Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Joseph Barquin
AC-Mars Col v2 NC- Cant Spec T- Outerspace Cant defend implementation Russian DA Kant NC Constitutional CP Case 1AR-all 2NR-Kant 2AR-Kant Turns
Berkeley
6
Opponent: Marlborough AK | Judge: Derek Hilligoss
AC-Mars Col v2 NC-T- Nebel US PIC Public Trust CP Settlement DA Case 1AR-all pics bad condo bad 2NR-Public Trust CP Settlement DA condo bad case 2AR-Case Public Trust CP Settlement DA
AC- Labor AC NC-Econ DA Trade DA Case 1AR-all 2NR-all 2AR-all
Damus
3
Opponent: Harker AV | Judge: Anish Ramireddy
AC-Labor AC NC-Politics DA Econ DA Case 1AR-All 2NR-All 2AR-All
Damus
6
Opponent: Brentwood ZL | Judge: Emmiee Malyugina
AC-Labor AC NC-Societal welfare NC Essential services Pic Working conditionSWages CP 1AR-all 2NR-all 2AR-all
Glenbrooks
4
Opponent: Millburn AX | Judge: Raunak Dua
AC- Brazil NC- Must Cite Links Set Col K Case 1AR- All independent voter 2NR- Set Col K Case 2AR-Independent Voter K
Glenbrooks
7
Opponent: Lexington AK | Judge: Sreyaash Das
AC-Brazil NC-T-A T-Just Kant NC Police PIC 1AR- All Kant turns dta 2NR-T- Just Presumption 2AR-T- Just Kant Turns
Glenbrooks
1
Opponent: Harrison EM | Judge: Diana Alvarez
AC-Labor NC- Cap K Independent voter Case 1AR-all 2NR-all 2AR- all
Glenbrooks
5
Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Leah Villanueva
AC- Brazil NC- T-Just Gov Dislosure Decency K Case 1AR-All 2NR-Decency K Case 2AR-All
Greenhill
1
Opponent: Cardinal Gibbons RS | Judge: Andrew Halverson
AC- CRISPR NC- T medicine Cap K Bio DA case 1AR-All 2NR- Bio DA Cap K Case 2AR- Case Cap K Bio DA
Greenhill
3
Opponent: Harker RM | Judge: Castillo, Chris
AC-CRISPR NC-T- medicine T- Nebel Set Col K 1AR-All 2NR-T Condo 2AR- Condo T
Greenhill
5
Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Adam Torson
AC- CRISPR NC- T-Medicine Innovation DA Case 1AR-All 2NR-Case 2AR-Case
Harvard Westlake
4
Opponent: Marlborough HH | Judge: Gordon Krauss
AC-China NC-T- Nebel Xi DA Russia DA Advantage CP 1AR-all 2NR-Russia DA Advantage CP Case 2AR-all
Harvard Westlake
6
Opponent: Peninsula CS | Judge: Ben Morbeck
AC-China v2 NC-Xi DA Heg CP Case 1AR-all 2NR-case 2AR-all
Harvard Wetlake
1
Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Eric Deng
AC-China NC-Aesteoid Mining PIC Alliance CP Chinese Econ DA Case 1AR-all Multi actor fiat bad 2NR- all 2AR-Case CP DA
Heart of Texas
2
Opponent: Greenhill EN | Judge: Claudia Ribera
AC-CRISPR NC- T-Medicine Cap K Case 1AR-all 2NR-T-Medicine Case 2AR-T-Medicine Case
Heart of Texas
4
Opponent: Harvard-Westlake SW | Judge: Elijah Smith
AC-CRISPR NC-T-Medicine Disband WTO CP Innovation DA Case 1AR- All 2NR-Condo good Innovation DA Case 2AR- Case Innovation DA
Heart of Texas
5
Opponent: Marlborough FL | Judge: Leah Villanueva
AC- CRISPR NC- Wachowicz CP Innovation DA Nebel T Case 1AR- All 2NR-Wachowicz CP Innovation DA Case 2AR- All
Loyola
3
Opponent: Vestavia Hills GJ | Judge: Tej Gedela
AC- Genomic medicine NC- T Grove K 1AR- ALL 2NR- Grove K Case 2AR- Case Grove K
Loyola
2
Opponent: Scripps Ranch AS | Judge: Ahuja, Ronak
AC- Genomic NC- New Affs Bad Spec Enforcement Edelman
Loyola
5
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Sam McLoughlin
AC- Genomic meds NC- Spec IP BiPartisan DA Kant NC Case 1AR- ALL 2NR-Kant NC Case 2AR- Case Kant NC
NA
1
Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Contact info
Nano Nagle Classic
4
Opponent: Harker GS | Judge: Salazar, Davd
AC-Crispr NC-T-medicines Biotech DA Cap K Case 1AR-all 2NR-T K Case 2AR- all
Nano Nagle Classic
6
Opponent: NA | Judge: NA
Bye
Nano Nagle Classic
1
Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Fleming, Nick
AC-CRISPR NC-BioCap-Pharmapornographic K 1AR-all 2NR-K 2AR-Case K
Palm Classic
4
Opponent: Marlborough MJ | Judge: Dhruv Ahuja
AC-Ukraine NC- Nebel T Settlement DA Advantage CP Case 1AR-all condo 2NR-condo good Settlement DA Advantage CP Case 2AR-Case Settlement DA Advantage CP
Palm Classic
2
Opponent: Harvard-Westlake HM | Judge: Nick Fleming
AC- Mars Col NC-T-spec T- appropriation COPUS CP Innovation DA Setcol K 1AR-Case all 2NR-COPUS CP and Setcol K 2AR-Case all
Palm Classic
6
Opponent: Honor VD | Judge: MATT STANNARD
AC-Mars Col v2 NC-Multi actor fiat bad Word Pic (Col) Racial Cap K Case 1AR-all pics bad independent voter 2NR-Racial Cap K theory Case 2AR-CaseK
Peninsula
1
Opponent: Fullerton Union AB | Judge: Valorie Lam
AC-China NC-Aesteroid Mining DA T-Nebel Case 1AR-all 2NR-DA T Case 2AR-all
Peninsula
4
Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Lawrence Zhou
AC-China NC-T-Policy Kant Advantage CP Case 1AR-all 2NR-T 2AR-T
Peninsula
5
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Savit Bhat
AC-China v2 1NC-Case 1AR-Case 2NR-Case 2AR-Case
The Longhorn Classic
2
Opponent: Austin SFA Prax Faloon | Judge: Zara Inam
AC-Brazil NC-Anarchy-Marxist K Case 1AR-all 2NR-all 2AR-all
The Longhorn Classic
6
Opponent: Northland Christian LD | Judge: Nevin Gera
AC- Brazil NC- Innovation DA Econ DA UBI CPCase Can't spec 1AR-all theory 2NR-all 2AR-all theory
The Longhorn Classic
3
Opponent: Memorial Ivan Ting | Judge: Isaac Chao
AC- Brazil NC- Racial Cap K Case T 1AR-all theory 2NR-Racial Cap K case 2AR-all theory
AC-Brazil NC-T-A Post work K Self- enterprise CP Violent Strikes CP Minimum wage CP Case 1AR-all Condo Theory 2NR-Condo theory Postwork Case 2AR-Condo
USC Trojan Invitational
4
Opponent: Marlborough ED | Judge: Sam McLoughlin
AC-Brazil NC-T-A Post Work K self-directed CP Minimum Wage CP Case 1AR-all 2NR-Self direct CP Case 2AR-all
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
Contact info
Tournament: NA | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA Hi I'm Shaina she/her Note: It'll be open sourced in case cites aren't working. Contact info Email: ssanchez2024@ihs.immaculateheart.org Facebook: Shaina Sanchez Please try to email me first because I probably won't see a message on my phone!!! If something is wrong with my wiki please tell me and I will fix it as soon as possible and as well in case you need any accommodations. Hope you have a nice day!
2/17/22
JANFEB-AC-China
Tournament: Harvard Wetlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Eric Deng
AC
1AC – Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
First, pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore’s challenge to hedonists.
AND
why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
1AC – Plan
Plan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Chinese space industrial base is set to surpass the US
Patel 21 ~(Neel, space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.) "China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US" MIT Technology Review, 1/21/2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance/~~ BC How did China get here—and why? Until recently, China’s space
AND
China has to make up decades’ worth of ground lost to the West.
The PRC uses the private sector to develop "wish-list" military assets and pursue counterbalancing with Russia
Curcio 8/24 ~(Blaine, an Affiliate Senior Consultant for Euroconsult, based in Hong Kong. Since joining Euroconsult in 2018, he has contributed to a wide range of consulting missions and research reports, primarily covering the satcom sector globally, and broader space industry in China.) "Developments in China's Commercial Space Sector" The National Bureau of Asian Research, 8/24/2021. https://www.nbr.org/publication/developments-in-chinas-commercial-space-sector/~~ BC There has been discussion that China and Russia might partner to develop a lunar space
AND
money from existing shareholders and trying to guess where the market is moving.
Scenario one is space militarization:
Sino-Russian space alliance undermines existing treaties and greenlights space militarization
Bowman and Thompson 3/31 ~(Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies) (Jared Thompson, a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) "Russia and China Seek to Tie America’s Hands in Space" Foreign Policy 3/31/2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/~~ BC Consider the actions of the United States’ two great-power adversaries when it comes
AND
desire to pursue constructive and peaceful policies in space. Their duplicity continues.
Extinction – destruction of satellites, diminished future use of near space, and terrestrial war
Gilliard 19 ~(Alexandra, a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) "What Are The Consequences Of Militarizing Outer Space?" Global Security Review, 6/10/2019. https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/~~ BC Consequences of Armament and Aggression in Space The consequences of weapons testing and aggression
AND
not yet broken into the space industry or developed equally-advanced weaponry.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Scenario two is hegemony:
Chinese space leadership encourages ASAT proliferation – only the plan solves – China will not honor international commitments
Rajagopalan 5/12 ~(Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues. Dr Rajagopalan joined ORF after a five-year stint at the National Security Council Secretariat (2003-2007), Government of India, where she was an Assistant Director. Prior to joining the NSCS, she was Research Officer at the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She was also a Visiting Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Politics, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan in 2012. Dr Rajagopalan has authored or edited nine books including Global Nuclear Security: Moving Beyond the NSS (2018), Space Policy 2.0 (2017), Nuclear Security in India (2015), Clashing Titans: Military Strategy and Insecurity among Asian Great Powers (2012), The Dragon's Fire: Chinese Military Strategy and Its Implications for Asia (2009). She has published research essays in edited volumes, and in peer reviewed journals such as India Review, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Air and Space Power Journal, International Journal of Nuclear Law and Strategic Analysis. She has also contributed essays to newspapers such as The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Times of India, and The Economic Times. She has been invited to speak at international fora including the United Nations Disarmament Forum (New York), the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) (Vienna), Conference on Disarmament (Geneva), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the European Union.) "China’s irresponsible behaviour: A threat to space security" Observer Research Foundation, 5/12/2021. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-irresponsible-behaviour-a-threat-to-space-security/~~ BC With China planning an ambitious space programme that includes its own space station, it
AND
up to existing rules and norms, creating new ones will be difficult.
