Harker Thakur Neg
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| ASU | 1 | Brophy TJ | Wheeler, Scott |
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| Any | 1 | Any | Any |
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| Golden Desert | 1 | Marlborough LK | Navare, Nikhil |
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| Golden Desert | 4 | James Logan ZW | Alvarez, Diana |
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| Golden Desert | 5 | Sam Barlow EL | Coln, Kassie |
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| Golden Desert | Octas | Sequoia AS | Andrew Halverson, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Chris Castillo |
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| Harvard Westlake | 2 | Presentation AB | Michael, Joshua |
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| Harvard Westlake | 4 | Monta Vista RD | Villanueva, Leah |
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| Harvard Westlake | 6 | Marlborough MS | Strong, Margaret |
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| Harvard Westlake | Doubles | Orange Lutheran AZ | Vanessa Nguyen, Tim Alderete, Chris Theis |
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| Palm Classic | 1 | Northland Christian LB | Bukowsky, Holden |
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| Palm Classic | 4 | Harvard Westlake KD | Krauss, Gordon |
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| Palm Classic | 6 | Harvard Westlake MT | Long, Annabelle |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| ASU | 1 | Opponent: Brophy TJ | Judge: Wheeler, Scott 1AC - Asteroid Mining |
| Golden Desert | 1 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Navare, Nikhil 1AC - Global Commons |
| Golden Desert | 4 | Opponent: James Logan ZW | Judge: Alvarez, Diana 1AC - Anthro |
| Golden Desert | 5 | Opponent: Sam Barlow EL | Judge: Coln, Kassie 1AC - Heidegger |
| Golden Desert | Octas | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Andrew Halverson, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Chris Castillo 1AC - Large Satellite Constellations |
| Harvard Westlake | 2 | Opponent: Presentation AB | Judge: Michael, Joshua 1AC - Whole Rez Environment Space Debris Neoliberalism |
| Harvard Westlake | 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Villanueva, Leah 1AC - Ban Mining |
| Harvard Westlake | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough MS | Judge: Strong, Margaret 1AC - Global Commons |
| Harvard Westlake | Doubles | Opponent: Orange Lutheran AZ | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen, Tim Alderete, Chris Theis 1AC - Whole Rez Cosmic Quarry Colonialism |
| Palm Classic | 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Bukowsky, Holden 1AC - China |
| Palm Classic | 4 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake KD | Judge: Krauss, Gordon 1AC - Cap |
| Palm Classic | 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Long, Annabelle 1AC - Cap |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0 -- Contact InfoTournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any | 1/7/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Advantage vs StarlinkTournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Andrew Halverson, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Chris Castillo CP: Private entities ought toIncrease funding for astronomy research,remove debris pieces from orbit in order to maintain debris levels at the current level of debris, prioritizing the most volatile and largest debris pieces in the most congested orbits,collaborate on techniques to track and display the location of objects in real time and AI to automate debris-avoidance maneuvers, andinject large amounts of ice particles into the lower stratosphere in late fall, especially in Antarctica.That solves satellites, miscalc, Kessler, and debris collisionsNature 8/11 ~(Nature Editorial Board, peer-reviewed, comprises experimental scientists and data-standards experts from across different fields of science) "The world must cooperate to avoid a catastrophic space collision," Nature, 8/11/2021~ JL AND and capable of — managing the flow of space traffic is long overdue. Removing the largest debris solvesKhlystov 18 Nikolai Khlystov Lead, Space, and lead, Global Future Council on Space, World Economic Forum. 3 April, 2018 "We have a space debris problem Here’s how to solve it" We have a space debris problem. Here’s how to solve it | World Economic Forum (weforum.org) Accessed 12-19, photos omitted gord0 AND the oceans, and we need to protect this resource for future generations. Ice particles solve ozone depletionNote: PSCs = polar stratospheric clouds AND models and investigate possible influences on the climate system over a long period. | 2/7/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Ban Animal TestingTournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Logan ZW | Judge: Alvarez, Diana Private entities should establish internally binding policies that mandate:Banning animal testing. | 2/6/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Ban Space WeaponizationTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Villanueva, Leah CPCP: The weaponization of outer space should be banned. | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Crypto PICTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake KD | Judge: Krauss, Gordon States should create significant subsidies to create terrestrially accessible blockchain verification computing centers and cryptocurrency