Lexington Ghosh Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 3 | Mission San Jose SR | Tajaih Robinson |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 1 | Monta Vista AK | Lukas Krause |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 6 | Westwood PM | Gordon Krauss |
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| Duke Invitational | Doubles | Harrison TB | Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini |
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| Duke Invitational | 3 | Edgemont AJ | Badri Raghavan |
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| Duke Invitational | 6 | Myers Park CE | Zach Perry |
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| Duke Invitational | 1 | Montville AM | Anthony Cui |
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| Florida Blue Key Round Robin | 1 | Cardinal Gibbons RS | Spencer Orlowski, Matthew Berhe |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Lake Highland Prep ArVe | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Christopher Columbus AM | Aidin OBrien |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Carnegie Vanguard SR | Javier Navarette |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Doubles | Strake Jesuit MS | Breigh Plat, Tajaih Robinson, Keshav Dandu |
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| Grapevine Classic | 3 | Presentation NR | Grant Brown |
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| Grapevine Classic | 2 | Strake Jesuit DA | Becca Traber |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 1 | Notre Dame San Jose AG | Danielle Dosch |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 3 | Lovejoy JV | Javier Navarette |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | Doubles | Aragon ZA | David Herrera, Javier Navarette, Skyler Harris |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 6 | Harker RM | David Dosch |
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| Mid America Cup | 2 | Millard North Evan Burns | James Stuckert |
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| Mid America Cup | 3 | Harrison Ali Ahmad | Holden Bukowsky |
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| Mid America Cup | 6 | Princeton Junkai Gong | Spencer Orlowski |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | 2 | Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Azi Hormozdiari |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | 3 | Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Lena Mizrahi |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | Octas | LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans |
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| Yale University Invitational | 6 | Chaminade ZS | Devin Jiang |
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| Yale University Invitational | 1 | Park City NL | Ben Waldman |
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| Yale University Invitational | 3 | Ardsley Kell SA | Calvin Tyler |
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| aaaaaa | Finals | you | me |
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| cooolllll | Finals | nice | me |
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| wheeeeee | Finals | my dog | yes |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
|---|---|---|
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Tajaih Robinson ac-heg v6 |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista AK | Judge: Lukas Krause ac- heg v5 |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Westwood PM | Judge: Gordon Krauss ac- heg v6 |
| Duke Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini ac- whole res |
| Duke Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Edgemont AJ | Judge: Badri Raghavan ac- lay |
| Duke Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Myers Park CE | Judge: Zach Perry ac- lay |
| Duke Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Montville AM | Judge: Anthony Cui ac- kant v8 |
| Florida Blue Key Round Robin | 1 | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Spencer Orlowski, Matthew Berhe ac- heg |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep ArVe | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin ac- heg |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Aidin OBrien ac- heg v3 |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 5 | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: Javier Navarette ac- heg v4 |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MS | Judge: Breigh Plat, Tajaih Robinson, Keshav Dandu ac- heg v4 same version as r5 check os |
| Grapevine Classic | 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown ac- kant v2 |
| Grapevine Classic | 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Becca Traber ac- kant |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Danielle Dosch AC- Covid |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Javier Navarette AC- covid v2 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Aragon ZA | Judge: David Herrera, Javier Navarette, Skyler Harris ac- covid v4 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Harker RM | Judge: David Dosch ac- covid v3 |
| Mid America Cup | 2 | Opponent: Millard North Evan Burns | Judge: James Stuckert ac- kant v5 |
| Mid America Cup | 3 | Opponent: Harrison Ali Ahmad | Judge: Holden Bukowsky ac- kant v6 |
| Mid America Cup | 6 | Opponent: Princeton Junkai Gong | Judge: Spencer Orlowski ac- kant v7 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Judge: Azi Hormozdiari 1AC- Space Mining v1 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC- Space Mining v2 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | Octas | Opponent: LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Judge: Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans AC- Space Mining v3 |
| Yale University Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Chaminade ZS | Judge: Devin Jiang ac- kant v3 afc |
| Yale University Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Ben Waldman ac- Kant v3 |
| Yale University Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Ardsley Kell SA | Judge: Calvin Tyler ac- kant v4 |
| aaaaaa | Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me aaaaaaaaaaa |
| cooolllll | Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me hi |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0- ContactTournament: wheeeeee | Round: Finals | Opponent: my dog | Judge: yes | 9/29/21 |
0- Disclosure NoteTournament: aaaaaa | Round: Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me TDI Octos- Camp- AC- Space Mining v3 Duke Invitational Round 1- SO- AC- Kant v8 | 10/19/21 |
0- NavigationTournament: aaaaaa | Round: Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me | 10/19/21 |
1- Broken InterpsTournament: cooolllll | Round: Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me Condo is a voting issue Interp: negative debaters must defend PICs unconditionally Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative’s framework choice. Interpretation: negative debaters may not read multiple conditional advocacies | 10/1/21 |
1- Round ReportsTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown | 9/11/21 |
Camp- AC- Space Mining v1Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Judge: Azi Hormozdiari FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, | 7/29/21 |
Camp- AC- Space Mining v2Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Judge: Lena Mizrahi FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, | 7/29/21 |
