| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Berk | 2 | Notre Dame AG | Gordon Krauss |
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| Berk | 4 | Peninsula SM | Claudia Ribeira |
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| College Prep | 2 | Mountain House JO | Parth Shah |
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| College Prep | 4 | Portola AS | Vanessa Nguyen |
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| College Prep | 5 | Diamond Bar NC | Danielle Dosch |
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| College Prep | Doubles | Troy Independent AP | Panel |
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| Damus | 1 | Harvard-Westlake EJ | Elijah Smith |
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| Damus | 3 | Harvard-Westlake ML | Madeline Conrad Mogin |
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| Damus | 6 | Marlborough LK | Claudia Ribeira |
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| Harvard Westlake | 1 | Harvard-Westlake JK | Jonathan Jeong |
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| Jack Howe | 2 | Christopher Columbus AM | Anish Ramireddy |
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| Jack Howe | 3 | Portola AS | Vanessa Nguyen |
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| Jack Howe | 6 | Honor VD | Sam Larson |
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| Jack Howe | Doubles | Harvard-Westlake KD | Koh, Ryan, Nguyen, Vanessa, Wimmer, Jan |
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| Jack Howe | Octas | Perry JA | Sam Larson, Joel Lemuel, Rafael Li |
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| Kentucky | 4 | Durham JH | Trey Roark |
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| Kentucky | 5 | Westwood WY | Ritenour, Amelia |
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| Kentucky | 1 | Woodrow Wilson CO | Ki Radcliffe |
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| Stanford | 2 | Bridgeland PT | Riley Talamantes |
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| Stanford | 4 | Strake Jesuit NW | Ari Davidson |
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| Stanford | 6 | Strake Jesuit JK | Lena Mizrahi |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Berk | 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame AG | Judge: Gordon Krauss 1AC - China |
| Berk | 4 | Opponent: Peninsula SM | Judge: Claudia Ribeira 1ac - cosmic colonialism |
| College Prep | 2 | Opponent: Mountain House JO | Judge: Parth Shah 1AC - Set Col |
| College Prep | 4 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen 1AC - Mining |
| College Prep | 5 | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1AC - PTD |
| College Prep | Doubles | Opponent: Troy Independent AP | Judge: Panel 1AC - Space X |
| Damus | 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake EJ | Judge: Elijah Smith 1AC - Equality |
| Damus | 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake ML | Judge: Madeline Conrad Mogin 1AC - Civ War |
| Damus | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Claudia Ribeira 1AC - Prisons |
| Harvard Westlake | 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JK | Judge: Jonathan Jeong 1AC - Case |
| Jack Howe | 2 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Anish Ramireddy 1AC - Rawls |
| Jack Howe | 3 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen 1AC - US COVID |
| Jack Howe | 6 | Opponent: Honor VD | Judge: Sam Larson 1AC - IP |
| Jack Howe | Doubles | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake KD | Judge: Koh, Ryan, Nguyen, Vanessa, Wimmer, Jan 1AC - COVID |
| Jack Howe | Octas | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Sam Larson, Joel Lemuel, Rafael Li 1AC - Evergreening |
| Kentucky | 4 | Opponent: Durham JH | Judge: Trey Roark 1AC - Cap |
| Kentucky | 5 | Opponent: Westwood WY | Judge: Ritenour, Amelia 1AC - Stock |
| Kentucky | 1 | Opponent: Woodrow Wilson CO | Judge: Ki Radcliffe 1AC - Innovation Access |
| Stanford | 2 | Opponent: Bridgeland PT | Judge: Riley Talamantes 1AC - Kant |
| Stanford | 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Ari Davidson 1AC - Asian |
| Stanford | 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC - Debris |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
GENERIC - TFWTournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Ari Davidson | 2/13/22 |
JF - DRONES CP V1Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Lena Mizrahi | 2/19/22 |
JF - EFT CP V1Tournament: Berk | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula SM | Judge: Claudia Ribeira | 2/20/22 |
JF - HEG DA V1Tournament: College Prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen US wins space race now due to private competition – its key to space dominance and militarization is good – the plan nukes the US's silver bullet against Chinese aggressionWeichert 21 – former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics ~Brandon, "The Future of Space Exploration Depends on the Private Sector," 7/5/2021, https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-future-of-space-exploration-depends-on-the-private-sector/~~#slide-1~~ Space dominance solves hegemony – deterrence strategies, even rudimentary ones, are perceived as weakness and causes aggressionWeichert 17 (Brandon J. Weichert. Brandon J. Weichert is a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, "The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance," Orbis, Vol 61, Issue 2, 2017, pp 227 – 237, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030438717300108) US hegemony prevents great-power conflicts that escalates to nuclear warBrands and Edel 19 (Hal Brands and Charles Edel. Hal Brands is the Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs in the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Charles Edel is a senior fellow at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and previously served on the U.S. Secretary of State's policy planning staff, "Rediscovering Tragedy. In The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order; Chapter 6: The Darkening Horizon," Yale University Press, pp 128-131 http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbnm3r9.11) | 12/19/21 |