mining centers on the Moon. States should ban all other appropriation of outer space by private entities.Climate-motivated terrestrial mining regulations kill crypto now – those don’t get applied to space because of unique environments – that saves crypto with sufficient private investmentGreene 21 Greene, Tristan. Tristan covers human-centric artificial intelligence advances, quantum computing, STEM, Spiderman, physics, and space stuff. As far as I can tell his highest level of education was that he was in the Navy for a while. "What happens to Bitcoin when billionaires build cryptocurrency miners on the Moon?" TNW | Hardfork, 8 June 2021, thenextweb.com/news/bitcoin-billionaires-build-cryptocurrency-miners-on-moon-bitcoin. AND new green mining technology, may be moving the cryptocurrency industry to space. Cryptocurrency reach a wide rollout—-that builds resilience to survive inevitable existential filters.Alex McShane 21, Writer and Head of Video for Bitcoin Magazine, BA from the University of Iowa, Degree from the University College Dublin, Degree from Kirkwood Community College, "Bitcoin and Existential Risk", Bitcoin Magazine, 9/5/2021, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/bitcoin-and-existential-risk-alex-mcshane AND change is to exit fiat currency, it is to use Bitcoin instead. | 2/13/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Debris, Space Col, Space TourismTournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Navare, Nikhil Private entities should establish internally binding policies that mandate:Removing debris pieces from orbit, prioritizing the most volatile and largest debris pieces in the most congested orbitsCollaborating on techniques to track and display the location of objects in real time and AI to automate debris-avoidance maneuversBanning private space colonization, andBanning private space tourism.That solves satellites, miscalc, Kessler, and debris collisionsNature 8/11 ~(Nature Editorial Board, peer-reviewed, comprises experimental scientists and data-standards experts from across different fields of science) "The world must cooperate to avoid a catastrophic space collision," Nature, 8/11/2021~ JL AND and capable of — managing the flow of space traffic is long overdue. Removing the largest debris solves and is possible for private companiesKhlystov 18 Nikolai Khlystov Lead, Space, and lead, Global Future Council on Space, World Economic Forum. 3 April, 2018 "We have a space debris problem Here’s how to solve it" We have a space debris problem. Here’s how to solve it | World Economic Forum (weforum.org) Accessed 12-19, photos omitted gord0 AND the oceans, and we need to protect this resource for future generations. Their only internal link to debris that they read in the Munoz-Patchen card is space tourism, which the CP bans.The CP also bans private space col which is their only internal link to their second advantage. | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Mining PIC and Regs and OzoneTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake KD | Judge: Krauss, Gordon Counterplan text: States should ban all appropriation of outer space by private entities other than mining. States should ban rocket propellants that produce alumina particles in the stratosphere or deposit black soot in the stratosphere. The Committee on the Peaceful use of Outer Space ought toestablish an application system for property rights on celestial bodies. Applications and approval of property rights should be granted upon the condition of AND one grant at a time, There are empirical alternatives to the banned propellants, and the CP solves environmental degradationMortillaro 21 (Nicole Mortillaro, Senior Reporter, Science, She is the editor of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and the author of several books., 4/22/21, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, "Rocket launches could be affecting our ozone layer, say experts", https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/rocket-launches-environment-1.5995252, Accessed 1/27/22, HKR-RKT) AND . It's the alumina and black soot that is most concerning to experts. The counterplan establishes international norms for safe extraction of resources on celestial bodies while increasing RandD in outer space.Steffen 21 ~Olaf Steffen, Olaf is a scientist at the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Sytems at the German Aerospace Center. 12-2-2021, "Explore to Exploit: A Data-Centred Approach to Space Mining Regulation," Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964621000515 accessed 12/12/21~ Adam AND of a NEO's orbit to intercept Earth by changing its mass through mining. | 2/13/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Mining PIC and Regs and Ozone v2Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Long, Annabelle Counterplan text: States should ban all appropriation of outer space by private entities other than mining. States should ban rocket propellants that produce alumina particles in the stratosphere or deposit black soot in the stratosphere. The Committee on the Peaceful use of Outer Space ought to | 2/13/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- SSATournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough MS | Judge: Strong, Margaret States should:increase funding for space-situational awareness technology,ban space colonization by private entities, andwarn all states about known impending collisions on their space assets.Plank 1 solves collisions, assures allies, and avoids sharing key secretsHitchens