ND- AC- HegemonyTournament: Florida Blue Key Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Spencer Orlowski, Matthew Berhe 1AC Blue Key RR R11AC – FWThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing~1~ Extinction first –A~ Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleB~ Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesC~ Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other peopleD~ Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical~2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework –Threats to bodily security precl1ude the ability for moral actors to act upon other theories since they are in a constant crisis that inhibits the moral conditions other theories presuppose.~3~ Pain provides an objective reason for why oppression is bad.Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~ AND states that we don’t all merely share a subjective preference in avoiding pain, ~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. Hyper-specific theories mean people have little prep on the issue.AdvantageThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND than what it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Economic crisis causes global war—-defense is wrongQian Liu 18, Managing Director of Greater China for The Economist Group, previously director of the global economics unit and director of Access China for the Economist Intelligence Unit, PhD in economics from Uppsala University, Sweden, 11/13/18, "The next economic crisis could cause a global conflict. Here's why," https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/the-next-economic-crisis-could-cause-a-global-conflict-heres-why/ AND sensible and respectful global dialogue. The alternative may well be global conflagration. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Declines in RandD cede tech dominance to China.Davidson ’17 ~Paul; Reporter for USA Today; "Why China is beating the U.S. at innovation"; 4/17/17; USA Today; https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/04/17/why-china-beating-us-innovation/100016138/; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND patent laws, Atkinson says "They have huge advantages," he says. US tech dominance is critical to sustain nuclear deterrence – collapse ensures nuclear conflict.Saalman ’20 ~Dr. Lora; Associate Senior Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and a Senior Fellow at the EastWest Institute.; "THE IMPACT OF AI ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: CHINA, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES"; 4/14/20; East-West Center; https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-impact-ai-nuclear-deterrence-china-russia-and-the-united-states; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND strategic dialogues are plagued with ossified definitions of weapons platforms and nuclear deterrence. Unipolarity is sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation – power vacuums cause cascade prolif and extinctionHal Brands 15. On the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28 AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA. Bondi 95Victor Bondi , 1995, "American Decades: 1940-1949," https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=197+4294921854+4294916915+4294904579andamp;Ntk=P'EPIandamp;Ntt=15051676421114137871909840985170930831andamp;Ntx=mode2Bmatchallpartial AND
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~, xx-xx-xxxx, "NLRA and the Right to Strike," No Publication, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Conditional recognition is inadequate and allows companies to exploit overlooked loopholes—that decimates strike effectiveness. McNicholas and Poydock 20Celine McNicholas, director of policy and government affairs/general counsel at the Economic Policy Institute, a nonprofit, nonpartisan think tank that uses the power of its research on economic trends and the impact of economic policies to advance reforms that serve working people, deliver racial justice, and guarantee gender equity. McNicholas assumed the policy director position in October 2021. She has served as EPI’s director of government affairs and labor counsel since 2017 and Margaret Poydock, policy analyst, she assists the policy team in managing EPI’s legislative and policy initiatives to build a more just economy. 6-22-2020,"Workers are striking during the coronavirus: Labor law must be reformed to strengthen this fundamental right," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/blog/thousands-of-workers-have-gone-on-strike-during-the-coronavirus-labor-law-must-be-reformed-to-strengthen-this-fundamental-right/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND and has a "no-strike, no-lockout" clause. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. UVYes 1ar theory—no rvis dtd ci—1ar is too short to win substance and check abuse and the 6 min 2nr can brute force. | 10/28/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v2Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep ArVe | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin FramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around us~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer –~1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate with util because their policies benefit some and harm others so side constraints freeze state action. Actor spec comes first – different agents have different ethical standings – takes out calc indicts because it proves the fwrk is empirically used.~2~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. TJFs outweigh because concerns fairness – outweighs all args concede valid of fairness.~3~ Consequentialism is true and a side constraint to ethics – ~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ Moral substitutability – If I ought to mow the lawn, then I ought to turn on the lawnmower. Thus, an obligation requires all of its necessary enablers. ~C~ No Act Omission Distinction – choosing to omit is an act in and of itself thus people psychologically decide not to act – and if they win~4~ We have no unified consciousness—empirics,Parfit 84 ~Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984) AND , and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands. That means util—focus on individual people doesn’t matter, so only helping groups of people is important and only util does so.~5~ Extinction first – a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible b) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people c) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical.The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. COVID creates pressure but squo interim measures ensure slow growth.White 20—POLITICO Pro's chief economic correspondent ~Ben White, Victoria Guida (financial services reporter covering banking regulations and monetary policy for POLITICO Pro), and Matthew Karnitschnig (POLITICO's chief Europe correspondent), 4/13/2020, "Blank checks, taboos and bazookas: Inside the global battle to prevent another depression", Politico, https://www.politico.com/amp/news/2020/04/13/inside-global-race-prevent-depression-182619~~ AMarb AND top of trillions of dollars already promised through other lending and stimulus efforts. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Declines in RandD cede tech dominance to China.Davidson ’17 ~Paul; Reporter for USA Today; "Why China is beating the U.S. at innovation"; 4/17/17; USA Today; https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/04/17/why-china-beating-us-innovation/100016138/; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND patent laws, Atkinson says "They have huge advantages," he says. US tech dominance is critical to sustain nuclear deterrence – collapse ensures nuclear conflict.Saalman ’20 ~Dr. Lora; Associate Senior Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and a Senior Fellow at the EastWest Institute.; "THE IMPACT OF AI ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: CHINA, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES"; 4/14/20; East-West Center; https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-impact-ai-nuclear-deterrence-china-russia-and-the-united-states; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND strategic dialogues are plagued with ossified definitions of weapons platforms and nuclear deterrence. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through modelling the NLRA. Bondi 95Victor Bondi , 1995, "American Decades: 1940-1949," https://www.cengage.com/search/productOverview.do?N=197+4294921854+4294916915+4294904579andamp;Ntk=P'EPIandamp;Ntt=15051676421114137871909840985170930831andamp;Ntx=mode2Bmatchallpartial AND
