the power of its research on economic trends and the impact of economic policies to advance reforms that serve working people, deliver racial justice, and guarantee gender equity. McNicholas assumed the policy director position in October 2021. She has served as EPI’s director of government affairs and labor counsel since 2017 and Margaret Poydock, policy analyst, she assists the policy team in managing EPI’s legislative and policy initiatives to build a more just economy. 6-22-2020,"Workers are striking during the coronavirus: Labor law must be reformed to strengthen this fundamental right," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/blog/thousands-of-workers-have-gone-on-strike-during-the-coronavirus-labor-law-must-be-reformed-to-strengthen-this-fundamental-right/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND and has a "no-strike, no-lockout" clause. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. UVYes 1ar theory—no rvis dtd ci—1ar is too short to win substance and check abuse and the 6 min 2nr can brute force. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v02Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep ArVe | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin FramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around us~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer –~1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate with util because their policies benefit some and harm others so side constraints freeze state action. Actor spec comes first – different agents have different ethical standings – takes out calc indicts because it proves the fwrk is empirically used.~2~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. TJFs outweigh because concerns fairness – outweighs all args concede valid of fairness.~3~ Consequentialism is true and a side constraint to ethics – ~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ Moral substitutability – If I ought to mow the lawn, then I ought to turn on the lawnmower. Thus, an obligation requires all of its necessary enablers. ~C~ No Act Omission Distinction – choosing to omit is an act in and of itself thus people psychologically decide not to act – and if they win~4~ We have no unified consciousness—empirics,Parfit 84 ~Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984) AND , and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands. That means util—focus on individual people doesn’t matter, so only helping groups of people is important and only util does so.~5~ Extinction first – a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible b) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people c) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical.The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. COVID creates pressure but squo interim measures ensure slow growth.White 20—POLITICO Pro's chief economic correspondent ~Ben White, Victoria Guida (financial services reporter covering banking regulations and monetary policy for POLITICO Pro), and Matthew Karnitschnig (POLITICO's chief Europe correspondent), 4/13/2020, "Blank checks, taboos and bazookas: Inside the global battle to prevent another depression", Politico, https://www.politico.com/amp/news/2020/04/13/inside-global-race-prevent-depression-182619~~ AMarb AND top of trillions of dollars already promised through other lending and stimulus efforts. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Declines in RandD cede tech dominance to China.Davidson ’17 ~Paul; Reporter for USA Today; "Why China is beating the U.S. at innovation"; 4/17/17; USA Today; https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/04/17/why-china-beating-us-innovation/100016138/; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND patent laws, Atkinson says "They have huge advantages," he says. US tech dominance is critical to sustain nuclear deterrence – collapse ensures nuclear conflict.Saalman ’20 ~Dr. Lora; Associate Senior Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and a Senior Fellow at the EastWest Institute.; "THE IMPACT OF AI ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: CHINA, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES"; 4/14/20; East-West Center; https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-impact-ai-nuclear-deterrence-china-russia-and-the-united-states; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND strategic dialogues are plagued with ossified definitions of weapons platforms and nuclear deterrence. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA. Bondi 95Victor Bondi , 1995, "American Decades: 1940-1949," https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=197+4294921854+4294916915+4294904579andamp;Ntk=P'EPIandamp;Ntt=15051676421114137871909840985170930831andamp;Ntx=mode2Bmatchallpartial AND
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND , have a critical role to play in rebuilding a strong middle class. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v03Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Aidin OBrien 1AC Blue Key Round 3FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.1 – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible 2 – Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities 3 – Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people 4 – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical 5 – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about itAdv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Declines in RandD cede tech dominance to China.Davidson ’17 ~Paul; Reporter for USA Today; "Why China is beating the U.S. at innovation"; 4/17/17; USA Today; https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/04/17/why-china-beating-us-innovation/100016138/; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND patent laws, Atkinson says "They have huge advantages," he says. US tech dominance is critical to sustain nuclear deterrence – collapse ensures nuclear conflict.Saalman ’20 ~Dr. Lora; Associate Senior Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and a Senior Fellow at the EastWest Institute.; "THE IMPACT OF AI ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: CHINA, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES"; 4/14/20; East-West Center; https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-impact-ai-nuclear-deterrence-china-russia-and-the-united-states; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND strategic dialogues are plagued with ossified definitions of weapons platforms and nuclear deterrence. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and CI- reasonability is arbitrary and invites intervention, No RVIS—it’s illogical, you don’t win for being fair. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v04Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: Javier Navarette 1AC Blue Key Round 5 vs sidFramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around us~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer –~1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate with util because their policies benefit some and harm others so side constraints freeze state action. Actor spec comes first – different agents have different ethical standings – takes out calc indicts because it proves the fwrk is empirically used.~2~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. TJFs outweigh because concerns fairness – outweighs all args concede valid of fairness.~3~ Consequentialism is true and a side constraint to ethics – ~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ Moral substitutability – If I ought to mow the lawn, then I ought to turn on the lawnmower. Thus, an obligation requires all of its necessary enablers. ~C~ No Act Omission Distinction – choosing to omit is an act in and of itself thus people psychologically decide not to act~4~ We have no unified consciousness—empirics,Parfit 84 ~Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984) AND , and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands. That means util—only helping groups of people is important and only util does so.~5~ Extinction first – a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible b) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people c) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical.The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Use a comparative world paradigm.~1~ Textuality – Parcher 01 (Jeff, Fmr. Debate Coach at Georgetown University, February, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html) Implies comparative worlds – the res requires policy comparison between worlds of the aff policy. Outweighs on specificity –~2~ Inclusion – A~ justifies absurd NIBs and a prioris confusing to novices and lay debaters and deter them from the activity B~ A lot of small school debaters are K debaters to manage the res specific prep load.~3~ Strat skew – TT imposes absolute proof – gives them infinite ground through tiny logical flaws– comparative worlds are a 1:1 burden structureThis empirically takes out permissibility triggers – comparative worlds resolves real-world comparisons of ethics, not logical inconsistencies.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend all types of strikes, workers, and enforcement through Congress passing formal legislation. The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. UnderviewYes 1AR Theory—protects the time-crunched 1AR—and anything else incentivizes 1NC infinite abuse which outweighs on severity. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v05Tournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista AK | Judge: Lukas Krause 1AC Apple Valley Round 1FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v06Tournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1AC Apple Valley Round 3CSA lolStrikes fail and spark backlash – leads to fragmentation.Grant and Wallace 91 ~Don Sherman Grant; Ohio State University; Michael Wallace; Indiana University; "Why Do Strikes Turn Violent?" University of Chicago Press; March 1991; https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2781338.pdf?refreqid=excelsior3Aca3144a9ae9e4ac65e285f2c67451ffb~~//SJWen AND themselves from unskilled workers, factors that should decrease their participation in violence. FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v07Tournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood PM | Judge: Gordon Krauss 1AC Apple Valley Round 6FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. High wages are a pre-requisite to sustainability—-productivity expansion without high wages is short-lived and bubble-proneWhite 17 – PhD, Economics Professor @ U Sydney (Graham, "Explainer: how wage growth contributes to the economy," Sydney Business Insights, Proquest)BB AND to be had for ensuring an appropriate rate of growth of real wages. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and so should you cuz heg is awesome!Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51 AND that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking.85 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v08Tournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: Triples | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent James Song | Judge: Breigh Plat, Joshua You, Michael Harris 1AC Apple Valley Partials vs JamesFramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around usPAPINEAU 11 AND it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them. ~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.Only naturalism is epistemically accessible. Reflective equilibrium provides a methodology to justify moral principles with a coherent value system based on reflection and coherence of facts and principles.DESAULNIERS 06 ~Angela Desaulniers, "Rossian Moral Pluralism: A (Partial) Defense", Georgia State Department of Philosophy, Masters Thesis, 2006, pp. 3-16.~ DDA AND a wide variety of resources, both evaluative and non-evaluative."57 Only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Physical realism is the only meaningful ontological theory of being.WILLIAMS 44~Donald Williams, Duke University. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things". The Philosophical Review, Volume 53, No. 5. September 1944, Duke Press, pp. 417-443. AS.~ AND patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere. Complex ideas of things we haven’t experienced are simply combinations of simple ideas based on impressions of the empirical world.MORRIS 10~William Edward Morris, "David Hume", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/. 2010.~ AS AND Hume's distinctive brand of empiricism is often identified with his commitment to it. The standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate with util because their policies benefit some and harm others so side constraints freeze state action. Actor spec comes first – different agents have different ethical standings – takes out calc indicts because it proves the fwrk is empirically used.4~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written 5~ The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. ~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. Hyper-specific theories mean people have little prep on the issue.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, CI- they have enough time to justify CI and reasonability is arbitrary and No RVIS—it’s illogical, you don’t win for being fair. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v09Tournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood PM | Judge: Julian Kuffour 1AC Glenbrooks Round 1 vs Westwood PMFramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Advantage—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention, specifically higher wages—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." And, high wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. High wages are a pre-requisite to sustainability—-productivity expansion without high wages is short-lived and bubble-proneWhite 17 – PhD, Economics Professor @ U Sydney (Graham, "Explainer: how wage growth contributes to the economy," Sydney Business Insights, Proquest)BB AND to be had for ensuring an appropriate rate of growth of real wages. Slow growth wrecks US leadership.Richard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the USA and so should you cuz heg is awesome!Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51 AND that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking.85 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through normal means which is CongressThe Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA-National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Strikes are possible and thump any disad link, but this burst will not last into any long-term change – the question of solvency is sustainabilityGreenhouse 10/23 AND "That would be a real shot in the arm," Milkman said. Empirics go conclusively AFF —- best, most recent studies prove that unions increase innovationBerton, Dughera, and Ricci 21 ~Fabio Berton University of Torino, LABORatorio R. Revelli, IZA and CIRET Stefano Dughera University of Torino and LABORatorio R. Revelli, Andrea Ricci INAPP. "Are Unions Detrimental to Innovation? Theory and Evidence." February 2021. https://ftp.iza.org/dp14102.pdf~~ AND firm agreements should therefore combine rather than substitute a more overarching bargaining system. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—ichecks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v10Tournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa City West HM | Judge: Jayanne Forrest 1AC Glenbrooks R3 vs Iowa City West HMFramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around us.Papineau 11 AND it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them. Only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Williams 44~Donald Williams, Duke University. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things". The Philosophical Review, Volume 53, No. 5. September 1944, Duke Press, pp. 417-443. AS.~ AND patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere. Abstract moral concepts we haven’t experienced are simply combinations of ideas based on the empirical world. Morris 10~William Edward Morris, "David Hume", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/. 2010.~ AS AND Hume's distinctive brand of empiricism is often identified with his commitment to it. ~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.Only naturalism is epistemically accessible. Reflective equilibrium provides a method to justify moral principles with a value system based on coherence. Desaulniers 06 ~Angela Desaulniers, "Rossian Moral Pluralism: A (Partial) Defense", Georgia State Department of Philosophy, Masters Thesis, 2006, pp. 3-16.~ DDA AND a wide variety of resources, both evaluative and non-evaluative."57 Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasure and Minimizing Pain. Calc indicts don’t link— framework is a general principle to be applied intuitively, not a rigid calculator.Independently, calc indicts fail: A~ Ethics –they indict everything since they use events to understand how their ethics have worked B~ Reciprocity- functionally NIBs that create a 2:1 skew where I have to answer them to access offense while they only have to win one C~ Internalism- asking why we value pain and pleasure is nonsensical cuz the answer is intrinsic since we just do, which means we still prefer hedonism despite shortcomings.3~ Consequentialism is true—~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ No act omission distinction—-choosing to omit is an act itself – people psychologically decide not to act.Prefer—1~ All other frameworks collapse—A~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable . Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. That outweighs their justifications on probability—simpler beliefs are more likely to be true and external standards collapse to pleasure and pain.B~ Universalizability standards collapse to util. Sayre-Mccord 01 | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v11Tournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1AC Glenbrooks R3 vs LHP PSFramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around us.Papineau 11 AND it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them. Only impacts and values that exist in the physical world are relevant. Williams 44~Donald Williams, Duke University. "Naturalism and the Nature of Things". The Philosophical Review, Volume 53, No. 5. September 1944, Duke Press, pp. 417-443. AS.~ AND patterns of action in the ordered dimensions of a spatio-temporal hypersphere. ~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.Only naturalism is epistemically accessible. Thus, the standard is Maximizing Pleasure and Minimizing Pain. Calc indicts don’t link— framework is a general principle to be applied intuitively, not a rigid calculator.Independently, calc indicts fail: A~ Ethics –they indict everything since they use events to understand how their ethics have worked B~ Reciprocity- functionally NIBs that create a 2:1 skew where I have to answer them to access offense while they only have to win one C~ Internalism- asking why we value pain and pleasure is nonsensical cuz the answer is intrinsic since we just do, which means we still prefer hedonism despite shortcomings.3~ Consequentialism is true—~A~ No intent-foresight distinction—all actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ No act omission distinction—-choosing to omit is an act itself – people psychologically decide not to act.Prefer—1~ All other frameworks collapse—Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable . Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDILet us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic value and disvalue is that pleasure is intrinsically valuable and pain is intrinsically disvaluable. On virtually any proposed list of intrinsic values and disvalues (we will look at some of them below), pleasure is included among the intrinsic values and pain among the intrinsic disvalues. This inclusion makes intuitive sense, moreover, for there is something undeniably good about the way pleasure feels and something undeniably bad about the way pain feels, and neither the goodness of pleasure nor the badness of pain seems to be exhausted by the further effects that these experiences might have. "Pleasure" and "pain" are here understood inclusively, as encompassing anything hedonically positive and anything hedonically negative.2 The special value statuses of pleasure and pain are manifested in how we treat these experiences in our everyday reasoning about values. If you tell me that you are heading for the convenience store, I might ask: "What for?" This is a reasonable question, for when you go to the convenience store you usually do so, not merely for the sake of going to the convenience store, but for the sake of achieving something further that you deem to be valuable. You might answer, for example: "To buy soda." This answer makes sense, for soda is a nice thing and you can get it at the convenience store. I might further inquire, however: "What is buying the soda good for?" This further question can also be a reasonable one, for it need not be obvious why you want the soda. You might answer: "Well, I want it for the pleasure of drinking it." If I then proceed by asking "But what is the pleasure of drinking the soda good for?" the discussion is likely to reach an awkward end. The reason is that the pleasure is not good for anything further; it is simply that for which going to the convenience store and buying the soda is good.3 As Aristotle observes: "We never ask ~a man~ what his end is in being pleased, because we assume that pleasure is choice worthy in itself."4 Presumably, a similar story can be told in the case of pains, for if someone says "This is painful!" we never respond by asking: "And why is that a problem?" We take for granted that if something is painful, we have a sufficient explanation of why it is bad. If we are onto something in our everyday reasoning about values, it seems that pleasure and pain are both places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. That outweighs their justifications on probability—simpler beliefs are more likely to be true and external standards collapse to pleasure and pain.2~ Extinction outweighs—A~ Existential risk comes first under any framework.Ord 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our B~ Winning one framework doesn’t discount another and excludes no impacts. That means epistemic modesty: evaluation of arguments is never impervious to mistakes. Christensen and Lackey 13 ~David Christensen and Jennifer Lackey, "Epistemic Modesty Defended". The Epistemology of Disagreement: New Essays, edited by David Christensen and Jennifer Lackey, Oxford University Press. 2013.~ AND think that we may plausibly resolve the tension by denying epistemic modesty entirely. 3~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate with util because their policies benefit some and harm others so side constraints freeze state action. Comes first – different agents have different ethical standings – takes out calc indicts because it proves the fwrk is empirically used.4~ Brain studies disprove personal identity.Parfit ’84Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). – GV SK AND of ~their~ visual field, and can receive two different answers written If nothing unifies agency from one second to the next, then only states of consciousness can matter—that’s util.5~ The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Slower growth wrecks US leadership.Richard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. Extinction.Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result AND few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment? AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike. I’ll defend all workers and types of strikes and enforcement through Congress.Unconditional Right to Strike is defined by NLRA:National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1~ 1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—we cant preempt every possible norm in the 1AC and it’s structurally irreciprocal since they have unconditional routes to the ballot like T so 1AR theory compensates.2~ Reject permissibility and presumption – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. Presumption’s a race to the bottom that forsakes qualitative substantive clash for spamming blippy preclusive arguments. 2~ Nothing in the aff triggers either, but permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of D~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory.3~ Use comparative worlds – A~ topic ed – forces the neg to research the topic instead of low quality rez flaw args – the only benefit to debate is making us better arguers not perfect logicians, B~ reciprocity – truth-testing allows the neg to disprove any part of the aff, but the aff has to defend every part, which gives the neg too much ground, C~ inclusion – truth testing says rez is only thing that’s relevant which excludes ks – either only the rez matters so we can’t punish slurs, or people should get dropped for making debate unsafe which proves other things matter | 11/21/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v13Tournament: Isidore Newman School Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: South Eugene KS | Judge: Bennett Dombcik 1AC Isidore Newman Round 6 vs South Eugene KSFramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Advantage—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention, specifically higher wages—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." And, high wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Slow growth wrecks US leadership.Richard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. Income inequality undermines democracy making action on existential problems like climate change impossible- it’s the biggest global risk and the US is the worst exampleLingis, PhD, 9-29-21 AND and others have argued that the growing economic inequality is also economically unsustainable. The right to strike is crucial to stop decline of labor unions, the vital internal link to economic inequalityPope et al. 17 AND and confront the deep structural disabilities that impede unions from challenging corporate power. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through normal means which is CongressThe Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA-National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Strikes are possible and thump any disad link, but this burst will not last into any long-term change – the question of solvency is sustainabilityGreenhouse 10/23 AND "That would be a real shot in the arm," Milkman said. Empirics go conclusively AFF —- best, most recent studies prove that unions increase innovationBerton, Dughera, and Ricci 21 ~Fabio Berton University of Torino, LABORatorio R. Revelli, IZA and CIRET Stefano Dughera University of Torino and LABORatorio R. Revelli, Andrea Ricci INAPP. "Are Unions Detrimental to Innovation? Theory and Evidence." February 2021. https://ftp.iza.org/dp14102.pdf~~ AND firm agreements should therefore combine rather than substitute a more overarching bargaining system. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—ichecks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 12/11/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v14Tournament: Isidore Newman School Invitational | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Cyrus Jackson, Jacob Lugo, Kassie Coln 1AC Isidore Newman Octas vs Notre Dame San Jose AGFramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Advantage—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention, specifically higher wages—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." And, high wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Slow growth wrecks US leadership.Richard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. Income inequality undermines democracy making action on existential problems like climate change impossible- it’s the biggest global risk and the US is the worst exampleLingis, PhD, 9-29-21 AND and others have argued that the growing economic inequality is also economically unsustainable. Higher wages increases student performance, Evans 19David Evans, 5-3-2019, "Does Raising Teacher Salaries Improve Performance?," Pacific Standard, https://psmag.com/education/what-do-teacher-salaries-do-to-teacher-performance AND to help teachers already in the field give their best to our students. Educational innovation solves extinction.Peter Serdyukov 17. National University, La Jolla, California. 03/27/2017. "Innovation in Education: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What to Do about It?" Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching and Learning, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 4–33. AND is true to say that changes appear wherever one turns in education" ( The right to strike is crucial to stop decline of labor unions, the vital internal link to economic inequalityPope et al. 17 AND and confront the deep structural disabilities that impede unions from challenging corporate power. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through normal means which is CongressRecognition means policy action. Merriam-Webster N.D. Aanya https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/recognize The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA-National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Strikes are possible and thump any disad link, but the status quo burst will not last into any long-term change – the question of solvency is sustainabilityGreenhouse 10/23 AND "That would be a real shot in the arm," Milkman said. Empirics go conclusively AFF —- best, most recent studies prove that unions increase innovationBerton, Dughera, and Ricci 21 ~Fabio Berton University of Torino, LABORatorio R. Revelli, IZA and CIRET Stefano Dughera University of Torino and LABORatorio R. Revelli, Andrea Ricci INAPP. "Are Unions Detrimental to Innovation? Theory and Evidence." February 2021. https://ftp.iza.org/dp14102.pdf~~ AND firm agreements should therefore combine rather than substitute a more overarching bargaining system. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—ichecks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- LayTournament: Isidore Newman School Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harrison JC | Judge: Brianna Tsitsera FrameworkI affirm resolved: "A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike." To start with, I’d like to clarify some terms in the resolution. " The "Right to strike" is defined by the National Labor Relations Board as "The right to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection." "Recognize" in this context means to legally enforce.Next I move onto my Framework:My value is justice as fairness. Life is not fair since some people are born into situations with advantages or disadvantages that they did nothing to deserve. The job of a just government is to offset said unfair conditions in order to provide everyone with a fair opportunity. I am not saying that everyone must be equal, but rather that everyone has equal access to the basic needs of life. Fairness is a precondition for other values.Political conceptions for equality are key to determine objective morality for equal understandingProfessor in Humanities Samuel Freeman stated in 2007 Samuel Freeman ~Avalon Professor in the Humanities at The University of Pennsylvania. Justice and the Social Contract: Essays on Rawlsian Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press. New York, NY. 2007. 37~ AND call the practical that Rawls sees as is appropriate for a democratic society. My criterion is benefiting those who are least well-off. A government is most just when it ensures that every person has a fair chance, regardless of the natural lottery. The people who Need that fair chance the most are those who are in the working class because they have been born into it. This is necessary for all other values – before we decide the greatest good or societal well being or morality, we have to determine how to define what is the most moral or beneficial.Contention 1Conditions on the right to strike have been chipping away labor unions.Subpoint 1: Contracts restricting strikes have undermined union power dramaticallyMoffatt, 2019- prof of Business, Economics and Public Policy at Western Univ. ~Mike "The Decline of Union Power." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2019, thoughtco.com/the-decline-of-union-power-1147660.~ AND sector unions have been weaker in recruiting and retaining members from. Subpoint 2- Federal law creates conditions on the right to strike - it prohibits government workers from striking, which allows involuntary servitudeBerman, 2019 - Staff writer for The Atlantic. ~Russel "Why Federal Workers still have to show up even if their not being paid", JANUARY 9, 2019,https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/shutdown-federal-workers-cant-strike/579793/~~~~ AND its employees to work without paying them, as is the case now. A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention, especially emerging from the waves of the pandemic—but without a legally recognized RTS, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." Contention Two: Unions are key to fairnessSubpoint 1. Strikes help workers to increase wages and improve working conditions – negotiations with employers are unbalanced - without the right to strike workers would be abused and subject to unsafe working conditions.Bahn, 2019 - Director of Labor Market Policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth ~Kate, August 29 "The once and future role of strikes in ensuring U.S. worker power" https://equitablegrowth.org/the-once-and-future-role-of-strikes-in-ensuring-u-s-worker-power/~~ AND ensure that the gains of profitability and economic growth can be broadly shared. Subpoint 2 – Collective action is necessary to empower workers – unions give workers leverage to negotiate with their employersBivens, 2017 - the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute ~Jason, Aug 17, "How today’s unions help working people" https://www.epi.org/publication/how-todays-unions-help-working-people-giving-workers-the-power-to-improve-their-jobs-and-unrig-the-economy/~~ AND states have no state law addressing collective bargaining rights in the public sector. The right to strike is essential to all unions and collective action – it is critical to persuade employers.Leyton-GarcÃa, 2017 - Professor of Labor Law at Pontificia Universidad, Chile ~Jorge Andrés "The Right To Strike As A Fundamental Human Right: Recognition And Limitations In International Law" Revista Chilena de Derecho, vol. 44, núm. 3, 2017, pp. 781-804 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=177054481008~~ AND the status of an essential element of the Article 11 guarantee" 32. Strong unions are essential to empower workers politically, to ensure fairness in society.Bivens, 2017 - the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute ~Jason, Aug 17, "How today’s unions help working people" https://www.epi.org/publication/how-todays-unions-help-working-people-giving-workers-the-power-to-improve-their-jobs-and-unrig-the-economy/~~ AND the polls—especially increasing voting among those with only a high school education Protecting the right to strike is key to upholding democracyKiai 17 Maina Kiai, Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, took up his functions as the first Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in May 2011. He is appointed in his personal capacity as an independent expert by the UN Human Rights Council. UN rights expert: "Fundamental right to strike must be preserved" 9 March 2017, United Nations Human Rights Office of The High Commissioner, AND With corporate lackeys holding a majority of seats on the Supreme Court, workers may soon need strikes to clear the way for progressive legislation just as they did in the 1930s. Contention Three: The right to unconditionally strike empowers workers to end exploitationThe current conditional system allows coercion and job loss to disincentivize a right to strikeLafer and Loustaunau 20 Report • By Gordon Lafer and Lola Loustaunau • July 23. "Fear at Work: An inside Account of How Employers Threaten, Intimidate, and Harass Workers to Stop Them from Exercising Their Right to Collective Bargaining." Economic Policy Institute, July 2020, www.epi.org/publication/fear-at-work-how-employers-scare-workers-out-of-unionizing/. AND an administrative law judge of the NLRB ultimately determined that 12 different managers (including the company’s CEO) issued illegal ~and~ threat~en~ to closethe plant or lay off employees.48 The RTS is the fundamental right for union negotiationMyall, James. "Right to Strike Would Level the Playing Field for Public Workers, with Benefits for All of Us." Maine Center for Economic Policy, 17 Apr. 2019, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/.James Myall is a Policy analyst for @MECEP1 . Member, Maine Permanent Commission on Racial, Indigenous and Tribal Pops. British. Recovering historian. ear AND a more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. | 12/12/21 |
ND- AC- Lay v2Tournament: Isidore Newman School Invitational | Round: Octas | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Ian Mikkelsen, Ariel Story, Sanju John FrameworkI affirm resolved: "A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike." Next, an observation: there is a distinction between a right to organize strikes and a right to violence. As it is unfair to characterize a knife as inherently violent since it might be used for bad things, the same goes for strikes, which are defined as a protest. The affirmative only endorses the right of workers to gather, and any violent or negative consequences are prohibited. A second observation: having a right to do something does not automatically entail exercising it. People who are currently satisfied with their working conditions will remain as so, while those who need to will use the right to strike.Framework:My value is justice as fairness. Life is not fair since some people are born into situations with advantages or disadvantages that they did nothing to deserve. The job of a just government is to offset said unfair conditions in order to provide everyone with a fair opportunity. Everyone must have equal access to the basic needs of life: thus, fairness is a precondition for other values.Political conceptions for equality are key to determine morality for equal understanding.Professor in Humanities, Samuel Freeman, stated in 2007 Samuel Freeman ~Avalon Professor in the Humanities at The University of Pennsylvania. Justice and the Social Contract: Essays on Rawlsian Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press. New York, NY. 2007. 37~ AND call the practical that Rawls sees as is appropriate for a democratic society. My criterion is benefiting those who are least well-off. A government is most just when it ensures that every person has a fair chance, regardless of the natural lottery. The people who need that fair chance the most are those who are in the working class because they have been born into it. This is necessary for all other values – before we decide the greatest good or societal well being or morality, we have to determine how to define what is the most moral or beneficial.Contention 1- Income InequalityThe current conditional system allows coercion and job loss to disincentivize a right to strikeLafer and Loustaunau 20 Report • By Gordon Lafer and Lola Loustaunau • July 23. "Fear at Work: An inside Account of How Employers Threaten, Intimidate, and Harass Workers to Stop Them from Exercising Their Right to Collective Bargaining." Economic Policy Institute, July 2020, www.epi.org/publication/fear-at-work-how-employers-scare-workers-out-of-unionizing/. AND threat~en~ to closethe plant or lay off employees.48 Restoring union ability to strike solves for inequalityShierholz 20 January 27, 2020 at 3:18 pm by Heidi Shierholz (Ph.D., Economics, University of Michigan M.A., Economics, University of Michigan M.S., Statistics, Iowa State University B.A., Mathematics, Grinnell College, Senior Economist and Director of Policy ) Weakened labor movement leads to rising economic inequality https://www.epi.org/blog/weakened-labor-movement-leads-to-rising-economic-inequality///(*ak) AND creating an economy that works for all, not just the privileged few. Strikes help workers to increase wages and improve working conditions – negotiations with employers are unbalanced - without the right to strike workers would be abused and subject to unsafe working conditions.Bahn, 2019 - Director of Labor Market Policy at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth ~Kate, August 29 "The once and future role of strikes in ensuring U.S. worker power" https://equitablegrowth.org/the-once-and-future-role-of-strikes-in-ensuring-u-s-worker-power/~~ AND ensure that the gains of profitability and economic growth can be broadly shared. The right to strike is essential to all unions and collective action – it is critical to persuade employers.Leyton-GarcÃa, 2017 - Professor of Labor Law at Pontificia Universidad, Chile ~Jorge Andrés "The Right To Strike As A Fundamental Human Right: Recognition And Limitations In International Law" Revista Chilena de Derecho, vol. 44, núm. 3, 2017, pp. 781-804 https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=177054481008~~ AND the status of an essential element of the Article 11 guarantee" 32. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Subpoint 2- Federal law creates conditions on the right to strike - it prohibits government workers from striking, which allows involuntary servitudeBerman, 2019 - Staff writer for The Atlantic. ~Russel "Why Federal Workers still have to show up even if their not being paid", JANUARY 9, 2019,https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/shutdown-federal-workers-cant-strike/579793/~~~~ AND its employees to work without paying them, as is the case now. Prison labor is not justified and leads to recidivism and people accepting bad labor conditions outside of prison.Mantouvalou 21, Virginia. "Human Rights for Working Prisoners." UK Labour Law, 8 Sept. 2021, https://uklabourlawblog.com/2021/09/08/human-rights-for-working-prisoners-by-virginia-mantouvalou/. Virginia Mantouvalou is Professor of Human Rights and Labour Law at UCL, Faculty of Laws. LHSEH AND of exploitation in prison extends to structures of exploitation after prison. The aff solves for the conditions of the prison system.HLR 19 "Striking the Right Balance: Toward a Better Understanding of Prison Strikes." Harvard Law Review, 8 Mar. 2019, https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/03/striking-the-right-balance-toward-a-better-understanding-of-prison-strikes/. LHSEH AND problems in our carceral system and to collectively express their humanity and dignity. This is one example of how it could work in the US, with similar means of enforcement on a global scale solving for the incredibly inhumane conditions they face.Contention Two: Political EngagementStrong unions are essential to empower workers politically, to ensure fairness in society.Bivens, 2017 - the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute ~Jason, Aug 17, "How today’s unions help working people" https://www.epi.org/publication/how-todays-unions-help-working-people-giving-workers-the-power-to-improve-their-jobs-and-unrig-the-economy/~~ AND the polls—especially increasing voting among those with only a high school education The right to strike must also be unconditional in order to provide the necessary bargaining power.Thorwaldsson ~2~, Karl-Petter. "Taking Away the Right to Strike Would Make Us All into Slaves." Equal Times, 31 Oct. 2014, https://www.equaltimes.org/taking-away-the-right-to-strike~~#.YWCndhrMKUk. LHSEHThe kafala system gives the employer complete control over their workers. Millions of migrant workers, mostly from poorer countries, are trapped in this system. AND When people’s right to withdraw their labour is taken away, they end up as little more than slaves, entirely dependent on what their boss decides and with no means to push back. Strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ AND a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process." Second, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ AND this right, and a negative obligation not to interfere with its exercise." Protecting the right to strike is key to upholding democracyKiai 17 Maina Kiai, Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, took up his functions as the first Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in May 2011. He is appointed in his personal capacity as an independent expert by the UN Human Rights Council. UN rights expert: "Fundamental right to strike must be preserved" 9 March 2017, United Nations Human Rights Office of The High Commissioner, AND With corporate lackeys holding a majority of seats on the Supreme Court, workers may soon need strikes to clear the way for progressive legislation just as they did in the 1930s. And, innovation now is limited to what’s profitable, but recognizing a right to strike forces companies to innovate sustainably – that makes new technology even better.Baca and Greene ‘19 AND It’s a direct response to Amazon employees standing up, speaking out and saying this is important to them," Read said. For these reasons, I encourage an affirmative ballot, and stand open for cross examination. | 12/12/21 |
SO- AC- COVIDTournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 3~ Actor specificity: A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. ADV – South AfricaThe third wave of the pandemic is fueling instability in South Africa.Egwu 7/20 ~(Patrick Egwu is a Nigerian freelance journalist currently based in Johannesburg, where he is an Open Society Foundations fellow at the University of the Witwatersrand) "South Africa’s Twin Crises Are Feeding Each Other," Foreign Policy, July 20, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/20/south-africa-covid-19-struggles-deadly-third-wave-zuma-violence/~~ TDI AND least one dose of the vaccine, according to the Department of Health. COVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Failure to contain COVID-19 causes extinctionGuy R. McPherson, PhD, 20 ~PhD Range Science, Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona School of Natural Resources and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology~, "Will COVID-19 Trigger Extinction of All Life on Earth?" Eart and Envi Scie Res and Rev, Volume 3 Issue 2, 4-8-2020, https://opastonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/will-covid-19-trigger-extinction-of-all-life-on-earth-eesrr-20-.pdf AND that a microscopic virus could pull the trigger on our extinction ~15~. Adv –IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI INDIA India saw a rise in armed conflict during the study period, AND COVID-19, leaving the country with a leadership crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND increased wariness in their dealings with the crisis-stricken state and/or be more prepared for the possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND summer might lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.- Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Extinction – nuke war fallout creates Ice Age and mass starvationSteven Starr 15. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. Undv1~ 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise, the neg can engage in infinite abuse which outweighs on severity, b) drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory, c) no RVIs – the 6-minute 2nr can collapse to a short shell and get away with infinite 1nc abuse via sheer brute force and time spent on theory. competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. | 10/16/21 |
SO- AC- COVID v2Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Javier Navarette 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness: for example, breaking a promise to meet someone for lunch is not as a bad as murder. — frameworks are equally valued. Weighing between RTPs is regressive as it since it needs a higher metric to determine who has the better justifications. That means contestation doesn't deny obligatory power.4~ Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. Squo medical innovation causes inequality which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. Adv – South AfricaCOVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Adv—IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. | 10/17/21 |
SO- AC- COVID v3Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker RM | Judge: David Dosch 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. Squo medical innovation causes inequality which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. Adv – South AfricaCOVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Adv—IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. | 10/29/21 |
SO- AC- COVID v4Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Aragon ZA | Judge: David Herrera, Javier Navarette, Skyler Harris 1AC Marks DoublesCSA:Silverman 3/15 ~Rachel Silverman is a policy fellow at the Center for Global Development where she leads policy-oriented research on global health financing and incentive structures. Silverman’s current research focuses on the practical application of results-based financing; global health transitions; efficient global health procurement; innovation models for global health; priority-setting for UHC; alignment and impact in international funding for family planning; and strategies to strengthen evidence and accountability. BA with distinction in international relations and economics from Stanford University.) "Waiving vaccine patents won’t help inoculate poorer nations" Washington Post, PostEverything Perspective, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/03/15/vaccine-coronavirus-patents-waive-global-equity/~~ RM According to some activists, the solution to this inequity is relatively simple: AND has constricted the global availability of some of these items.==== 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Extinction first 1 – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible 2 – Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities 3 – Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people 4 – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical 5 – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about it4~ Only consequentialism explains wrongnessPlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. Squo medical innovation causes inequality which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. Adv – South AfricaCOVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Adv—IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. UVAff gets 1ar theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive, extemp | 10/19/21 |