and Johnson-Freese 16 (Theresa Hitchens and Joan Johnson-Freese. Johnson-Freese is a professor of national security affairs at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Theresa Hitchens is a Senior Research Scholar at the University of Maryland’s Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM), and former Director of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). "Toward a New National Security Space Strategy Time for a Strategic Rebalancing," Atlantic Council Strategy Papers, No. 5, 2016, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/AC'StrategyPapers'No5'Space'WEB1.pdf) AND lead on developing a workable space-traffic management regime underpinned by SSA. Plank 2 solves their second advantage because private space col is their only internal linkPlank 3 solves miscalcGreen 14 (Brian D. Green, "Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing: Safety Tool or Security Threat?" A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF LAWS, December 2014, http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder'id=0anddvs=1569190779049~~368) AND show good faith in a way that could keep international tensions from escalating. | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- Space FundTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Villanueva, Leah CPCP text: space faring nations should establish an international governing body that: Regulates commercial operations in outer space and CP solves - Creating a legal regime ensures everyone benefits from mining creates sustainable mining while avoiding conflict and promoting competitionMorgan Saletta 16, PhD, History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Melbourne, "All of humanity should share in the space mining boom," Conversation, 4-17-2016, https://theconversation.com/all-of-humanity-should-share-in-the-space-mining-boom-57740 AND are responsible global citizens. And they’d get a citizen’s dividend cheque too. | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- US PICTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Orange Lutheran AZ | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen, Tim Alderete, Chris Theis CPCP: The appropriation of outer space by private entities except for those in the United States is unjust. | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- US PIC vs MiningTournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brophy TJ | Judge: Wheeler, Scott CPCP: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities should be banned by all countries except the United States of America.Rebound’s accelerating, driven by U.S. business output, BUT fragile due to corporate debt—-stable policy is keyCaroline Miranda 21, Consultant for the International Finance Corporation at the World Bank Group, Fernando Blanco, Principal Economist for Europe and Central Asia of the IFC, and Tatiana Nenova, IFC ECA/LAC Regional Economics Manager, Country Economics (CELCE), "An Uneven Global Economic Recovery in 2021 Promises to Invert a Longstanding Principle of Success and Failure", World Bank Blogs, 5/7/2021, https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/uneven-global-economic-recovery-2021-promises-invert-longstanding-principle-success AND often leads to the excessive destruction of capital, even under normal circumstances. It’s perception-based—-the possibility that precedent could be applied crumbles confidence and spirals into global declineMohamed A. El-Erian 17, Chief Economic Adviser at Allianz, Chairman of US President Barack Obama’s Global Development Council, Former CEO of the Harvard Management Company and Deputy Director at the International Monetary Fund, "America’s Confidence Economy", Project Syndicate, 3/20/2017, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-market-optimism-economic-growth-by-mohamed-a—el-erian-2017-03 AND especially if these economic challenges prompt the Trump administration to implement protectionist measures. Unpredictable shifts ruin biz con AND overall growthSarah Chaney Cambon 21, Reporter on The Wall Street Journal's Economics Team, BA in Business Journalism from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, "Capital-Spending Surge Further Lifts Economic Recovery", Wall Street Journal, 6/27/2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/capital-spending-surge-further-lifts-economic-recovery-11624798800 AND to follow and will be able to plan around that," he said. Decline cascades—-nuclear warDr. Mathew Maavak 21, PhD in Risk Foresight from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, External Researcher (PLATBIDAFO) at the Kazimieras Simonavicius University, Expert and Regular Commentator on Risk-Related Geostrategic Issues at the Russian International Affairs Council, "Horizon 2030: Will Emerging Risks Unravel Our Global Systems?", Salus Journal – The Australian Journal for Law Enforcement, Security and Intelligence Professionals, Volume 9, Number 1, p. 2-8 AND in the Middle East. Soleimani was simply a cog who got replaced. | 1/7/22 |
JanFeb -- CP -- US PIC vs Whole RezTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Presentation AB | Judge: Michael, Joshua CPCP: The appropriation of outer space by private entities—except for non-space tourism activities and non-space colonization activities by US private entities—is unjust.That competes because we’ve provided a better ethical statement than the aff – disproving the aff’s desirability.Solves all their advantages – their only internal is space tourismUS wins space race now due to private competition – its key to space dominance and militarization is good – the plan nukes the US’s silver bullet against Chinese aggressionWeichert 21 – former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics ~Brandon, "The Future of Space Exploration Depends on the Private Sector," 7/5/2021, https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-future-of-space-exploration-depends-on-the-private-sector/~~#slide-1~~ AND America’s dynamic start-ups win that race, not China’s state capitalism. And, space dominance key to global peace – nuclear and conventional deterrence is collapsing, which will provoke civilization-ending revisionist aggression from Russia and ChinaDr. Robert Zubrin 19, Masters in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Washington, President of Pioneer Energy, Founder and President of the Mars Society, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy, The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility, p. Google Books AND of the other, we would be the overwhelming loser by the exchange. Space dominance solves hegemony – deterrence strategies, even rudimentary ones, are perceived as weakness and causes aggressionWeichert 17 (Brandon J. Weichert. Brandon J. Weichert is a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, "The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance," Orbis, Vol 61, Issue 2, 2017, pp 227 – 237, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030438717300108) AND example, the overwhelming American presence in space presumably would dissuade potential attackers. US hegemony prevents great-power conflicts that escalates to nuclear warBrands and Edel 19 (Hal Brands and Charles Edel. Hal Brands is the Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs in the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Charles Edel is a senior fellow at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and previously served on the U.S. Secretary of State’s policy planning staff, "Rediscovering Tragedy. In The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order; Chapter 6: The Darkening Horizon," Yale University Press, pp 128-131 http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbnm3r9.11) AND . It tells us there may be still-greater traumas to come. | 1/15/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- AppropriationsTournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Navare, Nikhil Congress is inching towards a funding deal—but, it’s a deliberate dance to keep them focused on funding while avoiding political complicationsRomm 2/2 ~Tony Romm is the congressional economic policy reporter at The Washington Post, tracking infrastructure reform, government spending and the financial impacts of federal decision-making nationwide, "Democrats, GOP inch ahead toward potential deal to fund government, avert shutdown", 2/2/22, https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2022/02/02/democrats-republicans-spending-shutdown-covid/~~ AND Congress focused on solidifying government funding levels without adding any other political complications. Space policy causes immense partisan backlash that wrecks the delicate balanceDreier 16 ~Casey Dreier, Chief Advocate and Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, April 13, 2016. "Does Presidential Intervention Undermine Consensus for NASA?" https://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2016/0413-does-a-strong-president-help-or-hurt-consensus-on-NASA.html~~ AND Congress that induce the types of partisanship we so dearly need to avoid. Bipart’s key—otherwise, yearlong CR ruins defense industrial base and military modernizationCR = continuing resolution AND of those firms, Anduril Industries, wrote in an essay this week. Impact’s cyber and deterrence crashManchester ’19, ~Josh, Founder of Champion Hill and General Partner at Foundation Capital, Venture-backed Startups Will Build the Defense Technology the Free World Needs Right Now, https://medium.com/@joshmanchester/venture-backed-startups-will-build-the-defense-technology-the-free-world-needs-right-now-d2cefa2b2196~~ AND of government by consent, our firm would like to talk to you. | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- Biz ConTournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brophy TJ | Judge: Wheeler, Scott DARussia’s international ambitions are low now due to space sector failures.AFP 5/28/19 (Agence France-Presse - international news agency headquartered in Paris, "Moscow, we have a problem: theft plagues Russia’s space sector," https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/3012088/moscow-we-have-problem-theft-plagues-russias-space) AND power, especially in the context of increased tensions with the United States. Space cooperation with the U.S. boosts Russia’s diplomatic leverage and international prestigeJuul 19 (Peter - senior policy analyst at the Center for American Progress, "Trump’s Space Force Gets the Final Frontier All Wrong," 3/20/19, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/20/trumps-space-force-gets-the-final-frontier-all-wrong/) AND United States to give Russia or China this sort of standing by association. Increased international prestige lays the foundation for Russian territorial expansion and foreign policy aggressionGurganus 19 (Julia - nonresident scholar with the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Eugene Rumer - senior fellow and the director of Carnegie’s Russia and Eurasia Program, "Russia’s Global Ambitions in Perspective," 2/20/19, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/20/russia-s-global-ambitions-in-perspective-pub-78067) AND