Chinese ASAT development emboldens Taiwan invasion – either US doesn’t follow through on its defense commitments, which kills alliances, or it defends Taiwan, which goes nuclear
Chow and Kelley 8/21 ~(Brian G., policy analyst for the Institute of World Politics, Ph.D in physics from Case Western Reserve University, MBA and Ph.D in finance from the University of Michigan, and Brandon, graduate of Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service ) "China’s Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan—Or Start a War," National Review, 8/21/2021~ JL If current trends hold, then China’s Strategic Support Force will be capable by the
AND
control to a full-scale conventional conflict or even to nuclear use.
Space dominance is key to US hegemony
Weichert 17 ~(Brandon J., a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, and is currently completing a book on national security space policy.) "The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance," Science Direct, 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438717300108~~ RR The global order is currently disordered. New states with completely different values from the
AND
It must be the goal of U.S. policymakers today.24
US leadership in this decade solves global war and results in a peaceful end to Chinese revisionism Erickson and Collins 10/21 ~(Andrew, A professor of strategy in the U.S. Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute)(Gabriel, Baker Botts fellow in energy and environmental regulatory affairs at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy) "A Dangerous Decade of Chinese Power Is Here," Foreign Policy, 10/18/2021~ U.S. and allied policymakers are facing the most important foreign-policy challenge of the 21st century. China’s power is peaking; so is the political position of Chinese President Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) domestic strength. In the long term, China’s likely decline after this peak is a good thing. But right now, it creates a decade of danger from a system that increasingly realizes it only has a short time to fulfill some of its most critical, long-held goals.
Within the next five years, China’s leaders are likely to conclude that its deteriorating demographic profile, structural economic problems, and technological estrangement from global innovation centers are eroding its leverage to annex Taiwan and achieve other major strategic objectives. As Xi internalizes these challenges, his foreign policy is likely to become even more accepting of risk, feeding on his nearly decadelong track record of successful revisionist action against the rules-based order. Notable examples include China occupying and militarizing sub-tidal features in the South China Sea, ramping up air and maritime incursions against Japan and Taiwan, pushing border challenges against India, occupying Bhutanese and Tibetan lands, perpetrating crimes against humanity in Xinjiang, and coercively enveloping Hong Kong. The relatively low-hanging fruit is plucked, but Beijing is emboldened to grasp
AND
can realistically achieve no later than the mid-to-late 2020s.
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
1AC – Plan
Plan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities in the People’s Republic of China is unjust.
Chinese space industrial base is set to surpass the US
Patel 21 ~(Neel, space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and I also write The Airlock newsletter, your number one source for everything happening off this planet. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where I grew and led the website’s space coverage.) "China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US" MIT Technology Review, 1/21/2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance/~~ BC How did China get here—and why? Until recently, China’s space
AND
China has to make up decades’ worth of ground lost to the West.
The PRC uses the private sector to develop "wish-list" military assets and pursue counterbalancing with Russia
Curcio 8/24 ~(Blaine, an Affiliate Senior Consultant for Euroconsult, based in Hong Kong. Since joining Euroconsult in 2018, he has contributed to a wide range of consulting missions and research reports, primarily covering the satcom sector globally, and broader space industry in China.) "Developments in China's Commercial Space Sector" The National Bureau of Asian Research, 8/24/2021. https://www.nbr.org/publication/developments-in-chinas-commercial-space-sector/~~ BC There has been discussion that China and Russia might partner to develop a lunar space
AND
money from existing shareholders and trying to guess where the market is moving.
Scenario one is space militarization:
Sino-Russian space alliance undermines existing treaties and greenlights space militarization
Bowman and Thompson 3/31 ~(Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies) (Jared Thompson, a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) "Russia and China Seek to Tie America’s Hands in Space" Foreign Policy 3/31/2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/~~ BC Consider the actions of the United States’ two great-power adversaries when it comes
AND
desire to pursue constructive and peaceful policies in space. Their duplicity continues.
Sino-Russian space militarization causes nuclear war
Rogin 11/30 ~(Josh, a columnist for the Global Opinions section of The Washington Post. He writes about foreign policy and national security. Rogin is also a political analyst for CNN. He previously worked for Bloomberg View, the Daily Beast, Foreign Policy, Congressional Quarterly, Federal Computer Week and Japan's Asahi Shimbun newspaper.) "Opinion: A shadow war in space is heating up fast" Washington Post, 11/30/2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/11/30/space-race-china-david-thompson/~~ BC When Russia blows up a satellite in space with a missile (as it did
AND
and the United States risks losing it if it doesn’t recognize this reality.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from a nuclear winter, it is relatively simple to predict those which would be most profound. That is, a nuclear winter would cause most humans and large animals to die from nuclear famine in a mass extinction event similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. Following the detonation (in conflict) of US and/or Russian launch-
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Scenario two is hegemony:
Chinese space leadership encourages ASAT proliferation – only the plan solves – China will not honor international commitments
Rajagopalan 5/12 ~(Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues. Dr Rajagopalan joined ORF after a five-year stint at the National Security Council Secretariat (2003-2007), Government of India, where she was an Assistant Director. Prior to joining the NSCS, she was Research Officer at the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. She was also a Visiting Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Politics, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan in 2012. Dr Rajagopalan has authored or edited nine books including Global Nuclear Security: Moving Beyond the NSS (2018), Space Policy 2.0 (2017), Nuclear Security in India (2015), Clashing Titans: Military Strategy and Insecurity among Asian Great Powers (2012), The Dragon's Fire: Chinese Military Strategy and Its Implications for Asia (2009). She has published research essays in edited volumes, and in peer reviewed journals such as India Review, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Air and Space Power Journal, International Journal of Nuclear Law and Strategic Analysis. She has also contributed essays to newspapers such as The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Times of India, and The Economic Times. She has been invited to speak at international fora including the United Nations Disarmament Forum (New York), the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) (Vienna), Conference on Disarmament (Geneva), ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the European Union.) "China’s irresponsible behaviour: A threat to space security" Observer Research Foundation, 5/12/2021. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-irresponsible-behaviour-a-threat-to-space-security/~~ BC With China planning an ambitious space programme that includes its own space station, it
AND
up to existing rules and norms, creating new ones will be difficult.
Chinese ASAT development emboldens Taiwan invasion – either US doesn’t follow through on its defense commitments, which kills alliances, or it defends Taiwan, which goes nuclear
Chow and Kelley 8/21 ~(Brian G., policy analyst for the Institute of World Politics, Ph.D in physics from Case Western Reserve University, MBA and Ph.D in finance from the University of Michigan, and Brandon, graduate of Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service ) "China’s Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan—Or Start a War," National Review, 8/21/2021~ JL If current trends hold, then China’s Strategic Support Force will be capable by the
AND
control to a full-scale conventional conflict or even to nuclear use.
Space dominance is key to US hegemony
Weichert 17 ~(Brandon J., a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, and is currently completing a book on national security space policy.) "The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance," Science Direct, 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438717300108~~ RR The global order is currently disordered. New states with completely different values from the
AND
It must be the goal of U.S. policymakers today.24
US leadership in this decade solves global war and results in a peaceful end to Chinese revisionism Erickson and Collins 10/21 ~(Andrew, A professor of strategy in the U.S. Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute)(Gabriel, Baker Botts fellow in energy and environmental regulatory affairs at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy) "A Dangerous Decade of Chinese Power Is Here," Foreign Policy, 10/18/2021~ U.S. and allied policymakers are facing the most important foreign-policy challenge of the 21st century. China’s power is peaking; so is the political position of Chinese President Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) domestic strength. In the long term, China’s likely decline after this peak is a good thing. But right now, it creates a decade of danger from a system that increasingly realizes it only has a short time to fulfill some of its most critical, long-held goals.
Within the next five years, China’s leaders are likely to conclude that its deteriorating demographic profile, structural economic problems, and technological estrangement from global innovation centers are eroding its leverage to annex Taiwan and achieve other major strategic objectives. As Xi internalizes these challenges, his foreign policy is likely to become even more accepting of risk, feeding on his nearly decadelong track record of successful revisionist action against the rules-based order. Notable examples include China occupying and militarizing sub-tidal features in the South China Sea, ramping up air and maritime incursions against Japan and Taiwan, pushing border challenges against India, occupying Bhutanese and Tibetan lands, perpetrating crimes against humanity in Xinjiang, and coercively enveloping Hong Kong. The relatively low-hanging fruit is plucked, but Beijing is emboldened to grasp
AND
can realistically achieve no later than the mid-to-late 2020s.
Be highly skeptical of heg bad arguments –
Gilsinan 20 ~(Kathy, a St. Louis-based contributing writer at The Atlantic. Her book, The Helpers: Profiles From the Front Lines of the Pandemic, comes out in March 2022. She was previously an editor at World Politics Review.) "How China Is Planning to Win Back the World" The Atlantic, 5/28/2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/05/china-disinformation-propaganda-united-states-xi-jinping/612085/~~ BC This was a bizarre salvo in China’s propaganda war with the United States over the
AND
and that the reeling world may condemn it but still depends on it.
First, pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore’s challenge to hedonists.
AND
why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
1AC – Plan
Plan: States should ban the appropriation of Mars by private entities.
important to revolutionize space is a rapidly reusable rocket that’s reliable, too."
Scenario one is terrestrial war – colonies foster global suspicion and miscalculation which make conflict exponentially more likely
Morton 18 ~(Adam, a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia. He is a philosophical generalist with a particular interest in issues about knowledge and about how people understand one another. His book Should We Colonize Other Planets? is available now.) "Colonizing Other Planets Could Trigger War on Earth | Opinion" News Week, 11/22/2018. https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630~~ BC Plans for the exploration and even colonization of other planets are very much in the
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survive a war. And this makes war more rather than less likely.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result
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few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Scenario 2 is nanobot proliferation – it is uniquely incentivized by colonization
Morton 18 ~(Adam, a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia. He is a philosophical generalist with a particular interest in issues about knowledge and about how people understand one another. His book Should We Colonize Other Planets? is available now.) "Colonizing Other Planets Could Trigger War on Earth | Opinion" News Week, 11/22/2018. https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630~~ BC Another danger is the rise of smart robots. But again, there is no
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than to the flow of people and physical objects. No safety there.
It expedites self-replication – extinction
Del Monte 17 ~(Louis, a bestselling author, award-winning physicist, CEO of Del Monte and Associates, Inc., and a featured speaker. He is considered a top futurist on artificial intelligence technology, nanoweapons, autonomous weapons, directed energy weapons, and the future of warfare) "Are Nanoweapons Paving the Road to Human Extinction?" HuffPost, 6/3/2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/are-nanoweapons-paving-the-road-to-human-extinction'b'59332a52e4b00573ab57a3fe~~ BC What is it about nanobots that make them the ideal weapons? Let us address
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a technological plague, one that we currently have no way of stopping.
Morton 18 ~(Adam, a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia. He is a philosophical generalist with a particular interest in issues about knowledge and about how people understand one another. His book Should We Colonize Other Planets? is available now.) "Colonizing Other Planets Could Trigger War on Earth | Opinion" News Week, 11/22/2018. https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630~~ BC The third danger is ecological. We are ruining the climate and polluting the oceans
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and separate the view real and attractive possibilities from hype and wishful thinking.