SO- AC- KantTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Becca Traber Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, £16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 5~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of D~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory.4~ Use comparative worlds – to clarify you weigh offense by evaluating the consequences of your world versus mine – A~ topic ed – forces the neg to research the topic instead of low quality rez flaw args – the only benefit to debate is making us better arguers not perfect logicians, B~ reciprocity – truth-testing allows the neg to disprove any part of the aff, but the aff has to defend every part, which gives the neg too much ground, C~ inclusion – truth testing says rez is only thing that’s relevant which excludes ks – either only the rez matters so we can’t punish slurs, or people should get dropped for making debate unsafe which proves other things matter | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v2Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the Ideal theory – Ideal theory is in no way incompatible with a radical agenda—broad principles can inspire broad sweeping change and allow previously-excluded groups to claim political agency. Ideal theory can make changes to the nonideal worldHolmstrom ~Holmstrom, Nancy ~Prof. Emeritus @ Rutgers~. "Response to Charles Mills's." Radical Philosophy Review 15.2 (2012): 325-330.~ ~recut by Lex CH~ AND socialists of all kinds helped to build the labor and civil rights movements. Ideal Theory – Abstract ideals are inevitable and good.Shelby 13 ~Tommie Shelby, "Racial Realities and Corrective Justice: A Reply to Charles Mills," Critical Philosophy of Race, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013), pp. 145-162~ AG AND at least not if our aim is to realize a fully just society. Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, £16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 5~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. | 9/11/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v3Tournament: Yale University Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Ben Waldman Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ IPR is nonuniversalizable and interferes with the freedom of people who need medicineMerges 11 ~(Robert, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati Professor of Law and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law) "Justifying Intellectual Property," Harvard University Press, 2011~ JL recut Lex VM AND to cut off or restrain the freedom of those who might be treated? 4~ Creation doesn’t justify ownership.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v4Tournament: Yale University Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ardsley Kell SA | Judge: Calvin Tyler The Advantage is Democracy.Global democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ AND environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices. Democracies are key to solving climate change – data, empirics, metastudies, etc.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ AND author could suggest was a relative lack of public discussion of climate change. ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v5Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 2 | Opponent: Millard North Evan Burns | Judge: James Stuckert Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions1ARBreaking down neoliberalism kills leadershipDuménil and Lévy 09 AND be emulated, and the United States as a leader to be followed. Nuclear warBrooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC'a'00107~~ AND case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v6Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harrison Ali Ahmad | Judge: Holden Bukowsky Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.We’ll defend all types of IP and medicines.The plan solves~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions1AR1AR—CaseThe plan solves both scenarios and WTO IP rules are a barrier to scaled-up vaccine production.Pandey 21 ~(Ashutosh Pandey) "Rich countries block India, South Africa's bid to ban COVID vaccine patents," DW, April 2, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175 AND unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity and equitable access. Bidens approval rating is at an all time low, trade wars are bad for rating so he has incentive to end itSchoen, 19, Trump’s trade war polls badly in key states like Pennsylvania, threatening his support for 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/22/trumps-trade-war-gets-poor-marks-in-poll-could-threaten-his-support-in-2020.html, CNBC, AND dispute, and both sides have ratcheted up the aggression in recent weeks. 1AR—SaudiNo Saudi Prolif – dependency, infrastructure, and no deals.Esfandiary and Tabatabi 15 ~Esfandiary, Dina, and Ariane Tabatabai. "Why Nuclear DOMINOES Won't Fall in the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 22 Apr 2015, thebulletin.org/2015/04/why-nuclear-dominoes-wont-fall-in-the-middle-east/. , Dina Esfandiary is an International Security Program Research Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and a fellow in the Middle East Department of The Century Foundation. Ariane Tabatabai is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation. She is also an adjunct senior fellow with the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), an international civilian consultant for NATO, a columnist for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and a Truman national security fellow. Research interests include the Middle East, South Asia, terrorism and insurgency, arms control and nonproliferation, personnel and force structure. Prior to joining RAND, she served as the director of curriculum and a visiting assistant professor of security studies at the Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Previously, Tabatabai was a post-doctoral fellow (2017-18) in the International Security Program and a Stanton nuclear security fellow (2013-14) in the International Security Program and the Project on Managing the Atom at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs where she was also an associate (2014–2015). Tabatabai also held positions as a non-resident scholar with the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute and senior associate in the Proliferation Prevention Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). She holds a Ph.D. in war studies from King’s College London,~ Lex AKu AND two countries in world petroleum markets and their divergence on regional security matters. | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v7Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 6 | Opponent: Princeton Junkai Gong | Judge: Spencer Orlowski FrameworkEthics must begin a priori:~1~ Is/Ought Gap – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~2~ Empiricism fails – an evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~3~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~4~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, moral law must be universal—our judgements can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends. The only constraint is noncontradiction—beating back my framework results in the principle of explosion – if we accept on contradiction to be true, we accept all statements to be true since you could switch the first half of a disjunctive statement and render any second half true. ==== Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.~B~ Practical identities – we set ends based on practical identities like student or debater. However, human identity – or agency – is the source of practical identity, since it’s necessary to choose which roles to take on. Impacts: A~ Justifies valuing humanity as an end – we find our lives worth living under our practical identities and activities, but that means we must value agency as the source of that value. B~ Hijacks the role of the judge – judge is a practical identity, which requires first valuing human identity.~C~ Universal subjectivity demands recognition of the plight of the oppressed.Farr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that produces the best material consequences based on the fiated implications of the plan –~1~ No performative or methodological offense – It’s extratopical which is a voter for limits, spiking out of ground making any discussion worse.~2~ Strat Skew – the resolution is the only stasis point and adding other factors to the round decks predictable limits which guts pre round prep.~3~ Inclusion – Novices and Lay debaters all use the material consequences in the plan – proven by every lay tournament outside the circuit – by increasing the burden to your model you exclude them from the space.~5~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v8Tournament: Duke Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Montville AM | Judge: Anthony Cui Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty - experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don't experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap - experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it's impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims - our judgements are authoritative and cant only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth - that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard 83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse - they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity - governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recogni~ze~tion of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativityfreedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve can solve oppression-Contrary to Kants own beliefsFarr 02 AND equally deplorable to reject the categorical imperative without first exploring its emancipatory potential. There are infinite worlds, the aff is true in one which is sufficient.Vaidman 2 Vaidman, Lev, 3-24-2002, "Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," No Publication, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/ AND There is no experimental evidence in favor of collapse and against the MWI. Vote aff because its simple - evaluating responses to this is complicated so dontBaker 04 ~Baker, Alan, 10-29-2004, "Simplicity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/simplicity/~~ AND simplicity principle can be found in the quotations given earlier in this section. 