Lexington Ghosh Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Duke Invitational | 1 | Montville AM | Anthony Cui |
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| Duke Invitational | Doubles | Harrison TB | Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini |
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| Duke Invitational | 3 | Edgemont AJ | Badri Raghavan |
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| Duke Invitational | 6 | Myers Park CE | Zach Perry |
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| Grapevine Classic | 3 | Presentation NR | Grant Brown |
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| Grapevine Classic | 2 | Strake Jesuit DA | Becca Traber |
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| Mid America Cup | 2 | Millard North Evan Burns | James Stuckert |
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| Mid America Cup | 3 | Harrison Ali Ahmad | Holden Bukowsky |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | 2 | Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Azi Hormozdiari |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | 3 | Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Lena Mizrahi |
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| TDI Camp Tournament | Octas | LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans |
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| Yale University Invitational | 6 | Chaminade ZS | Devin Jiang |
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| Yale University Invitational | 1 | Park City NL | Ben Waldman |
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| Yale University Invitational | 3 | Ardsley Kell SA | Calvin Tyler |
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| aaaaaa | Finals | you | me |
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| cooolllll | Finals | nice | me |
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| wheeeeee | Finals | my dog | yes |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Duke Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Montville AM | Judge: Anthony Cui ac- kant v8 |
| Duke Invitational | Doubles | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini ac- whole res |
| Duke Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Edgemont AJ | Judge: Badri Raghavan ac- lay |
| Duke Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Myers Park CE | Judge: Zach Perry ac- lay |
| Grapevine Classic | 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown ac- kant v2 |
| Grapevine Classic | 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Becca Traber ac- kant |
| Mid America Cup | 2 | Opponent: Millard North Evan Burns | Judge: James Stuckert ac- kant v5 |
| Mid America Cup | 3 | Opponent: Harrison Ali Ahmad | Judge: Holden Bukowsky ac- kant v6 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Judge: Azi Hormozdiari 1AC- Space Mining v1 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC- Space Mining v2 |
| TDI Camp Tournament | Octas | Opponent: LaRPeRs Jane Lichtman | Judge: Jonathan Jeong, Andrew Gong, Rex Evans AC- Space Mining v3 |
| Yale University Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Chaminade ZS | Judge: Devin Jiang ac- kant v3 afc |
| Yale University Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Ben Waldman ac- Kant v3 |
| Yale University Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Ardsley Kell SA | Judge: Calvin Tyler ac- kant v4 |
| aaaaaa | Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me aaaaaaaaaaa |
| cooolllll | Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me hi |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0- ContactTournament: wheeeeee | Round: Finals | Opponent: my dog | Judge: yes | 9/29/21 |
0- Disclosure NoteTournament: aaaaaa | Round: Finals | Opponent: you | Judge: me TDI Octos- Camp- AC- Space Mining v3 | 10/1/21 |
1- Broken InterpsTournament: cooolllll | Round: Finals | Opponent: nice | Judge: me Condo is a voting issue Interp: negative debaters must defend PICs unconditionally Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative’s framework choice. Interpretation: negative debaters may not read multiple conditional advocacies | 10/1/21 |
1- Round ReportsTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown | 9/11/21 |
Camp- AC- Space Mining v1Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Spark Advantage Taneesh Matharasi | Judge: Azi Hormozdiari FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, | 7/29/21 |
Camp- AC- Space Mining v2Tournament: TDI Camp Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wheel of Cannibalism Alex Borgas | Judge: Lena Mizrahi FrameworkPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, | 7/29/21 |
