1AC - India 1NC - Case 1AR - Case 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake
6
Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Margaret Strong
1AC - Corporate Colonialism 1NC - T-Appropriation Define Hegemony DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - Hegemony DA Case 2AR - Case Hegemony DA
Harvard Westlake
Doubles
Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Ari Davidson, Gordon Krauss, Chris Castillo
1AC - Preciado 1NC - T-Orbital Placement African Asteroid Mining PIC Case 1AR - All Topicality Bad PICs Bad 2NR - Topicality Bad PICs Bad African Asteroid Mining PIC Case 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake
Semis
Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong
1AC - PTD 1NC - T-Permanent Appropriation Misdisclosure Guardianship CP Appropriations DA Case 1AR - All RVI 2NR - RVI Guardianship CP 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake
Finals
Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong
1AC - PTD 1NC - T-Appropriation Guardianship CP SCOTUS CP Rule of Law DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - Guardianship CP 2AR - Guardianship CP
Harvard Westlake RR
1
Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah Clark-Villanueva
1AC - Hauntology 1NC - NASA DA Util NC Case 1AR - All 2NR - All 2AR - All
Harvard Westlake RR
3
Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Krish Patel, Austin Broussard
1AC - China 1NC - T-Nebel Diversionary War DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
1AC - Large Satellite Constellations 1NC - T-Legal T-All Natural Disasters PIC Military Readiness DA Case 1AR - All RVI 2NR - RVI Natural Disaster CP Military Readiness DA Case 2AR - RVI
King Round Robin
6
Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Elmer Yang, Nolan Burdett
1AC - Violent Non-State Actors 1NC - T-Legal T-Private Entities T-Effects Crypto CP Information Sharing PIC Case 1AR - All Condo 2NR - Condo Information Sharing PIC Case 2AR - Case PIC
1AC - LSC's 1NC - T-Appropriation T-Legal Asia Disasters PIC 6G DA Case 1AR - All Condo PICs RVI 2NR - Condo PICs Asia Disasters PIC 6G DA 2AR - RVI
Nano Nagle Classic
2
Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent DN | Judge: Christopher Perez
1AC - Non-Domination 1NC - New Affs Bad Infrastructure Case 1AR - All 2NR - Infrastructure Case 2AR - Case Infrastructure
Nano Nagle Classic
4
Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Ben Cortez
1AC - CRISPR 1NC - T-Medicine T-Nebel Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic
6
Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin
1AC - Evergreening 1NC - Case 1AR - Case 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic
Octas
Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent JS | Judge: Saianurag Karavadi, David Dosch, Lukas Krause
1AC - Burdens 1NC - Util Infrastructure Case 1AR - All AFC Util K 2NR - Util K AFC All 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic
Finals
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch, Felicity Park, Ben Cortez
1AC - Jordan 1NC - T-Data Exclusivity Case 1AR - Case T 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin
1
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch
1AC - Jordan 1NC - T-Plural Case 1AR - Case T-Plural 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin
3
Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Margaret Strong
1AC - CRISPR 1NC - T-Nebel T-Medicine Case 1AR - Case 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin
Semis
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Margaret Strong, Felicity Park, David Dosch
1AC - Jordan 1NC - T-Data Exclusivity T-Plural Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
National Debate Coaches Association National Championships
1
Opponent: Westlake AK | Judge: Chris Castillo
1AC - Beller 1NC - Util NC Disasters PIC Case 1AR - Condo PICs Bad Case Disasters PIC 2NR - Util NC Condo PICs Bad Case 2AR - Case
National Debate Coaches Association National Championships
3
Opponent: Westlake MR | Judge: Gordon Krauss
1AC - New Space Colonization 1NC - New Affs Bad T-Legal Lockdowns CP Cooperate with Aliens CP Case 1AR - All Condo 2NR - Condo T-Legal 2AR - T-Legal
National Debate Coaches Association National Championships
5
Opponent: Strake Jesuit ZD | Judge: John Sims
1AC - Afropessimism 1NC - T-Framework Atlantic Centrism K Surrender to Blackness PIC Case 1AR - All 2NR - Surrender to Blackness PIC Case 2AR - Case PIC
National Debate Coaches Association National Championships
Octas
Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Viren Abhyankar, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Jacob Nails
1AC - SBSP 1NC - SBSP PIC Xi DA Case 1AR - All Condo PICS 2NR - SBSP PIC Condo PICs 2AR - Case SBSP PIC
National Debate Coaches Association National Championships
Semis
Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Neville Tom, Christopher Randall, Julian Kuffour
1ac - us antitrust 1nc - ex-post review cp ftc da case 1ar - all process cps bad condo bad 2nr - ftc da case 2ar - case da
National Debate Coaches Association National Championships
Quarters
Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Matt Moorhead, Daniel Shatzkin
1AC - Whole Res 1NC - T-Spec 6G PIC Debris Removal CP Case 1AR - All Condo PICs Solvency Advocates Good 2NR - 6G Pic Condo PICs Solvency Advocates Good Case 2AR - Condo
Tournament of Champions
1
Opponent: Lexington JB | Judge: Tom Evnen
1AC - Semiocap 1NC - 6G CP Case 1AR - All 2NR - All 2AR - All
Tournament of Champions
3
Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Isaac Chao
1AC - Asian Melancholy 1NC - Cap K Telugu 6G Case 1AR - All 2NR - Telugu 6G Case 2AR - Case Telugu 6G
Tournament of Champions
6
Opponent: Sage Hill MP | Judge: Lena Mizrahi
1AC - Constellations 1NC - Disasters PIC Autonomous Vehicles DA Case 1AR - All Multiplank Condo Bad PICs bad 2NR - Multiplank Condo Bad PICs Bad Case 2AR - Case
Tournament of Champions
Doubles
Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Javier Hernandez, Jasmine Stidham, Ari Davidson
1AC - New Black Digital Care 1NC - T-FW Undercommons PIC 6G PIC Case 1AR - All Condo Bad PICs Bad 2NR - Condo Bad PICs Bad 6G PIC Case 2AR - Case 6G PIC
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
0 -- Contact Info READ PLEASE
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hey, I'm Anshul! Please contact me via email at 22anshulr@students.harker.org for questions regarding disclosure or anything else.
open source for NDCA quarters isn't working, please DM me for proper docs
4/23/22
JanFeb -- CP - 6G
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Matt Moorhead, Daniel Shatzkin CP: The significant investment into the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations for the purposes of 6G development and research is just. All other forms of private appropriation is unjust. Private LEO appropriation drive rapid SatCom 6G innovations – that’s key to pervasive communication services that solve medical data flow deficits and solve UN SGDs Höyhtyä et al 22 Marko Höyhtyä, Senior Member, IEEE, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova, Pertti Järvensivu, Markku Kiviranta, Senior Member, IEEE and Antti Anttonen, Senior Member, IEEE. "Sustainable Satellite Communications in the 6G Era: A European View for Multi-Layer Systems and Space Safety." arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.02408 (2022) THE two main .. point of view. solves emerging biodisasters – extinction Su ’21 Zhaohui; 2021; Center on Smart and Connected Health Technologies, Mays Cancer Center, School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, “Addressing Biodisaster X Threats with Artificial Intelligence and 6G Technologies: Literature Review and Critical Insights,” https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08870.pdf A disaster can .. and 5G networks. That outweighs their impacts Walker 18 (Robert Walker, first class honours degree in Math from York university, PhD at Wolfson College Oxford, 2018, "Debunked: Nuclear Winter and Radioactive Fallou...," https://debunkingdoomsday.quora.com/Debunked-Nuclear-Winter-and-Radioactive-Fallout-myths) There are many .. a nuclear war.
It’s topical - Answers Matignon Takaya et al 18 “The Principle of Non-Appropriation and the Exclusive Uses of LEO by Large Satellite Constellations” Yuri Takaya-Umehara Visiting researcher at the University of Tokyo since April 2017. She was affiliated to the Kobe University to provide a course on space law to post-graduate students (2011-2017). She chairs a working group on the formulation of global norms in space law organized by the Keio University since 2018. She obtained her Ph.D. degree at the IDEST of Paris XI University in France, LL.M. at the Leiden University in the Netherlands. Quentin Verspieren Ph.D. in public policy @ The University of Tokyo, Assistant Professor of Space Policy @UTokyo, General Manager, Global Strategy @ArkEdge Space Inc., Associate Research Fellow @ESPI Goutham Karthikeyan The University of Tokyo and Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS-JAXA) 2018 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328094878_The_Principle_of_Non-Appropriation_and_the_Exclusive_Use_of_LEO_by_Large_Satellite_Constellations SM - LSC = large satellite constellations Firstly, it is ..
“protected region B.”35 Reject the arg on 1AR Theory
Proportionality- punishment is worse than the skew which is solved by investment in the original arg and defending theory. 2. Creates perverse incentives to collapse to theory instead of returning to substance- turns deterrence since theory over-proliferates which crowds out substance. Condo is good - -Alternatives worse -- a reactionary 2AR can make up for neg abuse especially when they set the terms of the debate. procedurals and DAs fill in and are worse because perms and 1AC solvency defenses can’t check them and try or die framing requires the aff read impact d on each issue which incentivizes worse da writing and contrived t violations
4/23/22
JanFeb -- CP - African Asteroid Mining
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Ari Davidson, Gordon Krauss, Chris Castillo Counterplan: We endorse the entirety of the affirmative with the exception of African asteroid mining. Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, climate, terror, war, and disease. Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans .. to the future.
African asteroid mining solves their economy without massive biodloss drawback Oni 19 David is a space industry and technology analyst at Space in Africa. He’s a graduate of Mining Engineering from the Federal University of Technology Akure. "Why Africa Should Consider Asteroid Mining - Space in Africa." Space in Africa, 1 Sept. 2019, africanews.space/why-africa-should-consider-asteroid-mining. It is no .. against environmental degradation. Yes private companies key and coming now – over 283, launching soon, but keeping barriers low key Bailey 21 Stephanie Bailey, Business. "Why Africa is sending more satellites into space." CNN, October 6, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/09/21/business/african-satellites-spc-intl/index.html. London (CNN Business)Africa's space industry .. years to come."
Key to prevent extinction Owusu-Afriyie, 2 --- Aburi Botanic Gardens staff (George, "The Potential Role of African Botanic Gardens in Environmental Awareness Programmes and the Need to be Involved," 10-1-2, www.bgci.org/education/1703/, accessed 1-15-12)
Today some of .. on the Earth.
Prefer the specificity our evidence to African biodiversity- its key to prevent extinction- key region and species to global life-support systems Richard, 10 -- science and technology editor (Michael Graham, "The True Size and Importance of Africa," 10-13-10, www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/the-true-size-and-importance-of-africa-map.html, accessed 1-16-12)
Don't Overlook Africa .. vulnerable people there.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- CP - Alien Cooperation
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westlake MR | Judge: Gordon Krauss CP: Private entities should tell alien species that they will never, under any circumstance, aid an attack on their homeland, be a threat to the security or peace of their civilization, or wage war against them.
4/9/22
JanFeb -- CP - BBB
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Derek Ying Plan: The appropriation of outer space for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by private entities is unjust for all nations except the United States. In the United States, the fifty state territories and respective state and subnational legislative bodies should prohibit the unjust appropriation of outer space for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by private entities.
It’s competitive – they made the active choice to say “national legislation” in their solvency evidence, and they defended this in cross-ex
Here’s all the time their card says “NATIONAL” Gertz 16 (John, the president and CEO of Zorro Productions, Inc., which he founded in 1977.) “POST-DETECTION SETI PROTOCOLS and METI: THE TIME HAS COME TO REGULATE THEM BOTH,” JBIS, 2016. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.08422.pdf RR National legislative bodies ..
METI might cause. Plan text in a vacuum bad for fairness because it allows for incongruency between 99 of the aff and 1 of the aff – the worst version of their model is that the plan text is different from the advantage, so it makes no sense – hold them to reading a plan text defined contextually with the advantage That definitely means Congress Vocabulary ND — (Vocabulary, “Legislature“, Available Online at https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/legislature, accessed 1-29-2022, HKR-AR) The word legislature .. and judicial branches. BBB passes now – Biden remarks give it momentum Frazin 1/23 – Staff Writer for The Hill (Rachel, “ Biden comments add momentum to spending bill's climate measures,” The Hill, 1-23-22, https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/590871-biden-comments-add-momentum-to-spending-bills-climate-measures) President Biden’s remarks … energy tax credits. Large President-led national space policies incite immense partisan backlash that spills over to kill the entire political agenda Dreier 16 Casey Dreier, Chief Advocate and Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, April 13, 2016. “Does Presidential Intervention Undermine Consensus for NASA?” https://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2016/0413-does-a-strong-president-help-or-hurt-consensus-on-NASA.html To see how .. need to avoid. Republicans want private space exploration Jeff Foust 16 PhD Planetary Sciences, Senior Staff Writer @ SpaceNews, "Republican platform endorses commercial space partnerships," SpaceNews, 7-19-2016 https://spacenews.com/republican-platform-endorses-commercial-space-partnerships/ C.VC WASHINGTON — The new platform ..
Methane emissions lock in irreversible warming Howarth 14 Robert Howarth, PhD, Director, Agriculture, Energy and Environment Program, Chair, International SCOPE Biofuels Program, David R. Atkinson Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology – Cornell, “A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas,” Energy Science and Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 2, June, 2014 The GWP of .. 20-year time frames 34, 37. Extinction Sprat 19 David Spratt is a Research Director for Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration, Melbourne, and co-author of Climate Code Red: The case for emergency action, and Ian T. Dunlop is a member of the Club of Rome, formerly an international oil, gas and coal industry executive, chairman of the Australian Coal Association, chief executive of the Australian Institute of Company Directors, and chair of the Australian Greenhouse Office Experts Group on Emissions Trading, “Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach,” BT Policy Paper, September 5, May 2019-2020, https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_90dc2a2637f348edae45943a88da04d4.pdf By 2050, there .. humankind to nature’.23 (emphasis added)
1/29/22
JanFeb -- CP - China PIC
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Derek Ying Counterplan: The appropriation of outer space for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by private entities is unjust except for Chinese private entities Their entire aff is literally about Breakthrough Starshot, which is a US-based company – force them to name Chinese private companies interested in ETI contact in the 1AR, or else this counterplan wholly* solves the aff CCP legitimacy high now Yvonne Murray 22, “2021 saw China's Xi Jinping tighten grip on power,” 1/4/22, RTE (Ireland's National Public Service Media), https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1231/1269202-china-year-in-review/ In 2021, while ..
increasingly powerful regime.
The plan alienates the PLA – they view space dominance as the linchpin of China’s legitimacy – specifically, public-private tech development is key Economic Times 20 (Economic Times, Indian daily newspaper, internally cites Dean Cheng, Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation and the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy, former analyst in the International Security and Space Program at the Office of Technology Assessment, BA in Politics from Princeton University) “China attempting to militarize space as it seeks to modernize its military power,” 8/31/2020 JL The Jamestown Foundation, …
satellite jamming operations. China’s “space dream” is key to Xi credibility – plan is a flip flop that undermines legitimacy Kharpal 21 – senior technology correspondent based in Guangzhou, China at CNBC Arjun, “China once said it couldn’t put a potato in space. Now it’s eyeing Mars,” 6/30/2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html Fast forward more than six decades and President Xi Jinping, China’s current leader, is seen congratulating three astronauts who were sent to the country’s own space station earlier this month.
Since Mao’s comments, ..
and Beischl said. And the Chinese private sector is crucial for space competition – Xi has promised and said so before Patel 21 — (Neel V. Patel, Neel is the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and he writes The Airlock newsletter. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where he grew and led the website’s space coverage., “China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US“, MIT Technology Review, 1-21-2021, Available Online at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance, accessed 1-11-2022, HKR-AR) Until recently, China’s ..
from outside China.