5~ Reject consequentialismA) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you cant evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you're held responsible for things you don't intend, then there's no reason to be moral because you can't help your actions being immoral, because you're held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there's no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails - single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that's circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction - just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails - 2 headaches doesn't equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can't tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities - a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The Advantage is Democracy.India is in a democracy crisis now which has caused the second wave.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an electoral autocracy. Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ AND to take action. This would have likely reduced the public health tragedy. The second wave and lack of journalistic freedom revives IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Extinction first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sebastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI AND New Delhi and Islamabad work together to change the nature of their relationship. 1AC - AdvocacyThus, the advocacy Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves - reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers rights, Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit - anything else means infinite abuse - drop the debater, round already skewed competing interp reasonability is arbitrary 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off - no RVIs 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn't a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you'd believe me. Negating affirms because it assumes that the 1AC is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means our arguments are legitimate.All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue.1ARCannabis isn't a medicineMadras 16 ~(Bertha, Madras is a professor of psychobiology in the Department of Psychiatry and the chair of the Division of Neurochemistry at Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; she served as associate director for public education in the division on Addictions at Harvard Medical School.) "Opinion: 5 reasons marijuana is not medicine" The Washington Post, 4/29/2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-theory/wp/2016/04/29/5-reasons-marijuana-is-not-medicine/~~ BC AND to rigorous, objective clinical trials nor was it widely available for scrutiny. | 12/12/21 |
SO- AC- LayTournament: Duke Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Edgemont AJ | Judge: Badri Raghavan 1ACTop LevelDr. Benjamin Mitra-Khan , a world renowned economist at the Australian patent office stated – "When it comes to intellectual property rights, not everything that glitters is gold."https://www.azquotes.com/picture-quotes/quote-there-are-a-lot-of-weapons-that-we-ve-developed-which-we-ve-pulled-back-from-biological-peter-singer-129-56-05.jpg Thus I affirm the resolution Resolved – Member nations of the world trade organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.FwrkMy value is morality as per the word ought in the resolutionMy value criterion is maximizing expected wellbeingPrefer for actor specificity – governments must aggregate averages between populations to conduct accurate policyObservation – the affirmative’s obligation is to prove that as a whole, intellectual property protections for medicines are immoral. Even if there’s one intellectual property that is good, so long as the affirmative proves that in general, IP are bad, that is sufficient to affirm. For example, if I say the statement that dogs make good pets indicating a dog that is bad pet doesn’t disprove the more holistic statement that dogs make good pets.Contention 1 – Vaccine InequalityThe status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin of North-South health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI AND of patent restrictions to enable new vaccine producers to make a positive difference. The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. Contention 2 – InnovationDrug prices are high now, Rajkumar 20S. Vincent Rajkumar, 6-23-2020, "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions," Blood Cancer Journal, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0338-x Lex AT AND investing in truly innovative drugs where there is a greater chance of failure. US insulin prices are skyrocketing – lifesaving drugs for patients with diabetes are becoming more unaffordable.Rajkumar 20 ~S. Vincent Rajkumar, "The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action," Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 22-28. Rajkumar, MD, is Consultant at the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic.~ CHSTM recut Lex VM AND innovation when it comes to insulin; the more pressing need is affordability. As a consequence there has been a surge in diabetes related deaths.Terhune et al 8/12 ~Chad Terhune, Robin Respaut, Deborah J. Nelson, "Special Report-How the pandemic laid bare America's diabetes crisis", U.S., 8-12-2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diabetes-covid-specialreport/special-report-how-the-pandemic-laid-bare-americas-diabetes-crisis-idUSKBN2FD13Q, accessed: 9-9-2021.~ Lex VM AND more expensive pharmaceuticals is not going to cut it at a population level." Trade secrets force high drug prices by hiding information from health plan companies and regulators, Feldman 1Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND system, and its impact on rising prices, remains sheltered from view. High drug prices leads to use of substandard drugs which cause antimicrobial resistance, WBG 17World Bank Group, March 2017, "DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS A Threat to Our Economic Future", https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323311493396993758/pdf/final-report.pdf Lex AT AND how country action to promote UHC can simultaneously enable more effective AMR control. That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen’s Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer AND case, these counterfeit drugs had been sold through a fraudulent online pharmacy. Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on Insulin delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND each small step in the lineage is deserving of patent protection.~26~ Reducing IP Rights on insulin medicines allows for equal access and reduces pricesChristensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND tangible that something of the same name can be depriving people of life. SolvencyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND embedding global solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ The plan provides an expedited solution.AC 21 ~(Access Campaign) "India and South Africa proposal for WTO waiver from IP protections for COVID-19-related medical technologies," Access Campaign, May 27, 2021. https://msfaccess.org/india-and-south-africa-proposal-wto-waiver-ip-protections-covid-19-related-medical-technologies~~ TDI AND unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity and equitable access. ONLY the plan provides solvency for COVID.Pandey 21 ~(Ashutosh Pandey) "Rich countries block India, South Africa's bid to ban COVID vaccine patents," DW, April 2, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175~~ TDI AND of production of vaccines and other much needed medical equipment in poor countries. | 10/3/21 |
SO- AC- Whole ResTournament: Duke Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini FwThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing~1~ Extinction first –a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleb) Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesc) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other peopled) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical~2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework – Threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to act upon other theories since they are in a constant crisis that inhibits the moral conditions other theories presuppose.~3~ Pain provides an objective reason for why oppression is bad.Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~ If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also have evidence that moral realism is true. Our experiences of pleasure and pain are probably the most powerful evidence of intrinsic value because such experiences are tied to our belief that they have intrinsic value. My argument that pain has intrinsic disvalue is basically the following: We experience that pain is bad. We experience that pain is important. The disvalue of pain is irreducible. The disvalue of pain is real. If pain is bad in the sense of being important, irreducible, and real, then pain has intrinsic disvalue. Therefore, pain has intrinsic disvalue. I am not certain that the premises are true, but I currently find good reasons for accepting them. Therefore, we have reason for accepting the conclusion. The conclusion could be read saying, "We have reason to believe that pain has intrinsic disvalue." If we accept that pain has intrinsic disvalue, then we will simultaneously accept moral realism.1 In order to examine the plausibility of my argument, I will examine each of the premises: We experience that pain is bad. We know pain is bad because of our experience of it. If someone described their pain as extremely wonderful, we would doubt they are feeling pain. Either the person is lying or doesn’t know what the word "pain" means. When a child decides not to touch fire because it causes pain, we understand the justification. It would be strange to ask the child, "So what? What’s wrong with pain?" We