Warming causes extinction – any reduction should be prioritized above every other impact
Ramanathan et al. 17 ~Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Dr. William Collins is an internationally recognized expert in climate modeling and climate change science. He is the Director of the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (CESD) for the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area (EESA) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Prof. Dr Mark Lawrence, Ph.D. is scientific director at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam, Örjan Gustafsson is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry at Stockholm University, Shichang Kang is Professor, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and Molina, M.J., Zaelke, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Xu, Y., Alex, K., Auffhammer, M., Bledsoe, P., Croes, B., Forman, F., Haines, A., Harnish, R., Jacobson, M.Z., Lawrence, M., Leloup, D., Lenton, T., Morehouse, T., Munk, W., Picolotti, R., Prather, K., Raga, G., Rignot, E., Shindell, D., Singh, A.K., Steiner, A., Thiemens, M., Titley, D.W., Tucker, M.E., Tripathi, S., and Victor, D., authors come from the following 9 countries - US, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, China, Germany, Australia, Mexico, India, "Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change," Report of the Committee to Prevent Extreme Climate Change, September 2017, http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf~~ TDI Climate change is becoming an existential threat with warming in excess of 2°C
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countries and reduce the likelihood of environmentally driven civil wars and other conflicts.
Scenario 4 is continued colonization – Mars is just the first step
Rand 17 ~(Lisa Ruth, a postdoctoral fellow and program coordinator at the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine. Her research explores intersections of the histories of science, technology, and the environment during the Cold War. She is currently working on her first book, an environmental history of space junk.) "Colonizing Mars: Practicing Other Worlds on Earth" Origins, 9/2017. https://origins.osu.edu/article/colonizing-mars-practicing-other-worlds-earth?language'content'entity=en~~ BC On September 29, 2017, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk took the stage at the
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challenge. Figuring out what to do once humans arrive is much harder.
Space colonization causes species diversification – extinction – forecloses governance, kills deterrence, and incentivizes powerful super-weapons
Torres 18 ~(Phil, the director of the Project for Human Flourishing and the author of Morality, Foresight, and Human Flourishing: An Introduction to Existential Risks.) "Why We Should Think Twice About Colonizing Space" Nautilus, 7/18/2018. https://nautil.us/why-we-should-think-twice-about-colonizing-space-7525/~~ BC In a recent article in Futures, which was inspired by political scientist Daniel Deudney’s
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one only needs to be vulnerable for a short period to risk annihilation.
First, pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
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places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore’s challenge to hedonists.
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why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
1AC – Plan
Plan: States should ban the appropriation of Mars by private entities.
important to revolutionize space is a rapidly reusable rocket that’s reliable, too."
Scenario one is terrestrial war – colonies foster global suspicion and miscalculation which make conflict exponentially more likely
Morton 18 ~(Adam, a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia. He is a philosophical generalist with a particular interest in issues about knowledge and about how people understand one another. His book Should We Colonize Other Planets? is available now.) "Colonizing Other Planets Could Trigger War on Earth | Opinion" News Week, 11/22/2018. https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630~~ BC Plans for the exploration and even colonization of other planets are very much in the
AND
survive a war. And this makes war more rather than less likely.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Scenario 2 is nanobot proliferation – it is uniquely incentivized by colonization
Morton 18 ~(Adam, a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia. He is a philosophical generalist with a particular interest in issues about knowledge and about how people understand one another. His book Should We Colonize Other Planets? is available now.) "Colonizing Other Planets Could Trigger War on Earth | Opinion" News Week, 11/22/2018. https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630~~ BC Another danger is the rise of smart robots. But again, there is no
AND
than to the flow of people and physical objects. No safety there.
It expedites self-replication – extinction
Del Monte 17 ~(Louis, a bestselling author, award-winning physicist, CEO of Del Monte and Associates, Inc., and a featured speaker. He is considered a top futurist on artificial intelligence technology, nanoweapons, autonomous weapons, directed energy weapons, and the future of warfare) "Are Nanoweapons Paving the Road to Human Extinction?" HuffPost, 6/3/2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/are-nanoweapons-paving-the-road-to-human-extinction'b'59332a52e4b00573ab57a3fe~~ BC What is it about nanobots that make them the ideal weapons? Let us address
AND
a technological plague, one that we currently have no way of stopping.
Morton 18 ~(Adam, a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia. He is a philosophical generalist with a particular interest in issues about knowledge and about how people understand one another. His book Should We Colonize Other Planets? is available now.) "Colonizing Other Planets Could Trigger War on Earth | Opinion" News Week, 11/22/2018. https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630~~ BC The third danger is ecological. We are ruining the climate and polluting the oceans
AND
and separate the view real and attractive possibilities from hype and wishful thinking.
Warming causes extinction – any reduction should be prioritized above every other impact
Ramanathan et al. 17 ~Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Dr. William Collins is an internationally recognized expert in climate modeling and climate change science. He is the Director of the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (CESD) for the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area (EESA) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Prof. Dr Mark Lawrence, Ph.D. is scientific director at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam, Örjan Gustafsson is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry at Stockholm University, Shichang Kang is Professor, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and Molina, M.J., Zaelke, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Xu, Y., Alex, K., Auffhammer, M., Bledsoe, P., Croes, B., Forman, F., Haines, A., Harnish, R., Jacobson, M.Z., Lawrence, M., Leloup, D., Lenton, T., Morehouse, T., Munk, W., Picolotti, R., Prather, K., Raga, G., Rignot, E., Shindell, D., Singh, A.K., Steiner, A., Thiemens, M., Titley, D.W., Tucker, M.E., Tripathi, S., and Victor, D., authors come from the following 9 countries - US, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, China, Germany, Australia, Mexico, India, "Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change," Report of the Committee to Prevent Extreme Climate Change, September 2017, http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf~~ TDI Climate change is becoming an existential threat with warming in excess of 2°C
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countries and reduce the likelihood of environmentally driven civil wars and other conflicts.
Scenario 4 is space militarization – colonizing Mars brings geopolitical tensions to space – any developments will be weaponized
Duke 20 ~(Sgt. Joshua, served as a US Army intelligence analyst, including 24 months in Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom I, II, III, and IV. He holds a BA in intelligence studies with a concentration in counterintelligence from American Military University and is now serving in the United States Marine Corps. Sergeant Duke’s research focus is on national security and intelligence, including new approaches to counterterrorism using counterintelligence-based models; autonomous weaponry developments and their applications to international law, armed conflict, and US national security; and the future impacts of the space domain on global economics, intelligence operations, and US national security. He is also the author of "From Missiles to Microchips: Nation-States, Non-State Actors, and the Evolution of Intelligence" (Global Security Review, 2020); "Paid to Kill: An Examination of the Evolution of Combatants for Hire" (Global Security Review, 2020); and "Cyber World War: The People’s Republic of China, Anti-American Espionage, and the Global Cyber Arms Race" (Global Security Review, 2020, forthcoming).) "Conflict and Controversy in the Space Domain: Legalities, Lethalities, and Celestial Security" Wild Blue Yonder, 9/29/2020. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2362296/conflict-and-controversy-in-the-space-domain-legalities-lethalities-and-celesti/~~ BC Part 3: Mars Domination Mars is widely accepted by the scientific community to
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presence on the Moon will effectively be in a position to control Mars.
Space war causes extinction –
David 5/11 ~(Leonard, an award-winning space journalist who has been reporting on space activities for more than 50 years. Currently writing as Space.com's Space Insider Columnist among his other projects, Leonard has authored numerous books on space exploration, Mars missions and more, with his latest being "Moon Rush: The New Space Race" published in 2019 by National Geographic. He also wrote "Mars: Our Future on the Red Planet" released in 2016 by National Geographic. Leonard has served as a correspondent for SpaceNews, Scientific American and Aerospace America for the AIAA. He was received many awards, including the first Ordway Award for Sustained Excellence in Spaceflight History in 2015 at the AAS Wernher von Braun Memorial Symposium.) "Is war in space inevitable?" Space.com, 5/11/2021. https://www.space.com/is-space-war-inevitable-anti-satellite-technoloy~~ BC Here on Earth, the air, land, and sea are zones of conflict
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the U.S. and other nations could 'stumble into' such conflicts."
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore’s challenge to hedonists.
AND
why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Advantage
Plan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities in Ukraine is unjust.
The Ukrainian space sector is weak now, but newly legal private investments could revitalize it
Firefly Airspace prepares its Alpha rocket for its debut launch later this year.
The space industry collapses without private companies
Antonink 8/7 ~(Daryna, studied journalism and communications at Taras Shevchenko National University in Kyiv. Antoniuk worked as a news editor, social media manager, and freelance journalist before she joined the Kyiv Post staff in February 2020.) "Ukraine’s space industry goes after private money" KyivPost, 8/7/2021. https://www.kyivpost.com/business/ukraines-space-industry-goes-after-private-money.html~~ BC Lucrative industry If space was once a political tool for world’s superpowers, today
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the U.S. launch vehicle Falcon 9 that belongs to SpaceX.
Even exported products would still be under Ukrainian jurisdiction
the degree of difficulty associated with preventing advances in North Korea’s missile program.
Future ballistic missile capabilities are used in a nuclear attack
Bennett et al. 21 ~(Bruce W. Bennett is an adjunct international/defense researcher at the RAND Corporation. He works primarily on research topics such as strategy, force planning, and counterproliferation within the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center. Bennett's work applies wargaming, risk management, deterrence-based strategy, competitive strategies, and military simulation and analysis. He specializes in "asymmetric threats" such as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and how to counter those threats with new strategies, operational concepts, and technologies. He is an expert in Northeast Asian military issues, having visited the region over 120 times and written much about Korean security issues. He has also done work on the Persian/Arab Gulf region. His Northeast Asian research has addressed issues such as future ROK military force requirements, understanding and shaping the ongoing Korean nuclear weapon crisis, Korean unification, the Korean military balance, counters to North Korean chemical and biological weapon threats in Korea and Japan, potential Chinese intervention in Korean contingencies, changes in the Northeast Asia security environment, and deterrence of nuclear threats (including strengthening the U.S. nuclear umbrella). He has worked with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Forces Korea and Japan, the U.S. Pacific Command and Central Command, the ROK and Japanese militaries, and the ROK National Assembly.) "Countering the Risks of North Korean Nuclear Weapons" RAND, 4/2021. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA1015-1.html~~ BC North Korea’s nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities have been for many years and continue to
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weapons and how we expect them to develop, based on disclosed evidence.
The US and South Korea have a military advantage now but continued ballistic missile development gives North Korea the leverage it needs to achieve dominance in the region
Bennett et al. 21 ~(Bruce W. Bennett is an adjunct international/defense researcher at the RAND Corporation. He works primarily on research topics such as strategy, force planning, and counterproliferation within the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center. Bennett's work applies wargaming, risk management, deterrence-based strategy, competitive strategies, and military simulation and analysis. He specializes in "asymmetric threats" such as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and how to counter those threats with new strategies, operational concepts, and technologies. He is an expert in Northeast Asian military issues, having visited the region over 120 times and written much about Korean security issues. He has also done work on the Persian/Arab Gulf region. His Northeast Asian research has addressed issues such as future ROK military force requirements, understanding and shaping the ongoing Korean nuclear weapon crisis, Korean unification, the Korean military balance, counters to North Korean chemical and biological weapon threats in Korea and Japan, potential Chinese intervention in Korean contingencies, changes in the Northeast Asia security environment, and deterrence of nuclear threats (including strengthening the U.S. nuclear umbrella). He has worked with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Forces Korea and Japan, the U.S. Pacific Command and Central Command, the ROK and Japanese militaries, and the ROK National Assembly.) "Countering the Risks of North Korean Nuclear Weapons" RAND, 4/2021. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA1015-1.html~~ BC Since failing to conquer and control the Republic of Korea (ROK) in the
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with the coercive and warfighting leverage that these weapons would give North Korea.