tools has long been a feature of Russian domestic politics and foreign policy. Russian territorial expansion causes nuclear war with the U.S. and NATOO’Hanlon 19 (Michael – PhD from Princeton in Public and International Affairs and currently a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute, "The Senkaku Paradox: Risking Great Power War Over Small Stakes," p. 34-37, 4/30/19, Dartmouth Libraries) AND all bets are off as to where and how the conflict would end. | 1/7/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- InnovationTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Villanueva, Leah DAStrong commercial space catalyzes tech innovation – progress at the margins and spinoff tech change global information networksJoshua Hampson 2017, Security Studies Fellow at the Niskanen Center, 1-25-2017, "The Future of Space Commercialization", Niskanen Center, https://republicans-science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/TheFutureofSpaceCommercializationFinal.pdf AND to global networks, and new opportunities could lead to wider economic growth. The plan crushes private sector RandD by diverting investment and creating government patents that lower the perceived return from space innovationErich Mattei 4, Graduate Student in Economics at the University of Georgia, BA in Business Administration and Economics at Loyola University New Orleans, Senior Professional Sales Representative, Regional Field Trainer at Alcon, "The Mars Con", Mises Daily Articles, 2-6, https://mises.org/library/mars-con AND and analogous research and development, and therefore faces little to no competition. Asteroid mining is the main way companies are looking to profit off of space – that’s key to innovationTech innovation solves any future existential threatsDylan Matthews 18. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good AND far future, then effective altruism just becomes plain ol’ do-goodery.* | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- MiningTournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Logan ZW | Judge: Alvarez, Diana Commercial asteroid mining is coming now – lower costs and improving tech make it economically viable – and the legal basis is already in place in multiple countries– that helps acquire water for rocket fuel and rare earth metalsGilbert 21, PhD student in space resources at the Colorado School of Mines, writes in 21 alex gilbert, is a complex systems researcher and a PhD student in space resources at the Colorado School of Mines. "Mining in Space Is Coming." Milken Institute Review, April 26, 2021, www.milkenreview.org/articles/mining-in-space-is-coming. ~Quality Control~ AND making the transition from fossil fuels to renewables backed up by battery storage. However, the legal framework that strikes the best balance of providing economic incentives for mining while preventing unbeneficial land claims requires a doctrine of appropriation – the plan prevents thatMeyers 15 Meyers, Ross. J.D. candidate at the University of Oregon Law School. "The doctrine of appropriation and asteroid mining: incentivizing the private exploration and development of outer space." Or. Rev. Int'l L. 17 (2015): 183. Italics in original. ~Quality Control~ AND the human race in its expansion into the space, the final frontier. Asteroid mining offsets terrestrial growth that ruins the environment and enables solar power satellites – both solve climate changeTaylor 19 Chris Taylor is a veteran journalist. Previously senior news writer for Time.com a year later. In 2000, he was named San Francisco bureau chief for Time magazine. He has served as senior editor for Business 2.0, West Coast editor for Fortune Small Business and West Coast web editor for Fast Company. Chris is a graduate of Merton College, Oxford and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. "How asteroid mining will save the Earth — and mint trillionaires." Mashable, 2019, mashable.com/feature/asteroid-mining-space-economy. ~Quality Control~ AND how relatively easy it is to ship stuff in zero-G environments. | 2/6/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- Space Col vs StarlinkTournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Andrew Halverson, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Chris Castillo Starlink funding key to colonization and a pre-requisite to communications networks in spaceCrist 22 – ~Ry, CNET, "Starlink explained: Everything you should know about Elon Musk's satellite internet venture," 1/10/2022, https://www.cnet.com/home/internet/starlink-satellite-internet-explained/~~ AND that no Earth-based government has authority or sovereignty over Martian activities." Colonization solves extinctionDrake '16 – a science journalist and contributing writer at National Geographic. She earned an A.B. in biology, psychology, and dance at Cornell University, worked in a clinical genetics lab at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, then returned to Cornell for her Ph.D. in genetics and development. (Bynadia, "Elon Musk: A Million Humans Could Live on Mars By the 2060s," Science, 9-27-2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/elon-musk-spacex-exploring-mars-planets-space-science, Accessed 6-22-2021) AND of people, and ultimately millions of tons of cargo," he says. | 2/7/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- US HegTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough MS | Judge: Strong, Margaret US wins space race now due to private competition – its key to space dominance