Text: The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)'s Legal Subcommittee ought to do (the aff)
Normal means for treaties involves solely the signatory countries
Berkeley Law Library 16 Berkeley Law (It's the handbook from the Berkeley law library, just a basic definition), 2016-2-23 (date from source code), "Treaties and International Agreements," Berkeley Law Library, https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/guide.php?id=65, HW AW Treaties can be referred to by a number of different names: international conventions, AND force when both parties agree to be bound as of a certain date.
The CP competes off of actor spec – they had complete control over how and who implements the aff, especially in this topic since the actor was not specified in the resolution. The actor is a key, debatable element and a change poses an opportunity cost, which is sufficient for competition.
COPUOS has jurisdiction and has passed treaties on similar topics in the past
UNOOSA UNOOSA (united nations outer space committee), 2021 (no date but written about the 2021 conference), "COPUOS 2021 Session," UNOOSA, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/index.html HW AW The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) was set up AND an annual resolution on international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space.
====COPUOS is losing legitimacy due to an inability to reach consensus and thereby pass policies – the plan restores faith, discourages weak agreements, solves space debris, sustainability, and security issues==== Masson-Zwaan 19 Tanja Masson-Zwaan (deputy director of institute of air and space at Leiden University), 2019, "SYNOPSIS ON THE NEW SPACE RACE: NEW STATES IN SPACE " Cambridge, https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E68383DE71B60A711EE1E4578CA303A8/S2398772319000138a.pdf/new_states_in_space.pdf, HW AW The "old" space race started in 1957 and involved mainly the United States AND and then identify current principles and future issues that may raise more concerns.
Revitalizing COPUOS solves great power space conflict – it is the single organization that has enough member states, legitimacy, and empirical success to ensure peace – it stopped the first space race, it can do it again
McMillan 7-14-21 Anne Mcmillan (journalist trained in law, chai tea enthusiast), 7-14-2021, "The final frontier – 21st century space race," International Bar Association, https://www.ibanet.org/the-final-frontier , HW AW As far as international oversight is concerned, the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses AND Based on experience, are international bodies helping to reduce friction in space?
1/16/22
JF- Cap K
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: OCSAModernBrain AK | Judge: Larson, Sam
2
The affs characterization of the 1ac as a survival strategy prevents the transition away from capitalism – the focus becomes 'how do we individually remap our identities' to reclaim individual agency from the harms of the 1AC rather than interrogating the underlying structures that shape social relations – also prioritizes individual survival over the collective good
Torrant 14 Julie, "It Is Time To Give Up Liberal, Bourgeois Theories, Including New Materialist Feminism, And Take Up Historical Materialist Feminism For The 21st Century" ~http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2014/historicalmaterialistfeminismforthe21stcentury.htm~~ Winter/Spring Recently, there has been a turn away from textualist and culturalist theory in feminism AND women in capitalism by translating class contradictions into a new metaphysics of freedom.
Capitalism mystifies social relations by creating the experience of "identity" based oppression—Marxism solves
Mitchell 2013 (12/2, Eve, "I Am a Woman and a Human: A Marxist-Feminist Critique of Intersectionality Theory", Unity and Struggle began in 2003 among a number of activists primarily involved in anti-Israeli apartheid work. Searching for a means to deepen our association and build on our experiences we formed a small grouping of people, which provided the basis for further discussion and support organizing in other areas important to us. Some of the areas of work we are or have been involved in include labor, anti-budget cuts in the schools, anti-racist, anti-apartheid, queer liberation work, as well as around public transportation. http://unityandstruggle.org/2013/09/12/i-am-a-woman-and-a-human-a-marxist-feminist-critique-of-intersectionality-theory/) In order to understand "identity" and "intersectionality theory," we must have AND For feminists, this means struggling as women but also as humans.
Capitalism is the root cause of queer oppression. Crunch 11
I: Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause goes unquestioned – and treat this as a no long-term solvency argument – the inequalities of labor relations are fundamental to capitalism. Farbod 15
( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises AND enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
A: New radical party politics are key—we need a new political ecology of class. That solves 100 of labor problems, the environment, and imperialism.