SO- AC- KantTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Becca Traber Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, £16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 5~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of D~ The Law of Excluded Middles- if something is not false, it must be true, which means that if something is not prohibited, it must be obligatory, and permissibility is the same as obligatory.4~ Use comparative worlds – to clarify you weigh offense by evaluating the consequences of your world versus mine – A~ topic ed – forces the neg to research the topic instead of low quality rez flaw args – the only benefit to debate is making us better arguers not perfect logicians, B~ reciprocity – truth-testing allows the neg to disprove any part of the aff, but the aff has to defend every part, which gives the neg too much ground, C~ inclusion – truth testing says rez is only thing that’s relevant which excludes ks – either only the rez matters so we can’t punish slurs, or people should get dropped for making debate unsafe which proves other things matter | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v2Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation NR | Judge: Grant Brown Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the Ideal theory – Ideal theory is in no way incompatible with a radical agenda—broad principles can inspire broad sweeping change and allow previously-excluded groups to claim political agency. Ideal theory can make changes to the nonideal worldHolmstrom ~Holmstrom, Nancy ~Prof. Emeritus @ Rutgers~. "Response to Charles Mills's." Radical Philosophy Review 15.2 (2012): 325-330.~ ~recut by Lex CH~ AND socialists of all kinds helped to build the labor and civil rights movements. Ideal Theory – Abstract ideals are inevitable and good.Shelby 13 ~Tommie Shelby, "Racial Realities and Corrective Justice: A Reply to Charles Mills," Critical Philosophy of Race, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013), pp. 145-162~ AG AND at least not if our aim is to realize a fully just society. Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, £16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 5~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. | 9/11/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v3Tournament: Yale University Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Ben Waldman Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ IPR is nonuniversalizable and interferes with the freedom of people who need medicineMerges 11 ~(Robert, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati Professor of Law and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law) "Justifying Intellectual Property," Harvard University Press, 2011~ JL recut Lex VM AND to cut off or restrain the freedom of those who might be treated? 4~ Creation doesn’t justify ownership.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.2~ Reject skep/permissibility – it’s an abhorrent view of the world that makes the debate space horrible which ow on accessibility – making args in favor of an alternate ethic solves. 3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me.C~ Negation Theory- Negating requires a complete absence of an existing obligationNegate: to deny the existence of | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v4Tournament: Yale University Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ardsley Kell SA | Judge: Calvin Tyler The Advantage is Democracy.Global democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ AND environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices. Democracies are key to solving climate change – data, empirics, metastudies, etc.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ AND author could suggest was a relative lack of public discussion of climate change. ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v5Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 2 | Opponent: Millard North Evan Burns | Judge: James Stuckert Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.Solís 20 ~(Mireya Solís is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions1ARBreaking down neoliberalism kills leadershipDuménil and Lévy 09 AND be emulated, and the United States as a leader to be followed. Nuclear warBrooks et al 13 ~Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. "Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment", Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51,http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC'a'00107~~ AND case would generate intensely competitive behavior, possibly including regional great power war). | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v6Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harrison Ali Ahmad | Judge: Holden Bukowsky Ethics must be derived a priori1~ Uncertainty – experiences are locked within our own subjectivity and are inaccessible to others, however a priori principles are created in the noumenal world and are universally applied to all agents. Outweighs since founding ethics in the phenomenal world allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don’t experience the same.2~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Practical reason is inescapable - Any moral rule faces the problem of regress – I can keep asking "why should I follow this." Regress collapses to skep since no one can generate obligations absent grounds for accepting them. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason to do in the first place which concedes its authority.