and militarization is good – the plan nukes the US’s silver bullet against Chinese aggressionWeichert 21 – former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics ~Brandon, "The Future of Space Exploration Depends on the Private Sector," 7/5/2021, https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-future-of-space-exploration-depends-on-the-private-sector/~~#slide-1~~ AND America’s dynamic start-ups win that race, not China’s state capitalism. And, space dominance key to global peace – nuclear and conventional deterrence is collapsing, which will provoke civilization-ending revisionist aggression from Russia and ChinaDr. Robert Zubrin 19, Masters in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Washington, President of Pioneer Energy, Founder and President of the Mars Society, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy, The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility, p. Google Books AND of the other, we would be the overwhelming loser by the exchange. Space dominance solves hegemony – deterrence strategies, even rudimentary ones, are perceived as weakness and causes aggressionWeichert 17 (Brandon J. Weichert. Brandon J. Weichert is a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, "The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance," Orbis, Vol 61, Issue 2, 2017, pp 227 – 237, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030438717300108) AND example, the overwhelming American presence in space presumably would dissuade potential attackers. US hegemony prevents great-power conflicts that escalates to nuclear warBrands and Edel 19 (Hal Brands and Charles Edel. Hal Brands is the Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs in the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Charles Edel is a senior fellow at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and previously served on the U.S. Secretary of State’s policy planning staff, "Rediscovering Tragedy. In The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order; Chapter 6: The Darkening Horizon," Yale University Press, pp 128-131 http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbnm3r9.11) AND . It tells us there may be still-greater traumas to come. | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- DA -- XiTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Bukowsky, Holden Xi’s regime is stable now, but its success depends on strong growth and private sector development.Mitter and Johnson 21 ~Rana Mitter and Elsbeth Johnson, Rana Mitter is a professor of the history and politics of modern China at Oxford. Elsbeth Johnson, formerly the strategy director for Prudential PLC’s Asian business, is a senior lecturer at MIT’s Sloan School of Management and the founder of SystemShift, a consulting firm. May-June 2021, "What the West Gets Wrong About China," Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2021/05/what-the-west-gets-wrong-about-china accessed 12/14/21~ Adam AND University thanks to social mobility and the party’s significant investment in scientific research. Cross apply 1AC Patel – it proves that the private sector is seen as key to ccp legitimacyShifts in regime perception threatens CCP’s legitimacy from nationalist hardlinersWeiss 19 Jessica Weiss 1-29-2019 "Authoritarian Audiences, Rhetoric, and Propaganda in International Crises: Evidence from China" http://www.jessicachenweiss.com/uploads/3/0/6/3/30636001/19-01-24-elite-statements-isq-ca.pdf (Associate Professor of Government at Cornell University)Elmer AND to it more directly than even the U.S. government."11 Xi will launch diversionary war to domestic backlash – escalates in multiple hotspots and causes nuclear warNorris 17, William J. Geostrategic Implications of China’s Twin Economic Challenges. CFR Discussion Paper, 2017. (Associate professor of Chinese foreign and security policy at Texas AandM University’s Bush School of Government and Public Service)Elmer AND resource is directed shifts away from industrial and export production toward domestic consumption. | 2/12/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- Appropriation vs StarlinkTournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Andrew Halverson, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Chris Castillo Interpretation: Appropriation means use, exploitation, or occupation that is permanent and to the exclusion of othersBabcock 19 Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Cente. Babcock, Hope M. "The Public Trust Doctrine, Outer Space, and the Global Commons: Time to Call Home ET." Syracuse L. Rev. 69 (2019): 191. AND term use and permanent occupation, to the exclusion of all others."151 Violation: Constellations do not appropriate – reject non-legal interpretationsJohnson 20 ~Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation and has nine years of professional experience in international space law and policy. He has authored and co-authored publications on international space law, national space legislation, international cooperation in space, human-robotic cooperative space exploration, and on the societal benefits of space technology for Africa. "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit." https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020'referenceworkentry'thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf~~ AND ? No such intention can be found in the operators of global constellations. 