A: The alternative is to affirm the model of the Communist Party – only party organizing can provide effective accountability mechanisms to correct chauvinist tendencies, educate and mobilize marginalized communities, and connect local struggles to a movement for global liberation. Merely thinking about linguistics fails to achieve anything
Escalante, Philosophy @ UOregon, 18 ~Alyson, M.A., is a Marxist-Leninist, Materialist Feminist and Anti-Imperialist activist. "PARTY ORGANIZING IN THE 21ST CENTURY" September 21st, 2018 https://theforgenews.org/2018/09/21/party-organizing-in-the-21st-century/~~ rVs I would argue that within the base building movement, there is a move towards AND debates will be crucial to ensuring that this rapidly growing movement can succeed.
R: K First - There is no material world that we can separate from the lens through which we view it. Deconstructing the AFF scholarship is a prior question that has material effects.
R: Therefore the ROB is one of deconstruction – vote for the side which best challenges neoliberal scholarship Springer '12
Simon Springer - Department of Geography, University of Otago. "Neoliberalism as discourse: between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism." Routledge. May 2012. JJN from file *bracketing in original Conclusion In arguing for an understanding of neoliberalism as discourse, I do not presume AND In changing our minds then, so too might we change the world.
1~ Space innovation is high and on the rise- but innovation could tank in the absence of private companies
Peterson 21 Bob Peterson is based out of Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States and works at Lockheed Martin as VP Space Systems. Peterson, Bob. "Commercializing the Race to Space - Insigniam." Insigniam, August 9, 2021. https://insigniam.com/private-space-exploration-innovating-future-space/.//WL After publicly stalling out due to cost concerns circa 2011, America's space race is AND of these processes and make them much cheaper (spaceflight costs much less)
====2~ Private space firms are key to promote competition and drive innovation==== Nguyen 21 Hanh Nguyen-Le is a second-year Master of Public Administration student at the London School of Economics. She is also the Government Affairs Associate at the Space Foundation, a nonprofit advocate organization for space exploration and space-inspired industries, where she focuses on U.S. Congressional relations and national space policy. "Billionaire Private Investment Is Good for the Space Industry, Whether We like It or Not." 2021. USAPP. July 19, 2021. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2021/07/19/billionaire-private-investment-is-good-for-the-space-industry-whether-we-like-it-or-not/.//WL On 11 July UK billionaire businessman Richard Branson travelled to the edge of space in AND has stimulated the space market and made space more accessible – and profitable.
====3~ Space innovation is key to colonizing outer space- scientific discovery promotes breakthroughs that benefit society==== Raghavan 21 Seetha Raghavan is a professor in UCF's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. "The Impact of Innovation in the New Era of Space Exploration | University of Central Florida News." 2021. University of Central Florida News | UCF Today. August 5, 2021. https://www.ucf.edu/news/the-impact-of-innovation-in-the-new-era-of-space-exploration/.//WL Every once in a while, a confluence of discoveries, events and initiatives results AND one of positive benefit for all, while making opportunities inclusive to all.
4~ Private space firms are on the verge of colonizing outer space- the plan stops them now by cutting competition
Tangermann 17 Victor Tangermann, 10-17-2017, Victor Tangermann is a Toronto-based staff writer and photo editor for Futurism.com. He enjoys watching rockets explode and reading about SETI. "A timeline for humanity's colonization of space," https://futurism.com/a-timeline-for-humanitys-colonization-of-space//WL Humans have long desired to explore the vast realms of space. Today, we AND before sending manned spacecraft from its deep-space gateway to do so.
5~ Not colonizing space directly links to human and extraterrestrial extinction scenarios, which outweigh
Munevar, PhD, 19 ~Gonzalo Munevar, Professor Emeritus at Lawrence Technological University, PhD Philosophy @ UC Berkeley. "An obligation to colonize outer space", Futures, Vol. 110, Pg. 38-40, published June 2019, accessed 11-1-2021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328718302660~~#!~~ HWIC We have an obligation to colonize outer space. This colonization may include establishing bases AND solutions, as can be gathered from previous discussion on robotic missions.13
~the aff~ except for the development of single-use debris-limiting laser cannons and gossamer sails
the US and Japan ought to divert funds to build a laser cannon for the International Space Station and require gossamer sails on all future satellites
No laser cannon or gossamer sail randd now due to cost, but it's possible with the proper funding and the profit motive from private entities like RIKEN – solves extinction and future space junk permanently
Powell 15 Corey S Powell (science journalist and editor in chief at discover magazine, wrote 3 books with Bill Nye!!), May 20 2015, "Space Junk is a Problem. Is a Laser Cannon the Solution?," https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/space-junk-is-a-problem-is-a-laser-cannon-the-solution~~#.VV4ENGRViko, HW AW, bracketed cause I don't like reading big numbers There's a general rule in media reporting called Betteridge's Law: Whenever a headline poses AND the exact same ones needed to blaze a path to the stars.