JF - INNOV DA V1Tournament: College Prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen Strong commercial space catalyzes tech innovation – progress at the margins and spinoff tech change global information networksJoshua Hampson 2017, Security Studies Fellow at the Niskanen Center, 1-25-2017, "The Future of Space Commercialization", Niskanen Center, https://republicans-science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/TheFutureofSpaceCommercializationFinal.pdf Tech innovation solves every existential threat – cumulative extinction events outweigh the affDylan Matthews 18. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good | 12/19/21 |
JF - INNOV DA V2Tournament: College Prep | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Troy Independent AP | Judge: Panel Mega-constellation investment is good for competition and business – contracts exist and they're being manufactured now the aff crushes investor confidence and innovationCao 21 ¬– ~Sissi, "From Boeing to Astra, the Space Industry Is Vying to Challenge Starlink's Dominance," 11/5/2021, https://observer.com/2021/11/boeing-astra-space-startups-eye-satellite-constellation-compete-starlink/~~ Tech innovation solves every existential threat – cumulative extinction events outweigh the affDylan Matthews 18. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good | 12/19/21 |
JF - INNOVATION DA V3Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Lena Mizrahi | 2/19/22 |
JF - INNOVATION DA V4Tournament: Berk | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula SM | Judge: Claudia Ribeira | 2/20/22 |
JF - MOON CP V1Tournament: College Prep | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Troy Independent AP | Judge: Panel All states should base their nuclear arsenals on the lunar surface for the purpose of hazardous near-earth object interception. All states should use the Lunar Gateway to deploy anti-asteroid measures.Solves deflection – moon basing solves inevitable and existential asteroid strikes – Earth launch fails because of fuel expenditureMiyano 18 ~Thomas Drake Miyano, active duty Lieutenant Commander of the United States Navy. Moon-based planetary defense campaign. Journal of Space Safety Engineering Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2018, Pages 85-105. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896717300617~~ Deploying all the nukes guarantees successful deflectionMiyano 18 ~Thomas Drake Miyano, active duty Lieutenant Commander of the United States Navy. Moon-based planetary defense campaign. Journal of Space Safety Engineering Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2018, Pages 85-105. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896717300617~~ Plank 2 solves detection – its beyond LEOMonzon 20 ~Inigo~ "ESA-Backed Study Proposes Using Lunar Gateway Against Killer Asteroids", https://www.ibtimes.com/esa-backed-study-proposes-using-lunar-gateway-against-killer-asteroids-2945203, 3-23-20 RE Squo solves—NASA is massively increasing investment in space telescopes and holistic planetary defenseDavis 19 ~Jason, Editorial Director of the Planetary Society~ "NASA to Build New Asteroid-Hunting Space Telescope", The Planetary Society, https://www.planetary.org/articles/nasa-to-build-asteroid-telescope, 9-24-19 RE | 12/19/21 |
JF - NASA DA V1Tournament: College Prep | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Troy Independent AP | Judge: Panel NASA is preserving resources by leveraging private partnershipsMiriam Kramer 21, author of Space, "NASA's plans for the future hinge on the success of private companies," Axios, 12-7-2021, https://www.axios.com/nasa-private-spaceflight-plans-5a5710e6-5223-4da3-8c5d-5a712e1d862e.html Plan forces spending trade-offs that crush effective Earth sciences —- risks catastrophic climate changeHaymet 7 (Tony, Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography – University of California, San Diego, Mark Abbott, Dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Science – Oregon State University, and Jim Luyten, Acting Director – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, "The Planet NASA Needs to Explore", Washington Post, 5-10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/09/AR2007050902451.html) Warming is inevitable but adjusting government policy can address the worst effects – specifically, for sea level rise. US responses are modeled globally.Economist 17, "How government policy exacerbates hurricanes like Harvey," Economist, https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21727898-if-global-warming-were-not-enough-threat-poor-planning-and-unwise-subsidies-make-floods The impact's global warEric Holthaus 15, editor at rollingstone magazine citing James Hansen, former NASA climatologist, "The Point of No Return: Climate Change Nightmares Are Here," Rolling Stone, accessed 10-23-2016, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-point-of-no-return-climate-change-nightmares-are-already-here-20150805 | 12/19/21 |