1~ Precision – if we win definitions the aff doesn’t defend a shift from the squo or solve their advantages – so at best vote negative on presumption. The resolution is the only predictable stasis point for dividing ground—any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution.2~ Predictable limits—including satellite slots offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of different satellite systems – LEO MEO and HEO, plus different companies, plus sizes of constellations, et cetera. Letting temporary occupation be appropriation is a limits diaster - any aff about a single space ship, satellite, or weapon would be T because they temporarily occupy space. Limits explodes neg prep burden and draws un-reciprocal lines of debate, where the aff is always ahead, turns their pragmatics offenseTopicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for—there’s no way for the negative to know what constitutes a "reasonable interpretation" when we do prep – reasonability is arbitrary and causes a race to the bottom, proliferating abuseNo RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical. | 2/7/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- ExtraTournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough MS | Judge: Strong, Margaret Interp: Interp – the aff must only defend that the private appropriation of outer space is unjustViolation – they defend "public governance" of outer space through a "global commons" as per their Goehring cardVote neg for limits and ground: extra-topicality allows them to tack on infinite planks to artificially improve aff solvency and spike out of DA impacts—e.g., impacts to the economy. Also key to education and advocacy – they never have to test their aff against well-researched objections which o/w since it's the only portable skill in debate.Drop the debater because the round has been irreparably skewed.Use competing interps because reasonability is arbitrary and forces judge intervention.No RVIs – they’re illogical bc they shouldn’t win for being topicalAt best for the aff, there’s no risk of spillover from whole rez to a global commons because states still have economic and political/military incentives to exploit space individually | 1/16/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- Extra v2Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Navare, Nikhil Interp: Interp – the aff must only defend that the private appropriation of outer space is unjustViolation – they defend public governance of outer space through a "global commons" as per their Vollmer cardVote neg for limits and ground: extra-topicality allows them to tack on infinite planks to artificially improve aff solvency and spike out of DA impacts—e.g., impacts to the economy. Also key to education and advocacy – they never have to test their aff against well-researched objections which o/w since it's the only portable skill in debate.Drop the debater because the round has been irreparably skewed.Use competing interps because reasonability is arbitrary and forces judge intervention.No RVIs – they’re illogical bc they shouldn’t win for being topicalAt best for the aff, there’s no risk of spillover from whole rez to a global commons because states still have economic and political/military incentives to exploit space individually | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- Extra vs NationalizationTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Long, Annabelle Interp: Affirmatives must only defend the implementation of a law that affirms that the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Violation – they defend the nationalization of existing corporate space infrastructureVote neg for limits and ground: extra-topicality allows them to tack on infinite planks to artificially improve aff solvency and spike out of DA impacts—e.g., impacts to the economy. Also key to education and advocacy – they never have to test their aff against well-researched objections which o/w since it's the only portable skill in debate.Drop the debater because the round has been irreparably skewed.Use competing interps because reasonability is arbitrary and forces judge intervention.No RVIs – they’re illogical bc they shouldn’t win for being topicalAt best for the aff, there’s no risk of spillover from whole rez to nationalizing space infrastructure – independently, the existing space infrastructure isn’t nearly enough to do anything useful in space because that tech doesn’t exist yet – proves private sector key | 2/13/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- FWTournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Sam Barlow EL | Judge: Coln, Kassie Interp: Affirmatives must only defend the implementation of a law that affirms that the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.This does not require the use of any particular style, type of evidence, or assumption about the role of the judge — only that the topic should determine the debate’s subject matter."Resolved" means enactment of a law.Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). "Resolved". 