No laser cannon means nuclear war via the Kessler syndrome
Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 ~language modified~ Whatever the initial cause, the result may be the same. A satellite destroyed AND , our military advantage over potential adversaries would be dramatically reduced or eliminated.
1/15/22
JF- Ozone CP
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Agnes EH | Judge: Quisenberry, Jack CP—The use of propellants other than liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to fuel rocket launches is unjust.====
That solves ozone because solid fuel rockets are the ones that burn the ozone layer – we'll insert a line from their Tereza evidence
The scientists realised that megaconstellations have a significant potential to change the chemistry of the upper atmosphere compared to its natural state. But not only that. The burning of aluminum is known to produce aluminum oxide, also known as alumina, which can trigger further unexplored side effects.
Liquid hydrogen/oxygen are safe, solves their entire advantage
Mortillaro 21 ~Nicole Mortillaro, CBC News Senior Reporter, editor of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, author of several books. "Rocket launches could be affecting our ozone layer, say experts." CBC, 4-22-2021, accessed 1-22-2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/rocket-launches-environment-1.5995252~~ HWIC There are different types of rocket propellants. Some, like liquid oxygen and liquid AND
It's the alumina and black soot that is most concerning to experts.
Space-for-space economy is beginning to develop now because of private enterprise in space
Weinzierl and Sarang 21 (Matt, PhD in Economics Harvard University, Joseph and Jacqueline Elbling Professor of Business Administration at HBS and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and Mehak, Research Associate at Harvard Business School and the Lunar Exploration Projects Lead for the MIT Space Exploration Initiative, Harvard Business Review, "The Commercial Space Age is Here," 2/12, https://hbr.org/2021/02/the-commercial-space-age-is-here) In 2019, 95 of the estimated $366 billion in revenue earned in AND decades with an array of space-for-space goods and services.
Space-for-space is key for continued space-for-earth developments like asteroid mining
Weinzierl and Sarang 21 (Matt, PhD in Economics Harvard University, Joseph and Jacqueline Elbling Professor of Business Administration at HBS and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and Mehak, Research Associate at Harvard Business School and the Lunar Exploration Projects Lead for the MIT Space Exploration Initiative, Harvard Business Review, "The Commercial Space Age is Here," 2/12, https://hbr.org/2021/02/the-commercial-space-age-is-here) To be sure, people have dreamt of using the vacuum and weightlessness of space AND mining companies less as failures and more as simply ahead of their time.
Mining solves extinction from scarcity.
Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans Doomed to Extinction? What will we do when Earth's resources are AND global space agreements, are part of this new pathway to the future.
Case
The private sector fuels space exploration— most of the global space industry is already commercialized and demands are set on an upward trend Urrutia '18
(Doris Elin Urrutia, October 12, 2018, Urrutia is a journalist for Inverse that bridge archaeological and paleontological discoveries with modern life. She also writes about astronomy and spaceflight for Space.com and on marine life for Scientific American, "How Will Private Space Travel Transform NASA's Next 60 Years?", https://www.space.com/42113-nasa-future-private-spaceflight.htmlNL) First, people should understand that about 75 percent of the worldwide space enterprise is AND together, and they actually complement each other very effectively," McAlister said.
Mining Adv
Asteroid mining enables space colonization – even if Earth species goes extinct, we can escape if we mine asteroids – turns their climate extinction scenarios
Ravisetti 21 Monisha Ravisetti (science writer @ CNET BA in philosophy NYU), 10-4-2021, "Rare asteroids near Earth may contain precious metals worth $11.65 trillion," CNET, https://www.cnet.com/news/rare-asteroids-near-earth-may-become-targets-for-space-mining/, HW AW Scientists just calculated that one of two metallic asteroids floating in Earth's vicinity may contain AND one thing is absolutely certain: They're a pretty hard-core squad.
Asteroid mining is critical to future survival – it can fund more space exploration, eliminate resource scarcity, build space cities to house millions, and manufacture organs to save lives
Elvis 21 ~Martin Elvis is a senior astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian. He is the author of Asteroids: How Love, Fear, and Greed Will Determine Our Future in Space (2021). "Riches in space." Aeon. July 2, 2021. https://aeon.co/essays/asteroid-mining-could-pay-for-space-exploration-and-adventure~~ HW AL Asteroids are the remnants of our solar system's youthful exuberance, the leftover crumbs from AND . Again, first experiments toward this goal are underway on the ISS.