Continued development causes nuclear war, Chinese entanglement, and destruction of the US-ROK alliance — ballistic missiles are key to North Korea’s second-strike capability which is the only factor that makes it a credible threat
Garlauskas 12/23 ~(Markus, a nonresident senior fellow with the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security’s Asia Security Initiative. He is an independent author and consultant, specializing in Northeast Asian security issues and strategic analysis. Garlauskas served in the US government for nearly twenty years. He was appointed to the Senior National Intelligence Service as the National Intelligence Officer (NIO) for North Korea on the National Intelligence Council from July 2014 to June 2020. As NIO, he led the US intelligence community’s strategic analysis on North Korea issues and expanded analytic outreach to non-government experts. He also provided direct analytic support to top-level policy deliberations, including the presidential transition, as well as the Singapore and Hanoi summits with North Korea. Garlauskas served for nearly twelve years overseas at the headquarters of United Nations Command, Combined Forces Command and US Forces Korea in Seoul. His staff assignments there included chief of the Intelligence Estimates Branch and director of the Strategy Division. For his service in Korea, he received the Joint Civilian Distinguished Service Award, the highest civilian award from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.) "Proactively countering North Korea’s advancing nuclear threat" Atlantic Council, 12/23/2021. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/proactively-countering-north-koreas-advancing-nuclear-threat/~~ BC SHIFT FROM SURVIVAL TO COERCION— EVEN WARFIGHTING Given how much of a deterrent
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emboldening Pyongyang, and introducing new risks into US-PRC strategic competition.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from a nuclear winter, it is relatively simple to predict those which would be most profound. That is, a nuclear winter would cause most humans and large animals to die from nuclear famine in a mass extinction event similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. Following the detonation (in conflict) of US and/or Russian launch-
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few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Scenario 2 is Russian invasion
A strong commercial space industry incentivizes Chinese investment – alienates the US by going against encouraged defense sector reforms
further into Eastern Europe, U.S. and European officials said.
Biden’s support for-Ukraine is key to deter Russian invasion
Grady 12/24 ~(John, a former managing editor of Navy Times, retired as director of communications for the Association of the United States Army. His reporting on national defense and national security has appeared on Breaking Defense, GovExec.com, NextGov.com, DefenseOne.com, Government Executive and USNI News.) "Panel: West Must be Prepared to Send More Military Aid to Ukraine to Deter Russia" USNI, 12/24/2021. https://news.usni.org/2021/12/24/panel-west-must-be-prepared-to-send-more-military-aid-to-ukraine-to-deter-russia~~ BC The West must be ready to send air defense systems and anti-ship missiles
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The only thing we ask of the West is not to show weakness."
Extinction — Russian invasion of Ukraine sparks catastrophic nuclear reactor failure, causing an unprecedented nuclear emergency
Hooper 12/28 ~(Craig, Founder and CEO of the Themistocles Advisory Group, he focus on communications and government relations as well as maritime, homeland defense and chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) challenges. Previously, he served as an executive for naval shipbuilder Austal USA, helping deliver Littoral Combat Ships and Expeditionary Fast Transports to the U.S. Navy. With a Ph.D. in Immunology and Infectious Diseases from Harvard University, I have taught at the University of California, the Naval Postgraduate School, and the Monterey Institute of International Studies. In my spare time, he supports think-tank studies, discuss naval matters at NextNavy.com or write about the Navy, publishing op-eds and papers in places like the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, the Naval War College Review, theU.S. Naval Institute Proceedings and beyond.) "A Ukraine Invasion Could Go Nuclear: 15 Reactors Would Be In War Zone" Forbes, 12/28/2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/craighooper/2021/12/28/a-ukraine-invasion-will-go-nuclear-15-reactors-are-in-the-war-zone/?sh=1bf80db427aa~~ BC As Russia’s buildup on the Ukrainian border continues, few observers note that an invasion
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in other words, estimating the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by humans.
2/13/22
NOVDEC-AC-Brazil
Tournament: USC Trojan Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marlborough ED | Judge: Sam McLoughlin Cites aren't working. Check Open Source!
Plan: The United States should recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
Advantage 1 — Workforce
Advantage one is the workforce
Labor unrest is increasing and there is momentum to strike, but current laws leave workers powerless.
Semuels 10/8 ~(Alana, Journalist and currently senior economics correspondent at TIME magazine, previously The Atlantic, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe.) "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It’s the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," TIME, 10/8/21. https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/~~ RR Thousands of workers have gone on strike across the country, showing their growing power
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she finally feels respected. But she makes $13 less an hour.
Strikes are key to revitalizing labor unions and challenging monopolies power
Bahn 19 ~(Kate, the director of labor market policy and interim chief economist at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth) "The once and future role of strikes in ensuring U.S. worker power" Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 8/29/19. https://equitablegrowth.org/the-once-and-future-role-of-strikes-in-ensuring-u-s-worker-power/~~ RR At the same time, there is an increasing consensus today that unions are a
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efforts when the labor market lacks competition that would increase worker bargaining power.
Labor shortages now are because of low wages— unions reverse that by allowing for bargaining.
Lopezlira and Jacobs 9/3 ~(Enrique, is the director of the Low-Wage Work program at the UC Berkeley Labor Center. He is a labor economist, directing and conducting research on how policies affect working families, with a particular focus on how these policies impact racial and gender equity. Doctorate in Economics from Howard University) (Ken, the chair of the University of California, Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education, where he has been a labor specialist since 2002.) "Don’t Mistake the Disappointing Jobs Numbers for a Labor Shortage," Barron’s, 9/3/21. https://www.barrons.com/articles/dont-mistake-the-disappointing-jobs-numbers-for-a-labor-shortage-51630698151~~ RR Today’s jobs report shows a complicated picture for workers. The economy added only 235
AND
majority of workers continue depends on the decisions we make as a society.
Industrial workforce shortages are happening now— Covid and inability to compete.
Scull and Stone 8/28 ~(John, an associate in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, office of Jackson Lewis P.C. His practice focuses on representing employers in workplace law matters, including preventive advice and counseling.) (James, a principal of the Cleveland, Ohio, office of Jackson Lewis P.C. From the opening of the office in 2006 until early 2020, Jim served as office managing principal in Cleveland. At that time, he stepped down to focus on his busy practice and increased task force activities within practice groups and serving as co-leader of the firm’s Manufacturing industry group.) "Manufacturing Labor Shortage: Cultivating Skilled Labor By Engaging Local Communities," JDSupra, 8/28/21. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/manufacturing-labor-shortage-1463687/~~ RR The worker shortage in manufacturing has been exacerbated by the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic
AND
old, and older workers are retiring faster than they are being replaced.
A strong industrial workforce is key to US military primacy
Bloomberg Editorial Board 4/7 ~(Members of the editorial board will write and edit in other capacities within Bloomberg Opinion. Because our columnists have always spoken for themselves, they will continue as before — though columnists will still refrain from endorsing candidates, a policy we have had in place since we started in 2011.) "America’s Depleted Industrial Base Is a National Security Crisis," Bloomberg, 4/7/21. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-04-07/america-s-depleted-industrial-base-is-a-national-security-crisis~~ RR President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s farewell address is most famous for its warning against the
AND
national security, but also for the preservation of peace around the world.
US primacy prevents great-power conflict — multipolar revisionism fragments the global order and causes nuclear war
Brands and Edel, 19 — Hal Brands; PhD, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Charles Edel; PhD, Senior Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. ("The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order;" Ch. 6: Darkening Horizon; Published by Yale University Press; GrRv) Each of these geopolitical challenges is different, and each reflects the distinctive interests, ambitions, and history of the country undertaking it. Yet there is growing cooperation between the countries that are challenging the regional pillars of the U.S.-led order. Russia and China have collaborated on issues such as energy, sales and development of military technology, opposition to additional U.S. military deployments on the Korean peninsula, and naval exercises from the South China Sea to the Baltic. In Syria, Iran provided the shock troops that helped keep Russia’s ally, Bashar al-Assad, in power, as Moscow provided the air power and the diplomatic cover. "Our cooperation can isolate America," supreme leader Ali Khamenei told Putin in 2017. More broadly, what links these challenges together is their opposition to the constellation of power, norms, and relationships that the U.S.-led order entails, and in their propensity to use violence, coercion, and intimidation as means of making that opposition effective. Taken collectively, these challenges constitute a geopolitical sea change from the post-Cold War era. The revival of great-power competition entails higher international tensions than the world has
AND
with an eye to preserving and perhaps even selectively advancing its remarkable achievements.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Advantage 2 — Democracy
Advantage two is democracy
The US is instigating a global democratic crisis – any lapse in US policy spills over
that characterizes the global economy, which is often the more consequential division.
A right to strike solves 3 warrants—
Worker strikes withhold labor from wealthy elites to make way for new progressive legislature.
Pope 18 ~(James Gray, a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO.) "Labor’s right to strike is essential," PSC Cuny, September 2018. https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential~~ RR Strikers can be fired and fined for peacefully refusing to work, but their leaders
AND
clear the way for progressive legislation just as they did in the 1930s.
Strikes are key political tools— they incentivize being active in political institutions and transform conditions.
part of engaging a broad swath of the public in reconceptualizing political economy.
Strikes are key to take decisive action if democracy is threatened.
Madeloni 20 ~(Barbara, is the education coordinator at Labor Notes and a former president of the Massachusetts Teachers Association.) "Unions Are Beginning to Talk About Staving Off a Possible Coup," LaborNotes, 10/15/20. https://labornotes.org/2020/10/unions-are-beginning-talk-about-staving-possible-coup~~ RR UNIONS ARE THE BEDROCK If these resolutions represent a growing realization that labor must
AND
should be prepared to take decisive action if our democratic traditions are threatened."
Democracies are key to solve climate change— US democratic leadership is key.
Fiorino 9/22 ~(Daniel J, is the Director of the Center for Environmental Policy at American University in Washington DC. He his author of Can Democracy Handle Climate Change? (Polity, 2018). ) "Democracy is suited to tackle climate change," Democracy Without Borders, 9/22/21. https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/20869/democracy-is-suited-to-tackle-climate-change/~~ RR Comparing democratic and authoritarian systems Climate change is a complex challenge, the largest
AND
on the shelf and revive when a crisis passes, if it does.