Practical reason means we must be able to universally will maxims—our judgements are authoritative and can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me. The only constraint is noncontradiction.==== 1~ The existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth—that means we must treat others as ends in themselves.Korsgaard ’83 (Christine M., "Two Distinctions in Goodness," The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS/Recut Lex AKu *brackets for gendered language AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end. 2~ Other frameworks collapse—they contain conditional obligations which derive their authority from the categorical imperative.Korsgaard 98 ~CHRISTINE M. KORSGAARD, greatest philosopher alive, 1998, "Introduction", Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals~ AG Recut Lex AKu AND act on those principles, principles which are themselves laws. Kant continues: 3~ Actor specificity – governments use Kantian conceptions of the state when implementing policies.RIPSTEIN 15Arthur Ripstein (Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto). "Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace" (2015). AS 7/16/15Sophisticated contemporary legal systems work either implicitly or explicitly with some version of this Kantian idea of the state as a public rightful condition. Constitutional courts review legislation to make sure that it is properly within the state's legitimate mandate, and throughout the world recent awareness of problems of institutional corruption reflect the recognition of the fundamental importance of the distinction between properly public and improperly private purposes in the internal management of states. Conversely, its widely appreciated that the proper role of the state is not simply to bring about as much good as possible in the world, and that states have a special responsibility to their own citizens and residents. 4~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the aff standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.5~ Kantian ethics solve oppression-Contrary to Kant’s own beliefsFarr ’02 AND of African descent was deplorable, it would be equally deplorable to reject the 5~ Reject consequentialism –A) Action theory: Actions are defined by their aims so you can’t evaluate action absent the intent. The aim acts as a unifier e.g. to drink, I must raise the glass and then swallow, which then have different constituent parts, making actions infinitely divisible. The only way to judge the topical action is by looking to intent.B) Normativity: Only intent-based ethics are normative because if you’re held responsible for things you don’t intend, then there’s no reason to be moral because you can’t help your actions being immoral, because you’re held responsible for unintended effects. This controls the link to ethics because otherwise there’s no reason to follow morality and ethics are circular.C) Induction fails – single inductions require prior inductions to verify its truth but that’s circular since the framework of induction presupposes its own method of justification. Also, there is no logical basis for induction – just because the moon came up last night, does not mean there is a sound justification for why it ought to come up tomorrow.D) Aggregation fails – 2 headaches doesn’t equal a migraine which means aggregating pain and pleasure is impossible and we can’t tell whether actions cause more pain or pleasure.6~ Resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.Offense1~ IP rights prevent certain people from receiving the fruits of their mental labor.Lindsey and Teles 17 ~Ricketts, M. (2018). The Captured Economy: How the Powerful Enrich Themselves, Slow Down Growth, and Increase Inequality by Brink Lindsey and Steven M. Teles. Oxford University Press (2017), 221 pp. ISBN: 978-0190627768 (hb, 16.99). Economic Affairs, 38(2), 297–300. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12299~Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND , a major source of economic stagnation and a tool for unjust enrichment. 2~ IP Rights hand partial control of others property to IP Creators.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM *Brackets for Gendered Language* AND the trick. Further problems with natural-rights defenses are explored below. 3~ Justifying ownership based on creation is unjust.Kinsella 13 ~Kinsella S. (2013) The Case Against Intellectual Property. In: Luetge C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6'99~~//Lex AKu recut Lex VM AND philosophers unrewarded. The distinction is inherently vague, arbitrary, and unjust. The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a ‘Hectic’ Agenda to Fix World Trade’s Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI AND have some capacity to begin producing vaccines for people living in developing economies. Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO’s credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune’s European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO’s survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI AND impact not in starting discussions but in getting deals over the finish line." Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.Solís 20 ~(Mireya Solís is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI AND in the current crisis, Japan has much to contribute to these efforts. Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.We’ll defend all types of IP and medicines.The plan solves~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ rights, Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interp– 1AR are too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time. PP affirm- we assume statements are true if I tell you my name is Aanya you believe me otherwise we wouldn’t be able to justify morally neutral actions1AR1AR—CaseThe plan solves both scenarios and WTO IP rules are a barrier to scaled-up vaccine production.Pandey 21 ~(Ashutosh Pandey) "Rich countries block India, South Africa's bid to ban COVID vaccine patents," DW, April 2, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175 AND unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity and equitable access. Bidens approval rating is at an all time low, trade wars are bad for rating so he has incentive to end itSchoen, 19, Trump’s trade war polls badly in key states like Pennsylvania, threatening his support for 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/22/trumps-trade-war-gets-poor-marks-in-poll-could-threaten-his-support-in-2020.html, CNBC, AND dispute, and both sides have ratcheted up the aggression in recent weeks. 1AR—SaudiNo Saudi Prolif – dependency, infrastructure, and no deals.Esfandiary and Tabatabi 15 ~Esfandiary, Dina, and Ariane Tabatabai. "Why Nuclear DOMINOES Won't Fall in the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 22 Apr 2015, thebulletin.org/2015/04/why-nuclear-dominoes-wont-fall-in-the-middle-east/. , Dina Esfandiary is an International Security Program Research Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and a fellow in the Middle East Department of The Century Foundation. Ariane Tabatabai is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation. She is also an adjunct senior fellow with the Middle East Security Program at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), an international civilian consultant for NATO, a columnist for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and a Truman national security fellow. Research interests include the Middle East, South Asia, terrorism and insurgency, arms control and nonproliferation, personnel and force structure. Prior to joining RAND, she served as the director of curriculum and a visiting assistant professor of security studies at the Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Previously, Tabatabai was a post-doctoral fellow (2017-18) in the International Security Program and a Stanton nuclear security fellow (2013-14) in the International Security Program and the Project on Managing the Atom at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs where she was also an associate (2014–2015). Tabatabai also held positions as a non-resident scholar with the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute and senior associate in the Proliferation Prevention Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). She holds a Ph.D. in war studies from King’s College London,~ Lex AKu AND two countries in world petroleum markets and their divergence on regional security matters. | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- Kant v7Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 6 | Opponent: Princeton Junkai Gong | Judge: Spencer Orlowski FrameworkEthics must begin a priori:~1~ Is/Ought Gap – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~2~ Empiricism fails – an evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~3~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~4~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, moral law must be universal—our judgements can’t only apply to ourselves any more than 2+24 can be true only for me – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends. The only constraint is noncontradiction—beating back my framework results in the principle of explosion – if we accept on contradiction to be true, we accept all statements to be true since you could switch the first half of a disjunctive statement and render any second half true. ==== Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.~B~ Practical identities – we set ends based on practical identities like student or debater. However, human identity – or agency – is the source of practical identity, since it’s necessary to choose which roles to take on. Impacts: A~ Justifies valuing humanity as an end – we find our lives worth living under our practical identities and activities, but that means we must value agency as the source of that value. B~ Hijacks the role of the judge – judge is a practical identity, which requires first valuing human identity.~C~ Universal subjectivity demands recognition of the plight of the oppressed. | 10/4/21 |
SO- AC- LayTournament: Duke Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Edgemont AJ | Judge: Badri Raghavan 1ACTop LevelDr. Benjamin Mitra-Khan , a world renowned economist at the Australian patent office stated – "When it comes to intellectual property rights, not everything that glitters is gold."https://www.azquotes.com/picture-quotes/quote-there-are-a-lot-of-weapons-that-we-ve-developed-which-we-ve-pulled-back-from-biological-peter-singer-129-56-05.jpg Thus I affirm the resolution Resolved – Member nations of the world trade organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.FwrkMy value is morality as per the word ought in the resolutionMy value criterion is maximizing expected wellbeingPrefer for actor specificity – governments must aggregate averages between populations to conduct accurate policyObservation – the affirmative’s obligation is to prove that as a whole, intellectual property protections for medicines are immoral. Even if there’s one intellectual property that is good, so long as the affirmative proves that in general, IP are bad, that is sufficient to affirm. For example, if I say the statement that dogs make good pets indicating a dog that is bad pet doesn’t disprove the more holistic statement that dogs make good pets.Contention 1 – Vaccine InequalityThe status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin of North-South health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI AND of