Only asteroid mining can provide us with the research and understanding to prevent extinction
Elvis 21 ~Martin Elvis is a senior astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian. He is the author of Asteroids: How Love, Fear, and Greed Will Determine Our Future in Space (2021). "Riches in space." Aeon. July 2, 2021. https://aeon.co/essays/asteroid-mining-could-pay-for-space-exploration-and-adventure~~ HW AL If knowledge or greed isn't motivation enough to set your sights on the asteroids, AND , better telescopes, to the Universe beyond. It should be fun.
Asteroid mining solves water conflict and Kessler syndrome
Tillman 19 Nola Taylor Tillman (contributing writer for space.com, loves astronomy and space, and this article cites an asteroid researcher at Johns Hopkins, it is not Nola's own analysis), 9-29-2019, "Tons of Water in Asteroids Could Fuel Satellites, Space Exploration," Space, https://www.space.com/water-rich-asteroids-space-exploration-fuel.html, HW AW When it comes to mining space for water, the best target may not be AND can be reached with less fuel than the lunar surface," Rivkin said.
Global water war is inevitable in the squo – extraction, climate change, drought – best analysis
Milne 21 Sandy Milne (austrailian journalist, has written a whole lot of articles about austrialian military), 16 aug 21, "How water shortages are brewing wars," BBC, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210816-how-water-shortages-are-brewing-wars, HW AW Unprecedented levels of dam building and water extraction by nations on great rivers are leaving AND ," says Lina Eklund, of a physical geography researcher at Sweden's Lund University
History agrees
Kolmannskog 8 (Vikram Odedra, April, Norweigan Refugee Council, "Future floods of refugees: A comment on climate change, conflict and forced migration", http://www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9268480.pdf, Accessed 6/28/08) Water scarcity may trigger distributional conflicts. Water scarcity by itself does not necessarily lead AND . This could be helped by internationally brokered deals for sharing such rivers.
Kessler
The probability of collisions is low, leaving us with a large window of opportunity to intercept these events
Colin Stuart 7/9/21
~{Colin Stuart, astronomy author and speaker, journalist for The Guardian, New Scientist, Wall Street Journal and European Space Agency, "Space Junk: Is it a disaster waiting to happen?", https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/space-junk-is-it-a-disaster-waiting-to-happen/~~} A UN report from 2013 projected that catastrophic collisions may occur once every five to AND could be the first domino, with crashes ramping up significantly over time.
1/15/22
JF- T Implement
Tournament: Peninsula | Round: 5 | Opponent: OCSAModernBrain AK | Judge: Larson, Sam
1
A~ the aff must implement a plan
B~ Violation –
Resolved means a policy
Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition. "Resolved". 1964. Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an AND ," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".
C. Fairness-
1. Debate is a game: there's a winner and loser, competitive norms, the tournament invite proves. Alternative impacts like activism or education can be pursued in other places. This makes fairness the most important impact
2. Not defending the topic is not fair
A. Preparation- altering the topic gives the aff a huge edge, they can prepare for half a year on an issue that catches us by surprise. Preparation is better than thinking on your feet- research demonstrates pedagogical humility and research skills are the only portable debate training
B. Limits- there are a finite amount of government restrictions, but an infinite number of non topical affs. Consider this our "library disad"- not debating the topic allows someone to specialize in one area of the library for 4 years giving them a huge edge over people who switch research focus ever 2 months.
C. Causality- debating the resolution forces the affirmative to defend a cause and effect relationship, the state doing x results in y. Non topical affs establish their own barometer "I think x is good for me" that aren't negateable. Only the neg promotes switch side debate.