JF - PLTX V1Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JK | Judge: Jonathan Jeong Appropriations pass now but floor time and bipartisanship are keyBolton 1/13 ~Alexander, staff reporter for The Hill, "Negotiators report progress toward 2022 spending deal" https://thehill.com/policy/finance/589599-negotiators-report-progress-on-reaching-2022-spending-deal~~ Large President-led national space policies incite immense partisan backlash that spills over to kill the entire political agendaDreier 16 ~Casey Dreier, Chief Advocate and Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, April 13, 2016. "Does Presidential Intervention Undermine Consensus for NASA?" https://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2016/0413-does-a-strong-president-help-or-hurt-consensus-on-NASA.html~~** Yearlong CR ruins UAVs for decades—that undermines strategic competitionWynne 1/14 ~Brian Wynne, Federal Aviation Administration's Drone Advisory Committee and Management Advisory Council, "A yearlong continuing resolution will hinder unmanned systems integration", 1/14/22, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/01/14/a-yearlong-continuing-resolution-will-hinder-unmanned-systems-integration/~~ That causes nuclear war with Russia and chinaKroenig and Gopalaswamy 18, *Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council. Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council. He holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin. (Matthew and Bharath, 11-12-2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war/) | 1/15/22 |
JF - PRC PIC V1Tournament: Berk | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame AG | Judge: Gordon Krauss | 2/19/22 |
JF - RU DA V1Tournament: College Prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen That normalizes Russian territorial aggression—-causes nuclear war and extinction.Frederick W. Kagan 19. American resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a former professor of military history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, less famous brother of our favorite neighborhood neocon Robert Kagan "CONFRONTING THE RUSSIAN CHALLENGE: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE U.S.," Institute for the Study of War. June 2019. https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016b-6eef-dc80-a3ff-ffff778c0000 | 12/19/21 |
JF - RU PTX DA V1Tournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Lena Mizrahi | 2/19/22 |
JF - SSA CP V1Tournament: College Prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen The United States federal government should unilaterally:increase funding for space-situational awareness technology, andintegrate Battle Management Command, Control, and Communications, tactical intelligence, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems,warn all states about known impending collisions on their space assets.Planks 1 and 2 solves collisions, assures allies, and avoids key sharing key secretsHitchens and Johnson-Freese 16 (Theresa Hitchens and Joan Johnson-Freese. Johnson-Freese is a professor of national security affairs at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Theresa Hitchens is a Senior Research Scholar at the University of Maryland's Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM), and former Director of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). "Toward a New National Security Space Strategy Time for a Strategic Rebalancing," Atlantic Council Strategy Papers, No. 5, 2016, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/AC_StrategyPapers_No5_Space_WEB1.pdf) Plank 3 solves miscalcGreen 14 (Brian D. Green, "Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing: Safety Tool or Security Threat?" A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF LAWS, December 2014, http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0anddvs=1569190779049~~368) Check their case theres nothing saying that PTD can solve SSA or that it's needed for SSA – Aganaba confirms and the CP solves | 12/19/21 |
JF - T APPROPRIATIONTournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Lena Mizrahi | 2/19/22 |
JF - T RESOURCESTournament: Stanford | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Lena Mizrahi | 2/19/22 |
JF - T STATES V1Tournament: Berk | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame AG | Judge: Gordon Krauss | 2/19/22 |
JF - US PIC V1Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake JK | Judge: Jonathan Jeong All nations except the United States should do the plan. The United States federal government should unilaterally increase funding for government space agency cooperation with the private sector.Solves Politics and NASA – forces them to cooperate with the US government, also solves for any impacts from CapAndrew Moseman 17, director of popular mechanics, MS in science writing from MIT, 3-17-2017, "What Happens If Trump Guts NASA's Earth Science Budget?," Popular Mechanics, https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a24031/trump-nasa-earth-science-budget/ | 1/15/22 |
JF - XI DA V1Tournament: Berk | Round: 2 | Opponent: Notre Dame AG | Judge: Gordon Krauss | 2/19/22 |
ND - CLS V1Tournament: Damus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Claudia Ribeira The right to strike is a dangerous distraction that prevents the labor movement from challenging systems at the root cause of class inequality and that make it structurally impossible for legal institutions to protect workers. Empirically "right to strike" legislation hamstrings actual strikes via circumventive policies that jail strikers for engaging in theft, violence, etc while allowing for a façade of acceptance and forcing union representation, wages, and economic equality to plummet. The AFF results in scattered, ineffective, and "respectable" strikes and labor disputes re-routed towards legal arbitration while increased legal incorporation results in more tools for the elite to constrain the labor movement — turns case and kills workers' movement writ large. Vote NEG for a "direct endorsement of militancy and a turn away from the law and instead towards a political program that might advance the interests of the working class regardless of what the law might hold"White 18 (Ahmed White – Nicholaus Rosenbaum Professor of Law @ University of Colorado Law School, "Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike", https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles , 2018, pgs. 1065-1073, EmmieeM) There is no strike wave, just media smoke tricks. Empirics on current strike trends and outcomes of "Right to Strike" legislation go heavily NEG – you cannot legalize revolution and all legislation is merely a ruse to constrain the workers' movement through the guise of "legal management".White 18 (Ahmed White – Nicholaus Rosenbaum Professor of Law @ University of Colorado Law School, "Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike", https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles , 2018, pgs. 1124-1131, EmmieeM) | 11/9/21 |