That factionalizes the CCP and emboldens challenges to Xi – the PLA is increasingly powerful and not unconditionally subservient Simpson 16 (Kurtis, Centre Director with Defence Research and Development Canada, has been conducting research on China’s leadership, Communist Party politics, the People’s Liberation Army and foreign policy for over 30 years,Master’s Degree and a Ph.D from York University, previously served as an intelligence analyst at the Privy Council Office and leader of the Asia Research Section at the Department of National Defence’s Chief Defence Intelligence (CDI) organization) “China’s Re-Emergence: Assessing Civilian-Military Relations In Contemporary Era – Analysis,” Eurasia Review, 12/21/2016 JL Paralleling divided loyalties …
erode very quickly.29 CCP instability collapses the international order – extinction Perkinson 12 (Jessica, MA in international affairs from American University) “The Potential for Instability in the PRC: How the Doomsday Theory Misses the Mark,” American University School of International Service, 2012 JL Should the CCP …
within the US. Independently, Xi will lash out to preserve cred in the SCS – US draw-in ensures extinction Mastro 20 (Oriana Skylar, Assistant Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute) “Military Confrontation in the South China Sea,” Council on Foreign Relations, 5/21/2020 JL The risk of …
or its aftermath. They get theory but it’s not DTD- 1ar time advantage- that was above, abuse is self-imposed b/c they could always better develop the shell in the 1ar, over-punishment- reading theory cancels out the abuse, and no reason short speech means drop the debater- just get more efficient, short shells already force 2n split. Evaluate the theory debate after the 2NR – if the aff didn’t include weighing in the 1AR, that’s their fault B dropping the argument minimizes the chance the round is decided unfairly C if intervention will happen on theory debates, then judges should intervene in a way that decreases the asinine nature of LD theory
1/29/22
JanFeb -- CP - Crypto
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Rishi Mukherjee, Dylan Jones CP: States ought to give significant subsidies to private entities to create terrestrially accessible blockchain verification computing centers and cryptocurrency mining centers on lunar heritage sites. Private entities ought to appropriate lunar heritage sites for the purposes of terrestrially accessible blockchain verification computing centers and cryptocurrency mining centers and end all other measures of appropriation. Spacefaring nations should establish and fully fund a program to cover 4.5 million square kilometers around the L1 Lagrange point with 16 trillion structures, one foot in diameter, of one micron-thick glass mirrors. A sunshade at the L1 lagrange point solves warming Siegel 20 (Ethan Siegel, theoretical astrophysics and science writer, former professor at Lewis and Clark, B.A. in physics from Northwestern University, Ph.D. in astrophysics from the University of Florida, “Ask Ethan: Could We Just Build A 'Space Sunshade' To Counteract Global Warming?,” 1-4-20, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/01/04/ask-ethan-could-we-just-build-a-space-shade-to-counteract-global-warming/?sh=688381ce43bc) It's 2020, and .. unique geoengineering solution. Colonizing part of moon = appropriation Futurism 16 "Making a Lunar Colony: Can You Own Land on The Moon?" Futurism, 10. 12. 16, futurism.com/can-your-own-land-on-the-moon. Despite clearly … Outer Space Treaty. Appropriation means use, exploitation, or occupation that is permanent and to the exclusion of others Babcock 19 Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Cente. Babcock, Hope M. "The Public Trust Doctrine, Outer Space, and the Global Commons: Time to Call Home ET." Syracuse L. Rev. 69 (2019): 191. Article II is one .. of all others.”151 Moon computing center is that – all resources in the land of the computer would be excluded to other actors – and water usage which is required to cool the centers
Climate-motivated terrestrial mining regulations kill crypto now – those don’t get applied to space because of unique environments – that saves crypto with sufficient private investment Greene 21 Greene, Tristan. Tristan covers human-centric artificial intelligence advances, quantum computing, STEM, Spiderman, physics, and space stuff. As far as I can tell his highest level of education was that he was in the Navy for a while. "What happens to Bitcoin when billionaires build cryptocurrency miners on the Moon?" TNW | Hardfork, 8 June 2021, thenextweb.com/news/bitcoin-billionaires-build-cryptocurrency-miners-on-moon-bitcoin. Space exploration and .. industry to space. Mining reach a wide rollout-~--that builds resilience to survive inevitable existential filters. Alex McShane 21, Writer and Head of Video for Bitcoin Magazine, BA from the University of Iowa, Degree from the University College Dublin, Degree from Kirkwood Community College, “Bitcoin and Existential Risk”, Bitcoin Magazine, 9/5/2021, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/bitcoin-and-existential-risk-alex-mcshane TL;DR - An existential risk …
use Bitcoin instead. secures missile siloes and radar facilities from malware-~--that stops nuclear war Matt Culbertson 18, Vice President at BCW Global, BA from Arizona State University, “Blockchain, Nuclear War, and Artificial Intelligence: 2018’s Most Extreme Cybersecurity Forecasts”, LinkedIn, 3/13/2018, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-nuclear-war-artificial-intelligence-2018s-most-culbertson/ Start with the ..
vulnerable to cyberthreats.
They get theory but it’s not DTD- 1ar time advantage- that was above, abuse is self-imposed b/c they could always better develop the shell in the 1ar, over-punishment- reading theory cancels out the abuse, and no reason short speech means drop the debater- just get more efficient, short shells already force 2n split. Evaluate the theory debate after the 2NR – if the aff didn’t include weighing in the 1AR, that’s their fault B dropping the argument minimizes the chance the round is decided unfairly C if intervention will happen on theory debates, then judges should intervene in a way that decreases the asinine nature of LD theory
3/26/22
JanFeb -- CP - Crypto v2
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Elmer Yang, Nolan Burdett Counterplan: Violent non-state actors should not appropriate outer space except for terrestrially accessible blockchain verification computing centers and cryptocurrency mining centers. Violent non-state actors should significantly invest in the creation of terrestrially accessible blockchain verification computing centers and cryptocurrency mining centers on the Moon and Deep Space. Violent non-state actors should threaten, but never use, the Republic of Malta with bioweapons every day.
CP’s competitive Wikipedia ND — ( “Violent non-state actor“, No Publication, xx-xx-xxxx, Available Online at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor, accessed 3-26-2022, HKR-AR) In international relations, .. violence to achieve their goals.12
Climate-motivated terrestrial mining regulations kill crypto now – those don’t get applied to space because of unique environments – that saves crypto with sufficient private investment Greene 21 Greene, Tristan. Tristan covers human-centric artificial intelligence advances, quantum computing, STEM, Spiderman, physics, and space stuff. As far as I can tell his highest level of education was that he was in the Navy for a while. "What happens to Bitcoin when billionaires build cryptocurrency miners on the Moon?" TNW | Hardfork, 8 June 2021, thenextweb.com/news/bitcoin-billionaires-build-cryptocurrency-miners-on-moon-bitcoin. Space exploration and .. industry to space.
Cryptocurrency reaching a wide rollout builds resilience to survive inevitable existential filters. Alex McShane 21, Writer and Head of Video for Bitcoin Magazine, BA from the University of Iowa, Degree from the University College Dublin, Degree from Kirkwood Community College, “Bitcoin and Existential Risk”, Bitcoin Magazine, 9/5/2021, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/bitcoin-and-existential-risk-alex-mcshane TL;DR - An existential risk ..
use Bitcoin instead.
3/26/22
JanFeb -- CP - Debris Removal
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Matt Moorhead, Daniel Shatzkin CP: - The internal implementation of the following cybersecurity measures by private entities engaged in the private appropriation of outer space is just: Multi check for IoT devices, Identity and Access Management, Intrusion Detection System, Immediate Kill-Switch of Satellites that’s required to activate when malicious, anomalous, or abnormal activity is detected, Supply Chain Risk Program, Independent Command Logging, Physical Separation of Network Components, Crisis Communication Plans, Machine Learning that detects abnormal activity, and Collision Avoidance Procedures. - The creation and implemention of an intergovernmental anti-trust doctrine and governing board in space as part of the Outer Space Treaty is just. - The internal implementation of the following debris measures by private entities engaged in the private appropriation of outer space is just: mandating all satellites be launched with active debris removal shepherd satellites, launch Active Debris Removal satellites and require all satellites be equipped with systems to enable spacecraft to deorbit themselves. Collision avoidance solves Arif 17 — (Aayesha Arif, Journalist, “This Is How Satellites Avoid Colliding Into Each Other“, Wonderful Engineering, Available Online at https://wonderfulengineering.com/satellite-collision/, accessed 3-22-2022, HKR-AR) A standard collision ..
Solves the case Brooks 22 — (Chuck Brooks, President of Brooks Consulting International, is a globally recognized thought leader and subject matter expert Cybersecurity and Emerging Technologies. Chuck is also Adjunct Faculty at Georgetown University’s Graduate Applied Intelligence Program and the Graduate Cybersecurity Programs where he teaches courses on risk management, homeland security, and cybersecurity. LinkedIn named Chuck as one of “The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn.” He was named as one of the world’s “10 Best Cyber Security and Technology Experts” by Best Rated, as a “Top 50 Global Influencer in Risk, Compliance,” by Thompson Reuters, “Best of The Word in Security” by CISO Platform, and by IFSEC and Thinkers 360 as the “#2 Global Cybersecurity Influencer.” He was featured in the 2020, 2021, and 2022 Onalytica "Who's Who in Cybersecurity" – as one of the top Influencers for cybersecurity. He was also named one of the Top 5 Executives to Follow on Cybersecurity by Executive Mosaic, He is also a Cybersecurity Expert for “The Network” at the Washington Post, Visiting Editor at Homeland Security Today, Expert for Executive Mosaic/GovCon, and a Contributor to FORBES. He has an MA in International relations from the University of Chicago, a BA in Political Science from DePauw University, and a Certificate in International Law from The Hague Academy of International Law., “The Urgency To Cyber-Secure Space Assets“, Forbes, 2-27-2022, Available Online at https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckbrooks/2022/02/27/the-urgency-to-cyber-secure-space-assets/, accessed 3-22-2022, HKR-AR) 2. Identity and access ..
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: Semis | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Neville Tom, Christopher Randall, Julian Kuffour
1NC
CP: The United States federal government should reduce appropriation of outer space by private entities that engage in anti-competitive business practices in accordance with the higher ethical principles of the outer space treaty and establish an ex-post review and publication process. That review process should include industry experts, members of outside agencies, and internal quantitative analysis done by the requisite agencies. The results of said review should be shared with competition agencies internationally.
Ex-post review creates greater clarity and accountability – that refines compliance and shores up rule of law
Kovacic 1 ~Professor, George Washington University Law School. Former Commissioner, Federal Trade Commission. "EVALUATING ANTITRUST EXPERIMENTS: USING EX POST ASSESSMENTS OF GOVERNMENT ENFORCEMENT DECISIONS TO INFORM COMPETITION POLICY."~ A basic principle of the rule of law is that public authorities should make the
AND
for resolving concerns about vertical mergers in sectors such as telecommunications and defense.
Rule of law solves extinction
Feldman ‘8 ~Noah; September 28; Professor of Law at Harvard University School of Law; New York Times, "When Judges Make Foreign Policy," lexis~ Why We Need More Law, More Than Ever So what do we need
AND
it, the way dictators and juntas have often done the world over.
Combination is impossible – it makes review discretionary and causes agency managers to lie, cheat review, and undercut the process of the CP
Kovacic 6 ~Professor, George Washington University Law School. Former Commissioner, Federal Trade Commission. "Using Ex Post Evaluations to Improve Competition Policy Authorities." The Journal of Competition Law~ A second approach to evaluation focuses on process. In lieu of, or in
AND
either support current operations or conduct ex post assessments, but not both.
It competes :
Antitrust is irreversible.
Konstantinos Stylianou 18, Lecturer in Competition Law and Regulation at the University of Leeds School of Law, S.J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law, LL.M. from Harvard Law School, "Exclusion in Digital Markets," Michigan Technology Law Review, Vol. 24, Spring 2018, accessed via Lexis The previous part on ability to exclude discussed the conditions that determine how easy or
AND
indeed needed to replace what the market should have taken care of itself.
‘Should’ is certain.
David H. Sawyer 17, Judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals, J.D. from Valparaiso School of Law, "Spartan Specialties, Ltd. v. Senior Servs.", Court of Appeals of Michigan, 2017 Mich. App. LEXIS 1178, 7/20/2017, Lexis The specifications in the drawings for the mini-piles stated that the capacity for
AND
breached the contract. Morinelli, 242 Mich App at 260-261.
4/11/22
JanFeb -- CP - Guardianship
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong States should declare that public guardianship obligations created by the non-ownership doctrine necessitate a reduction in private actor appropriation of Outer Space.
The public trust doctrine is inseparable from an anthropocentric politics of human chauvinism – further application can only strengthen exploitative relationships to nature – guardianship asserts the doctrine of non-ownership, which solves better and competes Adler 05, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, The Law at the Water's Edge: Limits to ""Ownership"" of Aquatic Ecosystems, in Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use?, pg. 244) gue instead that .. legal responsibilities accordingly. Nonownership solves better has a sound legal basis and effectively advances rights for nature – the aff maintains anthropocentric legal doctrine Adler 07, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, RESTORING COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEMS: A Troubled Sense of Immensity, pg. 199-200) The public trust .. Or, it might
Implementation of public trust doctrine protection will be arbitrary and capricious ensuring ecological harm. The counterplans application of non-ownership solves Adler 05, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, The Law at the Water's Edge: Limits to ""Ownership"" of Aquatic Ecosystems, in Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use?, pg. 244) There are several .. potentially competing uses. The counterplan and the plan are mutually exclusive – application of the public trust doctrine establishes ownership while the counterplan is explicitly non-ownership. Severance permutations should be rejected because they eliminate all counterplan net benefits and disprove desirability of the plan Adler 05, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, The Law at the Water's Edge: Limits to ""Ownership"" of Aquatic Ecosystems, in Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use?, pg. 244) 4. "Non-Ownership" of Wildlife: .. property are restricted.
Expanding PTD causes recessions and destroys the environment – it shatters the entire legal-regulatory balance Huffman 15 James L. Huffman is Dean Emeritus of Lewis and Clark Law School and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds degrees from Montana State University (BS), The Fletcher School of Tufts University (MA) and the University of Chicago (JD). "WHY LIBERATING THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE IS BAD FOR THE PUBLIC." https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/19611-45-2huffman Since the beginning .. protection ultimately depends. Failed recovery causes global crises and extinction McClennan ’21 Marsh, writing with the SK and Zurich Insurance Groups; 2021; Global Professional Services firm, advised by the National University of Singapore, the Oxford Martin School at Oxford University, Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the University of Pennsylvania; World Economic Forum, “The Global Risks Report 2021,” https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf Executive Summary The immediate human ..
in the GRPS. Applying an American legal concept to other countries doesn’t work – interpretive differences, local institutions, and cultural distinctions make the plan meaningless abroad Cheng 12 Thomas, assistant professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Hong Kong. "Convergence and Its Discontents: A Reconsideration of the Merits of Convergence of Global Competition Law." https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362andcontext=cjil The characteristics of .. in competition law.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- CP - Information Sharing
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Elmer Yang, Nolan Burdett Counterplan: Violent non state actors should not - Deploy or develop ASATS - Attack satellites with the intention of triggering satellite loss - Jam satellite communications - Hack nuclear storage facilities - Seek acquisition of nuclear material - Use nuclear weapons or dirty bombs The counterplan PICs out of VNSA’s hacking space reconnaissance satellites to reveal military secrets – that’s good – it removes military information asymmetry which reduces incentives for war Early and Gartzke 21 Early, Bryan R., and Erik Gartzke. Political Science, Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany CUNY. Political Science, University of California, San Diego"Spying from space: Reconnaissance satellites and interstate disputes." Journal of Conflict Resolution 65.9 (2021): 1551-1575. This study has .. increased analytical attention. 1AC Kwok says the only impact to this is “revealing military secrets” – they have no argument for why that would cause escalation, why that would cause countries around the globe to use that military information to hit assets – the 1AR is too late to read a new terminal, our decision to read this PIC was entirely based on this aff being trash
3/26/22
JanFeb -- CP - Lockdowns
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westlake MR | Judge: Gordon Krauss CP: Upon the discovery of a novel disease, the institution of mandatory lockdowns until there is no more than one new case per day per 100,000 people after which local officials will modulate lockdown levels based on local case numbers is just. Only the lockdown solves- it curbs spread Osterholm, 20 -- Regents Professor and Director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota Michael T. and Mark Olshaker, writer and documentary filmmaker, "America Needs to Lock Down Again," Foreign Affairs, 9-16-20, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-09-16/coronavirus-america-needs-lock-down-again, accessed 10-29-20
In our essay …
this current act.
4/9/22
JanFeb -- CP - Natural Disasters
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Rodrigo Paramo Counterplan: - Private entities in Asia should significantly invest in the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations for the purposes of emergency communications in the event of disaster relief or external shocks. - Private entities that engage in the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations should implement Collision Avoidance Procedures - All other private entities, except for those in Asia with the above purposes, should not engage in the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations. SpaceX, OneWeb, Google, Amazon, and Telesat should immediately halt their engagement in the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations. - Private entities that engage in the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations should substantially harden their cybersecurity by instituting the following measures: Multi check for IoT devices, Identity and Access Management, Intrusion Detection System, Immediate Kill-Switch of Satellites that’s required to activate when malicious, anomalous, or abnormal activity is detected, Supply Chain Risk Program, Independent Command Logging, Physical Separation of Network Components, Crisis Communication Plans, Machine Learning that detects abnormal activity, and Collision Avoidance Procedures - Private entities should ban rocket propellants that produce alumina particles in the stratosphere or deposit black soot in the stratosphere.
Private LEO constellations are economically viable in the long term, but require upfront investment – those uniquely solve disaster response because of satellite internet’s connectivity options for island countries Garrity and Husar 21 Garrity, John, and Arndt Husar. John Garrity is an economist, policy advisor, and project manager focusing on digital inclusion, universal internet access policy, and last-mile connectivity. He has coauthored numerous reports on technology and development and has presented around the world on efforts to close the digital divide. Arndt Husar facilitates the effective use of digital technology, advising ADB clients, regional departments, as well as sector and thematic groups on digital transformation. " Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific." (2021). Satellite communication plays .. SKY Perfect JSAT. Starlink makes fast internet globally accessible Crist 22 – Ry, CNET, “Starlink explained: Everything you should know about Elon Musk's satellite internet venture,” 1/10/2022, https://www.cnet.com/home/internet/starlink-satellite-internet-explained/ Starlink's business is ..
or completely unavailable."