D. Exclusionary rule- you can't vote on the case outweighs T because lack of preparation prevents rigorous testing of the AC claims and inflates the credence of their arguments. If we win fairness we don't have to "outweigh" other impacts
1/23/22
ND- Cap K
Tournament: damus | Round: 2 | Opponent: IMAC AW | Judge: Barquin, Joseph
K
L: The Right to Strike legitimates neoliberal domination – it marks strikes as a restriction of one's own personal labor power, which equivocates the right to strike with the right of contract – the plan is subtended by an assumption that workers are economic subjects who turn their labor into human capital, leaving the terms and conditions of neoliberal capitalism intact. Tomassetti, 21
~Julia, Assistant Prof. Law @ City University of Hong Kong, JD @ Harvard, PhD Sociology @ UCLA: "Neoliberal Conceptions of the Individual in Labour Law," Chapter 7 in The Collective Dimensions of Employment Relations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Workers' Voices and Changing (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75532-4~~//AD *legerdemain = slight-of-hand Neoliberal theory telescopes the corporation to AND work are artefacts of changes in our conception of individuals as economic agents.
L: The aff's strike-focused politics privatizes and atomizes worker struggle – it channels it towards specific employers rather than class domination as a whole while ensuring the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie by privileging alternative modes of settlement outside and in spite of the specifics of the law itself. Feldman, 94
I: Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause goes unquestioned – and treat this as a no long-term solvency argument – the inequalities of labor relations are fundamental to capitalism. Farbod 15
( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises AND enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
I: Cap's unsustainable, it exacerbates their climate change impacts and causes extinction because of physical demands on space, water, forests, and habitat—-tech can't solve because collapse of ecosystem services is irreversible
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 153-156 Hundreds of scientists writing in Millennium Assessment and other scientific reports pronounce that humanity is AND are daunting, but let us now explore what in principle is needed.
A: New radical party politics are key—we need a new political ecology of class. That solves 100 of labor problems, the environment, and imperialism.
P: Keep in mind – they only cement in class politics by forcing the lower class to militarize against the upper– they are opposite of this alt and completely uncompatible
Gindin 16 Sam Gindin was research director of the Canadian Auto Workers from 1974–2000 and is now an adjunct professor at York University in Toronto. 12.20.2016 https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/12/socialist-party-bernie-sanders-labor-capitalism, Building a Mass Socialist Party The response to Bernie showed that a socialist party in the United States is possible. But there is no shortcut to building power. There are no blueprints to pull off the shelf, no models to comfortably point AND power — to an alternative politics rooted in developing the deepest political capacities.
R: K First - There is no material world that we can separate from the lens through which we view it. Deconstructing the AFF scholarship is a prior question that has material
effects.
R: Therefore the ROB is one of deconstruction – vote for the side which best challenges neoliberal scholarship Springer '12
Simon Springer - Department of Geography, University of Otago. "Neoliberalism as discourse: between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism." Routledge. May 2012. JJN from file *bracketing in original Conclusion In arguing for an understanding of neoliberalism as discourse, I do not presume AND In changing our minds then, so too might we change the world.
Just governments ought to recognize a right to strike except for private sector employees.
Public workers use political pressure as a component of their strikes – undermines the democratic process
Jacoby 19 (Jeff, Globe Columnist, Boston Globe, "Coolidge and FDR were right about government workers and unions," www0.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2019/10/29/coolidge-and-fdr-were-right-about-government-workers-and-unions/kjluLqU2kicqmrDZAWTvSJ/story.html) Lost in all this adulation is the reason strikes by government workers are against the AND democratic fairness. If only we had political leaders unafraid to say so.
Democratic regress causes global war.
Diamond 19 ~Larry; 2019; Professor of Sociology and Political Science and at Stanford University, Ph.D. in Sociology from Stanford University; Ill Winds, "Conclusion: A New Birth of Freedom," Ch. 14~ In such a near future, my fellow experts would no longer talk of " AND just how close we are getting to that point—until it happens.
Populism causes extinction.
Richard N. Haass and Charles A. Kupchan 21. Richard N. Haass is President of the Council on Foreign Relations, was Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State and a close advisor to Secretary of State Colin Powell. Charles A. Kupchan is Professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University, a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and was Director for European Affairs on the National Security Council. "The New Concert of Powers". Foreign Affairs. 3-23-21. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2021-03-23/new-concert-powers The international system is at a historical inflection point. As Asia continues its economic AND no longer overseen by a hegemon. A global concert fits the bill.
11/21/21
SO- Cap K
Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 4 | Opponent: Brentwood AR | Judge: Nguyen, Vanessa
Cap K
1NC
While on the surface the aff seems anti-corporate, their advantages are designed to paper over the faults of neoliberalism and protect capital on a broader scale.
The aff's faith in market logics allows for rampant international austerity and privatization of healthcare – this is a tradeoff DA that outweighs and turns case.