Warming causes extinction – any reduction should be prioritized above every other impact
Ramanathan et al. 17 ~Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Dr. William Collins is an internationally recognized expert in climate modeling and climate change science. He is the Director of the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (CESD) for the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area (EESA) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Prof. Dr Mark Lawrence, Ph.D. is scientific director at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam, Örjan Gustafsson is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry at Stockholm University, Shichang Kang is Professor, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and Molina, M.J., Zaelke, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Xu, Y., Alex, K., Auffhammer, M., Bledsoe, P., Croes, B., Forman, F., Haines, A., Harnish, R., Jacobson, M.Z., Lawrence, M., Leloup, D., Lenton, T., Morehouse, T., Munk, W., Picolotti, R., Prather, K., Raga, G., Rignot, E., Shindell, D., Singh, A.K., Steiner, A., Thiemens, M., Titley, D.W., Tucker, M.E., Tripathi, S., and Victor, D., authors come from the following 9 countries - US, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, China, Germany, Australia, Mexico, India, "Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change," Report of the Committee to Prevent Extreme Climate Change, September 2017, http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf~~ TDI Climate change is becoming an existential threat with warming in excess of 2°C
AND
more warming acting as a force multiplier (Schuur et al., 2015).
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Plan: The United States should recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
Advantage 1 — Workforce
Advantage one is the workforce
Labor unrest is increasing and there is momentum to strike, but current laws leave workers powerless.
Semuels 10/8 ~(Alana, Journalist and currently senior economics correspondent at TIME magazine, previously The Atlantic, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe.) "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It’s the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," TIME, 10/8/21. https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/~~ RR Thousands of workers have gone on strike across the country, showing their growing power
AND
she finally feels respected. But she makes $13 less an hour.
Strikes are key to revitalizing labor unions and challenging monopolies power
Bahn 19 ~(Kate, the director of labor market policy and interim chief economist at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth) "The once and future role of strikes in ensuring U.S. worker power" Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 8/29/19. https://equitablegrowth.org/the-once-and-future-role-of-strikes-in-ensuring-u-s-worker-power/~~ RR At the same time, there is an increasing consensus today that unions are a
AND
efforts when the labor market lacks competition that would increase worker bargaining power.
Labor shortages now are because of low wages— unions reverse that by allowing for bargaining.
Lopezlira and Jacobs 9/3 ~(Enrique, is the director of the Low-Wage Work program at the UC Berkeley Labor Center. He is a labor economist, directing and conducting research on how policies affect working families, with a particular focus on how these policies impact racial and gender equity. Doctorate in Economics from Howard University) (Ken, the chair of the University of California, Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education, where he has been a labor specialist since 2002.) "Don’t Mistake the Disappointing Jobs Numbers for a Labor Shortage," Barron’s, 9/3/21. https://www.barrons.com/articles/dont-mistake-the-disappointing-jobs-numbers-for-a-labor-shortage-51630698151~~ RR Today’s jobs report shows a complicated picture for workers. The economy added only 235
AND
majority of workers continue depends on the decisions we make as a society.
Industrial workforce shortages are happening now— Covid and inability to compete.
Scull and Stone 8/28 ~(John, an associate in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, office of Jackson Lewis P.C. His practice focuses on representing employers in workplace law matters, including preventive advice and counseling.) (James, a principal of the Cleveland, Ohio, office of Jackson Lewis P.C. From the opening of the office in 2006 until early 2020, Jim served as office managing principal in Cleveland. At that time, he stepped down to focus on his busy practice and increased task force activities within practice groups and serving as co-leader of the firm’s Manufacturing industry group.) "Manufacturing Labor Shortage: Cultivating Skilled Labor By Engaging Local Communities," JDSupra, 8/28/21. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/manufacturing-labor-shortage-1463687/~~ RR The worker shortage in manufacturing has been exacerbated by the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic
AND
old, and older workers are retiring faster than they are being replaced.
A strong industrial workforce is key to US military primacy
Bloomberg Editorial Board 4/7 ~(Members of the editorial board will write and edit in other capacities within Bloomberg Opinion. Because our columnists have always spoken for themselves, they will continue as before — though columnists will still refrain from endorsing candidates, a policy we have had in place since we started in 2011.) "America’s Depleted Industrial Base Is a National Security Crisis," Bloomberg, 4/7/21. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-04-07/america-s-depleted-industrial-base-is-a-national-security-crisis~~ RR President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s farewell address is most famous for its warning against the
AND
national security, but also for the preservation of peace around the world.
US primacy prevents great-power conflict — multipolar revisionism fragments the global order and causes nuclear war
Brands and Edel, 19 — Hal Brands; PhD, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Charles Edel; PhD, Senior Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. ("The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order;" Ch. 6: Darkening Horizon; Published by Yale University Press; GrRv) Each of these geopolitical challenges is different, and each reflects the distinctive interests, ambitions, and history of the country undertaking it. Yet there is growing cooperation between the countries that are challenging the regional pillars of the U.S.-led order. Russia and China have collaborated on issues such as energy, sales and development of military technology, opposition to additional U.S. military deployments on the Korean peninsula, and naval exercises from the South China Sea to the Baltic. In Syria, Iran provided the shock troops that helped keep Russia’s ally, Bashar al-Assad, in power, as Moscow provided the air power and the diplomatic cover. "Our cooperation can isolate America," supreme leader Ali Khamenei told Putin in 2017. More broadly, what links these challenges together is their opposition to the constellation of power, norms, and relationships that the U.S.-led order entails, and in their propensity to use violence, coercion, and intimidation as means of making that opposition effective. Taken collectively, these challenges constitute a geopolitical sea change from the post-Cold War era. The revival of great-power competition entails higher international tensions than the world has
AND
with an eye to preserving and perhaps even selectively advancing its remarkable achievements.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Advantage 2 — Democracy
Advantage two is democracy
The US is instigating a global democratic crisis – any lapse in US policy spills over
that characterizes the global economy, which is often the more consequential division.
A right to strike solves 3 warrants—
Worker strikes withhold labor from wealthy elites to make way for new progressive legislature.
Pope 18 ~(James Gray, a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO.) "Labor’s right to strike is essential," PSC Cuny, September 2018. https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential~~ RR Strikers can be fired and fined for peacefully refusing to work, but their leaders
AND
clear the way for progressive legislation just as they did in the 1930s.
Strikes are key political tools— they incentivize being active in political institutions and transform conditions.
part of engaging a broad swath of the public in reconceptualizing political economy.
Strikes are key to take decisive action if democracy is threatened.
Madeloni 20 ~(Barbara, is the education coordinator at Labor Notes and a former president of the Massachusetts Teachers Association.) "Unions Are Beginning to Talk About Staving Off a Possible Coup," LaborNotes, 10/15/20. https://labornotes.org/2020/10/unions-are-beginning-talk-about-staving-possible-coup~~ RR UNIONS ARE THE BEDROCK If these resolutions represent a growing realization that labor must
AND
should be prepared to take decisive action if our democratic traditions are threatened."
Democracies are key to solve climate change— US democratic leadership is key.
Fiorino 9/22 ~(Daniel J, is the Director of the Center for Environmental Policy at American University in Washington DC. He his author of Can Democracy Handle Climate Change? (Polity, 2018). ) "Democracy is suited to tackle climate change," Democracy Without Borders, 9/22/21. https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/20869/democracy-is-suited-to-tackle-climate-change/~~ RR Comparing democratic and authoritarian systems Climate change is a complex challenge, the largest
AND
on the shelf and revive when a crisis passes, if it does.
Warming causes extinction – any reduction should be prioritized above every other impact
Ramanathan et al. 17 ~Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Dr. William Collins is an internationally recognized expert in climate modeling and climate change science. He is the Director of the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (CESD) for the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area (EESA) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Prof. Dr Mark Lawrence, Ph.D. is scientific director at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam, Örjan Gustafsson is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry at Stockholm University, Shichang Kang is Professor, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and Molina, M.J., Zaelke, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Xu, Y., Alex, K., Auffhammer, M., Bledsoe, P., Croes, B., Forman, F., Haines, A., Harnish, R., Jacobson, M.Z., Lawrence, M., Leloup, D., Lenton, T., Morehouse, T., Munk, W., Picolotti, R., Prather, K., Raga, G., Rignot, E., Shindell, D., Singh, A.K., Steiner, A., Thiemens, M., Titley, D.W., Tucker, M.E., Tripathi, S., and Victor, D., authors come from the following 9 countries - US, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, China, Germany, Australia, Mexico, India, "Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change," Report of the Committee to Prevent Extreme Climate Change, September 2017, http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf~~ TDI Climate change is becoming an existential threat with warming in excess of 2°C
AND
more warming acting as a force multiplier (Schuur et al., 2015).
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
11/10/21
NOVDEC-AC-Labor v3
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harrison EM | Judge: Diana Alvarez
AC vs
Harrison EM
AC
Plan
Plan: The United States should recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
Advantage 1 — Workforce
Advantage one is the workforce
Labor unrest is increasing and there is momentum to strike, but current laws leave workers powerless.
Semuels 10/8 ~(Alana, Journalist and currently senior economics correspondent at TIME magazine, previously The Atlantic, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe.) "U.S. Workers Are Realizing It’s the Perfect Time to Go on Strike," TIME, 10/8/21. https://time.com/6105109/workers-strike-unemployment/~~ RR Thousands of workers have gone on strike across the country, showing their growing power
AND
she finally feels respected. But she makes $13 less an hour.
Strikes are key to revitalizing labor unions and challenging monopolies power
Bahn 19 ~(Kate, the director of labor market policy and interim chief economist at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth) "The once and future role of strikes in ensuring U.S. worker power" Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 8/29/19. https://equitablegrowth.org/the-once-and-future-role-of-strikes-in-ensuring-u-s-worker-power/~~ RR At the same time, there is an increasing consensus today that unions are a
AND
efforts when the labor market lacks competition that would increase worker bargaining power.
Labor shortages now are because of low wages— unions reverse that by allowing for bargaining.
Lopezlira and Jacobs 9/3 ~(Enrique, is the director of the Low-Wage Work program at the UC Berkeley Labor Center. He is a labor economist, directing and conducting research on how policies affect working families, with a particular focus on how these policies impact racial and gender equity. Doctorate in Economics from Howard University) (Ken, the chair of the University of California, Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education, where he has been a labor specialist since 2002.) "Don’t Mistake the Disappointing Jobs Numbers for a Labor Shortage," Barron’s, 9/3/21. https://www.barrons.com/articles/dont-mistake-the-disappointing-jobs-numbers-for-a-labor-shortage-51630698151~~ RR Today’s jobs report shows a complicated picture for workers. The economy added only 235
AND
majority of workers continue depends on the decisions we make as a society.
Industrial workforce shortages are happening now— Covid and inability to compete.
Scull and Stone 8/28 ~(John, an associate in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, office of Jackson Lewis P.C. His practice focuses on representing employers in workplace law matters, including preventive advice and counseling.) (James, a principal of the Cleveland, Ohio, office of Jackson Lewis P.C. From the opening of the office in 2006 until early 2020, Jim served as office managing principal in Cleveland. At that time, he stepped down to focus on his busy practice and increased task force activities within practice groups and serving as co-leader of the firm’s Manufacturing industry group.) "Manufacturing Labor Shortage: Cultivating Skilled Labor By Engaging Local Communities," JDSupra, 8/28/21. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/manufacturing-labor-shortage-1463687/~~ RR The worker shortage in manufacturing has been exacerbated by the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic
AND
old, and older workers are retiring faster than they are being replaced.
A strong industrial workforce is key to US military primacy
Bloomberg Editorial Board 4/7 ~(Members of the editorial board will write and edit in other capacities within Bloomberg Opinion. Because our columnists have always spoken for themselves, they will continue as before — though columnists will still refrain from endorsing candidates, a policy we have had in place since we started in 2011.) "America’s Depleted Industrial Base Is a National Security Crisis," Bloomberg, 4/7/21. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-04-07/america-s-depleted-industrial-base-is-a-national-security-crisis~~ RR President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s farewell address is most famous for its warning against the
AND
national security, but also for the preservation of peace around the world.