The Asia-Pacific is the most disaster-prone region in the world – the next catastrophe is a question of when, not if Thomas Bickford et al 15, Ph.D., senior research scientist in CNA Corporation’s China Studies division, “The Role of the U.S. Army in Asia,” May, https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/CRM-2015-U-010431-Final.pdf Natural disasters As … earthquake and tsunami. Natural disasters are an existential threat – but increased preparation solves – outweighs all other risks Anders Sandberg 18. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 02/26/2018. “Human Extinction from Natural Hazard Events.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. oxfordre.com, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.293. Systemic Risks Localized disasters or … vulnerability and extinction. That outweighs their impacts of nuclear winter – its junk science Walker 18 (Robert Walker, first class honours degree in Math from York university, PhD at Wolfson College Oxford, 2018, "Debunked: Nuclear Winter and Radioactive Fallou...," https://debunkingdoomsday.quora.com/Debunked-Nuclear-Winter-and-Radioactive-Fallout-myths) There are many .. in a nuclear war. solves ozone depletion Mortillaro 21 (Nicole Mortillaro, Senior Reporter, Science, She is the editor of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and the author of several books., 4/22/21, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, “Rocket launches could be affecting our ozone layer, say experts”, https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/rocket-launches-environment-1.5995252, Accessed 1/27/22, HKR-RKT) Black soot in … concerning to experts. Supervolcanoes: extinction, turns everything and outweighs other risks – it’s the largest existential risk and you’re psychologically primed to ignore it Walsh 19 Walsh, Bryan. Future Correspondent @Axios . Fmr launch editor @ozm , ex-international editor @time . Author of END TIMES "A Giant Volcano Could End Human Life on Earth as We Know It." N.Y. Times, 23 Aug. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/opinion/supervolcano-yellowstone.html. The Yellowstone supervolcano .. we can’t imagine. Collision avoidance solves Arif 17 — (Aayesha Arif, Journalist, “This Is How Satellites Avoid Colliding Into Each Other“, Wonderful Engineering, Available Online at https://wonderfulengineering.com/satellite-collision/, accessed 3-22-2022, HKR-AR) A standard collision ..
space debris hits. Solves the case Brooks 22 — (Chuck Brooks, President of Brooks Consulting International, is a globally recognized thought leader and subject matter expert Cybersecurity and Emerging Technologies. Chuck is also Adjunct Faculty at Georgetown University’s Graduate Applied Intelligence Program and the Graduate Cybersecurity Programs where he teaches courses on risk management, homeland security, and cybersecurity. LinkedIn named Chuck as one of “The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn.” He was named as one of the world’s “10 Best Cyber Security and Technology Experts” by Best Rated, as a “Top 50 Global Influencer in Risk, Compliance,” by Thompson Reuters, “Best of The Word in Security” by CISO Platform, and by IFSEC and Thinkers 360 as the “#2 Global Cybersecurity Influencer.” He was featured in the 2020, 2021, and 2022 Onalytica "Who's Who in Cybersecurity" – as one of the top Influencers for cybersecurity. He was also named one of the Top 5 Executives to Follow on Cybersecurity by Executive Mosaic, He is also a Cybersecurity Expert for “The Network” at the Washington Post, Visiting Editor at Homeland Security Today, Expert for Executive Mosaic/GovCon, and a Contributor to FORBES. He has an MA in International relations from the University of Chicago, a BA in Political Science from DePauw University, and a Certificate in International Law from The Hague Academy of International Law., “The Urgency To Cyber-Secure Space Assets“, Forbes, 2-27-2022, Available Online at https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckbrooks/2022/02/27/the-urgency-to-cyber-secure-space-assets/, accessed 3-22-2022, HKR-AR) 2. Identity and access ..
and incident information.
3/26/22
JanFeb -- CP - Reform vs LEO Constellations
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi Counterplan: The appropriation of outer space by Starlink, OneWeb, and Telesat via Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit is unjust. The integration of blockchain security technology by private entities into Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit is just. The use of Antisatellite Weapons by states is unjust . Plank 1 solves almost all of advantage 1 – the cards are overwhelmingly about Starlink Plank 2 solves any residual offense – blockchain makes hacking computationally impossible Adams ’19 (Dr. Victoria Adams has over 30 years of experience in the technology and consulting industry. She currently leads ConsenSys’s US Public Sector Practice. Prior to joining ConsenSys, she has worked for many of the Big Four consulting firms and has led her own startups. She is deeply involved in fighting the Opioid Epidemic as an activist and in a professional capacity. She has worked with harm reduction groups and spoken extensively on the topic to medical professionals, technologists, and senior policymakers. She has written numerous articles and books on the subject of technology and the public sector. She has a PhD in economics and public policy and a Masters in public administration. Mar 5, 2019 “Why Military Blockchain is Critical in the Age of Cyber Warfare” https://media.consensys.net/why-military-blockchain-is-critical-in-the-age-of-cyber-warfare-93bea0be7619 | SP) Blockchain is an ..
trigger intelligent subroutines. Plank 3 solves the second advantage – their only internal link is state based ASAT attacks. We stop them!
1/15/22
JanFeb -- CP - SBSP
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: Octas | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Viren Abhyankar, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Jacob Nails The appropriation of outer space by private entities via space-based solar power is unjust except for the appropriation of outer space by private entities via space-based solar power by the United States. The demilitarization of the People’s Liberation Army is just.
Solves their China scenario and it competes by doing less than the plan
Yes tech works – Caltech prototype proves Conners, ‘18 (Deanna, Environmental Scientist who writes about Earth science and nature conservation for EarthSky and holds a Ph.D. in Toxicology and an M.S. in Environmental Studies, “Space-based solar power: How close to reality?” EarthSky, July 29, https://earthsky.org/earth/space-based-solar-energy-power-getting-closer-to-reality, accessed 1/18/20, ZW) The idea of capturing …
new lightweight materials. space-based solar power works and lowers cost Zekavat et al 10 Zekavat, Seyed A.; Abdelkhalik, Ossama; Goh, Shu T.; Fuhrmann, Daniel R. (2010). IEEE 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference - Big Sky, MT, USA (2010.03.6-2010.03.13) 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference - A novel space-based solar power collection via LEO satellite networks: Orbital management via wireless local positioning systems. , (0), 1–9. doi:10.1109/aero.2010.5447033 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change coupled .. concludes the paper. 2. THE PROPOSED LEO SATELLITE NETWORK Here, we propose a novel technique for implementing solar power technology that is based on small Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. LEO satellites do not maintain a specific position above the earth; thus, a LEO satellite cannot communicate with a single power collecting base station (PCBS) at all times. Therefore, as shown in Figure 1, use of LEOs requires multiple PCBSs on the ground. In the proposed system, each small LEO satellite can communicate with a PCBS at any time instance; the specific PCBS will vary based on the LEO's position. In addition, many small LEO satellites are proposed for different LEO orbits. Thus, at any time instance, a large number ofsatellites will be able to communicate with each PCBS. This creates a "shower" of power signals wirelessly transferred from a cluster of satellites to each PCBS. Maintaining synchronous transmission across all satellites communicating with one PCBS will result in strong reception at the PCBS which can be converted into electricity. Thus, the development of inter-satellite synchronization techniques is vital for the ultimate success ofthe proposed system. The concept of the system proposed here is analogous to that of mobile communications. In mobile communications, a user may communicate with a base station at a given time instance and with another one in the next time instance. In addition, a group of users may communicate simultaneously with a base station. In the process of communication, the power of each user is indeed transferred to base stations The proposed system is also analogous to wireless communications in its "handoff' process; as satellites move from one point in space to another, they change their point of contact from one PCBS to another. In the proposed system, the number of PCBSs installed on the ground and the orbit of LEO satellites should be designed to allow all satellites to communicate with one PCBS at all times. The associated orbital design is an important research component that will be addressed in future works. As depicted in Figure 1, a large number ofLEO satellites will independently collect solar power, and transmit it to one PCBS. The PCBS will then collect the received energy and convert it to usable energy. This can be accomplished by allowing all satellites to directly transmit the collected power to the Earth as shown in Figure 1(a). Another option is to form a cluster using a group of satellites that are located in the visibility zone of a PCBS see Figure 1(b). A satellite within the cluster would serve as the leader satellite. In this method, follower (power collecting) satellites would first transmit collected power to the leader satellite. Next, the leader (relay) satellite would relay the signal to a PCBS. The attenuation frequency response of the ionosphere (high altitude) is not similar to that of the atmosphere (low altitude). The technique of Figure 1(b) allows leader satellite to be installed in a lower orbit. Thus, a proper frequency can be allocated to follower satellites (installed in high orbit) to transmit to the leader (installed lower), and another frequency allocated for leader satellite transmission to the PCBS. Figure 2 represents this scenario. One of the problems in this system is inter-satellite synchronization. One proposed technique to address this is distributed beamforming. Distributed beamforming is also called "transmit beamforming" 9, "collaborative beamforming" 10,11 and "virtual antenna arrays" 12. It has also been discussed in the context of coherent cooperative transmission 13 and cooperative multi-input/single-output (MISO) 14, 15 as well as multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) transmission 16. One distributed beamforming approach is realized via pre-compensation for the distance (trip delay) in order to maintain the same phase across all satellites upon transmission 17. In other words, the satellite clock will need to be readjusted to maintain the same phase at the PCBS single antenna. The trip delay will be measured by broadcasting a signal that includes timing information from the PCBS back to all satellites 9,18. In distributed beamforming, it is assumed that the nodes (here satellites) to be almost stationary in the process of synchronization. However, in our problems, satellites move with a relatively high speed. In order to implement this synchronization, satellite position should be precisely estimated. In addition, the velocity of satellites should be precisely estimated. This estimation can be maintained via WLPS. Position and velocity estimation via WLPS will be discussed in Section IV ofthis paper. However, errors in WLPS positioning are inevitable and precise localization cannot be reached. In addition, the distance of the PCBS and satellites is very large and within the signal round trip between their move, the satellites will highly change their location. If the new position of satellite with respect to the ground PCBS is not well estimated, synchronization would not be possible. Thus, it is anticipated that synchronization across multiple satellites transmitting to the ground PCBS, shown in Figure 1(a), would be difficult. However, in the structure of Figure I(b), this synchronization should be applied across multiple follower satellites when they are transmitting to the leader one. The distance and/or the orbit ofthe follower and leader satellites can be adjusted such that synchronization across follower satellites transmitting to a single leader satellite is maintained. In this case, the orbits and the number of satellites should be designed to ensure a large number of follower satellites are located close to a leader, one at a time, to generate and deliver the required power to a given PCBS. Thus, the proposed technique requires a well-designed cyber-physical system to control the satellites and their orbits to ensure sufficient power transfer. This process needs the installation of localization systems that can monitor the position and velocity of the satellites at any given time. WLPS is a strong candidate that can fulfill this requirement. The next section introduces such a system.
SBSP will work and is the only way to solve energy dependence Hughes and Soldini 20 – *lecturer in energy engineering at the University of Liverpool, where her research includes the design of solar cells and optical instruments, lecturer in aerospace engineering at the University of Liverpool, and her expertise includes numerical simulations for spacecraft mission design and guidance, navigation and control, asteroids and solar sail missions Amanda, Stefania, “The solar discs that could power Earth,” BBC, 11/26/2020, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201126-the-solar-discs-that-could-beam-power-from-space It sounds like …
against climate change. SSP solves energy insecurity as well as the grid. Oberhaus, 2021 (Daniel Oberhaus, “Space Solar Power: An Extraterrestrial Energy Resource For The U.S.,” https://innovationfrontier.org/space-solar-power-an-extraterrestrial-energy-resource-for-the-u-s/, YY) SSP is a key .. on the ground. Energy dominance solves global energy wars with Russia, China, and the Middle East Sarah Ladislaw and Nikos Tsafos 19, Ladislaw is senior vice president and director and senior fellow of the Energy Security and Climate Change Program, where she leads CSIS’s work in energy policy, market, and technology analysis, Tsafos is a senior fellow with the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Energy Spheres of Influence,” 9/13/19, https://www.csis.org/analysis/energy-spheres-influence#:~:text=Influence20is20a20multifaceted20and,because20we20assume20it20does. For several decades, .. economies of Africa. SSP solves all military power projection Strout, 2021 (Nathan Strout, “Could solar panels in space power Army operations on Earth?,” Defense News, September 24, https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/air-force-association/2021/09/24/could-solar-panels-in-space-power-army-operations-on-earth/, YY) It’s hard to .. early as 2024. AND, key to naval readiness Tomaswick, 2020 (Andy Tomaswick, “The Navy is testing beaming solar power in space,” June 22, https://phys.org/news/2020-06-navy-solar-power-space.html, YY) Solar power has .. an infrared laser. prevents great-power conflicts that escalates to nuclear war Brands and Edel 19 (Hal Brands and Charles Edel. Hal Brands is the Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs in the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Charles Edel is a senior fellow at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and previously served on the U.S. Secretary of State’s policy planning staff, “Rediscovering Tragedy. In The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order; Chapter 6: The Darkening Horizon,” Yale University Press, pp 128-131 http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbnm3r9.11) Each of these ..
traumas to come.
4/11/22
JanFeb -- CP - SCOTUS
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Finals | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong States should pass legislation to increase the scope of the Public Trust Doctrine to reduce private actor appropriation of Outer Space Roberts, Kavanaugh, Barrett balancing now Stahl 21 Jeremy, Senior Editor for Slate, “If John Roberts Really Wants to Save the Court, He Should Retire” https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/12/john-roberts-retirement-abortion-supreme-court.html Second, retirement would ..
also existing regulations. Only the court can expand PTD – all past expansions prove – at worst, its normal means Rollins 21 Brigit, staff writer for The National Agricultural Law Center and environmental lawyer, “The Public Domain: Basics of the Public Trust Doctrine” https://nationalaglawcenter.org/the-public-domain-basics-of-the-public-trust-doctrine/ One of the ..
The plan causes institutional balancing – SCOTUS couple’s the plan’s expansion of agency enforcement with an equal and opposite ruling in West Virginia constraining agencies HLR 11 – Harvard Law Review, “ADVISORY OPINIONS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPREME COURT OVER AMERICAN POLICYMAKING”, June, 124 Harv. L. Rev. 2064, Lexis In assessing the …
by political constraints. Biden delegation key to every impact – especially key to end COVID, solve climate change, manage nuclear waste, and regulate Juul Mullen and Singh 20 ---- Hannah Mullen is a Graduate Fellow at the Appellate Courts Immersion Clinic (Georgetown Law) and a former clerk on the D.C. Circuit for the Honorable Merrick Garland with a JD (Harvard Law School), Sejal Singh is a Justice Catalyst Fellow at Public Citizen Litigation Group, former labor policy expert at the Congressional Progressive Caucus Center, and former Teaching Fellow in Constitutional law (Harvard Law School) with a JD (Harvard Law School), “The Supreme Court Wants to Revive a Doctrine That Would Paralyze Biden’s Administration,” Slate, 12/1, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/12/supreme-court-gundy-doctrine-administrative-state.html Joe Biden promised ..
that displeases them.
1/28/22
JanFeb -- CP - Surrender to Blackness
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit ZD | Judge: John Sims We advocate for the 1AC absent the call to “surrender to blackness.” “Surrender to Blackness” is worse for community formation and reifies anti-Blackness. Táíwò, 20—assistant professor of philosophy at Georgetown University (Olúfémi, “Being-in-the-Room Privilege: Elite Capture and Epistemic Deference,” The Philosopher, vol. 108, no. 4, dml) I think it’s ..
Single debates don’t matter – it’s TOC elims, the difference between the quarters and the semis is a non-issue and this deficit is an assertion that proves our argument that unconditional deference becomes a circular justification for privileged institutions like debate that comes at the expense of material organizing 2. If we impact turned the content of the 1AC, the inspiration is bad. More people saying we should surrender to blackness proves our impact turns are unique and it’s the reason to vote neg, not the other way around 3. Debate should be about more than itself – that’s our argument, you should have a higher bar for aff’s being politically positive than just inspiring more people to do debate, because the whole point is we should tactically redeploy privileged academic spaces like debate to help more people, not just create better debates
It competes – the opportunity cost of reading a K aff where you get to pick the whole 1AC is that you must be held to every part of the aff. That means, even if you conclude they’re largely correct, you should vote neg to intellectually sharpen the aff and submit a research review that makes their politics more effective. Any perm is severance, which is a voting issue that makes being neg impossible by undermining the logical basis for any offense.