The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA as,National Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND , have a critical role to play in rebuilding a strong middle class. | 10/29/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v3Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Aidin OBrien 1AC Blue Key Round 3FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.1 – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible 2 – Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities 3 – Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people 4 – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical 5 – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about itAdv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Declines in RandD cede tech dominance to China.Davidson ’17 ~Paul; Reporter for USA Today; "Why China is beating the U.S. at innovation"; 4/17/17; USA Today; https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/04/17/why-china-beating-us-innovation/100016138/; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND patent laws, Atkinson says "They have huge advantages," he says. US tech dominance is critical to sustain nuclear deterrence – collapse ensures nuclear conflict.Saalman ’20 ~Dr. Lora; Associate Senior Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and a Senior Fellow at the EastWest Institute.; "THE IMPACT OF AI ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: CHINA, RUSSIA, AND THE UNITED STATES"; 4/14/20; East-West Center; https://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/the-impact-ai-nuclear-deterrence-china-russia-and-the-united-states; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ AND strategic dialogues are plagued with ossified definitions of weapons platforms and nuclear deterrence. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and CI- reasonability is arbitrary and invites intervention, No RVIS—it’s illogical, you don’t win for being fair. | 10/30/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v4Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: Javier Navarette 1AC Blue Key Round 5 vs sidFramingThe meta-ethic is substantive moral naturalism. Prefer – Bottom of Form~1~ Empiricism – naturalism is the only objective way to derive experiences for normative values based on the real world around us~2~ All other theories collapse – epistemological guidance is predisposed with a physical cognitive capacity to act which is reliant on the natural world.The standard is maximizing expected well-being. Prefer –~1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate with util because their policies benefit some and harm others so side constraints freeze state action. Actor spec comes first – different agents have different ethical standings – takes out calc indicts because it proves the fwrk is empirically used.~2~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. TJFs outweigh because concerns fairness – outweighs all args concede valid of fairness.~3~ Consequentialism is true and a side constraint to ethics – ~A~ All actions are forward-looking, so intentions are constituted by foreseen consequences. ~B~ Moral substitutability – If I ought to mow the lawn, then I ought to turn on the lawnmower. Thus, an obligation requires all of its necessary enablers. ~C~ No Act Omission Distinction – choosing to omit is an act in and of itself thus people psychologically decide not to act~4~ We have no unified consciousness—empirics,Parfit 84 ~Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984) AND , and can receive two different answers written by this person’s two hands. That means util—only helping groups of people is important and only util does so.~5~ Extinction first – a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible b) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people c) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical.The brain seeks pleasure to initiate action – optogenetics proves.Schaffer 17 (MIT technology review, Amanda Schaffer is a freelance journalist who writes about science and medicine for Slate, the New York Times, and other publications. Neuroscientist Kay Tye tackles the physical basis of emotions and behavior. ~"How the Brain Seeks Pleasure and Avoids Pain" MIT research lab https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/06/27/150948/how-the-brain-seeks-pleasure-and-avoids-pain/ 6/27/17~ Mberhe AND out what to do in the face of complex and sometimes contradictory cues. Use a comparative world paradigm.~1~ Textuality – Parcher 01 (Jeff, Fmr. Debate Coach at Georgetown University, February, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html) Implies comparative worlds – the res requires policy comparison between worlds of the aff policy. Outweighs on specificity –~2~ Inclusion – A~ justifies absurd NIBs and a prioris confusing to novices and lay debaters and deter them from the activity B~ A lot of small school debaters are K debaters to manage the res specific prep load.~3~ Strat skew – TT imposes absolute proof – gives them infinite ground through tiny logical flaws– comparative worlds are a 1:1 burden structureThis empirically takes out permissibility triggers – comparative worlds resolves real-world comparisons of ethics, not logical inconsistencies.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend all types of strikes, workers, and enforcement through Congress passing formal legislation. The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. UnderviewYes 1AR Theory—protects the time-crunched 1AR—and anything else incentivizes 1NC infinite abuse which outweighs on severity. | 10/30/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v5Tournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Monta Vista AK | Judge: Lukas Krause 1AC Apple Valley Round 1FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—DTD-proportional to check time that could have been spent on substance, and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 11/6/21 |
ND- AC- Hegemony v6Tournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1AC Apple Valley Round 3CSA lolStrikes fail and spark backlash – leads to fragmentation.Grant and Wallace 91 ~Don Sherman Grant; Ohio State University; Michael Wallace; Indiana University; "Why Do Strikes Turn Violent?" University of Chicago Press; March 1991; https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2781338.pdf?refreqid=excelsior3Aca3144a9ae9e4ac65e285f2c67451ffb~~//SJWen AND themselves from unskilled workers, factors that should decrease their participation in violence. FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.Adv—GrowthThe advantage is Workforce Retention.The Great Resignation is here: the world is entering an era of unprecedented labor shortage with no end in sight. Tharoor 10/18Ishaan Tharoor, a columnist on the foreign desk of The Washington Post, where he authors the Today's WorldView newsletter and column. He previously was a senior editor and correspondent at Time magazine, based first in Hong Kong and later in New York. He also teaches an undergraduate seminar at Georgetown University on digital affairs and the global age, 10-18-2021, "The Great Resignation Goes Global," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/18/labor-great-resignation-global/, 10-23-2021Aanya AND jobs again find themselves in more abusive conditions but without a voice anymore." A right to strike is crucial to negotiating conditions for workforce retention—but unchecked, companies lash out with dismissals. Bogage 10/17Jacob Bogage, writes about business and technology for The Washington Post, where he's worked since 2015. He's previously covered the automotive and manufacturing industries and wrote for the Sports section. He has previously reported for the Columbia Missourian, Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune, Bethesda Magazine and the Montgomery County Gazette. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of the University of Missouri, 10-17-2021, "Strikes are sweeping the labor market as workers wield new leverage ," Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/17/strikes-great-resignation/, 10-22-2021Aanya AND but they can’t function without the workers to actually go do the work." High wages are the crucial internal link for continued growth.Bivens 17 – PhD @ The New School for Social Research (Josh, "Inequality is slowing US economic growth," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/secular-stagnation/)//BB AND in the future, constantly pulling down growth unless macroeconomic policy changes dramatically. Low wages reduce productivity and innovation.Meuris and Leana 15 – Jirs Meuris, Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Leana, C. R., Ph.D, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 2015 ("The high cost of low wages: Economic scarcity effects in organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior (2015), Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.001, Accessed 06-24-2018) AND of the organization to successfully design and implement novel work practices and technology. Low wages cause deflation which decks the economy and leads to quantitative easingWessel 14 (David, Director of The Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Senior Fellow at the Brooking Institute, 10/16/14, "5 Reasons to Worry About Deflation", https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/5-reasons-to-worry-about-deflation/, AZG) AND , the bigger fear–especially in Europe–is just the opposite. Unions are critical to RandD and innovation.Shin et al ’19 ~Ilhang Shin, College of Business and Economics, Gachon University; Sorah Park, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; Seong Pyo Cho, School of Business, Kyungpook National University; Seungho Choi, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University; "The effect of labor unions on innovation and market valuation in business group affiliations: new evidence from South Korea"; 10/26/19; Asian Bus Manage 19, 239–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00089-9; Accessed 7/7/20; NT~ *Edited for readability AND monitor whether managers harm the transparency and betray the trust of stakeholders.2 Slower growth wrecks US leadership which is a prerequisite to solving all impactsRichard Haass 17, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017 AND it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Default to status quo hegemony – it’s sustainable and creates a structural disincentive for great power war and escalation—collapse causes cascading prolif and extinctionBrands 15 ( Hal Brands is on the faculty at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University The Elliott School of International Affairs The Washington Quarterly Summer 2015 38:2 pp. 7–28) AND outcomes of the strategy seem more perilous and destabilizing than its proponents acknowledge. AdvocacyPlan Text: Resolved: The United States Federal Government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.I’ll defend enforcement through Congress.The Unconditional Right to Strike is defined in the NLRA asNational Labor Relations Board, ~The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide. Since its creation by Congress in 1935, this small, highly respected, independent Federal agency has had daily impact on the way America's companies, industries and unions conduct business. Agency staff members investigate and remedy unfair labor practices by unions and employers.~,"NLRA and the Right to Strike," NLRA https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike AND • Strikers threatening violence against nonstriking employees. • Strikers attacking management representatives. Status Quo protections don’t solve—locks in income inequality, wage stagnation, and years of structural interference. Samuels 10/8Alana Semuels October 8, 2021 10, 2-24-2021, "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It's the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," Time, https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND its workers this spring, she says, preventing the union from succeeding. A right to strike is the foundational aspect of collective workforce power and unionized negotiation. Myall 19James Myall, MECEP’s lead on the inclusive economy, including research on labor issues, gender and racial equity, and health care policy. James conducts research and impact analyses, writes educational materials, and collaborates with partners. He is skilled in data collection, research, and statistical and policy analysis. He studied public policy and management at the University of Southern Maine and holds a master’s degree in ancient history and archaeology from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. 4-17-2019, "Right to strike would level the playing field for public workers, with benefits for all of us," MECEP, https://www.mecep.org/blog/right-to-strike-would-level-the-playing-field-for-public-workers-with-benefits-for-all-of-us/, 10-26-2021Aanya AND more level playing field, and a fairer economy for all of us. Underview1AR Theory Paradigm—7-6-4-3 time skew means it checks NC infinite abuse—and fairness and education are voters—gateway issue, all your arguments presuppose it—and constitutive and the only portable skill we get from debate. | 11/6/21 |
SO- AC- COVIDTournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 3~ Actor specificity: A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. ADV – South AfricaThe third wave of the pandemic is fueling instability in South Africa.Egwu 7/20 ~(Patrick Egwu is a Nigerian freelance journalist currently based in Johannesburg, where he is an Open Society Foundations fellow at the University of the Witwatersrand) "South Africa’s Twin Crises Are Feeding Each Other," Foreign Policy, July 20, 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/20/south-africa-covid-19-struggles-deadly-third-wave-zuma-violence/~~ TDI AND least one dose of the vaccine, according to the Department of Health. COVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Failure to contain COVID-19 causes extinctionGuy R. McPherson, PhD, 20 ~PhD Range Science, Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona School of Natural Resources and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology~, "Will COVID-19 Trigger Extinction of All Life on Earth?" Eart and Envi Scie Res and Rev, Volume 3 Issue 2, 4-8-2020, https://opastonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/will-covid-19-trigger-extinction-of-all-life-on-earth-eesrr-20-.pdf AND that a microscopic virus could pull the trigger on our extinction ~15~. Adv –IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI INDIA India saw a rise in armed conflict during the study period, AND COVID-19, leaving the country with a leadership crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND increased wariness in their dealings with the crisis-stricken state and/or be more prepared for the possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND summer might lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.- Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Extinction – nuke war fallout creates Ice Age and mass starvationSteven Starr 15. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. Undv1~ 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise, the neg can engage in infinite abuse which outweighs on severity, b) drop the debater – the short 1AR irreparably skewed from abuse on substance and time investment on theory, c) no RVIs – the 6-minute 2nr can collapse to a short shell and get away with infinite 1nc abuse via sheer brute force and time spent on theory. competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. | 10/16/21 |
SO- AC- COVID v2Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Javier Navarette 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness: for example, breaking a promise to meet someone for lunch is not as a bad as murder. — frameworks are equally valued. Weighing between RTPs is regressive as it since it needs a higher metric to determine who has the better justifications. That means contestation doesn't deny obligatory power.4~ Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. Squo medical innovation causes inequality which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. Adv – South AfricaCOVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Adv—IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. | 10/17/21 |
SO- AC- COVID v3Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker RM | Judge: David Dosch 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. Squo medical innovation causes inequality which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. Adv – South AfricaCOVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Adv—IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. | 10/29/21 |