US leadership in this decade solves global war and results in a peaceful end to Chinese revisionism Erickson and Collins 10/21 ~(Andrew, A professor of strategy in the U.S. Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute)(Gabriel, Baker Botts fellow in energy and environmental regulatory affairs at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy) "A Dangerous Decade of Chinese Power Is Here," Foreign Policy, 10/18/2021~ U.S. and allied policymakers are facing the most important foreign-policy challenge of the 21st century. China’s power is peaking; so is the political position of Chinese President Xi Jinping and the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) domestic strength. In the long term, China’s likely decline after this peak is a good thing. But right now, it creates a decade of danger from a system that increasingly realizes it only has a short time to fulfill some of its most critical, long-held goals.
Within the next five years, China’s leaders are likely to conclude that its deteriorating demographic profile, structural economic problems, and technological estrangement from global innovation centers are eroding its leverage to annex Taiwan and achieve other major strategic objectives. As Xi internalizes these challenges, his foreign policy is likely to become even more accepting of risk, feeding on his nearly decadelong track record of successful revisionist action against the rules-based order. Notable examples include China occupying and militarizing sub-tidal features in the South China Sea, ramping up air and maritime incursions against Japan and Taiwan, pushing border challenges against India, occupying Bhutanese and Tibetan lands, perpetrating crimes against humanity in Xinjiang, and coercively enveloping Hong Kong. The relatively low-hanging fruit is plucked, but Beijing is emboldened to grasp
AND
can realistically achieve no later than the mid-to-late 2020s.
Retrenchment causes nationalism, war, and protectionism – optimists falsely assume current cooperative trends will continue without the US security guarantee
Matthew Fay 17, Director of Defense and Foreign Policy Studies @ The Niskanen Center, 11/16/17, "America Unrestrained?: Engagement, Retrenchment, and Libertarian Foreign Policy," https://niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/America-Unrestrained.pdf A number of the arguments libertarians make in favor of retrenchment have merit, but
AND
might choose to obtain a nuclear arsenal once responsible for their own security.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD
While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Advantage 2 — Democracy
Advantage two is democracy
The US is instigating a global democratic crisis – any lapse in US policy spills over
that characterizes the global economy, which is often the more consequential division.
A right to strike solves 3 warrants—
Worker strikes withhold labor from wealthy elites to make way for new progressive legislature.
Pope 18 ~(James Gray, a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO.) "Labor’s right to strike is essential," PSC Cuny, September 2018. https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential~~ RR Strikers can be fired and fined for peacefully refusing to work, but their leaders
AND
clear the way for progressive legislation just as they did in the 1930s.
Strikes are key political tools— they incentivize being active in political institutions and transform conditions.
part of engaging a broad swath of the public in reconceptualizing political economy.
Strikes are key to take decisive action if democracy is threatened.
Madeloni 20 ~(Barbara, is the education coordinator at Labor Notes and a former president of the Massachusetts Teachers Association.) "Unions Are Beginning to Talk About Staving Off a Possible Coup," LaborNotes, 10/15/20. https://labornotes.org/2020/10/unions-are-beginning-talk-about-staving-possible-coup~~ RR UNIONS ARE THE BEDROCK If these resolutions represent a growing realization that labor must
AND
should be prepared to take decisive action if our democratic traditions are threatened."
Democracies are key to solve climate change— US democratic leadership is key.
Fiorino 9/22 ~(Daniel J, is the Director of the Center for Environmental Policy at American University in Washington DC. He his author of Can Democracy Handle Climate Change? (Polity, 2018). ) "Democracy is suited to tackle climate change," Democracy Without Borders, 9/22/21. https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/20869/democracy-is-suited-to-tackle-climate-change/~~ RR Comparing democratic and authoritarian systems Climate change is a complex challenge, the largest
AND
on the shelf and revive when a crisis passes, if it does.
Warming causes extinction – any reduction should be prioritized above every other impact
Ramanathan et al. 17 ~Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Dr. William Collins is an internationally recognized expert in climate modeling and climate change science. He is the Director of the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (CESD) for the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area (EESA) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Prof. Dr Mark Lawrence, Ph.D. is scientific director at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam, Örjan Gustafsson is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry at Stockholm University, Shichang Kang is Professor, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and Molina, M.J., Zaelke, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Xu, Y., Alex, K., Auffhammer, M., Bledsoe, P., Croes, B., Forman, F., Haines, A., Harnish, R., Jacobson, M.Z., Lawrence, M., Leloup, D., Lenton, T., Morehouse, T., Munk, W., Picolotti, R., Prather, K., Raga, G., Rignot, E., Shindell, D., Singh, A.K., Steiner, A., Thiemens, M., Titley, D.W., Tucker, M.E., Tripathi, S., and Victor, D., authors come from the following 9 countries - US, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, China, Germany, Australia, Mexico, India, "Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change," Report of the Committee to Prevent Extreme Climate Change, September 2017, http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf~~ TDI Climate change is becoming an existential threat with warming in excess of 2°C
AND
more warming acting as a force multiplier (Schuur et al., 2015).
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore’s challenge to hedonists.
AND
why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce IP protections for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
CRISPRs are stretches of DNA
Vidyasagar 18 ~(Aparna, journalist specializing in life sciences and health) "What Is CRISPR?" Live Science, 4/20/2018~ JL In popular usage, "CRISPR" (pronounced "crisper") is shorthand for
AND
a "double-stranded break," according to the 2014 Science article.
, while Vertex obtained the rights to market the treatments to be developed.
Advantage – Innovation
Advantage is innovation:
A huge influx of patents is coming – most recent data and trends from this year
Mischel 4/27 ~(Fiona Mischel, Editor-in-Chief of SynBioBeta. She frequently covers sustainability, CRISPR research, food and agriculture technology, and biotech for space travel.) "Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think" SynBioBeta, 4/27/2021. https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/~~ BC Still Want To Patent CRISPR? Here’s What You Need To Know The biggest
AND
future, we cannot leave the fundamental promise of science in the dust.
Makes development of CRISPR impossible – 3 warrants
Patent disputes are imminent — other entities and foreign governments get involved ensure conflicts
China, patents are subject to invalidation proceedings after they are issued."25
IP disputes foreclose research collaboration between universities, which has historically enabled critical scientific breakthroughs
Sherkow 17 ~(Jacob, Professor of Law at the College of Law and Affiliate of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois, where his research focuses on the legal and ethical implications of advanced biotechnologies, especially as related to intellectual property. He is a leading expert on IP protection for genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR. He is the author of over 60 articles published in both scientific journals and traditional law reviews, including Science, Nature, the Yale Law Journal, and the Stanford Law Review. Since 2018, Sherkow has also been a Permanent Visiting Professor at the Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law ("CeBIL") at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law.) "Patent protection for CRISPR: an ELSI review" Journal of Law and the Biosciences 12/7/2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965580/~~ BC One notable aspect of the CRISPR patent dispute is that it is, by and
AND
hope that the CRISPR patent dispute teaches others that such myopia isn’t warranted.
Patent disputes create fears of litigation that deter genome research and investment
million and signed a deal with pharmaceutical company Biogen to implement its technology.
Uncertainty about licensing ensures technology is not distributed or developed - smaller firms don’t know where they need to seek approval from
Sterlin 20 ~(Ian, JD from the University of Michigan Law School, Executive Editor of the Michigan Technology Law Review) "The CRISPR War Drags On: How the Fight to Patent CRISPR-Cas9 Creates Uncertainty in the Biotechnology Sphere," Michigan Technology Law Review, 3/2020~ JL On September 10, 2018, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals ("Federal Circuit
AND
order to make researchers feel secure in developing further technological innovations using CRISPR-.
CRISPR solves disease, but continued innovation is key
Thorne 20 ~(Lucy, PhD, received a BSc. in Biochemistry from University of Leeds and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from University of Liverpool in the UK. She is currently working as a freelance consultant in Cambridge, UK writing CRISPR-related content for Biocompare.) "CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing: A New Weapon against Infectious Disease" Biocompare, 1/14/2020. https://www.biocompare.com/Editorial-Articles/559757-CRISPR-Cas-Gene-Editing-A-New-Weapon-against-Infectious-Disease/~~ BC Infectious disease is a common cause of death worldwide, but the rise of antibiotic
AND
clinic and help combat the growing specter of antimicrobial resistance and infectious disease.
Extinction – defense is wrong
Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity", Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events have been responsible for the greatest death tolls on humanity.
AND
, and available vectors, could be modified as well.19-2
Advantage 2 – WTO credibility
Advantage 2 is WTO cred:
New EU trade restrictions on genome editing contradicts WTO agreements which makes future disputes inevitable
Menz et al. 20 ~(Dr. Jochen Menz, of Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants) Modrzejewski (Dominik PhD, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Hartung (Frank, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Wilhelm (Ralf, Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Sprink (Thorben, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) "Genome Edited Crops Touch the Market: A View on the Global Development and Regulatory Environment" Front Plant Sci, 10/9/2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7581933/~~ BC WTO: Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures In November 2018, the delegations
AND
agricultural activities. Without any changes in European legislation the issue stays unresolved.
EU-WTO conflict causes WTO collapse – it’s the glue that holds the organization together in an international arena characterized by US and China trade disputes
Horton and Hopewell 8/3 ~(Ben, Communications Manager; Project Lead, Common Futures Conversations) (Dr Kristen, Associate Professor, and Canada Research Chair in Global Policy, University of British Columbia) "Lessons from Trump’s assault on the World Trade Organization", Chatham House 8/3/2021 https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lessons-trumps-assault-world-trade-organization~~ BC The main reason behind the EU’s success in taking a leadership role is its willingness
AND
could unravel, throwing us back into economic chaos and potentially political disorder.
Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Tønnesson 15 ~(Stein, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University) "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311, 2015~ SJDI Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
AND
each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene./
Independently, Protectionism causes great power competition and militarized regionalism.
Lake 18. ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI I develop two central arguments. First, historically, great power competition has been
AND
politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from a nuclear winter, it is relatively simple to predict those which would be most profound. That is, a nuclear winter would cause most humans and large animals to die from nuclear famine in a mass extinction event similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. Following the detonation (in conflict) of US and/or Russian launch-
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Solvency
Harmonized approaches to CRISPR solve misapplication – answers any impact turn
Wachowicz 19 ~(Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) "The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, " Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/~~ RR At present, countries take different approaches in applying the ordre public doctrine to cases
AND
that promote progress in this area while maintaining consistency with concepts of morality.
, while Vertex obtained the rights to market the treatments to be developed.
Advantage – Innovation
Advantage is innovation:
A huge influx of patents is coming – most recent data and trends from this year
Mischel 4/27 ~(Fiona Mischel, Editor-in-Chief of SynBioBeta. She frequently covers sustainability, CRISPR research, food and agriculture technology, and biotech for space travel.) "Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think" SynBioBeta, 4/27/2021. https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/~~ BC Still Want To Patent CRISPR? Here’s What You Need To Know The biggest
AND
future, we cannot leave the fundamental promise of science in the dust.