patent restrictions to enable new vaccine producers to make a positive difference. The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. Contention 2 – InnovationDrug prices are high now, Rajkumar 20S. Vincent Rajkumar, 6-23-2020, "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions," Blood Cancer Journal, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0338-x Lex AT AND investing in truly innovative drugs where there is a greater chance of failure. US insulin prices are skyrocketing – lifesaving drugs for patients with diabetes are becoming more unaffordable.Rajkumar 20 ~S. Vincent Rajkumar, "The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action," Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 95, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 22-28. Rajkumar, MD, is Consultant at the Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic.~ CHSTM recut Lex VM AND innovation when it comes to insulin; the more pressing need is affordability. As a consequence there has been a surge in diabetes related deaths.Terhune et al 8/12 ~Chad Terhune, Robin Respaut, Deborah J. Nelson, "Special Report-How the pandemic laid bare America's diabetes crisis", U.S., 8-12-2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-diabetes-covid-specialreport/special-report-how-the-pandemic-laid-bare-americas-diabetes-crisis-idUSKBN2FD13Q, accessed: 9-9-2021.~ Lex VM AND more expensive pharmaceuticals is not going to cut it at a population level." Trade secrets force high drug prices by hiding information from health plan companies and regulators, Feldman 1Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND system, and its impact on rising prices, remains sheltered from view. High drug prices leads to use of substandard drugs which cause antimicrobial resistance, WBG 17World Bank Group, March 2017, "DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS A Threat to Our Economic Future", https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323311493396993758/pdf/final-report.pdf Lex AT AND how country action to promote UHC can simultaneously enable more effective AMR control. That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen’s Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer AND case, these counterfeit drugs had been sold through a fraudulent online pharmacy. Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on Insulin delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND each small step in the lineage is deserving of patent protection.~26~ Reducing IP Rights on insulin medicines allows for equal access and reduces pricesChristensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND tangible that something of the same name can be depriving people of life. SolvencyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND embedding global solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ The plan provides an expedited solution.AC 21 ~(Access Campaign) "India and South Africa proposal for WTO waiver from IP protections for COVID-19-related medical technologies," Access Campaign, May 27, 2021. https://msfaccess.org/india-and-south-africa-proposal-wto-waiver-ip-protections-covid-19-related-medical-technologies~~ TDI AND unite and stand up for public health, global solidarity and equitable access. ONLY the plan provides solvency for COVID.Pandey 21 ~(Ashutosh Pandey) "Rich countries block India, South Africa's bid to ban COVID vaccine patents," DW, April 2, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/rich-countries-block-india-south-africas-bid-to-ban-covid-vaccine-patents/a-56460175~~ TDI AND of production of vaccines and other much needed medical equipment in poor countries. | 10/3/21 |
SO- AC- Whole ResTournament: Duke Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Eva Lamberson, Daniel Shatzkin, Jackson DeConcini FwThe Standard is Maximizing Expected Wellbeing~1~ Extinction first –a) Forecloses future improvement – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversibleb) Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can’t get access to resources and basic necessitiesc) Moral obligation – allowing people to die is unethical and should be prevented because it creates ethics towards other peopled) Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical~2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework – Threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to act upon other theories since they are in a constant crisis that inhibits the moral conditions other theories presuppose.~3~ Pain provides an objective reason for why oppression is bad.Gray 09 ~Gray, James W. "An Argument for Moral Realism." Ethical Realism. N.p., 07 Oct. 2009. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. https://ethicalrealism.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/an-argument-for-moral-realism/. MA in philosophy from San Jose State University (2008)~ If we have evidence that anything in particular has intrinsic value, then we also have evidence that moral realism is true. Our experiences of pleasure and pain are probably the most powerful evidence of intrinsic value because such experiences are tied to our belief that they have intrinsic value. My argument that pain has intrinsic disvalue is basically the following: We experience that pain is bad. We experience that pain is important. The disvalue of pain is irreducible. The disvalue of pain is real. If pain is bad in the sense of being important, irreducible, and real, then pain has intrinsic disvalue. Therefore, pain has intrinsic disvalue. I am not certain that the premises are true, but I currently find good reasons for accepting them. Therefore, we have reason for accepting the conclusion. The conclusion could be read saying, "We have reason to believe that pain has intrinsic disvalue." If