4/10/22
JanFeb -- DA - 6G
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: Finals | Opponent: Sage Hill MP | Judge: Danielle Dosch, Phoenix Pittman, Nolan Burdett CP: Private entities should significantly invest in the exclusive use of Low Earth Orbit via Large Satellite Constellations for the purposes of 6G development and research. Private LEO mega constellations drive rapid SatCom 6G innovations – that’s key to pervasive communication services that solve medical data flow deficits and solve UN SGDs Höyhtyä et al 22 Marko Höyhtyä, Senior Member, IEEE, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova, Pertti Järvensivu, Markku Kiviranta, Senior Member, IEEE and Antti Anttonen, Senior Member, IEEE. "Sustainable Satellite Communications in the 6G Era: A European View for Multi-Layer Systems and Space Safety." arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.02408 (2022) THE two main .. point of view. 6G uniquely solves emerging biodisasters – extinction Su ’21 Zhaohui; 2021; Center on Smart and Connected Health Technologies, Mays Cancer Center, School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, “Addressing Biodisaster X Threats with Artificial Intelligence and 6G Technologies: Literature Review and Critical Insights,” https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08870.pdf A disaster can be .. and 5G networks. China will launch public megaconstellations no matter what which thumps the aff BUT the US needs the private sector to stay in the game Hallex and Cottom 20 — (Matthew A. Hallex, Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Travis S. Cottom, a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security”, JFQ 97, 2nd Quarter 2020, Available Online at https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940, accessed 1-30-22, HKR-AR) Interest in proliferated .. revisit rates worldwide.15
4/9/22
JanFeb -- DA - Africa SATS
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi LEO is uniquely accessible to African industry due to cheaper launch and production costs – that solves Earth Observation, internet, national security, and spills over to enrich the economy Samanga 21 Ruvimbo Samanga, Zimbabwean scholar and lawyer working with the Space Law and Policy, holds a BA Law (cum laude), an LLB and an LLM in International Trade and Investment Law from the University of Pretoria. "Why Africa Should Expand its Mega-Satellite Constellation Capacity." Space Legal Issues, 3 May. 2021, www.spacelegalissues.com/why-africa-should-expand-its-mega-satellite-constellation-capacity. Since 1988, Africa .. and beneficial manner. LEO Earth Science Observation Satellites uniquely solve a host of environmental threats – pollution, climate change, biod, defo, soil erosion Ustin and Middleton 20 Ustin, S.L. John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis , Middleton, E.M NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (Emerita). Current and near-term advances in Earth observation for ecological applications. Ecol Process 10, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00255-4 There is an .. predict future conditions. Warming causes extinction David Spratt 19, Research Director for Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration, Ian Dunlop, member of the Club of Rome, formerly an international oil, gas and coal industry executive, chairman of the Australian Coal Association, May 2019, “Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach,” https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_b2c0c79dc4344b279bcf2365336ff23b.pdf An existential risk ..
in Figure 1. instability causes global war Mead 13 – (Walter Russell, Foreign Affairs Prof @ Bard, “Peace In The Congo? Why The World Should Care”, American Interest; http://www.the-american-interest.com/2013/12/15/peace-in-the-congo-why-the-world-should-care/) The Congo war .. prevent mass mayhem. Independent African satellite constellation key to push out foreign, Chinese investment – which kills African democracy Tuerk 20 Tuerk, Miriam. CEO and cofounder of Clear Blue Technologies Inc."Africa Is The Next Frontier For The Internet." Forbes, 8 June 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/miriamtuerk/2020/06/09/africa-is-the-next-frontier-for-the-internet/?sh=1f5e9eec4900. Expanding network connectivity .. relationships with it. expansion in Africa escalates absent democratic relations Maru 19 - a scholar of peace and security, law and governance, strategy and management, human rights and migration issues. (Mehari, “A new cold war in Africa” Aljazeera. July 1, 2019. DOA: November 17, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/cold-war-africa-190630102044847.html)//MGalian Increasing tensions between .. of a third party.
1/15/22
JanFeb -- DA - Appropriations
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Appropriations pass now but floor time and bipartisanship are key Bolton 1/13 Alexander, staff reporter for The Hill, “Negotiators report progress toward 2022 spending deal” https://thehill.com/policy/finance/589599-negotiators-report-progress-on-reaching-2022-spending-deal Senate and House ..
“I’m hopeful always.” Large President-led national space policies incite immense partisan backlash that spills over to kill the entire political agenda Dreier 16 Casey Dreier, Chief Advocate and Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, April 13, 2016. “Does Presidential Intervention Undermine Consensus for NASA?” https://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2016/0413-does-a-strong-president-help-or-hurt-consensus-on-NASA.html To see how .
need to avoid. Congress will backlash to unpopular decisions Dr. Alicia Uribe 13, Lecturer in Political Science at University of Illinois, PhD University of Washington St. Louis, “The Influence of Congressional Preferences on Legislative Overrides of Supreme Court Decisions”, Law and Society Review, http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/thansford/Articles/congress_reaction_to_court.pdf Conclusion Congress and .. on statutory cases. Yearlong CR ruins UAVs for decades—that undermines strategic competition Wynne 1/14 Brian Wynne, Federal Aviation Administration’s Drone Advisory Committee and Management Advisory Council, "A yearlong continuing resolution will hinder unmanned systems integration", 1/14/22, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/01/14/a-yearlong-continuing-resolution-will-hinder-unmanned-systems-integration/ With fiscal 2022 ..
to step up. That causes nuclear war with Russia and china Kroenig and Gopalaswamy 18, *Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council. Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council. He holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin. (Matthew and Bharath, 11-12-2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war/) Rather, we should ..
balances more broadly.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- DA - Autonomous Vehicles
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 6 | Opponent: Sage Hill MP | Judge: Lena Mizrahi Large LEO satellite constellations are key to autonomous vehicle rollout – key to rapid, high volume data transfer that cellular can’t provide Bell 18 Robert Bell is executive director of the Space and Satellite Professionals International. "Bugs on Wheels: The New Generation of Autonomous Vehicles - Via Satellite -." Via Satellite, 8 Nov. 2018, www.satellitetoday.com/innovation/2018/11/08/bugs-on-wheels-the-new-generation-of-autonomous-vehicles. The new generation .. in their hands. Large constellations required for VLEO – that’s uniquely key for low latency operations like AVs The Aerospace Corporation 21. "Fresh Air is Good for Satellites, Too - The Aerospace Corporation - Medium." Medium, Jul 6, 2021 aerospacecorp.medium.com/fresh-air-is-good-for-satellites-too-230a35889425. Very low Earth .. strong competitive advantage. Other orbits don’t solve – LEO sats are crucial to support future AV tech development Lawrence et al 18 DAVID LAWRENCE is the principal navigation architect for SatellesH. STEWART COBB is the principal hardware architect for Satelles.. GREG GUTT is the president and chief technology officer of Satelles. MICHAEL O’CONNOR is the chief executive officer of Satellesy. TYLER G.R. REID just completed his Ph.D. in the GPS Research Laboratory in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University. TODD WALTER is a senior research engineer in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University where he received his Ph.D. in applied physics. DAVID WHELAN was the vice president and chief technologist for Boeing Defense, Space and Security. Whelan earned his Ph.D. and MS in physics from the University of California Los Angeles and his B.A. from the University of California San Diego."Innovation: Navigation from LEO - GPS World." GPS World, 21 June 2018, www.gpsworld.com/innovation-navigation-from-leo. Conclusion Robust PNT .. challenging urban environments. Advanced autonomous vehicle research accelerates the integration of social values into artificial intelligence – it’s the best avenue because of domain similarities – safe alignment stops extinction from numerous societal risks Critch and Krueger 20 Critch, Andrew, and David Krueger. Andrew Critch Center for Human-Compatible AI UC Berkeley; David Krueger MILA Université de Montréal" AI Research Considerations for Human Existential Safety (ARCHES)." arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.04948 (2020). 9.2.1 Direction 27: … agents into society. Unaligned tech outweighs everything – expert consensus and it’s not close Ord 20 Ord, Toby. Toby David Godfrey Ord (born 18 July 1979) is an Australian philosopher. He founded Giving What We Can, an international society whose members pledge to donate at least 10 of their income to effective charities and is a key figure in the effective altruism movement, which promotes using reason and evidence to help the lives of others as much as possible.3 He is a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, where his work is focused on existential risk. BA in Phil and Comp Sci from Melbourne, BPhil in Phil from Oxford, PhD in Phil from Oxford. The precipice: existential risk and the future of humanity. Hachette Books, 2020. HKR QC I will therefore .. or Russian roulette.
4/24/22
JanFeb -- DA - FTC
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: Semis | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Neville Tom, Christopher Randall, Julian Kuffour
1NC
FTC funding increase now—-that’s key to merger and economy-wide investigation enforcement
in July, signaled a tough stance from the administration on market concentration.
Plan expands Congressional opposition, derailing antitrust funding hikes
Kovacic ’20 ~William; 2020; former FTC Chair, Global Competition Professor of Law and Policy, George Washington University Law School, JD Columbia University; U of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, "Keeping Score: Improving the Positive Foundations for Antitrust Policy," U. of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, 23(1), https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jbl/vol23/iss1/3/~~ THE POLITICAL ASSAULT ON THE FTC From the late 1960s through the 1970s,
AND
forming an accurate picture of what happened to the FTC in the 1970s.
Aggressive merger enforcement and economy-wide antitrust investigations solves extinction – this is also the thesis of the aff
wealthy individuals and well-funded special interest groups to capture the government.
4/11/22
JanFeb -- DA - Hegemony
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Margaret Strong US wins space race now due to private competition – its key to space dominance and militarization is good – the plan nukes the US’s silver bullet against Chinese aggression Weichert 21 – former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics Brandon, “The Future of Space Exploration Depends on the Private Sector,” 7/5/2021, https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-future-of-space-exploration-depends-on-the-private-sector/#slide-1 As Jeff Bezos ..
China’s state capitalism. Basing ensures win Erwin 20 – writes about military space programs, policy, technology and the industry that supports this sector. She has covered the military, the Pentagon, Congress and the defense industry for nearly two decades as editor of NDIA’s National Defense Magazine and Pentagon correspondent for Real Clear Defense. Sandra, Space News, “Report proposes actions to strengthen U.S. space industry and military capabilities,” 7/28/2020, https://spacenews.com/report-proposes-actions-to-strengthen-u-s-space-industry-and-military-capabilities/ WASHINGTON — A group of ..
such an exchange. Space privatization key to heg Weichert 17 (Brandon J., a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, and is currently completing a book on national security space policy.) “The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance,” Science Direct, 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438717300108 RR The global order ..
U.S. policymakers today.24
Heg is sustainable but not impervious to collapse Hal Brands, 5-1-2021, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor At The Johns Hopkins School Of Advanced International Studies, China’s Creative Challenge—and the Threat to America, Commentary Magazine, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/hal-brands/chinas-geopolitical-challenge-threat-to-america//Khan FINALLY, CHINA is .. path to hegemony. No thumpers – the past four years prove that upholding the LIO is key to recover. Allen Hicken, Pauline Jones, and Anil Menon, 1-1-2021, Allen Hicken is a professor of political science at the University of Michigan. Pauline Jones is a professor of political science at the University of Michigan. Anil Menon is a doctoral candidate in political science, "The International System After Trump and the Pandemic", University of California Press, https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article/120/822/3/114548/The-International-System-After-Trump-and-theWeese Both as a .. during this period. Biden will inev try to regain it – proves try or die Tepperman 21 – a former editor in chief of Foreign Policy and the author of The Fix: How Countries Use Crises to Solve the World’s Worst Problems. (Jonathan, "Biden Was Right: America Is Back," Foreign Policy, 2-23-2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/23/biden-was-right-america-is-back/, Accessed 11-17-2021, LASA-SC) President Joe Biden’s .. l be grateful for. China long-term can’t become a hegemon because of slow growth and international constraints- BUT short-term lunges for power trigger immediate war . ONLY deterrence solves Beckley and Brands 12-17 -- Associate Professor of Political Science at Tufts University and Jeane Kirkpatrick Visiting Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Michael, and Hal Brands, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and a Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, "Competition With China Could Be Short and Sharp," Foreign Affairs, 12-17-20, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-12-17/competition-china-could-be-short-and-sharp, accessed 12-20-20
Weak American deterrence in Asia causes expansion that escalates to nuclear war – our theory of revisionism is true Mira Rapp-Hooper 20. PhD in Political Science from Columbia. Senior fellow for Asia Security at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) and senior fellow at Yale Law School’s Paul Tsai China Center. “From Primacy to Openness: U.S. Strategic Objectives in Asia.” The Struggle for Power U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century. https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/2020/01/TheStruggleForPower.pdf Washington should seek ..
to the region.27 solves unstable nuclear alliances that cause war Hayes 18 Peter Hayes, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University. Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony. November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 During a post-hegemonic era, ..
, the new normal. And, space dominance key to global peace – nuclear and conventional deterrence is collapsing, which will provoke civilization-ending revisionist aggression from Russia and China Dr. Robert Zubrin 19, Masters in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Washington, President of Pioneer Energy, Founder and President of the Mars Society, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy, The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility, p. Google Books The United States ..
by the exchange.
1/16/22
JanFeb -- DA - Military Readiness
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 4 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Rodrigo Paramo Commercial megaconstellations solve communication deserts and intel shortages – that’s key to military dominance and forward deployment in the Arctic, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Independently, it solves missile threats to precision strike systems. Hallex and Cottom 20 — (Matthew A. Hallex, Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Travis S. Cottom, a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security”, JFQ 97, 2nd Quarter 2020, Available Online at https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940, accessed 1-30-22, HKR-AM) The emergence of .. avoid operational surprise.
The US needs the private sector Hallex and Cottom 20 — (Matthew A. Hallex, Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Travis S. Cottom, a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security”, JFQ 97, 2nd Quarter 2020, Available Online at https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940, accessed 1-30-22, HKR-AM) The U.S. Government has been the largest and most stable customer for commercial satellite imagery, including resources from new imagery proliferated constellations. For instance, a significant share of Planet’s growth has been through multiple contracts with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.12 Commercial Earth observation companies, however, are seeking to diversify their customer base and reach new markets—to rely less on U.S. Government spending and, consequently, to potentially reduce its sway over commercial actors. With lower prices and increasingly on-demand imagery services, proliferated constellation companies are trying to focus on new, nontraditional satellite imagery markets: industrial monitoring, agriculture, utilities, marine transportation analytics, insurance, resource management, business intelligence, and other data-driven, decisionmaking practices.13 This broader range of services will help drive market expansion, and the Institute for Defense Analyses’ Science and Technology Policy Institute projects the overall commercial small satellite imaging market will grow from $15 million in 2015 to $164 million in 2020.14
China will launch public megaconstellations no matter what which thumps the aff BUT the US needs the private sector to stay in the game Hallex and Cottom 20 — (Matthew A. Hallex, Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Travis S. Cottom, a Research Associate at the Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferated Commercial Satellite Constellations: Implications for National Security”, JFQ 97, 2nd Quarter 2020, Available Online at https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-97/jfq-97_20-29_Hallex-Cottom.pdf?ver=2020-03-31-130614-940, accessed 1-30-22, HKR-AM) Interest in proliferated .. revisit rates worldwide.15 China will launch which takes out aff solvency, maintaining US dominance is key Chaturvedi 1/29 (Amit Chaturvedi, Hindustan Times, New Delhi, , 1-29-2022, “China plans 'megaconstellation' of 13,000 satellites, claims report“, Hindustan Times, accessed: 1-30-2022, https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-plans-megaconstellation-of-13-000-satellites-claims-report-101643421318766.html) ajs China is embarking ..
strengthen internet facilities. solves nuclear war Binnendijk 16 (Hans Binnendijk, Ph.D. in international affairs, Tufts University, senior fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations at SAIS, “Friends, Foes, and Future Directions: U.S. Partnerships in a Turbulent World Strategic Rethink,” Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2016) Today, the most … means and ends.
3/26/22
JanFeb -- DA - NASA
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah Clark-Villanueva NASA is preserving resources by leveraging private partnerships Miriam Kramer 21, author of Space, “NASA's plans for the future hinge on the success of private companies,” Axios, 12-7-2021, https://www.axios.com/nasa-private-spaceflight-plans-5a5710e6-5223-4da3-8c5d-5a712e1d862e.html The private space .. operated space stations. Plan forces spending trade-offs that crush effective Earth sciences and mining --- risks catastrophic climate change Haymet 7 (Tony, Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography – University of California, San Diego, Mark Abbott, Dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Science – Oregon State University, and Jim Luyten, Acting Director – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, “The Planet NASA Needs to Explore”, Washington Post, 5-10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/09/AR2007050902451.html) Decades ago, a ..
our own planet. Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, terror, war, and disease. – this is an independent scenario Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans .. to the future.
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadow BV | Judge: Julian Kuffour CCP legitimacy high now Yvonne Murray 22, “2021 saw China's Xi Jinping tighten grip on power,” 1/4/22, RTE (Ireland's National Public Service Media), https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1231/1269202-china-year-in-review/ In 2021, while ..
increasingly powerful regime.
The plan alienates the PLA – they view space dominance as the linchpin of China’s legitimacy – specifically, public-private tech development is key Economic Times 20 (Economic Times, Indian daily newspaper, internally cites Dean Cheng, Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation and the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy, former analyst in the International Security and Space Program at the Office of Technology Assessment, BA in Politics from Princeton University) “China attempting to militarize space as it seeks to modernize its military power,” 8/31/2020 JL The Jamestown Foundation, ..
s satellite jamming operations. China’s “space dream” is key to Xi credibility – plan is a flip flop that undermines legitimacy Kharpal 21 – senior technology correspondent based in Guangzhou, China at CNBC Arjun, “China once said it couldn’t put a potato in space. Now it’s eyeing Mars,” 6/30/2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html Fast forward more than six decades and President Xi Jinping, China’s current leader, is seen congratulating three astronauts who were sent to the country’s own space station earlier this month.