ND - Econ DA V1Tournament: Damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake ML | Judge: Madeline Conrad Mogin Business recovery is strong. Business confidence is high.Halloran '9-14 ~Michael; 2021; M.B.A. from Carnegie Mellon University, former aerospace research engineer, Equity Strategist; Janney, "Despite Potential Headwinds, Key Labor Market Indicators Bode Well for the Economy," https://www.janney.com/latest-articles-commentary/all-insights/insights/2021/09/14/despite-potential-headwinds-key-labor-market-indicators-bode-well-for-the-economy~~ Unions devastate growth and worsen inequality – gains for workers shift costs to other parts of the economyEpstein 20 ~Richard A. Epstein Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow @ the Hoover Institution. "The Decline Of Unions Is Good News." https://www.hoover.org/research/decline-unions-good-news~~ Recessions cause global crises – ensuring continued growth is keyBaird '20 ~Zoe; October 2020; C.E.O. and President of the Markle Foundation, Member of the Aspen Strategy Group and former Trustee at the Council on Foreign Relations, J.D. and A.B. from the University of California at Berkeley; Domestic and International (Dis)order: A Strategic Response, "Equitable Economic Recovery is a National Security Imperative," Ch. 13~ | 11/6/21 |
ND - Set Col V1Tournament: Damus | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake EJ | Judge: Elijah Smith Settler colonialism is the permeating structure of the nation-state which requires the elimination of indigenous life and land via the occupation of settlers. The appropriation of land turns Natives into ghosts and chattel slaves into excess labor.Tuck and Yang 12 (Eve Tuck, Unangax, State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40, JKS) Civil Society reifies a temporal narrative that uses doomsday rhetoric to bracket out the indigenous as "relics of the past" that are anathemas to progress—that instills a linear futurism that absolves us of responsibility for settler colonialismLake 91, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Southern California (Randall A., "BETWEEN MYTH AND HISTORY: ENACTING TIME IN NATIVE AMERICAN PROTEST RHETORIC," May 1991, The Quarterly Journal of Speech 77(2):123-151, accessed 12-13-12 Bosley) *Evidence has been gendered modified Portraying nuclear conflict as a final Armageddon between first world nations depoliticizes the ongoing nuclear violence of mining, dumping, and testing against Indigenous peoples.Kato 93 Worker's rights and striking is a lie and a settler colonial myth that seeks to perpetuate subjugation and colonization of locals and natives – examples prove and prefer our empiricsEnglert, Sai 20 ~I am a lecturer in the Institute for Area Studies. I work on political economy and development in the Middle East. My research focuses on the Israeli state, its changing relationship with the labour movement, and the consequences of the neoliberal transition. I also work on settler colonialism and settler labour movements more generally.~ 7-20-2020 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anti.12659 Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession Wiley Online Library, accessed 11-4-2021 GS Thus, the only alternative is decolonization.Tuck and Yang 12 The role of the ballot is to center indigenous scholarship and resistance— Any ethical commitment requires that the aff place themselves in the center of Native scholarship and demands.Carlson 16 | 11/6/21 |
ND - T A V1Tournament: Damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake ML | Judge: Madeline Conrad Mogin Interpretation—the aff may not specify a just governmentA is an generic indefinite singular. Cohen 01Ariel Cohen (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev), "On the Generic Use of Indefinite Singulars," Journal of Semantics 18:3, 2001 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188590876.pdf That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptiveViolation—they specified USVote neg:1~ Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution.2~ Limits—specifying a just government offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments in the world depending on their definition of "just government".DTD – same thing as drop the argTopicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare forNo RVIs—it's your burden to be topical. | 11/6/21 |
ND - T US V1Tournament: Damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake ML | Judge: Madeline Conrad Mogin Interpretation – the US isn't a just governmentAlex Mell-Taylor 5-26 ~~ 5-26-21 https://aninjusticemag.com/the-anger-from-realizing-america-isnt-free-cffaee71e539 The Anger of Realizing America Isn't Free Medium, accessed 11-6-2021 GS | 11/6/21 |
ND - T US V2Tournament: Damus | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough LK | Judge: Claudia Ribeira Interpretation: the affirmative must defend that only just governments ought to recognize the right to strikeJust governments respect libertiesDorn 12 James A. Dorn, Cato Journal, "The Scope of Government in a Free Society", Fall 2012, https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2012/12/v32n3-10.pdf Violation—the US is not just – their court system is racist and doesn't respect liberty, straight turn all their prisoners evidenceNellis, Ph.D., 18, Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System, https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/, Sentencing Project, | 11/9/21 |