we accept that pain has intrinsic disvalue, then we will simultaneously accept moral realism.1 In order to examine the plausibility of my argument, I will examine each of the premises: We experience that pain is bad. We know pain is bad because of our experience of it. If someone described their pain as extremely wonderful, we would doubt they are feeling pain. Either the person is lying or doesn’t know what the word "pain" means. When a child decides not to touch fire because it causes pain, we understand the justification. It would be strange to ask the child, "So what? What’s wrong with pain?" We experience that pain is important. If pain is important in the relevant sense, then it can provide us reason to do something without merely helping us fulfill our desires. In other words, we must accept the following: The badness of pain isn’t just an instrumental value. The badness of pain is a final end. Pain’s badness isn’t an instrumental value – Pain’s disvalue is not an instrumental disvalue because pain can be quite useful to us. Pain can tell us when we are unhealthy or injured. We evolved pain because it’s essential to our survival. Pain’s bad for a different kind of reason. Pain’s disvalue is found in our negative experience, and this is why pain is a candidate for having an intrinsic disvalue. Whenever someone claims that something has intrinsic value, we need to make sure that it’s not just good because it’s instrumentally valuable. If it’s merely useful at bringing about something else, then it’s not good in and of itself (as intrinsic values are). Pain is perhaps the perfect example of something that is useful but bad. If usefulness was the only kind of value, then pain would actually be good because it helps us in many ways. Pain’s badness isn’t just our dislike of pain – We dislike pain because it feels bad.2 If pain didn’t feel bad, then we wouldn’t have such a strong desire to avoid intense pain. Pain means "feels bad" and it is manifested in various experiences, such as touching fire. We have to know the meaning of "bad" in order to understand pain at all. We attain an understanding of "bad" just by feeling pain. If pain was only bad because we dislike it, then we couldn’t say that "pain really matters." Instead, the badness of pain would just be a matter of taste. However, we don’t just say pain is bad because we dislike it. We also say pain is bad because of how it feels. Avoiding pain is a final end – A final end is a goal people recognize as being worthy of being sought after for its own sake. Money is not a final end because it is only valuable when used to do something else. Pleasure and pain-avoidance are final ends because they are taken t be worthy of being avoided for their own sake. We know that avoiding pain makes sense even when it doesn’t lead to anything else of value, so avoiding pain is a final end.3 If I want to take an aspirin, someone could ask, "Why did you do that?" I could answer, "I have a headache." This should be the end of the story. We understand that avoiding pain makes sense. It would be absurd for someone to continue to question me and say, "What difference does having a headache make? That’s not a good reason to take an aspirin!"4 Both realists and anti-realists can agree that pain is bad, and they can both agree that pain is a final end. Our desire to avoid pain is non-instrumental and such a desire is experienced as justified. (However, the ant-realist might argue that it is only taken to be justified because of human psychology.) If pain is a final end, then we understand (a) that pain is important and (b) it makes sense to say that we ought to avoid pain. Pain’s disvalue is irreducible. If the badness of pain was reducible to nonmoral properties, then we should be able to describe what "bad" means through a non-moral description. However, we currently have no way of understanding pain’s badness as being something else. We can’t describe pain’s badness in non-moral terms. If someone needs to know what " bad" means, they need to experience something bad. To say that some moral states are irreducible is just like saying that some mental states are irreducible. Pain itself can’t be described through a non-mental description. If we told people the mental states involved with pain, they would still not know what pain is because they need to know what it feels like. Someone could argue that "bad" means the same thing as something like "pain," and then we would find out that the badness of pain could be reduced to something else. However, pain and the badness of pain are conceptually separable. For example, I could find out that something else is bad other than pain. They could then reply that "bad" means the same thing as a disjunction of various other bad things, such as "pain or malicious intent." But people who disagree about what constitutes what is "bad" aren’t just arguing aboutthe meaning of the word "bad." They are arguing about what has the property "bad."5 Additionally, the word "bad" would no longer have any importance. If "bad" just means "pain or malicious intent," then why care about it? Why ought I refrain from causing pain or having a malicious intent? It could be that we can find out that "bad" and "pain" are identical, but then "bad" might not be entirely reducible to "pain" (or a disjunction of bad things). We might still think that there are two legitimate descriptions at work. The "pain" description and the "bad" description. (Some people think water is H2O through an identity relation similar to this.) This sort of irreducible identity relation require us to deny that pain is "important." (If the identity theory did require us to deny that pain is "important," then we would have a good reason to reject such an identity theory.) I have given reason to think