experience that pain is important. If pain is important in the relevant sense, then it can provide us reason to do something without merely helping us fulfill our desires. In other words, we must accept the following: The badness of pain isn’t just an instrumental value. The badness of pain is a final end. Pain’s badness isn’t an instrumental value – Pain’s disvalue is not an instrumental disvalue because pain can be quite useful to us. Pain can tell us when we are unhealthy or injured. We evolved pain because it’s essential to our survival. Pain’s bad for a different kind of reason. Pain’s disvalue is found in our negative experience, and this is why pain is a candidate for having an intrinsic disvalue. Whenever someone claims that something has intrinsic value, we need to make sure that it’s not just good because it’s instrumentally valuable. If it’s merely useful at bringing about something else, then it’s not good in and of itself (as intrinsic values are). Pain is perhaps the perfect example of something that is useful but bad. If usefulness was the only kind of value, then pain would actually be good because it helps us in many ways. Pain’s badness isn’t just our dislike of pain – We dislike pain because it feels bad.2 If pain didn’t feel bad, then we wouldn’t have such a strong desire to avoid intense pain. Pain means "feels bad" and it is manifested in various experiences, such as touching fire. We have to know the meaning of "bad" in order to understand pain at all. We attain an understanding of "bad" just by feeling pain. If pain was only bad because we dislike it, then we couldn’t say that "pain really matters." Instead, the badness of pain would just be a matter of taste. However, we don’t just say pain is bad because we dislike it. We also say pain is bad because of how it feels. Avoiding pain is a final end – A final end is a goal people recognize as being worthy of being sought after for its own sake. Money is not a final end because it is only valuable when used to do something else. Pleasure and pain-avoidance are final ends because they are taken t be worthy of being avoided for their own sake. We know that avoiding pain makes sense even when it doesn’t lead to anything else of value, so avoiding pain is a final end.3 If I want to take an aspirin, someone could ask, "Why did you do that?" I could answer, "I have a headache." This should be the end of the story. We understand that avoiding pain makes sense. It would be absurd for someone to continue to question me and say, "What difference does having a headache make? That’s not a good reason to take an aspirin!"4 Both realists and anti-realists can agree that pain is bad, and they can both agree that pain is a final end. Our desire to avoid pain is non-instrumental and such a desire is experienced as justified. (However, the ant-realist might argue that it is only taken to be justified because of human psychology.) If pain is a final end, then we understand (a) that pain is important and (b) it makes sense to say that we ought to avoid pain. Pain’s disvalue is irreducible. If the badness of pain was reducible to nonmoral properties, then we should be able to describe what "bad" means through a non-moral description. However, we currently have no way of understanding pain’s badness as being something else. We can’t describe pain’s badness in non-moral terms. If someone needs to know what " bad" means, they need to experience something bad. To say that some moral states are irreducible is just like saying that some mental states are irreducible. Pain itself can’t be described through a non-mental description. If we told people the mental states involved with pain, they would still not know what pain is because they need to know what it feels like. Someone could argue that "bad" means the same thing as something like "pain," and then we would find out that the badness of pain could be reduced to something else. However, pain and the badness of pain are conceptually separable. For example, I could find out that something else is bad other than pain. They could then reply that "bad" means the same thing as a disjunction of various other bad things, such as "pain or malicious intent." But people who disagree about what constitutes what is "bad" aren’t just arguing aboutthe meaning of the word "bad." They are arguing about what has the property "bad."5 Additionally, the word "bad" would no longer have any importance. If "bad" just means "pain or malicious intent," then why care about it? Why ought I refrain from causing pain or having a malicious intent? It could be that we can find out that "bad" and "pain" are identical, but then "bad" might not be entirely reducible to "pain" (or a disjunction of bad things). We might still think that there are two legitimate descriptions at work. The "pain" description and the "bad" description. (Some people think water is H2O through an identity relation similar to this.) This sort of irreducible identity relation require us to deny that pain is "important." (If the identity theory did require us to deny that pain is "important," then we would have a good reason to reject such an identity theory.) I have given reason to think the word "bad" is irreducible, but I haven’t proven it. If someone could prove that pain isn’t important, and we can reduce pain to something else, then I will be proven wrong. I just don’t see any reason to agree with that position at this time. I discuss the badness of pain as irreducible in more detail in my essays "Objection to Moral Realism Part 1: Is/Ought Gap" and "Objections to Moral Realism Part 3: Argument from Queerness." The badness of pain is real. If the badness of pain is real, then everyone’s pain is bad. Pain isn’t bad just for me, but not for you. It states that we don’t all merely share a subjective preference in avoiding pain, ~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. Hyper-specific theories mean people have little prep on the issue. TJFs OW because concerns fairness – OW all args concede valid of fairness.The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that produces the best material consequences based on the fiated implications of the plan –~1~ No performative or methodological offense – It’s extra-T which is a voter for limits, spiking out of neg ground making any discussion worse.~2~ Strat Skew – the resolution is the only stasis point and adding other factors to the round decks predictable limits which guts pre round prep.~3~ Inclusion – Novices and Lay debaters all use the material consequences in the plan – proven by every lay tournament outside the circuit – by increasing the burden to your model you exclude them from the space.AdvantageThe advantage is drug prices,Drug prices are high now, Rajkumar 20S. Vincent Rajkumar, 6-23-2020, "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions," Blood Cancer Journal, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0338-x Lex AT AND investing in truly innovative drugs where there is a greater chance of failure. Trade secrets force high drug prices by hiding information from health plan companies and regulators, Feldman 1Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND system, and its impact on rising prices, remains sheltered from view. Three impacts,1~ High drug prices leads to use of substandard drugs which cause antimicrobial resistance, WBG 17World Bank Group, March 2017, "DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS A Threat to Our Economic Future", https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323311493396993758/pdf/final-report.pdf Lex AT AND how country action to promote UHC can simultaneously enable more effective AMR control. That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen’s Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer AND case, these counterfeit drugs had been sold through a fraudulent online pharmacy. Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND each small step in the lineage is deserving of patent protection.~26~ Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply.Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer AND like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3 Adv 2The status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI AND of patent restrictions to enable new vaccine producers to make a positive difference. The aff ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. SolvencyPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves price abuse, Feldman 2Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND same deference in a regulatory disclosure context as the latter types of information. The plan solves.~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND embedding global solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, round already skewed competing interp reasonability is arbitrary– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me. 2~ Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn’t engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.3~ Imagining extinction is goodJessica Hurley 17, Assistant Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, "Impossible Futures: Fictions of Risk in the Longue Durée", Duke University Press, https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-literature/article/89/4/761/132823/Impossible-Futures-Fictions-of-Risk-in-the-Longue AND of the world. Just wait long enough. Stranger things will happen. | 10/2/21 |
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10/16/21 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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10/29/21 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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12/19/21 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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12/1/21 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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3/5/22 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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10/4/21 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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10/4/21 | 23ghosh2@lexingtonmaorg |
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