Sell and Williams, 20 ~Susan K., School of Regulation and Global Governance @ The Australian National University, Political Science @ George Washington University; and Owain D., University of Queensland, Public Health: "Health under capitalism: a global political economy of structural pathogenesis," Review of International Political Economy, 27:1 (2020), 1-25, DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2019.1659842~AD More recently, economic crises have (re-)inspired neoliberal governance responses to health AND as powerful and often dominant logics operating in and influencing that governance system.
The WTO is inevitably a tool of accumulation for capitalist imperialism – international institutional monopoly capitalism overdetermines the plan's move to peace – causes war, environmental degradation, and extinction.
Securitizing biological risks ties health to the protection of global capitalism. 'Disease as threat' narratives militarize responsibility for public health, replicating past colonial structures to secure neoliberalism.
Mohan J. DUTTA, 15. Professor and Head of the Department of Communications and New Media at the National University of Singapore, Adjunct Professor of Communication at the Brian Lamb School of Communication at Purdue University. Neoliberal Health Organizing, 2015, p. 167-169. The globalization of economies has produced accelerated patterns of movements of capital, goods, AND forms of governance because of the paradoxes of networked flows in neoliberal governance.
Our critique independently outweighs the case - neoliberalism causes extinction and massive social inequalities – the affs single issue legalistic solution is the exact kind of politics neolib wants us to engage in so the root cause goes unquestioned. Farbod 15
( Faramarz Farbod , PhD Candidate @ Rutgers, Prof @ Moravian College, Monthly Review, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/farbod020615.html, 6-2) Global capitalism is the 800-pound gorilla. The twin ecological and economic crises AND enhancing natural and social systems will soon reach a point of no return.
The role of the ballot is to resist neoliberal ideology – filter negative arguments through an epistemological dismantling of neoliberalism.
HAY and ROSAMUND, PhDs, 2002 (Colin and Ben, Journal of European Public Policy Volume 9, Issue 2, 2002 p. 3-5) The implicit supposition which seems to underlie much of the sceptical or second-wave AND then the content of such ideas is likely to affect significantly political dynamics.
Capitalism causes inevitable crises, inequality, and dehumanization—the alternative is a class-based critique of the system—pedagogical spaces are the crucial staging ground for keeping socialism on the horizon
McLaren, Distinguished Fellow – Critical Studies @ Chapman U and UCLA urban schooling prof, and Scatamburlo-D'Annibale, associate professor of Communication – U Windsor, '4 (Peter and Valerie, "Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of 'difference'," Educational Philosophy and Theory Vol. 36, Issue 2, p. 183-199) For well over two decades we have witnessed the jubilant liberal and conservative pronouncements of AND memories. Its potential remains untapped and its promise needs to be redeemed.
We will endorse the entirety of the 1AC - minus their usage of the term 'developing' countries, nations or otherwise.
(Several of their cards use this term, including: Pley 21, Lindsey 21, second Pley21, Tafese 20, and Carmondy 20)
The term is outdated, unnecessary, and Eurocentric, There is no consistent criteria to determine development, which means the aff has no reason to include it
Abrahams '19 (Jessica Abrahams, December 05, 2020, Abrahams received her grad degree in journalism from City University London and IR from Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals. She was a writer, researcher and editor for multiple news sources including Prospect magazine, The Telegraph and Bloomberg News, is now an editor of Devex Pro, "Is it time to retire the term "developing country"?", https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/world/is-it-time-to-retire-the-term-developing-country-wto-united-nations-global-inequality HM) Is South Korea—the 12th biggest economy in the world—a developing country AND ever fit for purpose, it is not clear that they still are.
The global North argues that development leads to increased quality of life to exploit the global South. It ultimately leads to more disparity.
Irfan and Lamichhane 20 M.I Mohamed Irfan and Pukar Lamichhane; Faculty of Islamic Studies and Arabic Language South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Central Department of Public Administration Tribhuwan University Nepal and World Health Organization Project Manager; "Understanding Development: Changing Concept and Impact on Developing Countries"; Kalam International Research Journal, Faculty of Arts and Culture at South Eastern University of Sri Lanka; April 13, 2020; http://ir.lib.seu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/5650/12.20K202020-2013(4)20(114-128).pdf?sequence=1; EMJ Development is a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization and reorientation of entire economic as AND improve their bargaining capability by standing together emphasizing on regional trade and development.
Development discourse forced by the West imposes ecocentrism, leading to over-exploitation of resources.