SO- AC- COVID v4Tournament: Heart of Texas Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Aragon ZA | Judge: David Herrera, Javier Navarette, Skyler Harris 1AC Marks DoublesCSA:Silverman 3/15 ~Rachel Silverman is a policy fellow at the Center for Global Development where she leads policy-oriented research on global health financing and incentive structures. Silverman’s current research focuses on the practical application of results-based financing; global health transitions; efficient global health procurement; innovation models for global health; priority-setting for UHC; alignment and impact in international funding for family planning; and strategies to strengthen evidence and accountability. BA with distinction in international relations and economics from Stanford University.) "Waiving vaccine patents won’t help inoculate poorer nations" Washington Post, PostEverything Perspective, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/03/15/vaccine-coronavirus-patents-waive-global-equity/~~ RM According to some activists, the solution to this inequity is relatively simple: AND has constricted the global availability of some of these items.==== 1ACThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate. Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.3~ Extinction first 1 – Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible 2 – Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessities 3 – Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other people 4 – Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical 5 – Moral uncertainty – if we’re unsure about which interpretation of the world is true – we ought to preserve the world to keep debating about it4~ Only consequentialism explains wrongnessPlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines related to the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19.Enforcement is done through waiving TRIPS protections and modifying relevant domestic law to ensure patent protections are reduced—-spec is delineated in the card.Jones et al. 21, Mike Jones, J.D., cum laude, Brooklyn Law School, 2014. Sean McConnell, University of Pittsburgh School of Law, J.D., 2002. Lauren Giambalvo, University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, Order of the Coif, 2019; Georgia Law Review. Emily Harmon, Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, J.D., 2020. Ipwatchdog, August 9, 2021. "What is a ‘Patent Waiver’ Anyway? Zooming Out on the TRIPS COVID IP Waiver Debate" https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/09/patent-waiver-anyway-zooming-trips-covid-ipwaiver-debate/id=136381/ brett AND enforce their U.S. patent rights in the U.S. The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Critics of the IP waiver are wrong- it’s the most effective way to combat covid inequality, alternatives failErfani et al, 21 AND other people’s" problem. It is not. It is our problem. Squo medical innovation causes inequality which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemicsLindsey, JD Harvard, 21 AND up by blocking competitors and raising prices pushes in the completely wrong direction. Adv – South AfricaCOVID is pummeling South Africa’s fragile economy and fueling the worst rioting since 1994.Steinhauser and Parkinson 7/19 ~(Gabriele Steinhauser writes about politics and economics in southern Africa and beyond and helps manage The Wall Street Journal's reporters on the continent. Joe Parkinson is the Wall Street Journal’s Africa Bureau Chief, leading a team of correspondents chronicling business, policy and geopolitical trends across the continent. "Third Covid Wave Upends Fragile South Africa, a Warning for Developing World," The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-pandemic-south-africa-riots-a-warning-for-developing-world-11626711622~~ TDI AND people to the brink of famine, according to the World Food Program. Great power warYeisley 11 ~(USAF Lieutenant Colonel Mark O. Yeisley, assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. MA Colorado State, PhD in international relations from Duke University) "Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China," Strategic Studies Quarterly, Winter 2011, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270538?seq=1~~#metadata'info'tab'contents~~ TDI AND sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60 Adv—IndiaIndia is in crisis – their infrastructure cannot solve for covid without increased vaccination rates. Modi has been inffective, killing credibility and increasing covidNew York Times, 9/17, What to Know About India’s Coronavirus Crisis, https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-coronavirus-cases-deaths.html, AND leaving other nations with far fewer doses than they had expected. That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~~ TDI AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Economic struggles encourage risk-taking and escalates disputes.Howell 13 (Patrick Howell – University of Georgia. "Economic Crises and the Initiation of Militarized Disputes," https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/howell'patrick'd'201305'ma.pdf) AND possibility of a new dispute emerging in the wake of such an event. Goes nuclear!Toon et al. 19 — Owen B. Toon, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; Charles G. Bardeen, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Alan Robock, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Lili Xia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University; Hans Kristensen, Federation of American Scientists; Matthew McKinzie, Natural Resources Defense Council; R. J. Peterson, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cheryl S. Harrison, School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nicole S. Lovenduski, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder; and Richard P. Turco, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; October 2 ("Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe", Science Advances, volume 5, number 10, https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaay5478, accessed 12-1-2019) TDI AND lead to enhanced impacts initially, as implied by earlier nuclear winter studies. Adv – Vaccine InequalitySquo vaccination rates will drag out the pandemic – increases likelihood of the development of deadly mutations.Swan 2/8 ~Gallogly-Swan, Katie. "The False Scarcity of Vaccine Trade Tensions." Social Europe, 8 Feb. 2021, socialeurope.eu/the-false-scarcity-of-vaccine-trade-tensions.~Lex AKu AND which erode co-operation and trust and prolong the pandemic for everyone. IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent argumentsKumar, PhD, 7-12-21 AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine inequality threatens the whole world.Fink 7-30-21 AND We can test for it and we can treat it," Ghebreyesus said. Boosting manufacturing capacity is critical to a timely response to COVID AND ensures preparedness for future pandemics.Jecker and Atuire 21, Dr Nancy S Jecker, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa. Caesar A Atuire, Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Accra, Ghana. All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK. Journal of Medical Ethics 2021;47:595-598. "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines." https://jme.bmj.com/content/47/9/595 brett AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Mutations and future pandemics escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Miscalc Incapacitated commanders AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. UVAff gets 1ar theory since the neg can be infinitely abusive, extemp | 10/19/21 |