ND - Trade DA V1Tournament: Damus | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake ML | Judge: Madeline Conrad Mogin Unions cause protectionism – that slows growth and causes tariffsEpstein 16 ~Richard A. Epstein Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow @ the Hoover Institution. "The Rise of American Protectionism." https://www.hoover.org/research/rise-american-protectionism~~ New trade conflicts cause global war and undermine cooperation on collective action problemsDr. Michael F. Oppenheimer 21, Clinical Professor at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University, Senior Consulting Fellow for Scenario Planning at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Former Executive Vice President at The Futures Group, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, The Foreign Policy Roundtable at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, and The American Council on Germany, "The Turbulent Future of International Relations", in The Future of Global Affairs: Managing Discontinuity, Disruption and Destruction, Ed. Ankersen and Sidhu, p. 23-30 | 11/6/21 |
SO - 3 of 4 CPTournament: Jack Howe | Round: 2 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Anish Ramireddy Counterplan: At least three-quarters of WTO member nations, excluding the United States, should extend Medical IP TRIP waivers, to all 36 member nations on the UN's recognized list of Lesser developed countries.Entirely solves while avoiding politicsSiripurapu 21 Anshu Siripurapu covers economics, energy, and geopolitics, BA in political economy from the University of Southern California. "The Debate Over a Patent Waiver for COVID-19 Vaccines: What to Know." Council on Foreign Relations, May 26, 2021, www.cfr.org/in-brief/debate-over-patent-waiver-covid-19-vaccines-what-know. | 9/18/21 |
SO - Cap K V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 6 | Opponent: Honor VD | Judge: Sam Larson Regulating intellectual property participates in a scarcity logic that re-affirms a broader market ownership over information – that consolidates neoliberal control through a shift to private protections, even if the individual act of the aff is goodSoderberg 1 ~Johan, BA from Falmouth College of the Arts. "Copyleft vs Copyright: A Marxist Critique" https://firstmonday.org/article/view/938/860~~** The aff's analytic reduces the nuance of class differences and collapses the racial cap complexities to a settler/indigenous binary which fractures solidarityBhandar and Ziadah 16 Brenna BHANDAR, senior lecturer @ SOAS, AND Rafeef ZIADAH, postdoc @ SOAS, 2016 "Acts and Omissions: Framing Settler Colonialism in Palestine Studies," Jadaliyya, January 14, 2016 Capitalism is quickly reaching its ecological, structural, and psychological limits and causes near-term extinction – laundry list.Robinson 16 (William, Professor of sociology, global studies and Latin American studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara. His most recent book is Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Humanity. | "Sadistic Capitalism: Six Urgent Matters for Humanity in Global Crisis" in Truth-out, April 12, 2016. http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/35596-sadistic-capitalism-six-urgent-matters-for-humanity-in-global-crisis )tbrooks The alternative is to engage in anticapitalism, an act of radical resistance grounded in grassroots movements. Anticapitalism does not represent an unattainable utopia but challenges common myths about capitalism as a whole. Also solves for the Aff – anticapitalism is a prereq to rhetorical decolonizationRogers 14 (Chris Rogers, author, Capitalism and Its Alternatives: A Critical Introduction, Zed Books, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/lib/umichigan/detail.action?docID=1758713.) AM The role of the judge and ballot is to endorse the better debater – it's the most objective and anything else is arbitrary and self-serving and is poor scholarship in a competitive space. | 9/19/21 |
SO - China DA V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake KD | Judge: Koh, Ryan, Nguyen, Vanessa, Wimmer, Jan Eliminating IPR for vaccines gives China a massive competitive edge on innovation broadly – tanks pharma, undermines pandemic response, and tech leadership – BUT domestic production and distribution solvesOkutsu and Sharma 21 ~Akane, staff writer for Nikkei International, and Kiran, LPC, The College of Law, Guildford, 1997 BA (Hons), Law, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, 1996. "Vaccine Patent Waiver: COVID Stopper or Innovation Killer?" https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/Vaccine-patent-waiver-COVID-stopper-or-innovation-killer~~ Biopharma innovation is key to overall competitiveness – US still has a razor thin lead but IP is uniquely keyEzell 20 ~Stephen Ezell, Director of Global Innovation Policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). "Ensuring U.S. Biopharmaceutical Competitiveness." 7/16/20. https://itif.org/publications/2020/07/16/ensuring-us-biopharmaceutical-competitiveness~~ Chinese tech leadership causes nuke warKroenig and Gopalaswamy 18, *Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council. Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council. He holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin. (Matthew and Bharath, 11-12-2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war/) | 9/20/21 |
SO - China DA V2Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: Octas | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Sam Larson, Joel Lemuel, Rafael Li Eliminating IPR for vaccines gives China a massive competitive edge on innovation broadly – tanks pharma, undermines pandemic response, and tech leadership – BUT domestic production and distribution solvesOkutsu and Sharma 21 ~Akane, staff writer for Nikkei International, and Kiran, LPC, The College of Law, Guildford, 1997 BA (Hons), Law, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, 1996. "Vaccine Patent Waiver: COVID Stopper or Innovation Killer?" https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/Vaccine-patent-waiver-COVID-stopper-or-innovation-killer~~ Biopharma innovation is key to overall competitiveness – US still has a razor thin lead but IP is uniquely keyEzell 20 ~Stephen Ezell, Director of Global Innovation Policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). "Ensuring U.S. Biopharmaceutical Competitiveness." 7/16/20. https://itif.org/publications/2020/07/16/ensuring-us-biopharmaceutical-competitiveness~~ Chinese tech leadership causes nuke warKroenig and Gopalaswamy 18, *Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council. Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council. He holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin. (Matthew and Bharath, 11-12-2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war/) | 9/30/21 |