Since Mao’s comments, ..
r and Beischl said. And the Chinese private sector is crucial for space competition – Xi has promised and said so before Patel 21 — (Neel V. Patel, Neel is the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and he writes The Airlock newsletter. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where he grew and led the website’s space coverage., “China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US“, MIT Technology Review, 1-21-2021, Available Online at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance, accessed 1-11-2022, HKR-AR) Until recently, China’s ..
from outside China.
That factionalizes the CCP and emboldens challenges to Xi – the PLA is increasingly powerful and not unconditionally subservient Simpson 16 (Kurtis, Centre Director with Defence Research and Development Canada, has been conducting research on China’s leadership, Communist Party politics, the People’s Liberation Army and foreign policy for over 30 years,Master’s Degree and a Ph.D from York University, previously served as an intelligence analyst at the Privy Council Office and leader of the Asia Research Section at the Department of National Defence’s Chief Defence Intelligence (CDI) organization) “China’s Re-Emergence: Assessing Civilian-Military Relations In Contemporary Era – Analysis,” Eurasia Review, 12/21/2016 JL Paralleling divided loyalties ..
erode very quickly.29 CCP instability collapses the international order – extinction Perkinson 12 (Jessica, MA in international affairs from American University) “The Potential for Instability in the PRC: How the Doomsday Theory Misses the Mark,” American University School of International Service, 2012 JL Should the CCP ..
within the US. Independently, Xi will lash out to preserve cred in the SCS – US draw-in ensures extinction Mastro 20 (Oriana Skylar, Assistant Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute) “Military Confrontation in the South China Sea,” Council on Foreign Relations, 5/21/2020 JL The risk of ..
or its aftermath.
1/15/22
JanFeb -- DA - Rule of Law
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Finals | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Expanding PTD shatters the entire legal-regulatory balance Huffman 15 James L. Huffman is Dean Emeritus of Lewis and Clark Law School and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds degrees from Montana State University (BS), The Fletcher School of Tufts University (MA) and the University of Chicago (JD). "WHY LIBERATING THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE IS BAD FOR THE PUBLIC." https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/19611-45-2huffman Since the beginning .. protection ultimately depends. Expanding PTD beyond precedent allows for unchecked judicial activism across the law – the plan applies it everywhere on earth, which ensures circumvention, authoritarianism, and shocks global rule of law Huffman 15 James L. Huffman is Dean Emeritus of Lewis and Clark Law School and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds degrees from Montana State University (BS), The Fletcher School of Tufts University (MA) and the University of Chicago (JD). "WHY LIBERATING THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE IS BAD FOR THE PUBLIC." https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/19611-45-2huffman Modern progressives, like …
much lesser challenges.230 Rule of law solves war Feldman ‘8 Noah; September 28; Professor of Law at Harvard University School of Law; New York Times, “When Judges Make Foreign Policy,” lexis Why We Need ..
the world over. SOP decline causes global nuke war Dr. G. John Ikenberry 15, PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, “Getting Hegemony Right”, in Korean Attitudes Toward the United States: Changing Dynamics, Ed. Steinberg, p. 17-18 A critical ingredient ..
of an autocrat.
1/28/22
JanFeb -- DA - Xi Diversionary War
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Krish Patel, Austin Broussard Xi’s regime is stable now, but its success depends on strong growth and private sector development. Mitter and Johnson 21 Rana Mitter and Elsbeth Johnson, Rana Mitter is a professor of the history and politics of modern China at Oxford. Elsbeth Johnson, formerly the strategy director for Prudential PLC’s Asian business, is a senior lecturer at MIT’s Sloan School of Management and the founder of SystemShift, a consulting firm. May-June 2021, "What the West Gets Wrong About China," Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2021/05/what-the-west-gets-wrong-about-china accessed 12/14/21 Adam In China, however, ..
in scientific research. Cross apply 1AC Patel – it proves that the private sector is seen as key to ccp legitimacy Shifts in regime perception threatens CCP’s legitimacy from nationalist hardliners Weiss 19 Jessica Weiss 1-29-2019 “Authoritarian Audiences, Rhetoric, and Propaganda in International Crises: Evidence from China” http://www.jessicachenweiss.com/uploads/3/0/6/3/30636001/19-01-24-elite-statements-isq-ca.pdf (Associate Professor of Government at Cornell University)Elmer Public support—or .. even the U.S. government.”11 Xi will launch diversionary war to domestic backlash – escalates in multiple hotspots and causes nuclear war Norris 17, William J. Geostrategic Implications of China’s Twin Economic Challenges. CFR Discussion Paper, 2017. (Associate professor of Chinese foreign and security policy at Texas AandM University’s Bush School of Government and Public Service)Elmer Populist pressures might .. toward domestic consumption.
1/13/22
JanFeb -- K - Atlantic Centrism
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit ZD | Judge: John Sims Pessimist formulation of “slavery” is Eurocentric and American- it ignores experience outside of western modernity recreating exclusion Thomas, PhD, 18 (Greg, GlobalBlackStudies@SU, founder/editor @ProudFlesh, Afro-Blue Notes: The Death of Afro-pessimism ( 2.0 )? Theory and Event, Volume 21, Number 1, January 2018, pp. 282-317 (Article) ) First of all, .. Blackness somehow vanished.(289-92)
Linear time – afropess relies on the linear progress narrative in reverse – that there is no black progress as shown through a linear progression of society staying the same for black people. Hierarchy – representations stem from the experience of males and shut out queer and female voices Agency – tying black being to white racism makes antiblackness inevitable Michelle M. Wright is an Associate Professor in the Department of African American Studies at Northwestern University, where she teaches courses in theories of the African diaspora and comparative studies of Black European and African American discourses of ‘‘blackness.’’ "The Middle Passage Epistemology." In Physics of Blackness: Beyond the Middle Passage Epistemology, 37-72. University of Minnesota Press, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctt130jtph.4. JJN The immediate clarity …
even more southern counterparts.
The alternative is a global systems paradigm instead of an Atlantic-centric slavery paradigm. The AC imposes rigid, analytical blinders that prevent generating a fuller understanding of African diaspora Allen, PhD, 14 (Richard B., History@Farmingham State, Slaves, Convicts, Abolitionism and the Global Origins of the Post-Emancipation Indentured Labor System, Slavery and Abolition, 2014 Vol. 35, No. 2, 328–348, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2013.870789http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Allen2014.pdf) In his excellent .. day and age.
No permutations in a methods debate – They don’t get a permutation—a permutation is a test of competitiveness between policy options—that model doesn’t make sense when the debate is between amorphous philosophical positions because you can’t really tie them down to anything. They can always explain why in the abstract certain things they said are compatible with diaspora studies but that just begs the question of why they included the rest
Stick them to every word of their advocacy—they chose to initiate a debate without a plan and have thus forgone the right to “plan focus” style arguments—they can’t pick and chose which parts of their advocacy to include in the permutation—if we win a link to anything that should be sufficient to vote negative
Permutations should be evaluated from a “risk” perspective through the offense defense paradigm—if they can’t explain why there is an offensive reason to prefer the permutation there is no reason to risk it. The case isn’t an advantage to weigh when evaluating the permutation because if we win the premise of the link their advocacy is counterproductive—this isn’t a situation where perm shields the link
4/10/22
JanFeb -- K - Capitalism
Tournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit NW | Judge: Isaac Chao Capitalism is the root cuase of structural racist factors Gans 05 (Herbert J., merican sociologist who has taught at Columbia University between 1971 and 2007, “Race as Class”, Contexts 4:4, November 2005, University of Michigan Libraries)AS In fact, the .. as a model minority.)
Personal experience- individual oppression as a lens occludes class struggle
San Juan Jr.PhD 91 (E, Beyond Identity Politics: The Predicament o f the Asian American Writer in Late Capitalism American L ite ra r y H isto ry , Vol. 3, No. 3 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 542-565 ) With the presumed .. of his discourse?1 N
o one should underestimate Takaki’s achievement here in challenging the tenability of the received dogma (espoused by Nathan Glazer and other neoconservative pundits) that the European immigrant model of successful assimilation applies to peoples of color in the US (see Takaki, “Reflections”). Europe’s Others, hitherto excluded from the canonical tradition, are beginning to speak and present themselves so as to rectify the mystifying re-presentation of themselves. In this light, Takaki is to be credited above all for giving Asian Americans a synoptic view of their deracinated lives by making them (as protagonists who discover their roles and destinies in the process) perform the drama of their diverse singularities. This is stage-managed within the framework of a chronological history of their ordeals in struggling to survive, adapt, and multiply in a hostile habitat, with their accompanying rage and grief and laughter. By a montage of personal testimony—anecdotes, letters, songs, telegrams, eyewitness reports, confessions, album photographs, quotidian fragments, cliches and banalities of everyday life—juxtaposed with statistics, official documents, reprise of punctual events, Takaki skillfully renders a complex drama of Asians enacting and living their own history. We can perhaps find our own lives already anticipated, pantomimed, rounded off, and judged in one of his varied “talk stories”—a case of life imitating the art of history. Granted the book’s “truth-effects,” I enter a caveat. For all its massive accumulation of raw data and plausible images of numerous protagonists and actions spanning more than a century of wars and revolutions, Takaki’s narrative leaves us wondering whether the collective life-trajectory of Asian Americans imitates the European immigrant success story, spiced with quaint “Oriental” twists—which he clearly implies at the end. If so, it is just one thread of the national fabric, no more tormented nor pacified than any other. If not, then this history is unique in some way that escapes the traditional emplotment of previous annals deriving from the master narrative of hu mankind’s continuous material improvement, self-emancipation, and techno-administrative mastery conceived by the philosophes of the European Enlightenment. Either way, there is no reason for Asian Americans to feel excluded from the grand March of Progress. Our puzzlement, however, is not clarified by the book’s concluding chapter, which exposes the myth of the “model minority” in an eloquent argument, assuring us that Asian Americans did not “let the course of their lives be determined completely by the ‘necessity’ of race and class” (473). In the same breath Takaki warns of a resurgent tide of racially motivated attacks against Asian Americans manifested in the media, in campus harassments, in the 1982 murder of Vincent Chin mistaken for a Japanese by unemployed Detroit autoworkers (and, I might add here, in the January 1989 massacre of Vietnamese and Cambodian schoolchildren in Stockton, California, by a man obsessed with hatred for Southeast Asian refugees). During this same period, in contrast, the judicial victory of the Japanese concentration camp internees’ demand for redress and reparations as well as the growing visibility of Asian American artists furnishes convincing proof that what David Harvey calls the post-Fordist post-Keynesian system (173-78) still allows dreams to come true, that is, allows Asian Americans the opportunity in particular “to help America accept and appreciate its diversity.” Calculating the losses and gains, Takaki prudentially opts for a meliorative closure. In retrospect, the telos of Strangers from a Different Shore can be thematized as the Asian immigrants’ almost miraculous struggle for survival and recognition of their desperately won middle-class status. What is sought is the redemption of individual sacrifices by way of conformity to the utilitarian, competitive ethos of a business society. Reversing the dismaying prospect for Asian Americans forecast in an earlier survey, American Racism (1970) by Roger Daniels and Harry Kitano, Takaki offers a balance sheet for general consumption: Asian Americans are no longer victimized by legislation denying them naturalized citizenship and landownership. They have begun to exercise their political voices and have representatives in both houses of Congress as well as in state legislatures and on city councils. They enjoy much of the protection of civil rights laws that outlaw racial discrimination in employment as well as housing and that provide for affirmative action for racial minorities. They have greater freedom than did the earlier immigrants to embrace their own “diversity”—their own cultures as well as their own distinctive physical characteristics, such as their complexion and the shape of their eyes. (473-74) It now becomes clear that despite its encyclopedic scope and archival competence, Takaki’s somewhat premature synthesis is a learned endeavor to deploy a strategy of containment. His rhetoric activates a mode of comic emplotment where all problems are finally resolved through hard work and individual effort, inspired by past memories of clan solidarity and intuitive faith in a gradually improving future. What is this if not a refurbished version of the liberal ideology of a market-centered, pluralist society where all disparities in values and beliefs—nay, even the sharpest contradictions implicating race, class, and gender—can be harmonized within the prevailing structure of power relations? This is not to say that such attempts to empower disenfranchised nationalities are futile or deceptive. But what needs a more than gestural critique is the extent to which such reforms do not eliminate the rationale for the hierarchical, invidious categorizing of people by race (as well as by gender and class) and their subsequent deprivation. Lacking such self-reflection, unable to problematize his theoretical organon, Takaki has superbly accomplished the articulation of the hegemonic doctrine of acquisitive/possessive liberalism as the informing principle of Asian American lives. Whether this is an effect of postmodern tropology or a symptom of “bad faith” investing the logic of elite populism, I am not quite sure. My reservations are shared by other Asian American observers who detect an apologetic agenda in such liberal historiography. At best, Takaki’s text operates an ironic, if not duplicitous, strategy: to counter hegemonic Eurocentrism, which erases the Asian American presence, a positivist-empiricist valorization of “lived experience” is carried out within the master narrative of evolutionary, gradualist progress. The American “Dream of Success” is thereby ultimately vindicated. This is not to suggest that historians like Takaki have suddenly been afflicted with amnesia, forgetting that it is the totalizing state practice of this ideology of market liberalism that underlies, for one, the violent colonial domination of peoples of color and the rape of the land of such decolonizing territories as the Philippines (my country of origin) and Puerto Rico in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War. It is the social practice of an expansive political economy which converts humans to exchangeable commodities (African chattel slavery in the South) and commodified labor power, thus requiring for its industrial take-off a huge supply of free labor—hence the need for European immigrants, especially after the Civil War, and the genocidal suppression of the American Indians. It is the expansion of this social formation that recruited Chinese coolies for railroad construction (the “fathers” poignantly described in Kingston’s China Men) and Japanese and Filipino labor (and Mexican braceros later) for agribusiness in Hawaii and California and for the canneries in Alaska. It is this same hegemonic worldview of free monopoly enterprise, also known as the “civilizing mission” of Eurocentric humanism, that forced the opening of the China market in the Opium Wars of the nineteenth century and the numerous military interventions in China and Indochina up to the Vietnam War and the coming of the “boat people.” Of course it is also the power/knowledge episteme of the modernization process in Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Indonesia, Egypt, Grenada, and all the neocolonial or peripheral dependencies of the world-system named by Immanuel Wallerstein as “historical capitalism” (13-43; see Amin). It is now generally acknowledged that we cannot understand the situation of Asian Americans in the US today or in the past without a thorough comprehension of the global relations of power, the capitalist world-system that “pushed” populations from the colonies and dependencies and “pulled” them to terrain where a supply of cheap labor was needed. These relations of power broke up families, separating husbands from wives and parents from children; at present they motivate the “warm body export” of cheap labor from Thailand, the Philippines, and elsewhere. They legitimate the unregulated market for brides and hospitality girls, the free trade zones, and other postmodern schemes of capital accumulation in Third World countries. The discourse of the liberal free market underpins these power relations, constructing fluid georacial boundaries to guarantee the supply of cheap labor. Race acquires salience in this world-system when, according to John Rex, “the language of racial difference. . . becomes the means whereby men allocate each other to different social and economic positions. . . . The exploitation of clearly marked groups in a variety of different ways is integral to Capitalism.. . . Ethnic groups unite and act together because they have been subjected to distinct and differentiated types of exploitation” (406-07). The colonization and industrialization of the North American continent epitomize the asymmetrical power relations characteristic of this world-system. The sociocultural formation of global apartheid has been long in the making. Studies like Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History (1982) or Richard Bamet and Ronald Muller’s Global Reach (1974), to mention only the elementary texts, show that the migration of peoples around the world, the displacement of refugees, or the forced expulsion and exile of individuals and whole groups (the Palestinian diaspora is the most flagrant) have occurred not by choice or accident but by the complex interaction of political, economic, and social forces from the period of mercantile capitalism to colonialism, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, continuing into the imperialism of the twentieth century. This genealogy of domination, the self-reproduction of its mechanisms and the sedimentation of its effects, is what is occluded in Takaki’s narrative (see Nakanishi). Focus on the individual destroys collective resistance to oppressive instiutions – only politics solves. Ojeili ‘03 Chamsy Ojeili 3, Senior Lecturer School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Post-modernism, the Return to Ethics, and the Crisis of Socialist Values, www.democracynature.org/vol8/ojeili_ethics.htm#_edn9 Notably, anarchists have .. for libertarian utopianism. Cap causes extinction – war, disease, climate, inequality, and econ - human rights, healthcare crises, climate change, structural racism, econ, vtl Ahmed 20 (Nafeez Ahmed -- Visiting Research Fellow at the Global Sustainability Institute at Anglia Ruskin University's Faculty of Science and Technology + M.A. in contemporary war and peace studies + DPhil (April 2009) in international relations from the School of Global Studies @ Sussex University, “Capitalism is Destroying ‘Safe Operating Space’ for Humanity, Warn Scientists”, https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-06-24/capitalism-is-destroying-safe-operating-space-for-humanity-warn-scientists/, 24 June 2020, EmmieeM) The COVID19 pandemic has exposed a strange anomaly in the global economy. If it doesn’t keep growing endlessly, it just breaks. Grow, or die. But there’s a deeper problem. New scientific research confirms that capitalism’s structural obsession with endless growth is destroying the very conditions for human survival on planet Earth. A landmark study in the journal Nature Communications, “Scientists’ warning on affluence” — by scientists in Australia, Switzerland and the UK — concludes that the most fundamental driver of environmental destruction is the overconsumption of the super-rich. This factor lies over and above other factors like fossil fuel consumption, industrial agriculture and deforestation: because it is overconsumption by the super-rich which is the chief driver of these other factors breaching key planetary boundaries. The paper notes that the richest 10 percent of people are responsible for up to 43 percent of destructive global environmental impacts. In contrast, the poorest 10 percent in the world are responsible just around 5 percent of these environmental impacts: The new paper is authored by Thomas Wiedmann of UNSW Sydney’s School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manfred Lenzen of the University of Sydney’s School of Physics, Lorenz T. Keysser of ETH Zürich’s Department of