1964. AND ," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law". "Appropriation" refers to the taking of property for exclusive and permanent useGorove 69 ~Stephen, Chairman of the Graduate Program of the School of Law and Professor of Law, Ole Miss~ "Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty", Fordham Law Review, Vol. 37 Issue 3, https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1966andcontext=flr, 1969 RE AND with intention of keeping for one's own exclusive use would amount to appropriation. US Code defines private entitiesUS Code 6 U.S. Code § 1501 – Definitions, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/6/1501~~#15'A, 2015 RE AND not include a foreign power as defined in section 1801 of title 50. Violation – they don’tTVA- ban US private appropriation of outer space for ~their reasons~ – you can still include performance and the criticism. Disads to the TVA prove neg ground, and they have no right to a perfect 1acSwitch side debate – critiques of liberalism and performance can be read on the neg – solves dogmatism by testing different viewpointsVote Neg – The resolution is the only common stasis point that anchors negative preparation. Allowing any aff deviation from the resolution is a moral hazard which justifies an infinite number of unpredictable arguments with thin ties to the resolution. Because debate is a competitive game, their interpretation incentivizes affirmatives to run further towards fringes and revert to truisms which are exceedingly difficult to negate—this asymmetry is compounded by their monopoly on preparationThat outweighs – The competitive incentive from debate creates pressures for research and focused clash which generates important skills and makes debate a training ground for future work. The impact Successful movement organizing is analogous to mainstream politics – it requires skilled organization, negotiating relationships, strategic leadership, and proto-institutionalism – sacrificing debate as training ensures we never translate opinion into political power, but requiring the aff defend contestable positions linearly increases debate’s capacity for movement advocacy as they get more predictableHan and Barnett-Loro 18 ~Hahrie Han, Department of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara. Carina Barnett-Loro, Climate Advocacy Lab, San Francisco. To Support a Stronger Climate Movement, Focus Research on Building Collective Power. December 19, 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00055/full~~ AND with elite politics, the NRA transformed the political dynamics around gun rights. Debate doesn’t have any effect on the political and the individual arguments we read have no effect on our subjectivity, even if they spur immediate reflection, those insights aren’t integrated into deep-stored memory—this means you can vote negative on presumption. Encouraging focused, nuanced research and clash is the only chance to change attitudes long term—which means they can’t solve their impact turns but our model can.filter their impacts through predictable testability —-debate inherently judges relative truth value by whether or not it gets answered—-a combination of a less predictable case neg, the burden of rejoinder, and them starting a speech ahead will always inflate the value of their impacts, which makes non-arbitrarily weighing whether they should have read the 1ac in the first place impossible within the structure of a debate round so even if we lose framework, vote neg on presumption. They also create a moral hazard that leads to affs only about individual self-care so even if you think this aff is answerable, the ones they incentivize are not, so assume the worst possible affirmative when weighing our impacts. | 2/6/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- Implement vs CapTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake KD | Judge: Krauss, Gordon Interp: Affirmatives must only defend the implementation of a law that affirms that the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.This does not require the use of any particular style, type of evidence, or assumption about the role of the judge — only that the topic should determine the debate’s subject matter."Resolved" means enactment of a law.Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). "Resolved". 1964. AND ," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law". Violation – they don’tTVA- implement the planSwitch side debate – critiques of cap and performance can be read on the neg – solves dogmatism by testing different viewpointsVote Neg – The resolution is the only common stasis point that anchors negative preparation. Allowing any aff deviation from the resolution is a moral hazard which justifies an infinite number of unpredictable arguments with thin ties to the resolution. Because debate is a competitive game, their interpretation incentivizes affirmatives to run further towards fringes and revert to truisms which are exceedingly difficult to negate—this asymmetry is compounded by their monopoly on preparation | 2/13/22 |
JanFeb -- T -- Private vs ChinaTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Bukowsky, Holden Interpretation: the affirmative must only defend that the appropriation of space by private entities is unjust.China's "private" sector companies aren't privateOlson 20 ~Stephen Olson, research fellow at the Hinrich Foundation. "Are Private Chinese Companies Really Private?" The Diplomat, 9-30-2020, accessed 1-14-2022, https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/are-private-chinese-companies-really-private/~~ HWIC AND estimated to be about 3 percent of China’s GDP) to Chinese companies. Negate – they skirt the core controversy of the topic which is national vs private space activities – kills stasis point and pre-round prep and means we lose access to generics that rely on the motives of private companies differing from national interest proven by the fact that their advantage is functionally China space good/bad – competing interps and DTD on T, it's a question of models and we indict their advocacy | 2/12/22 |
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