SO - Debt Ceiling DA V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: Octas | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Sam Larson, Joel Lemuel, Rafael Li Debt limit and government funding will pass now—everything else is delayedBRESNAHAN 9/15 ~JOHN BRESNAHAN, ANNA PALMER AND JAKE SHERMAN, Punchbowl News Legislataive Outlook 9/15, https://email.punchbowl.news/t/ViewEmailArchive/t/E48C6AF0C3714E452540EF23F30FEDED/C67FD2F38AC4859C/~~ Medical IP takes time, energy, and political capital away from domestic legislation – big pharma and EU alliesBhadrakumar 5/9 M K Bhadrakumar is a former Indian diplomat. "Biden's talk of vaccine IP waiver is political theater." Asia Times, May 9, 2021, asiatimes.com/2021/05/bidens-talk-of-vaccine-ip-waiver-is-political-theater. Agenda change has a cascading effectJoly 19, ~Jeroen Joly is a Doctor Assistant at Universiteit Gent, Punctuated equilibrium theory and foreign policy, The research for this chapter was financially supported by the French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy (DGRIS), https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeroen_Joly/publication/331073786_Punctuated_equilibrium_theory_and_foreign_policy/links/5c66ec3092851c1c9de446f2/Punctuated-equilibrium-theory-and-foreign-policy.pdf~~ Debt default is the easiest way to wreck the US economy—ruins the US dollar and financial reputationEgan 9/8 ~Matt Egan is an award-winning reporter at CNN, covering business, the economy and financial markets across CNN's television and digital platforms, "'Financial Armageddon.' What's at stake if the debt limit isn't raised", 9/8/21, https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/08/business/debt-ceiling-default-explained/index.html~~ ExtinctionJoshua Zoffer 20, Investor at Cove Hill Partners, Fellow at New America, JD Candidate at Yale University Law School, AB from Harvard University, "To End Forever War, Keep the Dollar Globally Dominant", The New Republic, 2/3/2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/156417/end-forever-war-keep-dollar-globally-dominant | 9/30/21 |
SO - Evergreening CP V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: Octas | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Sam Larson, Joel Lemuel, Rafael Li CP TEXT: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by increasing penalties for patent abuse and evergreening fraud in the pharmaceutical industry.====Evergreening downsides are empirically debunked media hype – shifting enforcement for existing patent law solves abuse without harming pharma==== CP solves the aff while fostering innovation – directly comparative to the affHolman 20 ~Christopher, Professor of Law, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. "Congress Should Decline Ill-Advised Legislative Proposals Aimed at Evergreening of Pharmaceutical Patent Protection" p. 29-30 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3593954~~ | 9/30/21 |
SO - FIGS CP V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake KD | Judge: Koh, Ryan, Nguyen, Vanessa, Wimmer, Jan CP: France, Germany, Sweden, and Italy should:substantially increase COVID vaccine production to meet the global demand Global donations and increased domestic production solveYamey 21 ~Gavin, Directs the Center for Policy Impact in Global Health at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. "Rich Countries Should Tithe Their Vaccines" https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00470-9~~ | 9/20/21 |
SO - Infrastructure CP V1Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodrow Wilson CO | Judge: Ki Radcliffe ====Disease specific funding causes budget imbalances and inequity in treatment. Using that funding to improve primary health care is key to non-HIV diseases and pandemics.==== | 9/18/21 |
SO - Innovation DA V1Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodrow Wilson CO | Judge: Ki Radcliffe Innovation DAPharmaceutical innovation is accelerating now – new medicines are substantially better than existing treatments.Wills and Lipkus, PhD, 20 – Todd J. Wills ~Managing Director @ Chemical Abstracts Service, MBA from THE Ohio State University~ and Alan H. Lipkus ~Senior Data Analyst @ Chemical Abstracts Service, PhD Physical Chemistry from the University of Rochester~, "Structural Approach to Assessing the Innovativeness of New Drugs Finds Accelerating Rate of Innovation," ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, 2020, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00319 C.VC The biopharmaceutical industry is uniquely reliant on IP protections – undermining them would kill innovation by making an already expensive process completely unfeasible.Kristina M. Lybecker, PhD, 17 ~PhD Economics, Associate Professor of Economics @ Colorado College~, "Intellectual Property Rights Protection and the Biopharmaceutical Industry: How Canada Measures Up," Fraser Institute, January 2017, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/intellectual-property-rights-protection-and-the20biopharmaceutical-industry.pdf C.VC Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance.Marjanovic and Fejiao '20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). ~Quality Control~ Bioterrorism and future pandemics cause extinction.Hamish De Bretton-Gordon, CBRN Expert @ British Army, 20 ~Director @ DBG Defense, Consultant on CBRN and Biosecurity~, "Biosecurity in the Wake of COVID-19: The Urgent Action Needed," Combatting Terrorism Center Sentinel, November/December 2020, Volume 13, Issue 11, https://ctc.usma.edu/biosecurity-in-the-wake-of-covid-19-the-urgent-action-needed/ C.VC | 9/18/21 |