Environmental Systems Science, and Julia K. Steinberger of Leeds University’s School of Earth and Environment. It confirms that global structural inequalities in the distribution of wealth are intimately related to an escalating environmental crisis threatening the very existence of human societies. Synthesising knowledge from across the scientific community, the paper identifies capitalism as the main cause behind “alarming trends of environmental degradation” which now pose “existential threats to natural systems, economies and societies.” The paper concludes: “It is clear that prevailing capitalist, growth-driven economic systems have not only increased affluence since World War II, but have led to enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems.” Capitalism and the pandemic Thanks to the way capitalism works, the paper shows, the super-rich are incentivised to keep getting richer — at the expense of the health of our societies and the planet overall. The research provides an important scientific context for how we can understand many earlier scientific studies revealing that industrial expansion has hugely increased the risks of new disease outbreaks. Just last April, a paper in Landscape Ecology found that deforestation driven by increased demand for consumption of agricultural commodities or beef have increased the probability of ‘zoonotic’ diseases (exotic diseases circulating amongst animals) jumping to humans. This is because industrial expansion, driven by capitalist pressures, has intensified the encroachment of human activities on wildlife and natural ecosystems. Two years ago, another study in Frontiers of Microbiology concluded presciently that accelerating deforestation due to “demographic growth” and the associated expansion of “farming, logging, and hunting”, is dangerously transforming rural environments. More bat species carrying exotic viruses have ended up next to human dwellings, the study said. This is increasing “the risk of transmission of viruses through direct contact, domestic animal infection, or contamination by urine or faeces.” It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the COVID19 pandemic thus emerged directly from these rapidly growing impacts of human activities. As the new paper in Nature Communications confirms, these impacts have accelerated in the context of the fundamental operations of industrial capitalism. Eroding the ‘safe operating space’ The result is that capitalism is causing human societies to increasingly breach key planetary boundaries, such as land-use change, biosphere integrity and climate change. Remaining within these boundaries is essential to maintain what scientists describe as a “safe operating space” for human civilization. If those key ecosystems are disrupted, that “safe operating space” will begin to erode. The global impacts of the COVID19 pandemic are yet another clear indication that this process of erosion has already begun. “The evidence is clear,” write Weidmann and his co-authors. “Long-term and concurrent human and planetary wellbeing will not be achieved in the Anthropocene if affluent overconsumption continues, spurred by economic systems that exploit nature and humans. We find that, to a large extent, the affluent lifestyles of the world’s rich determine and drive global environmental and social impact. Moreover, international trade mechanisms allow the rich world to displace its impact to the global poor.” The new scientific research thus confirms that the normal functioning of capitalism is eroding the ‘safe space’ by which human civilisation is able to survive. The structures The paper also sets out how this is happening in some detail. The super-rich basically end up driving this destructive system forward in three key ways. Firstly, they are directly responsible for “biophysical resource use… through high consumption.” Secondly, they are “members of powerful factions of the capitalist class.” Thirdly, due to that positioning, they end up “driving consumption norms across the population.” But perhaps the most important insight of the paper is not that this is purely because the super-rich are especially evil or terrible compared to the rest of the population — but because of the systemic pressures produced by capitalist structures. The authors point out that: “Growth imperatives are active at multiple levels, making the pursuit of economic growth (net investment, i.e. investment above depreciation) a necessity for different actors and leading to social and economic instability in the absence of it.” At the core of capitalism, the paper observes, is a fundamental social relationship defining the way working people are systemically marginalised from access to the productive resources of the earth, along with the mechanisms used to extract these resources and produce goods and services. This means that to survive economically in this system, certain behavioural patterns become not just normalised, but seemingly entirely rational — at least from a limited perspective that ignores wider societal and environmental consequences. In the words of the authors: “In capitalism, workers are separated from the means of production, implying that they must compete in labour markets to sell their labour power to capitalists in order to earn a living.” Meanwhile, firms which own and control these means of production “need to compete in the market, leading to a necessity to reinvest profits into more efficient production processes to minimise costs (e.g. through replacing human labour power with machines and positive returns to scale), innovation of new products and/or advertising to convince consumers to buy more.” If a firm fails to remain competitive through such behaviours, “it either goes bankrupt or is taken over by a more successful business. Under normal economic conditions, this capitalist competition is expected to lead to aggregate growth dynamics.” The irony is that, as the paper also shows, the “affluence” accumulated by the super-rich isn’t correlated with happiness or well-being. Restructure The “hegemonic” dominance of global capitalism, then, is the principal obstacle to the systemic transformation needed to reduce overconsumption. So it’s not enough to simply try to “green” current consumption through technologies like renewable energy — we need to actually reduce our environmental impacts by changing our behaviours with a focus on cutting back our use of planetary resources: “Not only can a sufficient decoupling of environmental and detrimental social impacts from economic growth not be achieved by technological innovation alone, but also the profit-driven mechanism of prevailing economic systems prevents the necessary reduction of impacts and resource utilisation per se.” The good news is that it doesn’t have to be this way. The paper reviews a range of “bottom-up studies” showing that dramatic reductions in our material footprint are perfectly possible while still maintaining good material living standards. In India, Brazil and South Africa, “decent living standards” can be supported “with around 90 percent less per-capita energy use than currently consumed in affluent countries.” Similar possible reductions are feasible for modern industrial economies such as Australia and the US. By becoming aware of how the wider economic system incentivises behaviour that is destructive of human societies and planetary ecosystems critical for human survival, both ordinary workers and more wealthy sectors — including the super-rich — can work toward rewriting the global economic operating system. This can be done by restructuring ownership in firms, equalising relations with workers, and intentionally reorganising the way decisions are made about investment priorities. The paper points out that citizens and communities have a crucial role to play in getting organised, upgrading efforts for public education about these key issues, and experimenting with new ways to work together in bringing about “social tipping points” — points at which social action can catalyse mass change. While a sense of doom and apathy about the prospects for such change is understandable, mounting evidence based on systems science suggests that global capitalism as we know it is in a state of protracted crisis and collapse that began some decades ago. This research strongly supports the view that as industrial civilization reaches the last stages of its systemic life-cycle, there is unprecedented and increasing opportunity for small-scale actions and efforts to have large system-wide impacts. The new paper shows that the need for joined-up action is paramount: structural racism, environmental crisis, global inequalities are not really separate crises — but different facets of human civilization’s broken relationship with nature. Yet, of course, the biggest takeaway is that those who bear most responsibility for environmental destruction — those who hold the most wealth in our societies — urgently need to wake up to how their narrow models of life are, quite literally, destroying the foundations for human survival over the coming decades.
The alternative is to build racial and class solidarity around a new socialist movement focused on making concrete demands and progress that can transform American society. That vision is necessary to propel movements to challenge Trump, dismantle racist political formations, and save lives – worst effects of neolib aren’t inevitable Schwartz and Sunkara 17 August 1, 2017; JOSEPH M. SCHWARTZ (Joseph M. Schwartz is the national vice-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America, and professor of political science at Temple) and BHASKAR SUNKARA (Bhaskar Sunkara is an American political writer, founding editor and publisher of Jacobin magazine and the publisher of Catalyst: A Journal of Theory and Strategy. He is a former vice-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America); “What Should Socialists Do?”; https://jacobinmag.com/2017/08/socialist-left-democratic-socialists-america-dsa;BWSWJ The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) has 25,000 members. Its growth over the past year has been massive — tripling in size — and no doubt a product of the increasing rejection of a bipartisan neoliberal consensus that has visited severe economic insecurity on the vast majority, particularly among young workers. No socialist organization has been this large in decades. The possibilities for transforming American politics are exhilarating. In considering how to make such a transformation happen, we might be tempted to usher those ranks of new socialists into existing vehicles for social change: community organizations, trade unions, or electoral campaigns — organizations more likely to win immediate victories for the workers that are at the center of our vision. Why not put our energy and hone our skills where they seem to be needed the most? Workers’ needs are incredibly urgent; shouldn’t we drop everything and join in these existing struggles right now? While it’s crucial to be deeply involved in such struggles as socialists, we also have something unique to offer the working class, harnessing a logic that supports but is different from the one that organizers for those existing vehicles operate under. Here’s a sketch of a practical approach rooted in that vision that can win support for democratic social change in the short run and a majority for socialist transformation in the long run. Fighting for “Non-Reformist Reforms” For socialists, theory and practice must be joined at the hip. Socialists work for reforms that weaken the power of capital and enhance the power of working people, with the aim of winning further demands — what André Gorz called “non-reformist reforms.” We want to move towards a complete break with the capitalist system. Socialists, unlike single-issue activists, know that democratic victories must be followed by more democratic victories, or they will be rolled back. Single-payer health care is a classic example of a “non-reformist” reform, one that would pry our health system free from capital’s iron grip and empower the working class by nationalizing the private health insurance industry. But socialists conceive of this struggle differently than single-issue advocates of Medicare for All. Socialists understand that single payer alone cannot deal with the cost spiral driven by for-profit hospital and pharmaceutical companies. If we do achieve a national (or state-level) single-payer system, the fight wouldn’t be over; socialists would then fight for nationalization of the pharmaceutical industry. A truly socialized health care system (as in Britain and Sweden) would nationalize hospitals and clinics staffed by well-paid, unionized health care workers. Socialists can and should be at the forefront of fights like this today. To do so, we must gain the skills needed to define who holds power in a given sector and how to organize those who have a stake in taking it away from them. But we can’t simply be the best activists in mass struggles. Single-issue groups too often attack a few particularly bad corporate actors without also arguing that a given crisis cannot be solved without curtailing capitalist power. Socialists not only have to be the most competent organizers in struggle, but they have to offer an analysis that reveals the systemic roots of a particular crisis and offer reforms that challenge the logic of capitalism. Building a Majority As socialists, our analysis of capitalism leads us to not just a moral and ethical critique of the system, but to seeing workers as the central agents of winning change. This isn’t a random fetishizing of workers — it’s based on their structural position in the economy. Workers have the ability to disrupt production and exchange, and they have an interest in banding together and articulating collective demands. This makes them the key agents of change under capitalism. This view can be caricatured as ignoring struggles for racial justice, immigrant rights, reproductive freedom, and more. But nothing could be further from the truth. The working class is majority women and disproportionately brown and black and immigrant; fighting for the working class means fighting on precisely these issues,
as well as for the rights of children, the elderly, and all those who cannot participate in the paid labor market. Socialists must also fight on the ideological front. We must combat the dominant ideology of market individualism with a compelling vision of democracy and freedom, and show how only in a society characterized by democratic decision-making and universal political, civil, and social rights can individuals truly flourish. If socialist activists cannot articulate an attractive vision of socialist freedom, we will not be able to overcome popular suspicion that socialism would be a drab, pseudo-egalitarian, authoritarian society. Thus we must model in our own socialist organizations the democratic debate, peaceful conflict, and social solidarity that would characterize a socialist world. A democratic socialist organization that doesn’t have a rich and accessible internal educational life will not develop an activist core who can be public tribunes for socialism. Activists don’t stay committed to building a socialist organization unless they can articulate to themselves and others why even a reformed capitalism remains a flawed, undemocratic society. The Power of a Minority But socialists must also be front and center in struggles to win the short-term victories that empower people and lead them to demand more. Socialists today are a minority building and pushing forward a potential, progressive anti-corporate majority. We have no illusions that the dominant wing of the Democrats are our friends. Of course, most levels of government are now run by Republicans well to the right of them. But taking on neoliberal Democrats must be part of a strategy to defeat the far right. Take the Democrats, who are showing what woeful supposed leaders of “the resistance” they are every day. Contrary to the party leadership’s single-note insistence, the Russians did not steal the election for Trump; rather, a tepid Democratic candidate who ran on expertise and competence lost because her corporate ties precluded her articulation of a program that would aid the working class — a $15 minimum wage, Medicare for All, free public higher education. Clinton failed to gain enough working-class votes of all races to win the key states in the former industrial heartland; she ended up losing to the most disliked, buffoonish presidential candidate in history. If we remain enthralled to Democratic politics-as-usual, we’re going to continue being stuck with cretins like Donald Trump. Of course, progressive and socialist candidates who openly reject the neoliberal mainstream Democratic agenda may choose for pragmatic reasons to use the Democratic Party ballot line in partisan races. But whatever ballot line the movement chooses to use, we must always be working to increase the independent power of labor and the Left. Sanders provides an example: it’s hard to imagine him offering a radical opening to using the “s” word in American politics for his openly independent campaign if he had run on an independent line. Bernie also showed the strength of socialists using coalition politics to build a short-term progressive majority and to win people over to a social-democratic program and, sometimes, to socialism. Sanders gained the support of six major unions; if we had real social movement unionism in this country, he would have carried the banner of the entire organized working-class movement. Bernie’s weaker performance than Clinton among voters of color — though not among millennials of color — derived mostly from his being a less known commodity. But it also demonstrated that socialists need deeper social roots among older women and communities of color. That means developing the organizing strategies that will better implant us in the labor movement and working-class communities, as well as struggles for racial justice and gender and sexual emancipation. Socialists have the incumbent obligation to broaden out the post-Sanders, anti-corporate trend in US politics into a working-class “rainbow coalition.” We must also fight our government’s imperialist foreign policy and push to massively cut wasteful “defense” spending. We should be involved in multiracial coalitions, fighting for reforms like equitable public education and affordable housing. Democratic socialists can be the glue that brings together disparate social movement that share an interest in democratizing corporate power. We can see the class relations that pervade society and how they offer common avenues of struggle. But at 25,000 members, we can’t substitute ourselves for the broader currents needed to break the power of both far-right nativist Republicans and pro-corporate neoliberal Democrats. We have to work together with broader movements that may not be anti-capitalist but remain committed to reforms. These movements have the potential to win material improvements for workers’ lives. If we stay isolated from them, we will slide into sectarian irrelevance. Of course, socialists should endeavor to build their own organizational strength and to operate as an independent political force. We cannot mute our criticism against business unionist trends in the labor movement and the middle-class professional leadership of many advocacy groups. But in the here and now, we must also help win those victories that will empower workers to conceive of more radical democratic gains. Our members are disproportionately highly educated, young, male, and white. To win victories, we must pursue a strategy and orientation that makes us more representative of the working class. Grasping the Moment In the final analysis, socialists must be both tribunes for socialism and the best organizers. That’s how the Communist Party grew rapidly from 1935-1939. They set themselves up as the left wing of the CIO and of the New Deal coalition, and grew from twenty thousand to one hundred thousand members during that period. The Socialist Party, on the other hand, condemned the New Deal as “a restoration of capitalism.” In saying so they were partly right: the New Deal was in part about saving capitalism from itself. But such a stance was also profoundly wrong in that it distanced the Socialist Party from popular struggles from below, including those for workers’ rights and racial equality that forced capital to make important concessions. This rejection was rooted in a concern that those struggles were “reformist”; it led the SP to fall from twenty thousand members in 1935 to three thousand in 1939. Of course, there are also negative lessons to be learned from the Communist growth during the Popular Front period. They hid their socialist identity in an attempt to appeal to the broadest swath of Americans possible. When forced to reveal it, they referred to an authoritarian Soviet Union as their model. And by following Moscow’s line on the Hitler-Stalin Pact and then the no-strike pledge during World War II, the party abandoned the most militant sectors of the working class. Thus, the Communists put themselves in a position that prevented them from ever winning hegemony within the US working-class movement from liberal forces. Still, the Popular Front was the last time socialism had any mass presence in the United States — in part because, in its own way, the Communists rooted their struggles for democracy within US political culture while trying to build a truly multiracial working-class movement. The road to DSA becoming a real working-class organization runs through us becoming the openly socialist wing of a mass movement opposed to a bipartisan neoliberal consensus. If we only become better organizers, with more practical skills in door-knocking and phone-banking and one-on-one conversations, we will likely see the defection of many of our most skilled organizers who will take those skills and get jobs doing “mass work” in reformist organizations. Such a defection bedeviled DSA in the 1980s, leading to a “donut” phenomenon — thousands of members embedded in mass movements, but few building the center of DSA as an organization. We must avoid this. Simultaneously, if we don’t relate politically to social forces bigger than our own, DSA could devolve into merely a large socialist sect or subculture. The choice to adopt a strategy that would move us towards becoming a mass socialist organization with working-class roots is ours. This is the most promising moment for the socialist left in decades. If we take advantage of it, we can make our own history.