SO- AC- KantTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Becca Traber Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, £16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 5~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of D~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory.4~ Use comparative worlds – to clarify you weigh offense by evaluating the consequences of your world versus mine – A~ topic ed – forces the neg to research the topic instead of low quality rez flaw args – the only benefit to debate is making us better arguers not perfect logicians, B~ reciprocity – truth-testing allows the neg to disprove any part of the aff, but the aff has to defend every part, which gives the neg too much ground, C~ inclusion – truth testing says rez is only thing that’s relevant which excludes ks – either only the rez matters so we can’t punish slurs, or people should get dropped for making debate unsafe which proves other things matter | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v2Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the Ideal theory – Ideal theory is in no way incompatible with a radical agenda—broad principles can inspire broad sweeping change and allow previously-excluded groups to claim political agency. Ideal theory can make changes to the nonideal worldHolmstrom ~Holmstrom, Nancy ~Prof. Emeritus @ Rutgers~. "Response to Charles Mills's." Radical Philosophy Review 15.2 (2012): 325-330.~ ~recut by Lex CH~ AND socialists of all kinds helped to build the labor and civil rights movements. Ideal Theory – Abstract ideals are inevitable and good.Shelby 13 ~Tommie Shelby, "Racial Realities and Corrective Justice: A Reply to Charles Mills," Critical Philosophy of Race, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013), pp. 145-162~ AG AND at least not if our aim is to realize a fully just society. Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, £16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 5~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. | 9/11/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v3Tournament: Yale University Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Ben Waldman Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ IPR is nonuniversalizable and interferes with the freedom of people who need medicineMerges 11 ~(Robert, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati Professor of Law and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law) "Justifying Intellectual Property," Harvard University Press, 2011~ JL recut Lex VM AND to cut off or restrain the freedom of those who might be treated? 4~ Creation doesn’t justify ownership.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v4Tournament: Yale University Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ardsley Kell SA | Judge: Calvin Tyler The Advantage is Democracy.Global democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ AND environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices. Democracies are key to solving climate change – data, empirics, metastudies, etc.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ AND author could suggest was a relative lack of public discussion of climate change. ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v5Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 2 | Opponent: Millard North Evan Burns | Judge: James Stuckert Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions1ARBreaking down neoliberalism kills leadershipDuménil and Lévy 09 AND be emulated, and the United States as a leader to be followed. Nuclear warBrooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC'a'00107~~ AND case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v6Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harrison Ali Ahmad | Judge: Holden Bukowsky Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.We’ll defend all types of IP and medicines.The plan solves~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions1AR1AR—CaseThe plan solves both scenarios and WTO IP rules are a barrier to scaled-up vaccine production.Pandey 21 ~(Ashutosh Pandey) "Rich countries block India, South Africa's bid to ban COVID vaccine patents," DW, April 2, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175 AND unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity and equitable access. Bidens approval rating is at an all time low, trade wars are bad for rating so he has incentive to end itSchoen, 19, Trump’s trade war polls badly in key states like Pennsylvania, threatening his support for 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/22/trumps-trade-war-gets-poor-marks-in-poll-could-threaten-his-support-in-2020.html, CNBC, AND dispute, and both sides have ratcheted up the aggression in recent weeks. 1AR—SaudiNo Saudi Prolif – dependency, infrastructure, and no deals.Esfandiary and Tabatabi 15 ~Esfandiary, Dina, and Ariane Tabatabai. "Why Nuclear DOMINOES Won't Fall in the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 22 Apr 2015, thebulletin.org/2015/04/why-nuclear-dominoes-wont-fall-in-the-middle-east/. , Dina Esfandiary is an International Security Program Research Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and a fellow in the Middle East Department of The Century Foundation. Ariane Tabatabai is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation. She is also an adjunct senior fellow with the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), an international civilian consultant for NATO, a columnist for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and a Truman national security fellow. Research interests include the Middle East, South Asia, terrorism and insurgency, arms control and nonproliferation, personnel and force structure. Prior to joining RAND, she served as the director of curriculum and a visiting assistant professor of security studies at the Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Previously, Tabatabai was a post-doctoral fellow (2017-18) in the International Security Program and a Stanton nuclear security fellow (2013-14) in the International Security Program and the Project on Managing the Atom at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs where she was also an associate (2014–2015). Tabatabai also held positions as a non-resident scholar with the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute and senior associate in the Proliferation Prevention Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). She holds a Ph.D. in war studies from King’s College London,~ Lex AKu AND two countries in world petroleum markets and their divergence on regional security matters. | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v7Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 6 | Opponent: Princeton Junkai Gong | Judge: Spencer Orlowski FrameworkEthics must begin a priori:~1~ Is/Ought Gap – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~2~ Empiricism fails – an evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~3~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~4~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, moral law must be universal—our judgements can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends. The only constraint is noncontradiction—beating back my framework results in the principle of explosion – if we accept on contradiction to be true, we accept all statements to be true since you could switch the first half of a disjunctive statement and render any second half true. ==== Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.~B~ Practical identities – we set ends based on practical identities like student or debater. However, human identity – or agency – is the source of practical identity, since it’s necessary to choose which roles to take on. Impacts: A~ Justifies valuing humanity as an end – we find our lives worth living under our practical identities and activities, but that means we must value agency as the source of that value. B~ Hijacks the role of the judge – judge is a practical identity, which requires first valuing human identity.~C~ Universal subjectivity demands recognition of the plight of the oppressed.Farr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that produces the best material consequences based on the fiated implications of the plan –~1~ No performative or methodological offense – It’s extratopical which is a voter for limits, spiking out of ground making any discussion worse.~2~ Strat Skew – the resolution is the only stasis point and adding other factors to the round decks predictable limits which guts pre round prep.~3~ Inclusion – Novices and Lay debaters all use the material consequences in the plan – proven by every lay tournament outside the circuit – by increasing the burden to your model you exclude them from the space.