SO - Innovation DA V2Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 2 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Anish Ramireddy Pharmaceutical innovation is accelerating now – new medicines are substantially better than existing treatments.Wills and Lipkus, PhD, 20 – Todd J. Wills ~Managing Director @ Chemical Abstracts Service, MBA from THE Ohio State University~ and Alan H. Lipkus ~Senior Data Analyst @ Chemical Abstracts Service, PhD Physical Chemistry from the University of Rochester~, "Structural Approach to Assessing the Innovativeness of New Drugs Finds Accelerating Rate of Innovation," ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, 2020, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00319 C.VC The biopharmaceutical industry is uniquely reliant on IP protections – undermining them would kill innovation by making an already expensive process completely unfeasible.Kristina M. Lybecker, PhD, 17 ~PhD Economics, Associate Professor of Economics @ Colorado College~, "Intellectual Property Rights Protection and the Biopharmaceutical Industry: How Canada Measures Up," Fraser Institute, January 2017, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/intellectual-property-rights-protection-and-the20biopharmaceutical-industry.pdf C.VC Pharmaceutical innovation is key to protecting against future pandemics, bioterrorism, and antibiotic resistance.Marjanovic and Fejiao '20 Marjanovic, Sonja, and Carolina Feijao. Sonja Marjanovic, Ph.D., Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Carolina Feijao, Ph.D. in biochemistry, University of Cambridge; M.Sc. in quantitive biology, Imperial College London; B.Sc. in biology, University of Lisbon. "Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement." (2020). ~Quality Control~ Bioterrorism and future pandemics cause extinction.Hamish De Bretton-Gordon, CBRN Expert @ British Army, 20 ~Director @ DBG Defense, Consultant on CBRN and Biosecurity~, "Biosecurity in the Wake of COVID-19: The Urgent Action Needed," Combatting Terrorism Center Sentinel, November/December 2020, Volume 13, Issue 11, https://ctc.usma.edu/biosecurity-in-the-wake-of-covid-19-the-urgent-action-needed/ C.VC | 9/18/21 |
SO - Politix DA V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 2 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus AM | Judge: Anish Ramireddy Drug price reform coming now – fight is ramping up but Biden has the opportunityCancryn 9/9 Cancryn, Adam. Adam Cancryn is a health care reporter for POLITICO Pro, graduate of Washington and Lee University."Biden admin backs direct government drug price negotiations." POLITICO, 9 Sept. 2021, www.politico.com/news/2021/09/09/biden-drug-price-negotiations-510828. Biden's PC is key to wrangle democrats and counter pharma lobbyingJohnson 8/12 Johnson, Jake, writer for Alternet . "Joe Biden throws support behind bold reforms to slash drug prices." Alternet, August 12, 2021, www.alternet.org/2021/08/biden-medicare-negotiate-prices. WTO waiver takes time, energy, and political capital away from domestic legislation – big pharma and EU alliesBhadrakumar 5/9 M K Bhadrakumar is a former Indian diplomat. "Biden's talk of vaccine IP waiver is political theater." Asia Times, May 9, 2021, asiatimes.com/2021/05/bidens-talk-of-vaccine-ip-waiver-is-political-theater. Drug price controls massively reduce healthcare costs across the board – even assuming conservative modelsGamba 6/9 Gamba, Tyler. Author at the AJMC. "Adoption of the Lower Drug Costs Now Act May Lead to Billions in Savings." AJMC, 9 June 2021, www.ajmc.com/view/adoption-of-the-lower-drug-costs-now-act-may-lead-to-billions-in-savings. Collapses the economyHowrigon, 16 — Ron Howrigon, M.S. in Economics with a focus on Health Economics from North Carolina State University, President and Founder of Fulcrum Strategies, 18 Years of Experience in Healthcare, 12-30-2016, "Flatlining: How Healthcare Could Kill the U.S. Economy," Greenbranch Publishing, 1st Edition, Accessed via Minnesota Libraries, Date Accessed: 8-10 Economic decline causes nuclear warTønnesson, 15 — Stein Tønnesson, Leader of East Asia Peace program at Uppsala University, Research Professor at the Peace Research Institute Oslo, "Deterrence, Interdependence and Sino–US Peace" International Area Studies Review, Review Essay, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 297-311, SAGE Journals, Minnesota Libraries, Date Accessed: 8-4 | 9/18/21 |
SO - Security K V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 3 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen Disease securitization and Health development strategies reinforce state imperialism and control, which justifies totalitarian control and preemptive conflictMacPhail 2009 (Theresa, medical anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley "The Politics of Bird Flu: The Battle over Viral Samples and China's Role in Global Public Health," Journal of language and politics, 8:3, 2009) Hegemony invokes a permanent state of emergency that justifies our paranoid neurosis—the idea we need to deter invisible threats creates self-fulfilling prophecies makes war inevitableZizek 5—prof, Sociology, University of Ljubljana (Slavoj, Give Iranian Nukes a Chance, http://www.lacan.com/zizekiranian.htm) China threat discourse reduces the world to calculative strategy. Behaviors, histories, and possibilities that don't fit into the affirmative's worldview of stability and certainty are labeled threatening.Chengxin PAN IR @ Australian Nat'l '4 "The China Threat' in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics" Alternatives 29 p. 314-315 Their fixation on national interests and apocalyptic scenarios justifies endless violence, totalitarianism, and nuclear war—the alternative is to vote neg to endorse the 1AC without their securitizing representationsAhmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis Our