Irfan and Lamichhane 20 M.I Mohamed Irfan and Pukar Lamichhane; Faculty of Islamic Studies and Arabic Language South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Central Department of Public Administration Tribhuwan University Nepal and World Health Organization Project Manager; "Understanding Development: Changing Concept and Impact on Developing Countries"; Kalam International Research Journal, Faculty of Arts and Culture at South Eastern University of Sri Lanka; April 13, 2020; http://ir.lib.seu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/5650/12.20K202020-2013(4)20(114-128).pdf?sequence=1; EMJ In a retrospective look at the construction of Third World, it is explicit to AND has been the primary goal of the econocentric and techno centric development approaches.
Multispecies exploitation heightens extinction pathways and rushes the inevitable extinction timer.
Thurner et. al 8-15-21 Stephanie D. Thurnera, Sarah J. Converseb, and Trevor A. Brancha; aSchool of Aquatic Fishery Sciences at University of Washington, bU.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences and School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; "Modeling opportunistic exploitation: increased extinction risk when targeting more than one species"; Ecological Modelling Vol. 454; August 15, 2020; http://ir.lib.seu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/5650/12.20K202020-2013(4)20(114-128).pdf?sequence=1; EMJ Although extinction itself may ultimately be inevitable, the rate at which it is occurring AND black rhinoceros in Zambia in the 1990s (Chomba and Matandiko, 2011).
Strong IP protection spurs innovation by encouraging risk-taking and incentivizing knowledge sharing — prefer statistical analysis of multiple studies
Ezell and Cory 19 ~Stephen Ezell, vice president and global innovation policy @ ITIF, BS Georgetown School of Foreign Service. Nigel Cory, associate director covering trade policy @ ITIF, MA public policy @ Georgetown. "The Way Forward for Intellectual Property Internationally," Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 4-25-2019, accessed 8-25-2021, https://itif.org/publications/2019/04/25/way-forward-intellectual-property-internationally~~ HWIC IPRs Strengthen Innovation Intellectual property rights power innovation. For instance, analyzing the AND for foreign direct investment which in turn also leads to economic growth."56
Biopharmaceutical innovation is key to prevent future pandemics and bioterror
Marjanovic and Feijao 20 ~Sonja Marjanovic Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitative biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "How to Best Enable Pharma Innovation Beyond the COVID-19 Crisis," RAND Corporation, 05-2020, accessed 8-8-2021, https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html~~ HWIC As key actors in the healthcare innovation landscape, pharmaceutical and life sciences companies have AND such public health threats to an even greater extent under improved innovation conditions.
That causes extinction, which outweighs.
Millett and Snyder-Beattie '17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity," Health Security, 15(4), PubMed In the decades to come, advanced bioweapons could threaten human existence. Although the AND and Japan using plague to cause an epidemic in China during WWII.27
Climate change is causing catastrophic diseases to emerge from thawed permafrost. Some have been dormant for millennia—humans will have difficulty combatting them.
Text: The People's Republic of China should offer Chinese developed vaccines and medical technology related to COVID-19 to the world for free.
The CP massively ramps up Chinese "vaccine diplomacy" which solves the case
Juecheng and Yuwei 8-13-21 (Zhao and Hu, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231387.shtml) One of China's most valued contributions to the global fair accessibility to COVID-19 AND production, boosting fair distribution, and licensing local production in more countries.
Successful vaccine diplomacy is key to overall Chinese Soft Power
Huang, PhD, 3-11-21 (YANZHONG HUANG is Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, a Professor at Seton Hall University's School of Diplomacy and International Relations, and Director of the school's Center for Global Health Studies. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-03-11/vaccine-diplomacy-paying-china ) Vaccines have had a place in diplomacy since the Cold War era. The country AND . In reality, Chinese vaccines are often priced higher than $10.
Chinese leadership solves extinction.
Shen Yamei 18, Deputy Director and Associate Research Fellow of Department for American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, 1-9-2018, "Probing into the "Chinese Solution" for the Transformation of Global Governance," CAIFC, http://www.caifc.org.cn/en/content.aspx?id=4491 As the world is in a period of great development, transformation and adjustment, AND , refugees, climate change and public hygiene by debt forgiveness and assistance.
11/7/21
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Tournament: Contact Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: NA | Judge: NA Nathalie Leung Contact Info- nleung1@hwemail.com Pronouns- she/her