~5~ Existential risk comes first under any frameworkOrd 20 Toby Ord ~Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities~, "The Precipice" Hachette Books, 2020 Lex CH ~Recut by Lex AKo~ AND and dangerously short-sighted. Such neglect privileges a tiny sliver of our Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- LayTournament: Duke Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Edgemont AJ | Judge: Badri Raghavan 1ACTop LevelDr. Benjamin Mitra-Khan , a world renowned economist at the Australian patent office stated – "When it comes to intellectual property rights, not everything that glitters is gold."https://www.azquotes.com/picture-quotes/quote-there-are-a-lot-of-weapons-that-we-ve-developed-which-we-ve-pulled-back-from-biological-peter-singer-129-56-05.jpg Thus I affirm the resolution Resolved – Member nations of the world trade organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.FwrkMy value is morality as per the word ought in the resolutionMy value criterion is maximizing expected wellbeingPrefer for actor specificity – governments must aggregate averages between populations to conduct accurate policyObservation – the affirmative’s obligation is to prove that as a whole, intellectual property protections for medicines are immoral. Even if there’s one intellectual property that is good, so long as the affirmative proves that in general, IP are bad, that is sufficient to affirm. For example, if I say the statement that dogs make good pets indicating a dog that is bad pet doesn’t disprove the more holistic statement that dogs make good pets.Contention 1 – Vaccine InequalityThe status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin of North-South health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI AND of patent restrictions to enable new vaccine producers to make a positive difference. The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. Contention 2 – InnovationDrug prices are high now, Rajkumar 20S. Vincent Rajkumar, 6-23-2020, "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions," Blood Cancer Journal, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0338-x Lex AT AND investing in truly innovative drugs where there is a greater chance of failure. US insulin prices are skyrocketing – lifesaving drugs for patients with diabetes are becoming more unaffordable.Rajkumar 20 ~S. Vincent Rajkumar, "The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action," Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 22-28. Rajkumar, MD, is Consultant at the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic.~ CHSTM recut Lex VM AND innovation when it comes to insulin; the more pressing need is affordability. As a consequence there has been a surge in diabetes related deaths.Terhune et al 8/12 ~Chad Terhune, Robin Respaut, Deborah J. Nelson, "Special Report-How the pandemic laid bare America's diabetes crisis", U.S., 8-12-2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diabetes-covid-specialreport/special-report-how-the-pandemic-laid-bare-americas-diabetes-crisis-idUSKBN2FD13Q, accessed: 9-9-2021.~ Lex VM AND more expensive pharmaceuticals is not going to cut it at a population level." Trade secrets force high drug prices by hiding information from health plan companies and regulators, Feldman 1Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND system, and its impact on rising prices, remains sheltered from view. High drug prices leads to use of substandard drugs which cause antimicrobial resistance, WBG 17World Bank Group, March 2017, "DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS A Threat to Our Economic Future", https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323311493396993758/pdf/final-report.pdf Lex AT AND how country action to promote UHC can simultaneously enable more effective AMR control. That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen’s Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer AND case, these counterfeit drugs had been sold through a fraudulent online pharmacy. Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on Insulin delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND each small step in the lineage is deserving of patent protection.~26~ Reducing IP Rights on insulin medicines allows for equal access and reduces pricesChristensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND tangible that something of the same name can be depriving people of life. SolvencyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND embedding global solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ The plan provides an expedited solution.AC 21 ~(Access Campaign) "India and South Africa proposal for WTO waiver from IP protections for COVID-19-related medical technologies," Access Campaign, May 27, 2021. https://msfaccess.org/india-and-south-africa-proposal-wto-waiver-ip-protections-covid-19-related-medical-technologies~~ TDI AND unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity and equitable access. ONLY the plan provides solvency for COVID.Pandey 21 ~(Ashutosh Pandey) "Rich countries block India, South Africa's bid to ban COVID vaccine patents," DW, April 2, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175~~ TDI AND of production of vaccines and other much needed medical equipment in poor countries. | 10/3/21 |
SO- AC- Whole ResTournament: Duke Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini FwThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing~1~ Extinction first –a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleb) Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesc) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other peopled) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical~2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework – Threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to act upon other theories since they are in a constant crisis that inhibits the moral conditions other theories presuppose.~3~ Pain provides an objective reason for why oppression is bad.Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~ If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also have evidence that moral realism is true. Our experiences of pleasure and pain are probably the most powerful evidence of intrinsic value because such experiences are tied to our belief that they have intrinsic value. My argument that pain has intrinsic disvalue is basically the following: We experience that pain is bad. We experience that pain is important. The disvalue of pain is irreducible. The disvalue of pain is real. If pain is bad in the sense of being important, irreducible, and real, then pain has intrinsic disvalue. Therefore, pain has intrinsic disvalue. I am not certain that the premises are true, but I currently find good reasons for accepting them. Therefore, we have reason for accepting the conclusion. The conclusion could be read saying, "We have reason to believe that pain has intrinsic disvalue." If we accept that pain has intrinsic disvalue, then we will simultaneously accept moral realism.1 In order to examine the plausibility of my argument, I will examine each of the premises: We experience that pain is bad. We know pain is bad because of our experience of it. If someone described their pain as extremely wonderful, we would doubt they are feeling pain. Either the person is lying or doesn’t know what the word "pain" means. When a child decides not to touch fire because it causes pain, we understand the justification. It would be strange to ask the child, "So what? What’s wrong with pain?" We experience that pain is important. If pain is important in the relevant sense, then it can provide us reason to do something without merely helping us fulfill our desires. In other words, we must accept the following: The badness of pain isn’t just an instrumental value. The badness of pain is a final end. Pain’s badness isn’t an instrumental value – Pain’s disvalue is not an instrumental disvalue because pain can be quite useful to us. Pain can tell us when we are unhealthy or injured. We evolved pain because it’s essential to our survival. Pain’s bad for a different kind of reason. Pain’s disvalue is found in our negative experience, and this is why pain is a candidate for having an intrinsic disvalue. Whenever someone claims that something has intrinsic value, we need to make sure that it’s not just good because it’s instrumentally valuable. If it’s merely useful at bringing about something else, then it’s not good in and of itself (as intrinsic values are). Pain is perhaps the perfect example of something that is useful but bad. If usefulness was the only kind of value, then pain would actually be good because it helps us in many ways. Pain’s