interpretation is that the judge should be an intellectual evaluating the methodology of the 1ac—-if we win the foundations of the aff are suspect we should win irrespective of hypothetical enactment – only the alternative investigates the methodology behind securitized logicReasons to Prefer:1. Epistemology comes first – we must think before we act – all of their truth claims are predicated off of a position of privilege and dominance which shapes their understanding of the world and discourse – because all actions depend on our understanding it must be correct for other actions to be considered correct2. Fiat is utopian – when the debate round is over, their aff won't be passed in the real world – but how they frame their impact spills over and affects their view of the world, which means their exaggerated impacts obscure the systemic inequalities present in the status quoAnd there's a double bind – either the aff's impacts are true and extinction is inevitable because fiat isn't real or their impacts are constructed, which means you should vote neg on presumptions on | 9/18/21 |
SO - T FWTournament: Jack Howe | Round: 6 | Opponent: Honor VD | Judge: Sam Larson Interp: The affirmative must only garner offense off of the consequences of hypothetical policy implementation of the resolution: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. To clarify, affs cannot be extra-T.Violation:1~ Garnering offense from form implies their speech act is an advocacy. CX proves and hold the line – at best, they're Extra-T which still links to our predictability offense.2~ The 2nd card pretty clearly indicts debate and the entirety of the 1AC is about rhetoric NOT consequences. If I read a DA, they'd claim performative offense.3~ The aff affirms rhetorical decolonization within member states – the topic pretty clearly doesn't say anything about decolVote neg—1~ Predictable limits – not affirming the resolution makes debate impossible because they get to affirm anything – literally thousands of aff. Their interp incentivizes affirming uncontestable statements like "2+24" or "racism bad" and the lack of a stable mechanism means they can always de-link from the few responsive generics. ==== 2~ Strategy skew – the aff is incentivized to solve any disad if they can go beyond a topical action3~ TVAs: There's a bio colonialism aff– affirm ending IP that derives medicines from indigenous knowledge.It's okay if this doesn't solve their offense—the disads to the TVA are neg ground. This teaches debaters to work within imperfect situations for marginal gains, and forces them to refine their arguments round to round which hijacks their survival arguments.T is drop the debater and competing interps—The round has been irreparably skewed—I had to read T in order to engage the aff and that altered allocation on other issues which means you risk making the incorrect decision on substance especially if they don't read a counter interp for debateIt's an indict of their advocacy—they don't defend topical action so if I win T their entire advocacy goes away and you have to default negNo RVIs – you don't win on being topical | 9/19/21 |
SO - T Member Nations V1Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 3 | Opponent: Portola AS | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen Interp and violation: "The member nations" denotes all member nations in the WTO. The aff may not defend a subset of WTO member nations ought to reduce IP protections for medicines.Sharvy 80 ~Richard Sharvy, philosopher. "A More General Theory of Definite Descriptions on JSTOR," The Philosophical Review, Vol. 89, No. 4, Oct. 1980, accessed 8-22-2021, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2184738~~ HWIC Semantic tests determine whether statements are generic or existential –Leslie and Lerner 16 ~Sarah-Jane Leslie (Ph.D., Princeton, 2007) is the dean of the Graduate School and Class of 1943 Professor of Philosophy. She has previously served as the vice dean for faculty development in the Office of the Dean of the Faculty, director of the Program in Linguistics, and founding director of the Program in Cognitive Science at Princeton University. She is also affiliated faculty in the Department of Psychology, the University Center for Human Values, the Program in Gender and Sexuality Studies, and the Kahneman-Treisman Center for Behavioral Science and Public Policy~, and Adam Lerner, Ph.D, Postgraduate Research Associate in the Department of Philosophy at Princeton University, 4-24-2016, accessed 9-4-2021, "Generic Generalizations (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)," https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/generics/~~ HWIC The resolution is generic: 1~ "nations ought to reduce IPP for medicines" doesn't imply political bodies ought to b/c there might not be an obligation for terrorist groups or the UN 2~ "nations generally ought to reduce IPP for medicines" doesn't substantially change the meaningViolation: They Spec US1~ Semantics outweigh:A~ Topicality is a constitutive rule of the activity and a basic aff burden, they agreed to debate the topic when they came to the tournamentB~ Jurisdiction — you can't vote affirmative if they haven't affirmed2~ Limits:A~ Quantitative – there are over 22k affs accounting for combinations of countries, exploded by "reduce" not implying complete elimination and "medicines" allowing specificationB~ Qualitative – they take away generic turns like WTO bad and functionally jettison "WTO" from the topic, which shifts away from the core topic lit of the WTO as an institutions3~ TVA solves – read the aff as advantage – most authors advocate for a change in WTO policy or TRIPS4~ No PICs offense – potential neg abuse doesn't justify aff abuse because that would permit infinite 1AC abuse5~ DTD – it's functionally the same as it's their entire aff, No RVIs – illogical and leads to theory chill, Cis only reasonability takes the debate out of the debater's hands | 9/18/21 |
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