4/23/22
JanFeb -- NC - Util
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah Clark-Villanueva the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death matters – a trillions of people means the future holds a lot of value which extinction destroys b turns suffering – lack of access to food, water, shelter 2 Even the most conservative estimates prove reducing existential risk outweighs all other impacts, regardless of probability – actively prioritize our calculus since you are cognitively biased against it Whittlestone 17 – (Jess Whittlestone, PhD in Behavioural Science and has worked as a policy consultant for government, specialising in security and foreign policy. She also has experience as a freelance journalist for a number of online magazines, including Quartz, Vox, and Aeon. Before her PhD, she studied Maths and Philosophy at Oxford, and played a key role in developing 80,000 Hours' coaching process and research. Currently, Jess is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence at Cambridge, “The Long-Term Future”, Effective Altruism, 11-16-17, Available Online at https://www.effectivealtruism.org/articles/cause-profile-long-run-future/, accessed 12-4-18, HKR-AM) The number of ..
worth taking seriously. 3 Non util ethics are impossible Greene 07 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: https://www.gwern.net/docs/philosophy/ethics/2007-greene.pdf, pages 47-50) What turn-of-the-millennium science is .. philosophy in question. 4 That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So .. of my defense. War worsens structural inequalities – a takes away valuable resources to combat issues like economic and social injustice b war falls the hardest on those who can’t protect themselves – especially nuclear war c those who fight war are more likely to be worse off socially – aff ballot actively consigns the oppressed to fight for the state d war kills everyone – death means we literally cannot fight injustice
1/13/22
JanFeb -- NC - Util v2
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loveless Academic Magnet Program RR | Judge: Chris Castillo The standard is minimizing existential risk
Even the most conservative estimates prove reducing existential risk outweighs all other impacts, regardless of probability – actively prioritize our calculus since you are cognitively biased against it Whittlestone 17 – (Jess Whittlestone, PhD in Behavioural Science and has worked as a policy consultant for government, specialising in security and foreign policy. She also has experience as a freelance journalist for a number of online magazines, including Quartz, Vox, and Aeon. Before her PhD, she studied Maths and Philosophy at Oxford, and played a key role in developing 80,000 Hours' coaching process and research. Currently, Jess is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence at Cambridge, “The Long-Term Future”, Effective Altruism, 11-16-17, Available Online at https://www.effectivealtruism.org/articles/cause-profile-long-run-future/, accessed 12-4-18, HKR-AM) The number of ..
worth taking seriously.
Extinction outweighs---it’s the upmost moral evil and disavowal of the risk makes it more likely. Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. required human extinction. Complacency goes neg – academics and the wider public actively discount the probability AND magnitude of existential risks – only giving them extra attention in debate solves – that means our impact outweighs even in we lose the rest of framing Javorsky 18 Emilia Javorsky is a Boston-based physician-scientist focused on the invention, development and commercialization of new medical therapies. She also leads an Artificial Intelligence in Medicine initiative with The Future Society at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Why Human Extinction Needs a Marketing Department. January 15, 2018. https://www.xconomy.com/boston/2018/01/15/why-human-extinction-needs-a-marketing-department/ Experts at Oxford ..
to this issue.
1/28/22
JanFeb -- T - Appropriation Define
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Margaret Strong Interpretation – the aff must specify what type of Private Actor Appropriation they affect. Appropriation is extremely vague – no legal precedent means no normal means Pershing 19, Abigail D. "Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty's Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today." Yale J. Int'l L. 44 (2019): 149. (Robina Fellow at European Court of Human Rights. European Court of Human Rights Yale Law School)Elmer Though the Outer .. prohibited or rejected. Violation: they don’t The net benefit is shiftiness – vague plan wording wrecks Neg Ground since it’s impossible to know which arguments link given different types of appropriation like mining, space col, satellites, and tourism – the 1AR dodges links by saying they don’t affect particular types of appropriation, or they don’t reduce private appropriation enough to trigger the link
1/16/22
JanFeb -- T - Effects
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Elmer Yang, Nolan Burdett Interpretation—the aff must directly regulate the appropriation by private entities of outer space. To clarify, they may not restrict an activity whose consequence is appropriation – they can’t be effects-T.
Violation – their offense is about terrorist attacks, the result of which is creating debris and nonfucntional objects, which is what their ev says is appropriation. Their 1ac Munoz-Patchen evidence concedes that the appropriation is a “result of terror attacks” – this is textbook effects-T.
FOR REFERENCE: their 1AC definition evidence: Debris and nonfunctional objects constitute appropriation – both are results of terror attacks Muñoz-Patchen 18 (Chelsea, J.D. Candidate, 2019, The University of Chicago Law School.) “Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty” Chicago Journal of International Law, 2018. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1741andcontext=cjil BC Failing to Clean Up Space Debris Violates These Legal Principles If one considers ..
not appropriate space.
Effects T is a voting issue for limits and ground – their interp unbounds the topic – infinite number of activities could result in appropriation, with long enough link chains. Even the most limited version of their interp still allows restricting any activity that could result in space debris – means hacking, ASAT attacks, missile launches, etc are all on the table. That outweighs – no unifying neg ground covers mining bad and ASAT attacks bad which destroys generics and clash – filters all of their offense about aff ground and education.
3/26/22
JanFeb -- T - Framework
Tournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit ZD | Judge: John Sims Interpretation and violation – the affirmative must advocate for a reduction in private appropriation of outer space by private entities Appropriation means use, exploitation, or occupation that is permanent and to the exclusion of others Babcock 19 Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Cente. Babcock, Hope M. "The Public Trust Doctrine, Outer Space, and the Global Commons: Time to Call Home ET." Syracuse L. Rev. 69 (2019): 191. Article II is one .. of all others.”151
Outer space refers to the space beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. Vereshchetin 06 Vladlen, former Member of the ICJ, Chairman of the International Law Commission, and Professor of International Law “Outer Space,” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, https://spacelaw.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_spacelaw/EPIL_Outer_Space.pdf, 2006 A. Definition of .. B. (‘Outer Space Treaty’). Extra topicality independently links to our offense – it allows the affirmative to add on random unpredictable planks to generate extra advantages and solve net benefits, which ruins neg preparation, especially when the majority of their offense and framing comes from the extra-topical part.
Vote negative for predictable limits and ground—-allowing the affirmative to pick any grounds for the debate makes negative engagement impossible, by skirting a predictable starting point and making our preparation and research useless.
TVA: Defend the US, China, Russia, and all other Non-African sovereign nations ban space appropriation. Defend private entities as the actor There are two impacts – 1 Fairness – unlimited aff choice shifts the goalposts for topical debate. Pre-tournament negative preparation is structured around topical plans. Fairness is an intrinsic good—-debate is fundamentally a game and requires effective competition between the aff and the neg—-the only way for any benefit to be produced from debate and the reason why people are incentivized to do prep and research is to help them do better in their next round is if the judge can make a decision between two sides who have had a relatively equal chance to prepare for a common point of debate. Concluding fairness doesn’t matter would justify intervening on behalf of T even if we lose and extending your favorite critique in your head against the aff even though we never read it because they have no reason why they need to win a competitive game. 2 Clash -- debate creates pressures for research, focused clash, and argument testing which is a standalone impact for their movement to spill over. The external impact is movements -- activism requires learning to defend a proposal against rigorous negation to develop skills for strategy, organizing, problem-solving, using resources, and creating coalitions Lakey 13. (George Lakey co-founded Earth Quaker Action Group which just won its five-year campaign to force a major U.S. bank to give up financing mountaintop removal coal mining. Along with college teaching he has led 1,500 workshops on five continents and led activist projects on local, national, and international levels. Among many other books and articles, he is author of “Strategizing for a Living Revolution” in David Solnit’s book Globalize Liberation. 8 skills of a well-trained activist. June 11, 2013. https://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/8-skills-of-a-well-trained-activist/) Why more training .. glad we did. No RVIs and this means we can kick out of topicality and none of their impact turns apply
Topicality is a conditional - we’ve presented a model we think is good for debate, but if you disprove that model we have the right to kick out it. It’s key to negative flexibility because the affirmative gets plan choice and advantage area and the negative only has the burden of rejoinder, so we have to be able to attack them from both the left and the right to produce the best debates. 2. Their impact turns don’t exist in a vacuum - they’re reliant on them winning the case, but if we win the PIC that disproves the thesis of the case, so they can’t go for impact turns unless they’re winning anyways. 3. Call out culture bad - debaters should be able to reform their views throughout time and making T an RVI is the equivalent of saying we should punish people for changing their opinions, which encourages ideological dogmatism and perpetuates the logic of carcerality they criticize 4. Neg teams will exclude your aff and say to reject it regardless, they will say your Aff is messed up and tell you not to vote for it whether it’s a DA, CP, or Framework
4/10/22
JanFeb -- T - Legal
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Elmer Yang, Nolan Burdett Interpretation – affirmative teams must defend legal action by a government John Bouvier 56 The Free Dictionary, “Unjust” DS https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Unjust#:~:text=UNJUST.,test20of20right20and20wrong. Unjust Also found .. right and wrong.
“Resolved” means enactment of a law. Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). “Resolved”. 1964. Definition of the .. establish by law”.
Violation – the aff fiats private self-restriction, which is not a method of correcting injustice nor an enactment of a law.
Ground – generics on this topic must be tied to the actor, not the action, because each space appropriation is unique. A topic where the unifying thesis is countries legislating restrictions on space appropriation is much better than one about private actors self-restricting – their interp skirts multilat good/bad, K’s of IR and global governance, and CP’s to reform the OST – there are no unifying DA’s to different private companies around the world signing binding internal memos to restrict a type of space appropriation. Fairness is a voting issue – you can’t deterine fairness is bad in an unfair debate and it’s a constituve rule DTD on topicality – it kills our ability to engage starting from the 1AC and DTA is functionally DTD and means vote neg on presumption No RVIs – they’re illogical, create a chilling effect on setting theory norms, and destroy substantive education.
3/26/22
JanFeb -- T - Nebel
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Krish Patel, Austin Broussard Interpretation: “Private entities” is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that a subset of nations ban the appropriation of outer space. Nebel 19. Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh. “Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution.” Vbriefly. August 12, 2019. https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/?fbclid=IwAR0hUkKdDzHWrNeqEVI7m59pwsnmqLl490n4uRLQTe7bWmWDO_avWCNzi14 TG Both distinctions are ..
in the resolution. It applies to “private entities” – 1 upward entailment test – “appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust” doesn’t entail that all entities ought to ban private entities because public entities don’t, 2 adverb test – adding “generally” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning because a ban is universal. Precision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. Violation – They specified China Standards: 1 Limits and ground – their model allows affs to defend any combination of private entities in any countries which explodes negative burden and causes random affs every tournament Drop the debater:– we can’t restart the round from the 1AC and I’m skewed for the rest of the debate.
1/13/22
JanFeb -- T - Orbital Placement
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Ari Davidson, Gordon Krauss, Chris Castillo T – Appropriation: Interpretation: Appropriation means use, exploitation, or occupation that is permanent and to the exclusion of others Babcock 19 Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Cente. Babcock, Hope M. "The Public Trust Doctrine, Outer Space, and the Global Commons: Time to Call Home ET." Syracuse L. Rev. 69 (2019): 191. Article II is of all others.”151 Violation: Aff does not appropriate – reject non-legal interpretations Johnson 20 Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation and has nine years of professional experience in international space law and policy. He has authored and co-authored publications on international space law, national space legislation, international cooperation in space, human-robotic cooperative space exploration, and on the societal benefits of space technology for Africa. "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit." https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf No, This Is ..
of global constellations. Their Kulu card concedes the labs are either on shuttles, on government property, or both. Kulu 18 Harker reads yellow. Kulu(Factories in space, Medicine and drugs, Erik Kulu 2018-2021, Manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs in low orbit https://www.factoriesinspace.com/medicine-and-drugs) Microgravity changes how .. has no atmosphere.”6 Howell 19 also concedes all of their evidence is about the International Space Station. Harker reads yellow. Howell 19(Elizabeth Howell, How Big Pharma Was Wooed To Space-Based 'Business Park, August 14 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethhowell1/2019/08/14/how-big-pharma-was-wooed-to-space-based-business-park/?sh=e97d10632e17) The most exclusive .. is a problem.” Microgravity Labs in orbit do not appropriate – reject non-legal interpretations Johnson 20 Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation and has nine years of professional experience in international space law and policy. He has authored and co-authored publications on international space law, national space legislation, international cooperation in space, human-robotic cooperative space exploration, and on the societal benefits of space technology for Africa. "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit." https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf And while GSO .. of global constellations.
No severance out of this – these two cards are the only 1AC cards about pharma in space. Severance is a voting issue – kills fairness and destroys discussion because no engagement. Plan text in a vacuum is bad – a it incentivizes shiftiness in the 1AR and it’s bad for education and engagement because policies are contextually informed by their mechanisms and advantages b this breaks all modes of topicality debate, you can read a plan that is nominally topical then not have to do defend T by reading non-T advantages c we base 1NC preparation off what their cards define appropriation to mean – especially true given the fact they didn’t define LAWs in the 1AC, neg prep is based off their authors and the only connection they have to space d Vote on presumption otherwise, it locks them in to defend an aff which they have no offense for CX doesn’t check – preround prep is based off of what we know the 1AC to be based on advantage areas, compounded by the fact that this CX checks argument wasn’t even in the iteration of the aff that was disclosed to me 1 Precision – if we win definitions the aff doesn’t defend a shift from the squo or solve their advantages – so at best vote negative on presumption. The resolution is the only predictable stasis point for dividing ground—any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. I 2 Predictable limits—including non-appropriative slots offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of different satellite systems – LEO MEO and HEO, plus different companies, plus sizes of constellations, et cetera. Letting temporary occupation be appropriation is a limits diaster - any aff about a single space ship, satellite, or weapon would be T because they temporarily occupy space. Limits explodes neg prep burden and draws un-reciprocal lines of debate, where the aff is always ahead, turns their pragmatics offense No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- T - Permanent Appropriation
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Interpretation: appropriation involves permanent, exclusive use of land and resource extraction. The aff must defend that appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. Stephen Gorove, Stephen Gorove (1917-2001) was a space law education pioneer. He served as a professor of space law and director of space studies and policy, from 1991-1998, at the University of Mississippi., 1969 " Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty" Fordham Law Review, https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1966andcontext=flr With respect to .. to appropriation. Violation – application of PTD to space isn’t permanent, it’s context dependent and depends on cost benefit analysis WEF n.d. -- (“Public Trust Doctrine.” Water Education Foundation, The Water Education Foundation is a nonprofit organization whose goal is to provide unbiased, balanced information on water issues in California and the Southwestern United States. The Foundation's mission, since its founding in 1977, has been "to create a better understanding of water resources and foster public understanding and resolution of water resource issues through facilitation, education and outreach,” https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/public-trust-doctrine, HKR-AS) Rooted in Roman ..
about public trust. Plan text in a vacuum bad for fairness because it allows for incongruency between 99 of the aff and 1 of the aff – the worst version of their model is that the plan text is different from the advantage, so it makes no sense – hold them to reading a plan text defined contextually with the advantage Vote neg – 1 Ground – allowing affs to not defend permanent appropriation kills negative ground – we can’t read the innovation DA, since they can say innovative appropriation efforts are allowed, we can’t read asteroid mining or disads to specific types of appropriation since they can defend an exemption for that, etc. – Since the government gets to interpret whether or not the PTD applies to appropriation in specific instances, the negative can’t reasonably predict what the aff defends restricting and what it doesn’t. Ground controls the internal link to clash and fairness since the aff makes being neg impossible.
T is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interps – it tells the negative what to prepare for and reasonability invites judge intervention
1/17/22
JanFeb -- T - Private Entities
Tournament: King Round Robin | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Elmer Yang, Nolan Burdett Interpretation: The aff must defend a reduction in space appropriation by “private entities” Space law proves they don’t mean “private entities” Space Settlement Institute — (Extension The, insert quals, “The Private Space Companies Act“,Available Online at http://www.space-settlement-institute.org/private-space-companies-act.html, accessed 3-26-2022, HKR-AR) Private entity: A .. in this sense.
Violation: Terrorists are not “private space companies”
Standards:
Limits: They explode the topic to any and all non-state actors, including terrorists, individual personhood affs, non-profit affs, etc – All of that breaks negative preparation. No generic applies to the China aff and the Bob Tom should stop appropriating outer space aff. Reject the arg on 1AR Theory
Proportionality- punishment is worse than the skew which is solved by investment in the original arg and defending theory. 2. Creates perverse incentives to collapse to theory instead of returning to substance- turns deterrence since theory over-proliferates which crowds out substance.