the word "bad" is irreducible, but I haven’t proven it. If someone could prove that pain isn’t important, and we can reduce pain to something else, then I will be proven wrong. I just don’t see any reason to agree with that position at this time. I discuss the badness of pain as irreducible in more detail in my essays "Objection to Moral Realism Part 1: Is/Ought Gap" and "Objections to Moral Realism Part 3: Argument from Queerness." The badness of pain is real. If the badness of pain is real, then everyone’s pain is bad. Pain isn’t bad just for me, but not for you. It states that we don’t all merely share a subjective preference in avoiding pain, ~4~ Ground – Both debaters have ground to engage under util – Aff gets plans, while Neg gets DAs and counterplans. AND anything can function under util if it has an external benefit. Other fwrks deny 1 side engagement on link and impact level. Hyper-specific theories mean people have little prep on the issue. TJFs OW because concerns fairness – OW all args concede valid of fairness.The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that produces the best material consequences based on the fiated implications of the plan –~1~ No performative or methodological offense – It’s extra-T which is a voter for limits, spiking out of neg ground making any discussion worse.~2~ Strat Skew – the resolution is the only stasis point and adding other factors to the round decks predictable limits which guts pre round prep.~3~ Inclusion – Novices and Lay debaters all use the material consequences in the plan – proven by every lay tournament outside the circuit – by increasing the burden to your model you exclude them from the space.AdvantageThe advantage is drug prices,Drug prices are high now, Rajkumar 20S. Vincent Rajkumar, 6-23-2020, "The high cost of prescription drugs: causes and solutions," Blood Cancer Journal, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-0338-x Lex AT AND investing in truly innovative drugs where there is a greater chance of failure. Trade secrets force high drug prices by hiding information from health plan companies and regulators, Feldman 1Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND system, and its impact on rising prices, remains sheltered from view. Three impacts,1~ High drug prices leads to use of substandard drugs which cause antimicrobial resistance, WBG 17World Bank Group, March 2017, "DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS A Threat to Our Economic Future", https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/323311493396993758/pdf/final-report.pdf Lex AT AND how country action to promote UHC can simultaneously enable more effective AMR control. That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen’s Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer AND case, these counterfeit drugs had been sold through a fraudulent online pharmacy. Generic competition arises as a patent expires – evergreening and stacked patents on delays it which drastically raises prices.Christensen 20 ~Connor Christensen, "The Evergreen Forests of Insulin Patents", Awakenwfu, The Creative Journal of Contemporary Bioethics, 9-14-2020, https://awakenwfu.com/2020/09/14/the-evergreen-forests-of-insulin-patents/, accessed: 9-7-2021.~ CHSTM and Lex VM AND each small step in the lineage is deserving of patent protection.~26~ Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply.Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer AND like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3 Adv 2The status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The pandemic is raging through developing economies and inflicting loss on a horrific scale and prolongs economic hardships – timeframe is fast.Lindsey 21. ~(Brink Lindsey) "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix," Brookings Institution, June 3, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ TDI AND of patent restrictions to enable new vaccine producers to make a positive difference. The aff ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. SolvencyPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves price abuse, Feldman 2Robin Feldman, 6 Oct 2020, "Naked Price and Pharmaceutical Trade Secret Overreach," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3426225 Lex AT AND same deference in a regulatory disclosure context as the latter types of information. The plan solves.~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ AND embedding global solidarity and reparations, to challenging corporate power, to bolstering workers’ Underview1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, round already skewed competing interp reasonability is arbitrary– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.3~ Permissibility and presumption affirm.A~ Freeze- otherwise we would not be able to justify morally neutral actions since there isn’t a prohibition and we would have to prove an obligation.B~ Trivialism- statements are true until proven false, if I told you my name you’d believe me. 2~ Procedural fairness first a) probability – one round cant alter subjectivity, but it can rectify fairness skews, b) link turns their role of the ballot since it proves we couldn’t engage in it and it is exclusionary, c) answers are self-defeating since they presuppose the judge evals them fairly.3~ Imagining extinction is goodJessica Hurley 17, Assistant Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, "Impossible Futures: Fictions of Risk in the Longue Durée", Duke University Press, https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-literature/article/89/4/761/132823/Impossible-Futures-Fictions-of-Risk-in-the-Longue AND of the world. Just wait long enough. Stranger things will happen. | 10/2/21 |
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