Makes development of genomic medicine impossible – 3 warrants:
Patent disputes are imminent — other entities and foreign governments get involved ensure conflicts
China, patents are subject to invalidation proceedings after they are issued."25
IP disputes foreclose research collaboration between universities, which has historically enabled critical scientific breakthroughs
Sherkow 17 ~(Jacob, Professor of Law at the College of Law and Affiliate of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois, where his research focuses on the legal and ethical implications of advanced biotechnologies, especially as related to intellectual property. He is a leading expert on IP protection for genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR. He is the author of over 60 articles published in both scientific journals and traditional law reviews, including Science, Nature, the Yale Law Journal, and the Stanford Law Review. Since 2018, Sherkow has also been a Permanent Visiting Professor at the Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law ("CeBIL") at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law.) "Patent protection for CRISPR: an ELSI review" Journal of Law and the Biosciences 12/7/2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965580/~~ BC One notable aspect of the CRISPR patent dispute is that it is, by and
AND
hope that the CRISPR patent dispute teaches others that such myopia isn’t warranted.
Patent disputes create fears of litigation that deter genome research and investment
million and signed a deal with pharmaceutical company Biogen to implement its technology.
Uncertainty about licensing ensures technology is not distributed or developed - smaller firms don’t know where they need to seek approval from
Sterlin 20 ~(Ian, JD from the University of Michigan Law School, Executive Editor of the Michigan Technology Law Review) "The CRISPR War Drags On: How the Fight to Patent CRISPR-Cas9 Creates Uncertainty in the Biotechnology Sphere," Michigan Technology Law Review, 3/2020~ JL On September 10, 2018, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals ("Federal Circuit
AND
order to make researchers feel secure in developing further technological innovations using CRISPR-.
CRISPR solves disease, but continued innovation is key
Thorne 20 ~(Lucy, PhD, received a BSc. in Biochemistry from University of Leeds and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from University of Liverpool in the UK. She is currently working as a freelance consultant in Cambridge, UK writing CRISPR-related content for Biocompare.) "CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing: A New Weapon against Infectious Disease" Biocompare, 1/14/2020. https://www.biocompare.com/Editorial-Articles/559757-CRISPR-Cas-Gene-Editing-A-New-Weapon-against-Infectious-Disease/~~ BC Infectious disease is a common cause of death worldwide, but the rise of antibiotic
AND
clinic and help combat the growing specter of antimicrobial resistance and infectious disease.
Extinction – defense is wrong
Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity", Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events have been responsible for the greatest death tolls on humanity.
AND
, and available vectors, could be modified as well.19-2
Advantage 2 – WTO credibility
Advantage 2 is WTO cred:
New EU trade restrictions on genome editing contradicts WTO agreements which makes future disputes inevitable
Menz et al. 20 ~(Dr. Jochen Menz, of Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants) Modrzejewski (Dominik PhD, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Hartung (Frank, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Wilhelm (Ralf, Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Sprink (Thorben, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) "Genome Edited Crops Touch the Market: A View on the Global Development and Regulatory Environment" Front Plant Sci, 10/9/2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7581933/~~ BC WTO: Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures In November 2018, the delegations
AND
agricultural activities. Without any changes in European legislation the issue stays unresolved.
EU-WTO conflict causes WTO collapse – it’s the glue that holds the organization together in an international arena characterized by US and China trade disputes
Horton and Hopewell 8/3 ~(Ben, Communications Manager; Project Lead, Common Futures Conversations) (Dr Kristen, Associate Professor, and Canada Research Chair in Global Policy, University of British Columbia) "Lessons from Trump’s assault on the World Trade Organization", Chatham House 8/3/2021 https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lessons-trumps-assault-world-trade-organization~~ BC The main reason behind the EU’s success in taking a leadership role is its willingness
AND
could unravel, throwing us back into economic chaos and potentially political disorder.
Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Tønnesson 15 ~(Stein, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University) "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311, 2015~ SJDI Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
AND
each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene./
Independently, Protectionism causes great power competition and militarized regionalism.
Lake 18. ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI I develop two central arguments. First, historically, great power competition has been
AND
politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result from a nuclear winter, it is relatively simple to predict those which would be most profound. That is, a nuclear winter would cause most humans and large animals to die from nuclear famine in a mass extinction event similar to the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. Following the detonation (in conflict) of US and/or Russian launch-
AND
few remaining survivors be able to survive in a radioactive, toxic environment?
Solvency
Harmonized approaches to CRISPR solve misapplication – answers any impact turn
Wachowicz 19 ~(Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) "The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, " Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/~~ RR At present, countries take different approaches in applying the ordre public doctrine to cases
AND
that promote progress in this area while maintaining consistency with concepts of morality.
9/18/21
SEPOCT-AC-CRISPR v3
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Fleming, Nick
AC
Solvency
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce IP protections for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
CRISPR is segemnt of DNA that uses proteins to modify other strands of DNA
, while Vertex obtained the rights to market the treatments to be developed.
Advantage 1 – Innovation
Advantage 1 is innovation:
A huge influx of patents is coming – most recent data and trends from this year
Mischel 4/27 ~(Fiona Mischel, Editor-in-Chief of SynBioBeta. She frequently covers sustainability, CRISPR research, food and agriculture technology, and biotech for space travel.) "Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think" SynBioBeta, 4/27/2021. https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/~~ BC Still Want To Patent CRISPR? Here’s What You Need To Know The biggest
AND
future, we cannot leave the fundamental promise of science in the dust.
Makes development of CRISPR impossible – 3 warrants
Patent disputes are imminent — other entities and foreign governments get involved ensure conflicts
China, patents are subject to invalidation proceedings after they are issued."25
IP disputes foreclose research collaboration between universities, which has historically enabled critical scientific breakthroughs
Sherkow 17 ~(Jacob, Professor of Law at the College of Law and Affiliate of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois, where his research focuses on the legal and ethical implications of advanced biotechnologies, especially as related to intellectual property. He is a leading expert on IP protection for genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR. He is the author of over 60 articles published in both scientific journals and traditional law reviews, including Science, Nature, the Yale Law Journal, and the Stanford Law Review. Since 2018, Sherkow has also been a Permanent Visiting Professor at the Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law ("CeBIL") at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law.) "Patent protection for CRISPR: an ELSI review" Journal of Law and the Biosciences 12/7/2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965580/~~ BC One notable aspect of the CRISPR patent dispute is that it is, by and
AND
hope that the CRISPR patent dispute teaches others that such myopia isn’t warranted.
Patent disputes create fears of litigation that deter genome research and investment
million and signed a deal with pharmaceutical company Biogen to implement its technology.
Uncertainty about licensing ensures technology is not distributed or developed - smaller firms don’t know where they need to seek approval from
Sterlin 20 ~(Ian, JD from the University of Michigan Law School, Executive Editor of the Michigan Technology Law Review) "The CRISPR War Drags On: How the Fight to Patent CRISPR-Cas9 Creates Uncertainty in the Biotechnology Sphere," Michigan Technology Law Review, 3/2020~ JL On September 10, 2018, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals ("Federal Circuit
AND
order to make researchers feel secure in developing further technological innovations using CRISPR-.
CRISPR solves disease, but continued innovation is key
Thorne 20 ~(Lucy, PhD, received a BSc. in Biochemistry from University of Leeds and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from University of Liverpool in the UK. She is currently working as a freelance consultant in Cambridge, UK writing CRISPR-related content for Biocompare.) "CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing: A New Weapon against Infectious Disease" Biocompare, 1/14/2020. https://www.biocompare.com/Editorial-Articles/559757-CRISPR-Cas-Gene-Editing-A-New-Weapon-against-Infectious-Disease/~~ BC Infectious disease is a common cause of death worldwide, but the rise of antibiotic
AND
clinic and help combat the growing specter of antimicrobial resistance and infectious disease.
Disease causes extinction — climate change and genomic mutation irreversibly alter ecosystem equilibrium which leads to the emergence of new pathogens
Supriya 4/19 ~(Lakshmi Ph.D., worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals. She has been a freelance science journalist and science writer since 2016 and has written for publications such as The Wire, Science, and New Scientist.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical, 4/19/2021. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ BC Expert argues that human-caused changes to the environment can lead to the emergence
AND
the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction.
Harmonized approaches to CRISPR solve misapplication – answers any impact turn
Wachowicz 19 ~(Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) "The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, " Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/~~ RR At present, countries take different approaches in applying the ordre public doctrine to cases
AND
that promote progress in this area while maintaining consistency with concepts of morality.
Advantage 2 – WTO credibility
Advantage 2 is WTO cred:
New EU trade restrictions on CRISPR contradict WTO agreements which makes future disputes inevitable
Menz et al. 20 ~(Dr. Jochen Menz, of Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants) Modrzejewski (Dominik PhD, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Hartung (Frank, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Wilhelm (Ralf, Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Sprink (Thorben, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) "Genome Edited Crops Touch the Market: A View on the Global Development and Regulatory Environment" Front Plant Sci, 10/9/2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7581933/~~ BC WTO: Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures In November 2018, the delegations
AND
agricultural activities. Without any changes in European legislation the issue stays unresolved.
EU-WTO conflict causes WTO collapse – it’s the glue that holds the organization together in an international arena characterized by US and China trade disputes
Horton and Hopewell 8/3 ~(Ben, Communications Manager; Project Lead, Common Futures Conversations) (Dr Kristen, Associate Professor, and Canada Research Chair in Global Policy, University of British Columbia) "Lessons from Trump’s assault on the World Trade Organization", Chatham House 8/3/2021 https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lessons-trumps-assault-world-trade-organization~~ BC The main reason behind the EU’s success in taking a leadership role is its willingness
AND
could unravel, throwing us back into economic chaos and potentially political disorder.
Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Tønnesson 15 ~(Stein, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University) "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311, 2015~ SJDI Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
AND
each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
Independently, protectionism causes great power competition and militarized regionalism.
Lake 18. ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3171196/~~ TDI I develop two central arguments. First, historically, great power competition has been
AND
politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 18 ~(Steven, the director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons; he maintains the website Nuclear Darkness.) "Consequences of a Single Failure of Nuclear Deterrence" PSR, University of Missouri, 5/2018. https://www.psr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/consequences-single-failure-nuclear-deterrence.pdf~~ BC Only a single failure of nuclear deterrence is required to start a nuclear war,
AND
the Nuclear Weapon States, where nuclear deterrence guides political and military strategy.
2/16/22
SEPOCT-AC-CRISPR v4
Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Marlborough FL | Judge: Leah Villanueva
AC
Advantage 1 – Innovation
Advantage 1 is innovation:
A huge influx of patents is coming – most recent data and trends from this year
Mischel 4/27 ~(Fiona Mischel, Editor-in-Chief of SynBioBeta. She frequently covers sustainability, CRISPR research, food and agriculture technology, and biotech for space travel.) "Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think" SynBioBeta, 4/27/2021. https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/~~ BC Still Want To Patent CRISPR? Here’s What You Need To Know The biggest
AND
future, we cannot leave the fundamental promise of science in the dust.