3/26/22
JanFeb -- T - PrivatePublic
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, Leah Clark-Villanueva Interpretation: the affirmative must only defend that the appropriation of space by private entities is unjust. China's "private" sector companies aren't private Olson 20 Stephen Olson, research fellow at the Hinrich Foundation. "Are Private Chinese Companies Really Private?" The Diplomat, 9-30-2020, accessed 1-14-2022, https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/are-private-chinese-companies-really-private/ HWIC China has often ..
to Chinese companies.
Negate – they skirt the core controversy of the topic which is national vs private space activities – kills stasis point and pre-round prep and means we lose access to generics that rely on the motives of private companies differing from national interest proven by the fact that their advantage is functionally China space good/bad – competing interps and DTD on T, it's a question of models and we indict their advocacy
1/14/22
JanFeb -- T -- Appropriation Spec
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi Interpretation: The aff may not specify unjust types of space appropriation. Violation – They specified large sats in LEO Standards: 1 Limits and ground – their model allows affs to defend any combination of appropriation in any geopolitical context which explodes negative burden and causes random affs every tournament Drop the debater:– we can’t restart the round from the 1AC and I’m skewed for the rest of the debate.
1/15/22
JanFeb -- Theory - Misdisclosure during Flip
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Interpretation: Affirmatives team must not misdisclose during flips
After I flipped neg on tabroom and literally could not change my side, they said changes to the advantage. They’ll say their change wasn’t that expansive 1 Lying 2 Pre-Round Prep
1/17/22
JanFeb -- Theory - New Affs Bad
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loveless Academic Magnet Program RR | Judge: Chris Castillo Interpretation: New, un-disclosed, non-open sourced, non-cites disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round 2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff
1/28/22
NovDec -- DA - Protectionism
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Anthony Brown Unions cause protectionism – that slows growth and causes tariffs Epstein 16 Richard A. Epstein Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow @ the Hoover Institution. "The Rise of American Protectionism." https://www.hoover.org/research/rise-american-protectionism This point explains ..
compound the problem. New trade conflicts cause global war and undermine cooperation on collective action problems Dr. Michael F. Oppenheimer 21, Clinical Professor at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University, Senior Consulting Fellow for Scenario Planning at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Former Executive Vice President at The Futures Group, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, The Foreign Policy Roundtable at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, and The American Council on Germany, “The Turbulent Future of International Relations”, in The Future of Global Affairs: Managing Discontinuity, Disruption and Destruction, Ed. Ankersen and Sidhu, p. 23-30 Four structural forces ..
seems awfully dry.
11/21/21
NovDec -- DA - Unions
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Morgan Copeland Unions cause protectionism – that slows growth and causes tariffs Epstein 16 Richard A. Epstein Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow @ the Hoover Institution. "The Rise of American Protectionism." https://www.hoover.org/research/rise-american-protectionism This point explains ..
compound the problem. New trade conflicts cause global war and undermine cooperation on collective action problems Dr. Michael F. Oppenheimer 21, Clinical Professor at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University, Senior Consulting Fellow for Scenario Planning at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Former Executive Vice President at The Futures Group, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, The Foreign Policy Roundtable at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, and The American Council on Germany, “The Turbulent Future of International Relations”, in The Future of Global Affairs: Managing Discontinuity, Disruption and Destruction, Ed. Ankersen and Sidhu, p. 23-30 Four structural forces ..
seems awfully dry.
11/21/21
NovDec -- Framework - Util
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Morgan Copeland the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death is bad Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. required human extinction. .
11/21/21
NovDec -- Framework - Util v2
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Anthony Brown the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death is bad Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. r required human extinction. 2 Governments require weighing between allocation of resources through utilitarianism Mack 4 (Peter, MBBS, FRCS(Ed), FRCS (Glasg), PhD, MBA, MHlthEcon) “Utilitarian Ethics in Healthcare.” International Journal of the Computer, the Internet, and Management Vol. 12, No.3. 2004. Department of Surgery. Singapore General Hospital. SJDI Medicine is a .. situation are ignored. 3 Non util ethics are too difficult to abide by Greene 10 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) What turn-of-the-millennium science .. philosophy in question. 4 That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So .. part of my defense.
11/21/21
NovDec -- K - CLS
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Morgan Copeland, Andrew Wixson, Arianna Nelson The right to strike is a dangerous distraction that prevents the labor movement from challenging systems at the root cause of class inequality and that make it structurally impossible for legal institutions to protect workers. Empirically “right to strike” legislation hamstrings actual strikes via circumventive policies that jail strikers for engaging in theft, violence, etc while allowing for a façade of acceptance and forcing union representation, wages, and economic equality to plummet. The AFF results in scattered, ineffective, and “respectable” strikes and labor disputes re-routed towards legal arbitration while increased legal incorporation results in more tools for the elite to constrain the labor movement -- turns case and kills workers’ movement writ large. Vote NEG for an alternative that affirms a “direct endorsement of militancy and a turn away from the law and instead towards a political program that might advance the interests of the working class regardless of what the law might hold” White 18 (Ahmed White – Nicholaus Rosenbaum Professor of Law @ University of Colorado Law School, “Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike”, https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles , 2018, pgs. 1065-1073, EmmieeM) One of the …
of this argument.
There is no strike wave, just media smoke tricks. Empirics on current strike trends and outcomes of “Right to Strike” legislation go heavily NEG – you cannot legalize revolution and all legislation is merely a ruse to constrain the workers’ movement through the guise of “legal management” White 18 (Ahmed White – Nicholaus Rosenbaum Professor of Law @ University of Colorado Law School, “Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike”, https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles , 2018, pgs. 1124-1131, EmmieeM) In fact, at …
the same thing. Illegal strike activity solves the affirmative – the aff is an attempt to regulate the ongoing strike wave Olivier 10/28 Indigo Olivier is a Brooklyn-based freelance journalist covering politics, labor, and higher education. “Striketober: America’s workers are rising up”, https://conversationalist.org/2021/10/28/striketober-americas-workers-are-rising-up/, published 10-28-21, accessed 11-4-21 mk Workers across the .. an unsuccessful one.” The 1AC is respectability politics – their endorsement of non-violence legitimizes violent responses to perceived violent protestors and splits up solidarity among different factions. Militarized violent responses are inevitable and black and brown people are already coded as violent and beget violence for even nonviolence. The 1AC is part of an ahistorical fantasy about nonviolent resistance, papering over the blood of activists and their own regrets over pursuing nonviolence. This turns the case and decimates solvency. Pierce 20 Rebecca Pierce, “The Limits and Dangers of a Fixation on “Nonviolence””, 2020, New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/158087/limits-dangers-fixation-nonviolence In the immediate .. , is his watchword.”
11/22/21
NovDec -- T - A
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Julian Kuffour Interpretation—the aff may not specify a just government That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptive Violation—they specified Brazil Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a just government offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments in the world depending on their definition of “just government”. Topicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
11/21/21
NovDec -- T - Framework
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Morgan Copeland Interp: Affirmatives must only defend the implementation of a law that a just government recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike This does not require the use of any particular style, type of evidence, or assumption about the role of the judge — only that the topic should determine the debate’s subject matter.
“Resolved” means enactment of a law. Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). “Resolved”. 1964. Definition of .. establish by law”.
Violation – they reinterpret the resolution as a metaphorical rejection of productivity – that’s distinct from legally establishing a right to strike
TVA- defend a material right to strike and justify that by saying work as an ideology is bad – that still lets you discuss semiocapitalism but requires the aff to materially defend strikes as a stasis point. Disads to the TVA prove neg ground and no right to a perfect 1ac. Materially defending implentation is also important for limits – key for the DA’s that we’re reading and the fact they will say “no link” in the 1AR proves our claim of negative contestment and engagement.
Switch side debate – critiques of liberalism and performance can be read on the neg – solves dogmatism by testing different viewpoints Debate doesn’t have any effect on the political and the individual arguments we read have no effect on our subjectivity, even if they spur immediate reflection, those insights aren’t integrated into deep-stored memory—this means you can vote negative on presumption. Encouraging focused, nuanced research and clash is the only chance to change attitudes long term—which means they can’t solve their impact turns but our model can. Vote Neg – The resolution is the only common stasis point that anchors negative preparation. Allowing any aff deviation from the resolution is a moral hazard which justifies an infinite number of unpredictable arguments with thin ties to the resolution. Because debate is a competitive game, their interpretation incentivizes affirmatives to run further towards fringes and revert to truisms which are exceedingly difficult to negate—this asymmetry is compounded by their monopoly on preparation That outweighs – The competitive incentive from debate creates pressures for research and focused clash which generates important skills and makes debate a training ground for future work. The impact Successful movement organizing is analogous to mainstream politics – it requires skilled organization, negotiating relationships, strategic leadership, and proto-institutionalism – sacrificing debate as training ensures we never translate opinion into political power, but requiring the aff defend contestable positions linearly increases debate’s capacity for movement advocacy as they get more predictable Han and Barnett-Loro 18 Hahrie Han, Department of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara. Carina Barnett-Loro, Climate Advocacy Lab, San Francisco. To Support a Stronger Climate Movement, Focus Research on Building Collective Power. December 19, 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00055/full Building public will ..
around gun rights. filter their impacts through predictable testability ---debate inherently judges relative truth value by whether or not it gets answered---a combination of a less predictable case neg, the burden of rejoinder, and them starting a speech ahead will always inflate the value of their impacts, which makes non-arbitrarily weighing whether they should have read the 1ac in the first place impossible within the structure of a debate round so even if we lose framework, vote neg on presumption. No RVIs – this includes impact turns and independent voting issues – 1 – exclusions are inevitable – we only have 45 minutes to discuss things – doesn’t prove harmful intent 2 – T is an aff burden – doesn’t justify them winning 3 – forces unreasonable standard of epistemic perfection – bad arguments should be rejected, but that doesn’t implicate the team
11/21/21
NovDec -- T - Workers
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Morgan Copeland, Andrew Wixson, Arianna Nelson Interpretation: The aff many not specify workers Violation: They do Vote neg: Limits – you can pick any worker in any occupation– it explodes neg prep and leads to random worker of the week affs bc there’s more than a 1000 different occupations.
11/22/21
NovDec -- Theory - New Affs Bad
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Lukas Krause Interpretation: New, un-disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round 2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff
11/20/21
SeptOct -- DA - Infrastructure
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent DN | Judge: Christopher Perez The Debt Ceiling expansion gives Democrats two months to finalize and pass Biden’s spending package – every moment is necessary to resolve intraparty disputes Cochrane 10/7 Cochrane, Emily. Emily Cochrane is a correspondent based in Washington. She has covered Congress since late 2018, focusing on the annual debate over government funding and economic legislation, ranging from emergency pandemic relief to infrastructure. "Senate Leaders Agree to Vote on Short-Term Debt Ceiling Increase." N.Y. Times, 7 Oct. 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/10/07/us/politics/debt-ceiling-senate.html. Senator Chuck Schumer .. a long-term increase. Pushing a WTO takes time, energy, and political capital away from domestic legislation – big pharma and EU allies Bhadrakumar 5/9 M K Bhadrakumar is a former Indian diplomat. "Biden’s talk of vaccine IP waiver is political theater." Asia Times, May 9, 2021, asiatimes.com/2021/05/bidens-talk-of-vaccine-ip-waiver-is-political-theater. On the other .. all opposed the idea. Package is sufficient, necessary, and the last opportunity to solve climate change – extinction Leber 10/7 Leber, Rebecca. Rebecca Leber covers climate change for Vox. Before joining Vox, she was an environmental reporter at Mother Jones, where her investigations exposed government corruption and fossil fuel industry disinformation. She has worked as a staff writer at Grist, The New Republic, and ThinkProgress. A dozen more outlets have published her work over her decade as a climate journalist. "A last chance for US climate action: Democrats’ Build Back Better and infrastructure bills." Vox, 7 Oct. 2021, www.vox.com/22685920/democrats-infrastructure-build-back-better-climate-change. The United States .. countries,” Cleetus said. Warming causes extinction –hurts marginalized communities the most Melton 19 Michelle Melton is a 3L at Harvard Law School. Before law school, she was an associate fellow in the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where she focused on climate policy. Climate Change and National Security, Part II: How Big a Threat is the Climate? January 7, 2019. https://www.lawfareblog.com/climate-change-and-national-security-part-ii-how-big-threat-climate At least until ..
among other consequences.
10/9/21
SeptOct -- NC - Util
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: Octas | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent JS | Judge: Saianurag Karavadi, David Dosch, Lukas Krause the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death outweighs Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. required human extinction. 2 All other frameworks fail Mack 4 (Peter, MBBS, FRCS(Ed), FRCS (Glasg), PhD, MBA, MHlthEcon) “Utilitarian Ethics in Healthcare.” International Journal of the Computer, the Internet, and Management Vol. 12, No.3. 2004. Department of Surgery. Singapore General Hospital. SJDI Medicine is a .. situation are ignored. 3 Non util ethics are impossible Greene 10 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) What turn-of-the-millennium science .. philosophy in question. 4 That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So, I .. of my defense.
10/11/21
SeptOct -- T - Data Exclusivity
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: Finals | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch, Felicity Park, Ben Cortez Interpretation – topical affs must defend a reduction of intellectual property protections. IP is a specific, definable category which doesn’t include data exclusivity. WTO “World Trade Organization.” WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm. Intellectual property rights .. holders and of users. Prefer – Limits – allowing non intellectual property explodes limits to include literally all possible plans out there – makes neg prep impossible because the case negs to the different affs would have no overlap – privileges the aff by stretching pre-tournament neg prep too thin and precluding nuanced rigorous testing of aff No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical
10/11/21
SeptOct -- T - Medicine
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Ben Cortez Medicines are substances used to prevent, diagnose, or treat harms. MRS 20 (MAINE REVENUE SERVICE SALES, FUEL and SPECIAL TAX DIVISION) “A REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE SALES AND USE TAX LAW” https://www.maine.gov/revenue/sites/maine.gov.revenue/files/inline-files/Reference20Guide202020.pdf December 2020 SS Medicines means antibiotics, .. sold in packaging.
Medicines solely refer to physical substances. American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine 18 The American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine 2018 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company https://www.yourdictionary.com/medicineElmer "A substance, especially .. disease, condition, or injury."
CRISPR is a platform technology, not a medicine. Editas Medicine (a clinical-stage biotechnology company which is developing therapies based on CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing technology)., No Date, CRISPR Gene Editing, https://www.editasmedicine.com/crispr-gene-editing/ Justin CRISPR (pronounced “crisper”) is an .. in any cell or tissue.
Negate – 1 Limits – their model explodes it to medical devices, any form of strategy for medical research, databases that are used to create medicines and more – only our definition creates a reasonable caselist for medicines while they make prep impossible and wreck engagement Use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention
10/9/21
SeptOct -- T - Nebel
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Ben Cortez Interpretation: The aff may not defend WTO member nations reducing intellectual property protections for a subset of medicines.
Violation: They only defend CRISPR Vote neg: 1 Limits – you can pick anything from COVID vaccines to HIV/AIDS to random biotech to insulin treatments and there’s no universal disad since each one has a different function and implication for health, tech, and relations – explodes neg prep and leads to random medicine of the week affs which makes cutting stable neg links impossible. No RVIs – a) illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair – it’s a litmus test for engaging in substance
10/9/21
SeptOct -- T - Plural
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch A. Interpretation: The aff must defend that one or more member nations of the WTO reduce IP protections for medicines. “Nations” in the resolution is a plural noun which implicates more than one nation. Daniel Scocco, 2007 (English Grammar 101: Plural Form of Nouns. Online. Internet. Accessed May 13, 2014 at http://www.dailywritingtips.com/english-grammar-101-plural-form-of-nouns/) The English language .. and two cars.
Jurisdiction – the resolution they agreed to debate pluralizes countries for a reason. Outweighs all pragmatic standards:
A. Topicality is a constitutive rule of the activity, they agreed to debate the topic when they came to the tournament, and they should be held to that agreement. Tournament invitation says we are debating Sept-Oct, not a different topic.
B. You only have jurisdiction to vote on topical advocacies, you can’t vote affirmative if they haven’t affirmed.
2. Limits – their interp allows them to specify any country which explodes neg prep burden since there’s no unifying ground versus the Jordan aff or Russia aff – specifying two forces the aff to have a defense of the two countries in the literature which solves limits but still allows for a robust set of affs like the US and China, developing countries, and more.
4. TVA – defend Jordan and the uS – TRIPS plus is what causing the worse economic situation in Jordan
D. Topicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for—there’s no way for the negative to know what constitutes a “reasonable interpretation” when we do prep – reasonability is arbitrary and causes a race to the bottom, proliferating abuse
No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical
10/11/21
SeptOct -- Theory - New Affs Bad
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent DN | Judge: Christopher Perez New, un-disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round 2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff No RVIs:
Logic- aff doesn’t win for proving they’re fair or educational 2. Chilling effect- debaters won’t read legitimate theory for fear of losing to a prepped-out counter-interp- proliferates abuse 3. Substantive education- RVIs force a collapse to theory which crowds-out substance