badness isn’t just our dislike of pain – We dislike pain because it feels bad.2 If pain didn’t feel bad, then we wouldn’t have such a strong desire to avoid intense pain. Pain means "feels bad" and it is manifested in various experiences, such as touching fire. We have to know the meaning of "bad" in order to understand pain at all. We attain an understanding of "bad" just by feeling pain. If pain was only bad because we dislike it, then we couldn’t say that "pain really matters." Instead, the badness of pain would just be a matter of taste. However, we don’t just say pain is bad because we dislike it. We also say pain is bad because of how it feels. Avoiding pain is a final end – A final end is a goal people recognize as being worthy of being sought after for its own sake. Money is not a final end because it is only valuable when used to do something else. Pleasure and pain-avoidance are final ends because they are taken t be worthy of being avoided for their own sake. We know that avoiding pain makes sense even when it doesn’t lead to anything else of value, so avoiding pain is a final end.3 If I want to take an aspirin, someone could ask, "Why did you do that?" I could answer, "I have a headache." This should be the end of the story. We understand that avoiding pain makes sense. It would be absurd for someone to continue to question me and say, "What difference does having a headache make? That’s not a good reason to take an aspirin!"4 Both realists and anti-realists can agree that pain is bad, and they can both agree that pain is a final end. Our desire to avoid pain is non-instrumental and such a desire is experienced as justified. (However, the ant-realist might argue that it is only taken to be justified because of human psychology.) If pain is a final end, then we understand (a) that pain is important and (b) it makes sense to say that we ought to avoid pain. Pain’s disvalue is irreducible. If the badness of pain was reducible to nonmoral properties, then we should be able to describe what "bad" means through a non-moral description. However, we currently have no way of understanding pain’s badness as being something else. We can’t describe pain’s badness in non-moral terms. If someone needs to know what " bad" means, they need to experience something bad. To say that some moral states are irreducible is just like saying that some mental states are irreducible. Pain itself can’t be described through a non-mental description. If we told people the mental states involved with pain, they would still not know what pain is because they need to know what it feels like. Someone could argue that "bad" means the same thing as something like "pain," and then we would find out that the badness of pain could be reduced to something else. However, pain and the badness of pain are conceptually separable. For example, I could find out that something else is bad other than pain. They could then reply that "bad" means the same thing as a disjunction of various other bad things, such as "pain or malicious intent." But people who disagree about what constitutes what is "bad" aren’t just arguing aboutthe meaning of the word "bad." They are arguing about what has the property "bad."5 Additionally, the word "bad" would no longer have any importance. If "bad" just means "pain or malicious intent," then why care about it? Why ought I refrain from causing pain or having a malicious intent? It could be that we can find out that "bad" and "pain" are identical, but then "bad" might not be entirely reducible to "pain" (or a disjunction of bad things). We might still think that there are two legitimate descriptions at work. The "pain" description and the "bad" description. (Some people think water is H2O through an identity relation similar to this.) This sort of irreducible identity relation require us to deny that pain is "important." (If the identity theory did require us to deny that pain is "important," then we would have a good reason to reject such an identity theory.) I have given reason to think the word "bad" is irreducible, but I haven’t proven it. If someone could prove that pain isn’t important, and we can reduce pain to something else, then I will be proven wrong. I just don’t see any reason to agree with that position at this time. I discuss the badness of pain as irreducible in more detail in my essays "Objection to Moral Realism Part 1: Is/Ought Gap" and "Objections to Moral Realism Part 3: Argument from Queerness." The badness of pain is real. If the badness of pain is real, then everyone’s pain is bad. Pain isn’t bad just for me, but not for you. It states that we don’t all merely share a subjective preference in avoiding pain, ~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. Hyper-specific theories mean people have little prep on the issue. TJFs OW because concerns fairness – OW all args concede valid of fairness.The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that produces the best material consequences based on the fiated implications of the plan –~1~ No performative or methodological offense – It’s extra-T which is a voter for limits, spiking out of neg ground making any discussion worse.~2~ Strat Skew – the resolution is the only stasis point and adding other factors to the round decks predictable limits which guts pre round prep.~3~ Inclusion – Novices and Lay debaters all use the material consequences in the plan – proven by every lay tournament outside the circuit – by increasing the burden to your model you exclude them from the space.AdvantageThe advantage is drug prices,Drug prices are high now, Rajkumar 20S. Vincent Rajkumar, 6-23-2020, "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions," Blood Cancer Journal, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0338-x Lex AT AND investing in truly innovative drugs where there is a greater chance of failure. Trade secrets force high drug prices by hiding information from health plan companies and regulators, Feldman 1Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND system, and its impact on rising prices, remains sheltered from view. Three impacts,1~ High drug prices leads to use of substandard drugs which cause antimicrobial resistance, WBG 17World Bank Group, March 2017, "DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS A Threat to Our Economic Future", https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323311493396993758/pdf/final-report.pdf Lex AT AND how country action to promote UHC can simultaneously enable more effective AMR control. That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen’s Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer AND case, these counterfeit drugs had been sold through a fraudulent online pharmacy. Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND each small step in the lineage is deserving of patent protection.~26~ Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply.Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer AND like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3 Adv 2The status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI AND of patent restrictions to enable new vaccine producers to make a positive difference. The aff ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. SolvencyPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves price abuse, Feldman 2Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND same deference in a regulatory disclosure context as the latter types of information. The plan solves.~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND embedding global solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, round already skewed competing interp reasonability is arbitrary– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me. 2~ Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn’t engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.3~ Imagining extinction is goodJessica Hurley 17, Assistant Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, "Impossible Futures: Fictions of Risk in the Longue Durée", Duke University Press, https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-literature/article/89/4/761/132823/Impossible-Futures-Fictions-of-Risk-in-the-Longue AND of the world. Just wait long enough. Stranger things will happen. | 10/2/21 |
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