Makes development of CRISPR impossible – 3 warrants
Patent disputes are imminent — other entities and foreign governments get involved ensure conflicts
China, patents are subject to invalidation proceedings after they are issued."25
IP disputes foreclose research collaboration between universities, which has historically enabled critical scientific breakthroughs
Sherkow 17 ~(Jacob, Professor of Law at the College of Law and Affiliate of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois, where his research focuses on the legal and ethical implications of advanced biotechnologies, especially as related to intellectual property. He is a leading expert on IP protection for genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR. He is the author of over 60 articles published in both scientific journals and traditional law reviews, including Science, Nature, the Yale Law Journal, and the Stanford Law Review. Since 2018, Sherkow has also been a Permanent Visiting Professor at the Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law ("CeBIL") at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law.) "Patent protection for CRISPR: an ELSI review" Journal of Law and the Biosciences 12/7/2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965580/~~ BC One notable aspect of the CRISPR patent dispute is that it is, by and
AND
hope that the CRISPR patent dispute teaches others that such myopia isn’t warranted.
Patent disputes create fears of litigation that deter genome research and investment
million and signed a deal with pharmaceutical company Biogen to implement its technology.
Uncertainty about licensing ensures technology is not distributed or developed - smaller firms don’t know where they need to seek approval from
Sterlin 20 ~(Ian, JD from the University of Michigan Law School, Executive Editor of the Michigan Technology Law Review) "The CRISPR War Drags On: How the Fight to Patent CRISPR-Cas9 Creates Uncertainty in the Biotechnology Sphere," Michigan Technology Law Review, 3/2020~ JL On September 10, 2018, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals ("Federal Circuit
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order to make researchers feel secure in developing further technological innovations using CRISPR-.
CRISPR solves disease, but continued innovation is key
Thorne 20 ~(Lucy, PhD, received a BSc. in Biochemistry from University of Leeds and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from University of Liverpool in the UK. She is currently working as a freelance consultant in Cambridge, UK writing CRISPR-related content for Biocompare.) "CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing: A New Weapon against Infectious Disease" Biocompare, 1/14/2020. https://www.biocompare.com/Editorial-Articles/559757-CRISPR-Cas-Gene-Editing-A-New-Weapon-against-Infectious-Disease/~~ BC Infectious disease is a common cause of death worldwide, but the rise of antibiotic
AND
clinic and help combat the growing specter of antimicrobial resistance and infectious disease.
Disease causes extinction — climate change and genomic mutation irreversibly alter ecosystem equilibrium which leads to the emergence of new pathogens
Supriya 4/19 ~(Lakshmi Ph.D., worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals. She has been a freelance science journalist and science writer since 2016 and has written for publications such as The Wire, Science, and New Scientist.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical, 4/19/2021. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ BC Expert argues that human-caused changes to the environment can lead to the emergence
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the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction.
Harmonized approaches to CRISPR solve misapplication – answers any impact turn
Wachowicz 19 ~(Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) "The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, " Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/~~ RR At present, countries take different approaches in applying the ordre public doctrine to cases
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that promote progress in this area while maintaining consistency with concepts of morality.
Advantage 2 – WTO credibility
Advantage 2 is WTO cred:
New EU trade restrictions on CRISPR contradict WTO agreements which makes future disputes inevitable
Menz et al. 20 ~(Dr. Jochen Menz, of Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants) Modrzejewski (Dominik PhD, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Hartung (Frank, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Wilhelm (Ralf, Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) Sprink (Thorben, Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology) "Genome Edited Crops Touch the Market: A View on the Global Development and Regulatory Environment" Front Plant Sci, 10/9/2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7581933/~~ BC WTO: Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures In November 2018, the delegations
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agricultural activities. Without any changes in European legislation the issue stays unresolved.
EU-WTO conflict causes WTO collapse – it’s the glue that holds the organization together in an international arena characterized by US and China trade disputes
Horton and Hopewell 8/3 ~(Ben, Communications Manager; Project Lead, Common Futures Conversations) (Dr Kristen, Associate Professor, and Canada Research Chair in Global Policy, University of British Columbia) "Lessons from Trump’s assault on the World Trade Organization", Chatham House 8/3/2021 https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/08/lessons-trumps-assault-world-trade-organization~~ BC The main reason behind the EU’s success in taking a leadership role is its willingness
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could unravel, throwing us back into economic chaos and potentially political disorder.
Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Tønnesson 15 ~(Stein, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University) "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311, 2015~ SJDI Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
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each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate change
Starr 18 ~(Steven, the director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons; he maintains the website Nuclear Darkness.) "Consequences of a Single Failure of Nuclear Deterrence" PSR, University of Missouri, 5/2018. https://www.psr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/consequences-single-failure-nuclear-deterrence.pdf~~ BC Only a single failure of nuclear deterrence is required to start a nuclear war,
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in the currently operational and deployed U.S. and Russian nuclear forces
Solvency
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce IP protections for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
CRISPR is segemnt of DNA that uses proteins to modify other strands of DNA
, while Vertex obtained the rights to market the treatments to be developed.
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 ~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~ These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
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places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable.
Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI I think several things should be said in response to Moore’s challenge to hedonists.
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why do they tend to point toward pleasure and away from pain?27
2/16/22
SEPOCT-AC-Genomic Medicines
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Scripps Ranch AS | Judge: Ahuja, Ronak Plan Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce IP protections on genomic medicines Advantage – Innovation Advantage is innovation: A huge influx of patents is coming – most recent data and trends from this year Mischel 4/27 (Fiona Mischel, Editor-in-Chief of SynBioBeta. She frequently covers sustainability, CRISPR research, food and agriculture technology, and biotech for space travel.) “Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think” SynBioBeta, 4/27/2021. https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/ BC
Makes development of CRISPR impossible – 3 warrants
IP disputes foreclose research collaboration between universities, which has historically enabled critical scientific breakthroughs Sherkow 17 (Jacob, Professor of Law at the College of Law and Affiliate of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois, where his research focuses on the legal and ethical implications of advanced biotechnologies, especially as related to intellectual property. He is a leading expert on IP protection for genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR. He is the author of over 60 articles published in both scientific journals and traditional law reviews, including Science, Nature, the Yale Law Journal, and the Stanford Law Review. Since 2018, Sherkow has also been a Permanent Visiting Professor at the Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law (“CeBIL”) at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law.) “Patent protection for CRISPR: an ELSI review” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 12/7/2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965580/ BC
3. Uncertainty about licensing ensures technology is not distributed or developed - smaller firms don’t know where they need to seek approval from Sterlin 20 (Ian, JD from the University of Michigan Law School, Executive Editor of the Michigan Technology Law Review) “The CRISPR War Drags On: How the Fight to Patent CRISPR-Cas9 Creates Uncertainty in the Biotechnology Sphere,” Michigan Technology Law Review, 3/2020 JL
SCENARIO 1- DISEASE CRISPR solves disease, but continued innovation is key Thorne 20 (Lucy, PhD, received a BSc. in Biochemistry from University of Leeds and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from University of Liverpool in the UK. She is currently working as a freelance consultant in Cambridge, UK writing CRISPR-related content for Biocompare.) “CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing: A New Weapon against Infectious Disease” Biocompare, 1/14/2020. https://www.biocompare.com/Editorial-Articles/559757-CRISPR-Cas-Gene-Editing-A-New-Weapon-against-Infectious-Disease/ BC
Extinction – defense is wrong Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028
Warming causes extinction Ramanathan et al. 17 Veerabhadran Ramanathan is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Dr. William Collins is an internationally recognized expert in climate modeling and climate change science. He is the Director of the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division (CESD) for the Earth and Environmental Sciences Area (EESA) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Prof. Dr Mark Lawrence, Ph.D. is scientific director at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam, Örjan Gustafsson is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry at Stockholm University, Shichang Kang is Professor, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, and Molina, M.J., Zaelke, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Xu, Y., Alex, K., Auffhammer, M., Bledsoe, P., Croes, B., Forman, F., Haines, A., Harnish, R., Jacobson, M.Z., Lawrence, M., Leloup, D., Lenton, T., Morehouse, T., Munk, W., Picolotti, R., Prather, K., Raga, G., Rignot, E., Shindell, D., Singh, A.K., Steiner, A., Thiemens, M., Titley, D.W., Tucker, M.E., Tripathi, S., and Victor, D., authors come from the following 9 countries - US, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, China, Germany, Australia, Mexico, India, “Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change,” Report of the Committee to Prevent Extreme Climate Change, September 2017, http://www.igsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf TDI
Solvency Harmonized approaches to CRISPR solve misapplication – answers any impact turn Wachowicz 19 (Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) “The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, “ Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/ RR
Framing Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford., Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf
2/16/22
SEPOCT-AC-Genomic Medicines v2
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Sam McLoughlin Plan Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization should reduce IP protections on genomic medicines Advantage 1 – Innovation Advantage 1 is innovation: A huge influx of patents is coming – most recent data and trends from this year Mischel 4/27 (Fiona Mischel, Editor-in-Chief of SynBioBeta. She frequently covers sustainability, CRISPR research, food and agriculture technology, and biotech for space travel.) “Who Owns CRISPR in 2021? It’s Even More Complicated Than You Think” SynBioBeta, 4/27/2021. https://synbiobeta.com/who-owns-crispr-in-2021-its-even-more-complicated-than-you-think/ BC
Makes development of CRISPR impossible – 3 warrants
IP disputes foreclose research collaboration between universities, which has historically enabled critical scientific breakthroughs Sherkow 17 (Jacob, Professor of Law at the College of Law and Affiliate of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois, where his research focuses on the legal and ethical implications of advanced biotechnologies, especially as related to intellectual property. He is a leading expert on IP protection for genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR. He is the author of over 60 articles published in both scientific journals and traditional law reviews, including Science, Nature, the Yale Law Journal, and the Stanford Law Review. Since 2018, Sherkow has also been a Permanent Visiting Professor at the Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law (“CeBIL”) at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law.) “Patent protection for CRISPR: an ELSI review” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 12/7/2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965580/ BC
3. Uncertainty about licensing ensures technology is not distributed or developed - smaller firms don’t know where they need to seek approval from Sterlin 20 (Ian, JD from the University of Michigan Law School, Executive Editor of the Michigan Technology Law Review) “The CRISPR War Drags On: How the Fight to Patent CRISPR-Cas9 Creates Uncertainty in the Biotechnology Sphere,” Michigan Technology Law Review, 3/2020 JL
CRISPR solves disease, but continued innovation is key Thorne 20 (Lucy, PhD, received a BSc. in Biochemistry from University of Leeds and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from University of Liverpool in the UK. She is currently working as a freelance consultant in Cambridge, UK writing CRISPR-related content for Biocompare.) “CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing: A New Weapon against Infectious Disease” Biocompare, 1/14/2020. https://www.biocompare.com/Editorial-Articles/559757-CRISPR-Cas-Gene-Editing-A-New-Weapon-against-Infectious-Disease/ BC
Extinction – defense is wrong Piers Millett 17, Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028
Solvency Harmonized approaches to CRISPR solve misapplication – answers any impact turn Wachowicz 19 (Jessica, a third-year student at the University of Washington School of Law whose primary area of study is emerging technologies and the legal issues associated therewith.) “The Patentability of Gene Editing Technologies such as CRISPR and the Harmonization of Laws Relating to Germline Editing, “ Intellectual Property Breif, 2019 https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/ipbrief/vol10/iss1/2/ RR
Framing The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing First, pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.
Moreover, only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. All other values can be explained with reference to pleasure; Occam’s razor requires us to treat these as instrumentally valuable. Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford., Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf