1AC - India 1NC - Case 1AR - Case 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake
6
Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Margaret Strong
1AC - Corporate Colonialism 1NC - T-Appropriation Define Hegemony DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - Hegemony DA Case 2AR - Case Hegemony DA
Harvard Westlake
Doubles
Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Ari Davidson, Gordon Krauss, Chris Castillo
1AC - Preciado 1NC - T-Orbital Placement African Asteroid Mining PIC Case 1AR - All Topicality Bad PICs Bad 2NR - Topicality Bad PICs Bad African Asteroid Mining PIC Case 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake
Semis
Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong
1AC - PTD 1NC - T-Permanent Appropriation Misdisclosure Guardianship CP Appropriations DA Case 1AR - All RVI 2NR - RVI Guardianship CP 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake
Finals
Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong
1AC - PTD 1NC - T-Appropriation Guardianship CP SCOTUS CP Rule of Law DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - Guardianship CP 2AR - Guardianship CP
Harvard Westlake RR
1
Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah Clark-Villanueva
1AC - Hauntology 1NC - NASA DA Util NC Case 1AR - All 2NR - All 2AR - All
Harvard Westlake RR
3
Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Krish Patel, Austin Broussard
1AC - China 1NC - T-Nebel Diversionary War DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
1AC - China 1NC - T-PrivatePublic Nebel T Case 1AR - All RVI 2NR - RVI Case 2AR - Case
Harvard Westlake RR
Quarters
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi
1AC - LEO SATs 1NC - T-Appropriation Reform CP vs LEO Constellations Africa LEO DA Case 1AR - All 2NR - CP DA Case 2AR - Case CP DA
Nano Nagle Classic
2
Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent DN | Judge: Christopher Perez
1AC - Non-Domination 1NC - New Affs Bad Infrastructure Case 1AR - All 2NR - Infrastructure Case 2AR - Case Infrastructure
Nano Nagle Classic
4
Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Ben Cortez
1AC - CRISPR 1NC - T-Medicine T-Nebel Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic
6
Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin
1AC - Evergreening 1NC - Case 1AR - Case 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic
Octas
Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent JS | Judge: Saianurag Karavadi, David Dosch, Lukas Krause
1AC - Burdens 1NC - Util Infrastructure Case 1AR - All AFC Util K 2NR - Util K AFC All 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic
Finals
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch, Felicity Park, Ben Cortez
1AC - Jordan 1NC - T-Data Exclusivity Case 1AR - Case T 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin
1
Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch
1AC - Jordan 1NC - T-Plural Case 1AR - Case T-Plural 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin
3
Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Margaret Strong
1AC - CRISPR 1NC - T-Nebel T-Medicine Case 1AR - Case 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin
Semis
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Margaret Strong, Felicity Park, David Dosch
1AC - Jordan 1NC - T-Data Exclusivity T-Plural Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
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Cites
Entry
Date
0 -- Contact Info
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hey, I'm Anshul! Please contact me via email at 22anshulr@students.harker.org for questions regarding disclosure or anything else.
9/23/21
JanFeb -- CP - African Asteroid Mining
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Ari Davidson, Gordon Krauss, Chris Castillo Counterplan: We endorse the entirety of the affirmative with the exception of African asteroid mining. Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, climate, terror, war, and disease. Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans .. to the future.
African asteroid mining solves their economy without massive biodloss drawback Oni 19 David is a space industry and technology analyst at Space in Africa. He’s a graduate of Mining Engineering from the Federal University of Technology Akure. "Why Africa Should Consider Asteroid Mining - Space in Africa." Space in Africa, 1 Sept. 2019, africanews.space/why-africa-should-consider-asteroid-mining. It is no .. against environmental degradation. Yes private companies key and coming now – over 283, launching soon, but keeping barriers low key Bailey 21 Stephanie Bailey, Business. "Why Africa is sending more satellites into space." CNN, October 6, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/09/21/business/african-satellites-spc-intl/index.html. London (CNN Business)Africa's space industry .. years to come."
Key to prevent extinction Owusu-Afriyie, 2 --- Aburi Botanic Gardens staff (George, "The Potential Role of African Botanic Gardens in Environmental Awareness Programmes and the Need to be Involved," 10-1-2, www.bgci.org/education/1703/, accessed 1-15-12)
Today some of .. on the Earth.
Prefer the specificity our evidence to African biodiversity- its key to prevent extinction- key region and species to global life-support systems Richard, 10 -- science and technology editor (Michael Graham, "The True Size and Importance of Africa," 10-13-10, www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/the-true-size-and-importance-of-africa-map.html, accessed 1-16-12)
Don't Overlook Africa .. vulnerable people there.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- CP - BBB
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Derek Ying Plan: The appropriation of outer space for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by private entities is unjust for all nations except the United States. In the United States, the fifty state territories and respective state and subnational legislative bodies should prohibit the unjust appropriation of outer space for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by private entities.
It’s competitive – they made the active choice to say “national legislation” in their solvency evidence, and they defended this in cross-ex
Here’s all the time their card says “NATIONAL” Gertz 16 (John, the president and CEO of Zorro Productions, Inc., which he founded in 1977.) “POST-DETECTION SETI PROTOCOLS and METI: THE TIME HAS COME TO REGULATE THEM BOTH,” JBIS, 2016. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.08422.pdf RR National legislative bodies ..
METI might cause. Plan text in a vacuum bad for fairness because it allows for incongruency between 99 of the aff and 1 of the aff – the worst version of their model is that the plan text is different from the advantage, so it makes no sense – hold them to reading a plan text defined contextually with the advantage That definitely means Congress Vocabulary ND — (Vocabulary, “Legislature“, Available Online at https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/legislature, accessed 1-29-2022, HKR-AR) The word legislature .. and judicial branches. BBB passes now – Biden remarks give it momentum Frazin 1/23 – Staff Writer for The Hill (Rachel, “ Biden comments add momentum to spending bill's climate measures,” The Hill, 1-23-22, https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/590871-biden-comments-add-momentum-to-spending-bills-climate-measures) President Biden’s remarks … energy tax credits. Large President-led national space policies incite immense partisan backlash that spills over to kill the entire political agenda Dreier 16 Casey Dreier, Chief Advocate and Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, April 13, 2016. “Does Presidential Intervention Undermine Consensus for NASA?” https://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2016/0413-does-a-strong-president-help-or-hurt-consensus-on-NASA.html To see how .. need to avoid. Republicans want private space exploration Jeff Foust 16 PhD Planetary Sciences, Senior Staff Writer @ SpaceNews, "Republican platform endorses commercial space partnerships," SpaceNews, 7-19-2016 https://spacenews.com/republican-platform-endorses-commercial-space-partnerships/ C.VC WASHINGTON — The new platform ..
Methane emissions lock in irreversible warming Howarth 14 Robert Howarth, PhD, Director, Agriculture, Energy and Environment Program, Chair, International SCOPE Biofuels Program, David R. Atkinson Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology – Cornell, “A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas,” Energy Science and Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 2, June, 2014 The GWP of .. 20-year time frames 34, 37. Extinction Sprat 19 David Spratt is a Research Director for Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration, Melbourne, and co-author of Climate Code Red: The case for emergency action, and Ian T. Dunlop is a member of the Club of Rome, formerly an international oil, gas and coal industry executive, chairman of the Australian Coal Association, chief executive of the Australian Institute of Company Directors, and chair of the Australian Greenhouse Office Experts Group on Emissions Trading, “Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach,” BT Policy Paper, September 5, May 2019-2020, https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_90dc2a2637f348edae45943a88da04d4.pdf By 2050, there .. humankind to nature’.23 (emphasis added)
1/29/22
JanFeb -- CP - China PIC
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 5 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Derek Ying Counterplan: The appropriation of outer space for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by private entities is unjust except for Chinese private entities Their entire aff is literally about Breakthrough Starshot, which is a US-based company – force them to name Chinese private companies interested in ETI contact in the 1AR, or else this counterplan wholly* solves the aff CCP legitimacy high now Yvonne Murray 22, “2021 saw China's Xi Jinping tighten grip on power,” 1/4/22, RTE (Ireland's National Public Service Media), https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1231/1269202-china-year-in-review/ In 2021, while ..
increasingly powerful regime.
The plan alienates the PLA – they view space dominance as the linchpin of China’s legitimacy – specifically, public-private tech development is key Economic Times 20 (Economic Times, Indian daily newspaper, internally cites Dean Cheng, Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation and the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy, former analyst in the International Security and Space Program at the Office of Technology Assessment, BA in Politics from Princeton University) “China attempting to militarize space as it seeks to modernize its military power,” 8/31/2020 JL The Jamestown Foundation, …
satellite jamming operations. China’s “space dream” is key to Xi credibility – plan is a flip flop that undermines legitimacy Kharpal 21 – senior technology correspondent based in Guangzhou, China at CNBC Arjun, “China once said it couldn’t put a potato in space. Now it’s eyeing Mars,” 6/30/2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html Fast forward more than six decades and President Xi Jinping, China’s current leader, is seen congratulating three astronauts who were sent to the country’s own space station earlier this month.
Since Mao’s comments, ..
and Beischl said. And the Chinese private sector is crucial for space competition – Xi has promised and said so before Patel 21 — (Neel V. Patel, Neel is the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and he writes The Airlock newsletter. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where he grew and led the website’s space coverage., “China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US“, MIT Technology Review, 1-21-2021, Available Online at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance, accessed 1-11-2022, HKR-AR) Until recently, China’s ..
from outside China.
That factionalizes the CCP and emboldens challenges to Xi – the PLA is increasingly powerful and not unconditionally subservient Simpson 16 (Kurtis, Centre Director with Defence Research and Development Canada, has been conducting research on China’s leadership, Communist Party politics, the People’s Liberation Army and foreign policy for over 30 years,Master’s Degree and a Ph.D from York University, previously served as an intelligence analyst at the Privy Council Office and leader of the Asia Research Section at the Department of National Defence’s Chief Defence Intelligence (CDI) organization) “China’s Re-Emergence: Assessing Civilian-Military Relations In Contemporary Era – Analysis,” Eurasia Review, 12/21/2016 JL Paralleling divided loyalties …
erode very quickly.29 CCP instability collapses the international order – extinction Perkinson 12 (Jessica, MA in international affairs from American University) “The Potential for Instability in the PRC: How the Doomsday Theory Misses the Mark,” American University School of International Service, 2012 JL Should the CCP …
within the US. Independently, Xi will lash out to preserve cred in the SCS – US draw-in ensures extinction Mastro 20 (Oriana Skylar, Assistant Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute) “Military Confrontation in the South China Sea,” Council on Foreign Relations, 5/21/2020 JL The risk of …
or its aftermath. They get theory but it’s not DTD- 1ar time advantage- that was above, abuse is self-imposed b/c they could always better develop the shell in the 1ar, over-punishment- reading theory cancels out the abuse, and no reason short speech means drop the debater- just get more efficient, short shells already force 2n split. Evaluate the theory debate after the 2NR – if the aff didn’t include weighing in the 1AR, that’s their fault B dropping the argument minimizes the chance the round is decided unfairly C if intervention will happen on theory debates, then judges should intervene in a way that decreases the asinine nature of LD theory
1/29/22
JanFeb -- CP - Guardianship
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong States should declare that public guardianship obligations created by the non-ownership doctrine necessitate a reduction in private actor appropriation of Outer Space.
The public trust doctrine is inseparable from an anthropocentric politics of human chauvinism – further application can only strengthen exploitative relationships to nature – guardianship asserts the doctrine of non-ownership, which solves better and competes Adler 05, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, The Law at the Water's Edge: Limits to ""Ownership"" of Aquatic Ecosystems, in Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use?, pg. 244) gue instead that .. legal responsibilities accordingly. Nonownership solves better has a sound legal basis and effectively advances rights for nature – the aff maintains anthropocentric legal doctrine Adler 07, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, RESTORING COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEMS: A Troubled Sense of Immensity, pg. 199-200) The public trust .. Or, it might
Implementation of public trust doctrine protection will be arbitrary and capricious ensuring ecological harm. The counterplans application of non-ownership solves Adler 05, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, The Law at the Water's Edge: Limits to ""Ownership"" of Aquatic Ecosystems, in Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use?, pg. 244) There are several .. potentially competing uses. The counterplan and the plan are mutually exclusive – application of the public trust doctrine establishes ownership while the counterplan is explicitly non-ownership. Severance permutations should be rejected because they eliminate all counterplan net benefits and disprove desirability of the plan Adler 05, Dean College of Law at Utah (Robert, The Law at the Water's Edge: Limits to ""Ownership"" of Aquatic Ecosystems, in Wet Growth: Should Water Law Control Land Use?, pg. 244) 4. "Non-Ownership" of Wildlife: .. property are restricted.
Expanding PTD causes recessions and destroys the environment – it shatters the entire legal-regulatory balance Huffman 15 James L. Huffman is Dean Emeritus of Lewis and Clark Law School and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds degrees from Montana State University (BS), The Fletcher School of Tufts University (MA) and the University of Chicago (JD). "WHY LIBERATING THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE IS BAD FOR THE PUBLIC." https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/19611-45-2huffman Since the beginning .. protection ultimately depends. Failed recovery causes global crises and extinction McClennan ’21 Marsh, writing with the SK and Zurich Insurance Groups; 2021; Global Professional Services firm, advised by the National University of Singapore, the Oxford Martin School at Oxford University, Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the University of Pennsylvania; World Economic Forum, “The Global Risks Report 2021,” https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf Executive Summary The immediate human ..
in the GRPS. Applying an American legal concept to other countries doesn’t work – interpretive differences, local institutions, and cultural distinctions make the plan meaningless abroad Cheng 12 Thomas, assistant professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Hong Kong. "Convergence and Its Discontents: A Reconsideration of the Merits of Convergence of Global Competition Law." https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362andcontext=cjil The characteristics of .. in competition law.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- CP - Reform vs LEO Constellations
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi Counterplan: The appropriation of outer space by Starlink, OneWeb, and Telesat via Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit is unjust. The integration of blockchain security technology by private entities into Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit is just. The use of Antisatellite Weapons by states is unjust . Plank 1 solves almost all of advantage 1 – the cards are overwhelmingly about Starlink Plank 2 solves any residual offense – blockchain makes hacking computationally impossible Adams ’19 (Dr. Victoria Adams has over 30 years of experience in the technology and consulting industry. She currently leads ConsenSys’s US Public Sector Practice. Prior to joining ConsenSys, she has worked for many of the Big Four consulting firms and has led her own startups. She is deeply involved in fighting the Opioid Epidemic as an activist and in a professional capacity. She has worked with harm reduction groups and spoken extensively on the topic to medical professionals, technologists, and senior policymakers. She has written numerous articles and books on the subject of technology and the public sector. She has a PhD in economics and public policy and a Masters in public administration. Mar 5, 2019 “Why Military Blockchain is Critical in the Age of Cyber Warfare” https://media.consensys.net/why-military-blockchain-is-critical-in-the-age-of-cyber-warfare-93bea0be7619 | SP) Blockchain is an ..
trigger intelligent subroutines. Plank 3 solves the second advantage – their only internal link is state based ASAT attacks. We stop them!
1/15/22
JanFeb -- CP - SCOTUS
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Finals | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong States should pass legislation to increase the scope of the Public Trust Doctrine to reduce private actor appropriation of Outer Space Roberts, Kavanaugh, Barrett balancing now Stahl 21 Jeremy, Senior Editor for Slate, “If John Roberts Really Wants to Save the Court, He Should Retire” https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/12/john-roberts-retirement-abortion-supreme-court.html Second, retirement would ..
also existing regulations. Only the court can expand PTD – all past expansions prove – at worst, its normal means Rollins 21 Brigit, staff writer for The National Agricultural Law Center and environmental lawyer, “The Public Domain: Basics of the Public Trust Doctrine” https://nationalaglawcenter.org/the-public-domain-basics-of-the-public-trust-doctrine/ One of the ..
The plan causes institutional balancing – SCOTUS couple’s the plan’s expansion of agency enforcement with an equal and opposite ruling in West Virginia constraining agencies HLR 11 – Harvard Law Review, “ADVISORY OPINIONS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPREME COURT OVER AMERICAN POLICYMAKING”, June, 124 Harv. L. Rev. 2064, Lexis In assessing the …
by political constraints. Biden delegation key to every impact – especially key to end COVID, solve climate change, manage nuclear waste, and regulate Juul Mullen and Singh 20 ---- Hannah Mullen is a Graduate Fellow at the Appellate Courts Immersion Clinic (Georgetown Law) and a former clerk on the D.C. Circuit for the Honorable Merrick Garland with a JD (Harvard Law School), Sejal Singh is a Justice Catalyst Fellow at Public Citizen Litigation Group, former labor policy expert at the Congressional Progressive Caucus Center, and former Teaching Fellow in Constitutional law (Harvard Law School) with a JD (Harvard Law School), “The Supreme Court Wants to Revive a Doctrine That Would Paralyze Biden’s Administration,” Slate, 12/1, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/12/supreme-court-gundy-doctrine-administrative-state.html Joe Biden promised ..
that displeases them.
1/28/22
JanFeb -- DA - Africa SATS
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi LEO is uniquely accessible to African industry due to cheaper launch and production costs – that solves Earth Observation, internet, national security, and spills over to enrich the economy Samanga 21 Ruvimbo Samanga, Zimbabwean scholar and lawyer working with the Space Law and Policy, holds a BA Law (cum laude), an LLB and an LLM in International Trade and Investment Law from the University of Pretoria. "Why Africa Should Expand its Mega-Satellite Constellation Capacity." Space Legal Issues, 3 May. 2021, www.spacelegalissues.com/why-africa-should-expand-its-mega-satellite-constellation-capacity. Since 1988, Africa .. and beneficial manner. LEO Earth Science Observation Satellites uniquely solve a host of environmental threats – pollution, climate change, biod, defo, soil erosion Ustin and Middleton 20 Ustin, S.L. John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis , Middleton, E.M NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (Emerita). Current and near-term advances in Earth observation for ecological applications. Ecol Process 10, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00255-4 There is an .. predict future conditions. Warming causes extinction David Spratt 19, Research Director for Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration, Ian Dunlop, member of the Club of Rome, formerly an international oil, gas and coal industry executive, chairman of the Australian Coal Association, May 2019, “Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach,” https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_b2c0c79dc4344b279bcf2365336ff23b.pdf An existential risk ..
in Figure 1. instability causes global war Mead 13 – (Walter Russell, Foreign Affairs Prof @ Bard, “Peace In The Congo? Why The World Should Care”, American Interest; http://www.the-american-interest.com/2013/12/15/peace-in-the-congo-why-the-world-should-care/) The Congo war .. prevent mass mayhem. Independent African satellite constellation key to push out foreign, Chinese investment – which kills African democracy Tuerk 20 Tuerk, Miriam. CEO and cofounder of Clear Blue Technologies Inc."Africa Is The Next Frontier For The Internet." Forbes, 8 June 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/miriamtuerk/2020/06/09/africa-is-the-next-frontier-for-the-internet/?sh=1f5e9eec4900. Expanding network connectivity .. relationships with it. expansion in Africa escalates absent democratic relations Maru 19 - a scholar of peace and security, law and governance, strategy and management, human rights and migration issues. (Mehari, “A new cold war in Africa” Aljazeera. July 1, 2019. DOA: November 17, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/cold-war-africa-190630102044847.html)//MGalian Increasing tensions between .. of a third party.
1/15/22
JanFeb -- DA - Appropriations
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Appropriations pass now but floor time and bipartisanship are key Bolton 1/13 Alexander, staff reporter for The Hill, “Negotiators report progress toward 2022 spending deal” https://thehill.com/policy/finance/589599-negotiators-report-progress-on-reaching-2022-spending-deal Senate and House ..
“I’m hopeful always.” Large President-led national space policies incite immense partisan backlash that spills over to kill the entire political agenda Dreier 16 Casey Dreier, Chief Advocate and Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, April 13, 2016. “Does Presidential Intervention Undermine Consensus for NASA?” https://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2016/0413-does-a-strong-president-help-or-hurt-consensus-on-NASA.html To see how .
need to avoid. Congress will backlash to unpopular decisions Dr. Alicia Uribe 13, Lecturer in Political Science at University of Illinois, PhD University of Washington St. Louis, “The Influence of Congressional Preferences on Legislative Overrides of Supreme Court Decisions”, Law and Society Review, http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/thansford/Articles/congress_reaction_to_court.pdf Conclusion Congress and .. on statutory cases. Yearlong CR ruins UAVs for decades—that undermines strategic competition Wynne 1/14 Brian Wynne, Federal Aviation Administration’s Drone Advisory Committee and Management Advisory Council, "A yearlong continuing resolution will hinder unmanned systems integration", 1/14/22, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2022/01/14/a-yearlong-continuing-resolution-will-hinder-unmanned-systems-integration/ With fiscal 2022 ..
to step up. That causes nuclear war with Russia and china Kroenig and Gopalaswamy 18, *Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council. Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council. He holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin. (Matthew and Bharath, 11-12-2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war/) Rather, we should ..
balances more broadly.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- DA - Hegemony
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Margaret Strong US wins space race now due to private competition – its key to space dominance and militarization is good – the plan nukes the US’s silver bullet against Chinese aggression Weichert 21 – former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics Brandon, “The Future of Space Exploration Depends on the Private Sector,” 7/5/2021, https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-future-of-space-exploration-depends-on-the-private-sector/#slide-1 As Jeff Bezos ..
China’s state capitalism. Basing ensures win Erwin 20 – writes about military space programs, policy, technology and the industry that supports this sector. She has covered the military, the Pentagon, Congress and the defense industry for nearly two decades as editor of NDIA’s National Defense Magazine and Pentagon correspondent for Real Clear Defense. Sandra, Space News, “Report proposes actions to strengthen U.S. space industry and military capabilities,” 7/28/2020, https://spacenews.com/report-proposes-actions-to-strengthen-u-s-space-industry-and-military-capabilities/ WASHINGTON — A group of ..
such an exchange. Space privatization key to heg Weichert 17 (Brandon J., a former Congressional staff member who holds a Master of Arts in Statecraft and National Security Affairs from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. He is the founder of The Weichert Report: An Online Journal of Geopolitics, and is currently completing a book on national security space policy.) “The High Ground: The Case for U.S. Space Dominance,” Science Direct, 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438717300108 RR The global order ..
U.S. policymakers today.24
Heg is sustainable but not impervious to collapse Hal Brands, 5-1-2021, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor At The Johns Hopkins School Of Advanced International Studies, China’s Creative Challenge—and the Threat to America, Commentary Magazine, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/hal-brands/chinas-geopolitical-challenge-threat-to-america//Khan FINALLY, CHINA is .. path to hegemony. No thumpers – the past four years prove that upholding the LIO is key to recover. Allen Hicken, Pauline Jones, and Anil Menon, 1-1-2021, Allen Hicken is a professor of political science at the University of Michigan. Pauline Jones is a professor of political science at the University of Michigan. Anil Menon is a doctoral candidate in political science, "The International System After Trump and the Pandemic", University of California Press, https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article/120/822/3/114548/The-International-System-After-Trump-and-theWeese Both as a .. during this period. Biden will inev try to regain it – proves try or die Tepperman 21 – a former editor in chief of Foreign Policy and the author of The Fix: How Countries Use Crises to Solve the World’s Worst Problems. (Jonathan, "Biden Was Right: America Is Back," Foreign Policy, 2-23-2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/23/biden-was-right-america-is-back/, Accessed 11-17-2021, LASA-SC) President Joe Biden’s .. l be grateful for. China long-term can’t become a hegemon because of slow growth and international constraints- BUT short-term lunges for power trigger immediate war . ONLY deterrence solves Beckley and Brands 12-17 -- Associate Professor of Political Science at Tufts University and Jeane Kirkpatrick Visiting Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute Michael, and Hal Brands, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and a Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, "Competition With China Could Be Short and Sharp," Foreign Affairs, 12-17-20, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-12-17/competition-china-could-be-short-and-sharp, accessed 12-20-20
Weak American deterrence in Asia causes expansion that escalates to nuclear war – our theory of revisionism is true Mira Rapp-Hooper 20. PhD in Political Science from Columbia. Senior fellow for Asia Security at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) and senior fellow at Yale Law School’s Paul Tsai China Center. “From Primacy to Openness: U.S. Strategic Objectives in Asia.” The Struggle for Power U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century. https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/2020/01/TheStruggleForPower.pdf Washington should seek ..
to the region.27 solves unstable nuclear alliances that cause war Hayes 18 Peter Hayes, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University. Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony. November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 During a post-hegemonic era, ..
, the new normal. And, space dominance key to global peace – nuclear and conventional deterrence is collapsing, which will provoke civilization-ending revisionist aggression from Russia and China Dr. Robert Zubrin 19, Masters in Aeronautics and Astronautics and Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Washington, President of Pioneer Energy, Founder and President of the Mars Society, Senior Fellow with the Center for Security Policy, The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility, p. Google Books The United States ..
by the exchange.
1/16/22
JanFeb -- DA - NASA
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah Clark-Villanueva NASA is preserving resources by leveraging private partnerships Miriam Kramer 21, author of Space, “NASA's plans for the future hinge on the success of private companies,” Axios, 12-7-2021, https://www.axios.com/nasa-private-spaceflight-plans-5a5710e6-5223-4da3-8c5d-5a712e1d862e.html The private space .. operated space stations. Plan forces spending trade-offs that crush effective Earth sciences and mining --- risks catastrophic climate change Haymet 7 (Tony, Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography – University of California, San Diego, Mark Abbott, Dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Science – Oregon State University, and Jim Luyten, Acting Director – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, “The Planet NASA Needs to Explore”, Washington Post, 5-10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/09/AR2007050902451.html) Decades ago, a ..
our own planet. Commercial mining solves extinction from scarcity, terror, war, and disease. – this is an independent scenario Pelton 17—(Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, PHD in IR from Georgetown).. Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer. Accessed 8/30/19. Are We Humans .. to the future.
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Meadow BV | Judge: Julian Kuffour CCP legitimacy high now Yvonne Murray 22, “2021 saw China's Xi Jinping tighten grip on power,” 1/4/22, RTE (Ireland's National Public Service Media), https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1231/1269202-china-year-in-review/ In 2021, while ..
increasingly powerful regime.
The plan alienates the PLA – they view space dominance as the linchpin of China’s legitimacy – specifically, public-private tech development is key Economic Times 20 (Economic Times, Indian daily newspaper, internally cites Dean Cheng, Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation and the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy, former analyst in the International Security and Space Program at the Office of Technology Assessment, BA in Politics from Princeton University) “China attempting to militarize space as it seeks to modernize its military power,” 8/31/2020 JL The Jamestown Foundation, ..
s satellite jamming operations. China’s “space dream” is key to Xi credibility – plan is a flip flop that undermines legitimacy Kharpal 21 – senior technology correspondent based in Guangzhou, China at CNBC Arjun, “China once said it couldn’t put a potato in space. Now it’s eyeing Mars,” 6/30/2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html Fast forward more than six decades and President Xi Jinping, China’s current leader, is seen congratulating three astronauts who were sent to the country’s own space station earlier this month.
Since Mao’s comments, ..
r and Beischl said. And the Chinese private sector is crucial for space competition – Xi has promised and said so before Patel 21 — (Neel V. Patel, Neel is the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and he writes The Airlock newsletter. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where he grew and led the website’s space coverage., “China’s surging private space industry is out to challenge the US“, MIT Technology Review, 1-21-2021, Available Online at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance, accessed 1-11-2022, HKR-AR) Until recently, China’s ..
from outside China.
That factionalizes the CCP and emboldens challenges to Xi – the PLA is increasingly powerful and not unconditionally subservient Simpson 16 (Kurtis, Centre Director with Defence Research and Development Canada, has been conducting research on China’s leadership, Communist Party politics, the People’s Liberation Army and foreign policy for over 30 years,Master’s Degree and a Ph.D from York University, previously served as an intelligence analyst at the Privy Council Office and leader of the Asia Research Section at the Department of National Defence’s Chief Defence Intelligence (CDI) organization) “China’s Re-Emergence: Assessing Civilian-Military Relations In Contemporary Era – Analysis,” Eurasia Review, 12/21/2016 JL Paralleling divided loyalties ..
erode very quickly.29 CCP instability collapses the international order – extinction Perkinson 12 (Jessica, MA in international affairs from American University) “The Potential for Instability in the PRC: How the Doomsday Theory Misses the Mark,” American University School of International Service, 2012 JL Should the CCP ..
within the US. Independently, Xi will lash out to preserve cred in the SCS – US draw-in ensures extinction Mastro 20 (Oriana Skylar, Assistant Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute) “Military Confrontation in the South China Sea,” Council on Foreign Relations, 5/21/2020 JL The risk of ..
or its aftermath.
1/15/22
JanFeb -- DA - Rule of Law
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Finals | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Expanding PTD shatters the entire legal-regulatory balance Huffman 15 James L. Huffman is Dean Emeritus of Lewis and Clark Law School and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds degrees from Montana State University (BS), The Fletcher School of Tufts University (MA) and the University of Chicago (JD). "WHY LIBERATING THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE IS BAD FOR THE PUBLIC." https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/19611-45-2huffman Since the beginning .. protection ultimately depends. Expanding PTD beyond precedent allows for unchecked judicial activism across the law – the plan applies it everywhere on earth, which ensures circumvention, authoritarianism, and shocks global rule of law Huffman 15 James L. Huffman is Dean Emeritus of Lewis and Clark Law School and a Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds degrees from Montana State University (BS), The Fletcher School of Tufts University (MA) and the University of Chicago (JD). "WHY LIBERATING THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE IS BAD FOR THE PUBLIC." https://law.lclark.edu/live/files/19611-45-2huffman Modern progressives, like …
much lesser challenges.230 Rule of law solves war Feldman ‘8 Noah; September 28; Professor of Law at Harvard University School of Law; New York Times, “When Judges Make Foreign Policy,” lexis Why We Need ..
the world over. SOP decline causes global nuke war Dr. G. John Ikenberry 15, PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, “Getting Hegemony Right”, in Korean Attitudes Toward the United States: Changing Dynamics, Ed. Steinberg, p. 17-18 A critical ingredient ..
of an autocrat.
1/28/22
JanFeb -- DA - Xi Diversionary War
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Krish Patel, Austin Broussard Xi’s regime is stable now, but its success depends on strong growth and private sector development. Mitter and Johnson 21 Rana Mitter and Elsbeth Johnson, Rana Mitter is a professor of the history and politics of modern China at Oxford. Elsbeth Johnson, formerly the strategy director for Prudential PLC’s Asian business, is a senior lecturer at MIT’s Sloan School of Management and the founder of SystemShift, a consulting firm. May-June 2021, "What the West Gets Wrong About China," Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2021/05/what-the-west-gets-wrong-about-china accessed 12/14/21 Adam In China, however, ..
in scientific research. Cross apply 1AC Patel – it proves that the private sector is seen as key to ccp legitimacy Shifts in regime perception threatens CCP’s legitimacy from nationalist hardliners Weiss 19 Jessica Weiss 1-29-2019 “Authoritarian Audiences, Rhetoric, and Propaganda in International Crises: Evidence from China” http://www.jessicachenweiss.com/uploads/3/0/6/3/30636001/19-01-24-elite-statements-isq-ca.pdf (Associate Professor of Government at Cornell University)Elmer Public support—or .. even the U.S. government.”11 Xi will launch diversionary war to domestic backlash – escalates in multiple hotspots and causes nuclear war Norris 17, William J. Geostrategic Implications of China’s Twin Economic Challenges. CFR Discussion Paper, 2017. (Associate professor of Chinese foreign and security policy at Texas AandM University’s Bush School of Government and Public Service)Elmer Populist pressures might .. toward domestic consumption.
1/13/22
JanFeb -- NC - Util
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Chris Castillo, Leah Clark-Villanueva the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death matters – a trillions of people means the future holds a lot of value which extinction destroys b turns suffering – lack of access to food, water, shelter 2 Even the most conservative estimates prove reducing existential risk outweighs all other impacts, regardless of probability – actively prioritize our calculus since you are cognitively biased against it Whittlestone 17 – (Jess Whittlestone, PhD in Behavioural Science and has worked as a policy consultant for government, specialising in security and foreign policy. She also has experience as a freelance journalist for a number of online magazines, including Quartz, Vox, and Aeon. Before her PhD, she studied Maths and Philosophy at Oxford, and played a key role in developing 80,000 Hours' coaching process and research. Currently, Jess is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence at Cambridge, “The Long-Term Future”, Effective Altruism, 11-16-17, Available Online at https://www.effectivealtruism.org/articles/cause-profile-long-run-future/, accessed 12-4-18, HKR-AM) The number of ..
worth taking seriously. 3 Non util ethics are impossible Greene 07 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: https://www.gwern.net/docs/philosophy/ethics/2007-greene.pdf, pages 47-50) What turn-of-the-millennium science is .. philosophy in question. 4 That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So .. of my defense. War worsens structural inequalities – a takes away valuable resources to combat issues like economic and social injustice b war falls the hardest on those who can’t protect themselves – especially nuclear war c those who fight war are more likely to be worse off socially – aff ballot actively consigns the oppressed to fight for the state d war kills everyone – death means we literally cannot fight injustice
1/13/22
JanFeb -- NC - Util v2
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loveless Academic Magnet Program RR | Judge: Chris Castillo The standard is minimizing existential risk
Even the most conservative estimates prove reducing existential risk outweighs all other impacts, regardless of probability – actively prioritize our calculus since you are cognitively biased against it Whittlestone 17 – (Jess Whittlestone, PhD in Behavioural Science and has worked as a policy consultant for government, specialising in security and foreign policy. She also has experience as a freelance journalist for a number of online magazines, including Quartz, Vox, and Aeon. Before her PhD, she studied Maths and Philosophy at Oxford, and played a key role in developing 80,000 Hours' coaching process and research. Currently, Jess is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence at Cambridge, “The Long-Term Future”, Effective Altruism, 11-16-17, Available Online at https://www.effectivealtruism.org/articles/cause-profile-long-run-future/, accessed 12-4-18, HKR-AM) The number of ..
worth taking seriously.
Extinction outweighs---it’s the upmost moral evil and disavowal of the risk makes it more likely. Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. required human extinction. Complacency goes neg – academics and the wider public actively discount the probability AND magnitude of existential risks – only giving them extra attention in debate solves – that means our impact outweighs even in we lose the rest of framing Javorsky 18 Emilia Javorsky is a Boston-based physician-scientist focused on the invention, development and commercialization of new medical therapies. She also leads an Artificial Intelligence in Medicine initiative with The Future Society at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Why Human Extinction Needs a Marketing Department. January 15, 2018. https://www.xconomy.com/boston/2018/01/15/why-human-extinction-needs-a-marketing-department/ Experts at Oxford ..
to this issue.
1/28/22
JanFeb -- T - Appropriation Define
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Margaret Strong Interpretation – the aff must specify what type of Private Actor Appropriation they affect. Appropriation is extremely vague – no legal precedent means no normal means Pershing 19, Abigail D. "Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty's Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today." Yale J. Int'l L. 44 (2019): 149. (Robina Fellow at European Court of Human Rights. European Court of Human Rights Yale Law School)Elmer Though the Outer .. prohibited or rejected. Violation: they don’t The net benefit is shiftiness – vague plan wording wrecks Neg Ground since it’s impossible to know which arguments link given different types of appropriation like mining, space col, satellites, and tourism – the 1AR dodges links by saying they don’t affect particular types of appropriation, or they don’t reduce private appropriation enough to trigger the link
1/16/22
JanFeb -- T - Nebel
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Krish Patel, Austin Broussard Interpretation: “Private entities” is a generic bare plural. The aff may not defend that a subset of nations ban the appropriation of outer space. Nebel 19. Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh. “Genericity on the Standardized Tests Resolution.” Vbriefly. August 12, 2019. https://www.vbriefly.com/2019/08/12/genericity-on-the-standardized-tests-resolution/?fbclid=IwAR0hUkKdDzHWrNeqEVI7m59pwsnmqLl490n4uRLQTe7bWmWDO_avWCNzi14 TG Both distinctions are ..
in the resolution. It applies to “private entities” – 1 upward entailment test – “appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust” doesn’t entail that all entities ought to ban private entities because public entities don’t, 2 adverb test – adding “generally” to the res doesn’t substantially change its meaning because a ban is universal. Precision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. Violation – They specified China Standards: 1 Limits and ground – their model allows affs to defend any combination of private entities in any countries which explodes negative burden and causes random affs every tournament Drop the debater:– we can’t restart the round from the 1AC and I’m skewed for the rest of the debate.
1/13/22
JanFeb -- T - Orbital Placement
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Ari Davidson, Gordon Krauss, Chris Castillo T – Appropriation: Interpretation: Appropriation means use, exploitation, or occupation that is permanent and to the exclusion of others Babcock 19 Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Cente. Babcock, Hope M. "The Public Trust Doctrine, Outer Space, and the Global Commons: Time to Call Home ET." Syracuse L. Rev. 69 (2019): 191. Article II is of all others.”151 Violation: Aff does not appropriate – reject non-legal interpretations Johnson 20 Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation and has nine years of professional experience in international space law and policy. He has authored and co-authored publications on international space law, national space legislation, international cooperation in space, human-robotic cooperative space exploration, and on the societal benefits of space technology for Africa. "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit." https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf No, This Is ..
of global constellations. Their Kulu card concedes the labs are either on shuttles, on government property, or both. Kulu 18 Harker reads yellow. Kulu(Factories in space, Medicine and drugs, Erik Kulu 2018-2021, Manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs in low orbit https://www.factoriesinspace.com/medicine-and-drugs) Microgravity changes how .. has no atmosphere.”6 Howell 19 also concedes all of their evidence is about the International Space Station. Harker reads yellow. Howell 19(Elizabeth Howell, How Big Pharma Was Wooed To Space-Based 'Business Park, August 14 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethhowell1/2019/08/14/how-big-pharma-was-wooed-to-space-based-business-park/?sh=e97d10632e17) The most exclusive .. is a problem.” Microgravity Labs in orbit do not appropriate – reject non-legal interpretations Johnson 20 Chris Johnson is the Space Law Advisor for Secure World Foundation and has nine years of professional experience in international space law and policy. He has authored and co-authored publications on international space law, national space legislation, international cooperation in space, human-robotic cooperative space exploration, and on the societal benefits of space technology for Africa. "The Legal Status of MegaLEO Constellations and Concerns About Appropriation of Large Swaths of Earth Orbit." https://swfound.org/media/206951/johnson2020_referenceworkentry_thelegalstatusofmegaleoconstel.pdf And while GSO .. of global constellations.
No severance out of this – these two cards are the only 1AC cards about pharma in space. Severance is a voting issue – kills fairness and destroys discussion because no engagement. Plan text in a vacuum is bad – a it incentivizes shiftiness in the 1AR and it’s bad for education and engagement because policies are contextually informed by their mechanisms and advantages b this breaks all modes of topicality debate, you can read a plan that is nominally topical then not have to do defend T by reading non-T advantages c we base 1NC preparation off what their cards define appropriation to mean – especially true given the fact they didn’t define LAWs in the 1AC, neg prep is based off their authors and the only connection they have to space d Vote on presumption otherwise, it locks them in to defend an aff which they have no offense for CX doesn’t check – preround prep is based off of what we know the 1AC to be based on advantage areas, compounded by the fact that this CX checks argument wasn’t even in the iteration of the aff that was disclosed to me 1 Precision – if we win definitions the aff doesn’t defend a shift from the squo or solve their advantages – so at best vote negative on presumption. The resolution is the only predictable stasis point for dividing ground—any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. I 2 Predictable limits—including non-appropriative slots offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of different satellite systems – LEO MEO and HEO, plus different companies, plus sizes of constellations, et cetera. Letting temporary occupation be appropriation is a limits diaster - any aff about a single space ship, satellite, or weapon would be T because they temporarily occupy space. Limits explodes neg prep burden and draws un-reciprocal lines of debate, where the aff is always ahead, turns their pragmatics offense No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
1/17/22
JanFeb -- T - Permanent Appropriation
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Interpretation: appropriation involves permanent, exclusive use of land and resource extraction. The aff must defend that appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. Stephen Gorove, Stephen Gorove (1917-2001) was a space law education pioneer. He served as a professor of space law and director of space studies and policy, from 1991-1998, at the University of Mississippi., 1969 " Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty" Fordham Law Review, https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1966andcontext=flr With respect to .. to appropriation. Violation – application of PTD to space isn’t permanent, it’s context dependent and depends on cost benefit analysis WEF n.d. -- (“Public Trust Doctrine.” Water Education Foundation, The Water Education Foundation is a nonprofit organization whose goal is to provide unbiased, balanced information on water issues in California and the Southwestern United States. The Foundation's mission, since its founding in 1977, has been "to create a better understanding of water resources and foster public understanding and resolution of water resource issues through facilitation, education and outreach,” https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/public-trust-doctrine, HKR-AS) Rooted in Roman ..
about public trust. Plan text in a vacuum bad for fairness because it allows for incongruency between 99 of the aff and 1 of the aff – the worst version of their model is that the plan text is different from the advantage, so it makes no sense – hold them to reading a plan text defined contextually with the advantage Vote neg – 1 Ground – allowing affs to not defend permanent appropriation kills negative ground – we can’t read the innovation DA, since they can say innovative appropriation efforts are allowed, we can’t read asteroid mining or disads to specific types of appropriation since they can defend an exemption for that, etc. – Since the government gets to interpret whether or not the PTD applies to appropriation in specific instances, the negative can’t reasonably predict what the aff defends restricting and what it doesn’t. Ground controls the internal link to clash and fairness since the aff makes being neg impossible.
T is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interps – it tells the negative what to prepare for and reasonability invites judge intervention
1/17/22
JanFeb -- T - PrivatePublic
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, Leah Clark-Villanueva Interpretation: the affirmative must only defend that the appropriation of space by private entities is unjust. China's "private" sector companies aren't private Olson 20 Stephen Olson, research fellow at the Hinrich Foundation. "Are Private Chinese Companies Really Private?" The Diplomat, 9-30-2020, accessed 1-14-2022, https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/are-private-chinese-companies-really-private/ HWIC China has often ..
to Chinese companies.
Negate – they skirt the core controversy of the topic which is national vs private space activities – kills stasis point and pre-round prep and means we lose access to generics that rely on the motives of private companies differing from national interest proven by the fact that their advantage is functionally China space good/bad – competing interps and DTD on T, it's a question of models and we indict their advocacy
1/14/22
JanFeb -- T -- Appropriation Spec
Tournament: Harvard Westlake RR | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Gerard Grigsby, Joel Lemuel, Lena Mizrahi Interpretation: The aff may not specify unjust types of space appropriation. Violation – They specified large sats in LEO Standards: 1 Limits and ground – their model allows affs to defend any combination of appropriation in any geopolitical context which explodes negative burden and causes random affs every tournament Drop the debater:– we can’t restart the round from the 1AC and I’m skewed for the rest of the debate.
1/15/22
JanFeb -- Theory - Misdisclosure during Flip
Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Tej Gedela, Andrew Gong Interpretation: Affirmatives team must not misdisclose during flips
After I flipped neg on tabroom and literally could not change my side, they said changes to the advantage. They’ll say their change wasn’t that expansive 1 Lying 2 Pre-Round Prep
1/17/22
JanFeb -- Theory - New Affs Bad
Tournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 2 | Opponent: Loveless Academic Magnet Program RR | Judge: Chris Castillo Interpretation: New, un-disclosed, non-open sourced, non-cites disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round 2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff
1/28/22
NovDec -- DA - Protectionism
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Anthony Brown Unions cause protectionism – that slows growth and causes tariffs Epstein 16 Richard A. Epstein Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow @ the Hoover Institution. "The Rise of American Protectionism." https://www.hoover.org/research/rise-american-protectionism This point explains ..
compound the problem. New trade conflicts cause global war and undermine cooperation on collective action problems Dr. Michael F. Oppenheimer 21, Clinical Professor at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University, Senior Consulting Fellow for Scenario Planning at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Former Executive Vice President at The Futures Group, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, The Foreign Policy Roundtable at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, and The American Council on Germany, “The Turbulent Future of International Relations”, in The Future of Global Affairs: Managing Discontinuity, Disruption and Destruction, Ed. Ankersen and Sidhu, p. 23-30 Four structural forces ..
seems awfully dry.
11/21/21
NovDec -- DA - Unions
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Morgan Copeland Unions cause protectionism – that slows growth and causes tariffs Epstein 16 Richard A. Epstein Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow @ the Hoover Institution. "The Rise of American Protectionism." https://www.hoover.org/research/rise-american-protectionism This point explains ..
compound the problem. New trade conflicts cause global war and undermine cooperation on collective action problems Dr. Michael F. Oppenheimer 21, Clinical Professor at the Center for Global Affairs at New York University, Senior Consulting Fellow for Scenario Planning at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Former Executive Vice President at The Futures Group, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, The Foreign Policy Roundtable at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, and The American Council on Germany, “The Turbulent Future of International Relations”, in The Future of Global Affairs: Managing Discontinuity, Disruption and Destruction, Ed. Ankersen and Sidhu, p. 23-30 Four structural forces ..
seems awfully dry.
11/21/21
NovDec -- Framework - Util
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Morgan Copeland the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death is bad Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. required human extinction. .
11/21/21
NovDec -- Framework - Util v2
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Anthony Brown the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death is bad Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. r required human extinction. 2 Governments require weighing between allocation of resources through utilitarianism Mack 4 (Peter, MBBS, FRCS(Ed), FRCS (Glasg), PhD, MBA, MHlthEcon) “Utilitarian Ethics in Healthcare.” International Journal of the Computer, the Internet, and Management Vol. 12, No.3. 2004. Department of Surgery. Singapore General Hospital. SJDI Medicine is a .. situation are ignored. 3 Non util ethics are too difficult to abide by Greene 10 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) What turn-of-the-millennium science .. philosophy in question. 4 That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So .. part of my defense.
11/21/21
NovDec -- K - CLS
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Morgan Copeland, Andrew Wixson, Arianna Nelson The right to strike is a dangerous distraction that prevents the labor movement from challenging systems at the root cause of class inequality and that make it structurally impossible for legal institutions to protect workers. Empirically “right to strike” legislation hamstrings actual strikes via circumventive policies that jail strikers for engaging in theft, violence, etc while allowing for a façade of acceptance and forcing union representation, wages, and economic equality to plummet. The AFF results in scattered, ineffective, and “respectable” strikes and labor disputes re-routed towards legal arbitration while increased legal incorporation results in more tools for the elite to constrain the labor movement -- turns case and kills workers’ movement writ large. Vote NEG for an alternative that affirms a “direct endorsement of militancy and a turn away from the law and instead towards a political program that might advance the interests of the working class regardless of what the law might hold” White 18 (Ahmed White – Nicholaus Rosenbaum Professor of Law @ University of Colorado Law School, “Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike”, https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles , 2018, pgs. 1065-1073, EmmieeM) One of the …
of this argument.
There is no strike wave, just media smoke tricks. Empirics on current strike trends and outcomes of “Right to Strike” legislation go heavily NEG – you cannot legalize revolution and all legislation is merely a ruse to constrain the workers’ movement through the guise of “legal management” White 18 (Ahmed White – Nicholaus Rosenbaum Professor of Law @ University of Colorado Law School, “Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike”, https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles , 2018, pgs. 1124-1131, EmmieeM) In fact, at …
the same thing. Illegal strike activity solves the affirmative – the aff is an attempt to regulate the ongoing strike wave Olivier 10/28 Indigo Olivier is a Brooklyn-based freelance journalist covering politics, labor, and higher education. “Striketober: America’s workers are rising up”, https://conversationalist.org/2021/10/28/striketober-americas-workers-are-rising-up/, published 10-28-21, accessed 11-4-21 mk Workers across the .. an unsuccessful one.” The 1AC is respectability politics – their endorsement of non-violence legitimizes violent responses to perceived violent protestors and splits up solidarity among different factions. Militarized violent responses are inevitable and black and brown people are already coded as violent and beget violence for even nonviolence. The 1AC is part of an ahistorical fantasy about nonviolent resistance, papering over the blood of activists and their own regrets over pursuing nonviolence. This turns the case and decimates solvency. Pierce 20 Rebecca Pierce, “The Limits and Dangers of a Fixation on “Nonviolence””, 2020, New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/158087/limits-dangers-fixation-nonviolence In the immediate .. , is his watchword.”
11/22/21
NovDec -- T - A
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart RR | Judge: Julian Kuffour Interpretation—the aff may not specify a just government That outweighs—only our evidence speaks to how indefinite singulars are interpreted in the context of normative statements like the resolution. This means throw out aff counter-interpretations that are purely descriptive Violation—they specified Brazil Vote neg: 1 Precision –any deviation justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. 2 Limits—specifying a just government offers huge explosion in the topic since they get permutations of hundreds of governments in the world depending on their definition of “just government”. Topicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical.
11/21/21
NovDec -- T - Framework
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Morgan Copeland Interp: Affirmatives must only defend the implementation of a law that a just government recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike This does not require the use of any particular style, type of evidence, or assumption about the role of the judge — only that the topic should determine the debate’s subject matter.
“Resolved” means enactment of a law. Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition (Multi-volume set of judicial definitions). “Resolved”. 1964. Definition of .. establish by law”.
Violation – they reinterpret the resolution as a metaphorical rejection of productivity – that’s distinct from legally establishing a right to strike
TVA- defend a material right to strike and justify that by saying work as an ideology is bad – that still lets you discuss semiocapitalism but requires the aff to materially defend strikes as a stasis point. Disads to the TVA prove neg ground and no right to a perfect 1ac. Materially defending implentation is also important for limits – key for the DA’s that we’re reading and the fact they will say “no link” in the 1AR proves our claim of negative contestment and engagement.
Switch side debate – critiques of liberalism and performance can be read on the neg – solves dogmatism by testing different viewpoints Debate doesn’t have any effect on the political and the individual arguments we read have no effect on our subjectivity, even if they spur immediate reflection, those insights aren’t integrated into deep-stored memory—this means you can vote negative on presumption. Encouraging focused, nuanced research and clash is the only chance to change attitudes long term—which means they can’t solve their impact turns but our model can. Vote Neg – The resolution is the only common stasis point that anchors negative preparation. Allowing any aff deviation from the resolution is a moral hazard which justifies an infinite number of unpredictable arguments with thin ties to the resolution. Because debate is a competitive game, their interpretation incentivizes affirmatives to run further towards fringes and revert to truisms which are exceedingly difficult to negate—this asymmetry is compounded by their monopoly on preparation That outweighs – The competitive incentive from debate creates pressures for research and focused clash which generates important skills and makes debate a training ground for future work. The impact Successful movement organizing is analogous to mainstream politics – it requires skilled organization, negotiating relationships, strategic leadership, and proto-institutionalism – sacrificing debate as training ensures we never translate opinion into political power, but requiring the aff defend contestable positions linearly increases debate’s capacity for movement advocacy as they get more predictable Han and Barnett-Loro 18 Hahrie Han, Department of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara. Carina Barnett-Loro, Climate Advocacy Lab, San Francisco. To Support a Stronger Climate Movement, Focus Research on Building Collective Power. December 19, 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00055/full Building public will ..
around gun rights. filter their impacts through predictable testability ---debate inherently judges relative truth value by whether or not it gets answered---a combination of a less predictable case neg, the burden of rejoinder, and them starting a speech ahead will always inflate the value of their impacts, which makes non-arbitrarily weighing whether they should have read the 1ac in the first place impossible within the structure of a debate round so even if we lose framework, vote neg on presumption. No RVIs – this includes impact turns and independent voting issues – 1 – exclusions are inevitable – we only have 45 minutes to discuss things – doesn’t prove harmful intent 2 – T is an aff burden – doesn’t justify them winning 3 – forces unreasonable standard of epistemic perfection – bad arguments should be rejected, but that doesn’t implicate the team
11/21/21
NovDec -- T - Workers
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Morgan Copeland, Andrew Wixson, Arianna Nelson Interpretation: The aff many not specify workers Violation: They do Vote neg: Limits – you can pick any worker in any occupation– it explodes neg prep and leads to random worker of the week affs bc there’s more than a 1000 different occupations.
11/22/21
NovDec -- Theory - New Affs Bad
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Lukas Krause Interpretation: New, un-disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round 2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff
11/20/21
SeptOct -- DA - Infrastructure
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent DN | Judge: Christopher Perez The Debt Ceiling expansion gives Democrats two months to finalize and pass Biden’s spending package – every moment is necessary to resolve intraparty disputes Cochrane 10/7 Cochrane, Emily. Emily Cochrane is a correspondent based in Washington. She has covered Congress since late 2018, focusing on the annual debate over government funding and economic legislation, ranging from emergency pandemic relief to infrastructure. "Senate Leaders Agree to Vote on Short-Term Debt Ceiling Increase." N.Y. Times, 7 Oct. 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/10/07/us/politics/debt-ceiling-senate.html. Senator Chuck Schumer .. a long-term increase. Pushing a WTO takes time, energy, and political capital away from domestic legislation – big pharma and EU allies Bhadrakumar 5/9 M K Bhadrakumar is a former Indian diplomat. "Biden’s talk of vaccine IP waiver is political theater." Asia Times, May 9, 2021, asiatimes.com/2021/05/bidens-talk-of-vaccine-ip-waiver-is-political-theater. On the other .. all opposed the idea. Package is sufficient, necessary, and the last opportunity to solve climate change – extinction Leber 10/7 Leber, Rebecca. Rebecca Leber covers climate change for Vox. Before joining Vox, she was an environmental reporter at Mother Jones, where her investigations exposed government corruption and fossil fuel industry disinformation. She has worked as a staff writer at Grist, The New Republic, and ThinkProgress. A dozen more outlets have published her work over her decade as a climate journalist. "A last chance for US climate action: Democrats’ Build Back Better and infrastructure bills." Vox, 7 Oct. 2021, www.vox.com/22685920/democrats-infrastructure-build-back-better-climate-change. The United States .. countries,” Cleetus said. Warming causes extinction –hurts marginalized communities the most Melton 19 Michelle Melton is a 3L at Harvard Law School. Before law school, she was an associate fellow in the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where she focused on climate policy. Climate Change and National Security, Part II: How Big a Threat is the Climate? January 7, 2019. https://www.lawfareblog.com/climate-change-and-national-security-part-ii-how-big-threat-climate At least until ..
among other consequences.
10/9/21
SeptOct -- NC - Util
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: Octas | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent JS | Judge: Saianurag Karavadi, David Dosch, Lukas Krause the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing Independently: 1 Death outweighs Burns 2017 (Elizabeth Finneron-Burns is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick and an Affiliated Researcher at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, What’s wrong with human extinction?, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00455091.2016.1278150?needAccess=true, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 2017) Many, though certainly .. required human extinction. 2 All other frameworks fail Mack 4 (Peter, MBBS, FRCS(Ed), FRCS (Glasg), PhD, MBA, MHlthEcon) “Utilitarian Ethics in Healthcare.” International Journal of the Computer, the Internet, and Management Vol. 12, No.3. 2004. Department of Surgery. Singapore General Hospital. SJDI Medicine is a .. situation are ignored. 3 Non util ethics are impossible Greene 10 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) What turn-of-the-millennium science .. philosophy in question. 4 That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, “Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism”, The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined Guest: Okay. So, I .. of my defense.
10/11/21
SeptOct -- T - Data Exclusivity
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: Finals | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch, Felicity Park, Ben Cortez Interpretation – topical affs must defend a reduction of intellectual property protections. IP is a specific, definable category which doesn’t include data exclusivity. WTO “World Trade Organization.” WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm. Intellectual property rights .. holders and of users. Prefer – Limits – allowing non intellectual property explodes limits to include literally all possible plans out there – makes neg prep impossible because the case negs to the different affs would have no overlap – privileges the aff by stretching pre-tournament neg prep too thin and precluding nuanced rigorous testing of aff No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical
10/11/21
SeptOct -- T - Medicine
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Ben Cortez Medicines are substances used to prevent, diagnose, or treat harms. MRS 20 (MAINE REVENUE SERVICE SALES, FUEL and SPECIAL TAX DIVISION) “A REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE SALES AND USE TAX LAW” https://www.maine.gov/revenue/sites/maine.gov.revenue/files/inline-files/Reference20Guide202020.pdf December 2020 SS Medicines means antibiotics, .. sold in packaging.
Medicines solely refer to physical substances. American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine 18 The American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine 2018 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company https://www.yourdictionary.com/medicineElmer "A substance, especially .. disease, condition, or injury."
CRISPR is a platform technology, not a medicine. Editas Medicine (a clinical-stage biotechnology company which is developing therapies based on CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing technology)., No Date, CRISPR Gene Editing, https://www.editasmedicine.com/crispr-gene-editing/ Justin CRISPR (pronounced “crisper”) is an .. in any cell or tissue.
Negate – 1 Limits – their model explodes it to medical devices, any form of strategy for medical research, databases that are used to create medicines and more – only our definition creates a reasonable caselist for medicines while they make prep impossible and wreck engagement Use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention
10/9/21
SeptOct -- T - Nebel
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Ben Cortez Interpretation: The aff may not defend WTO member nations reducing intellectual property protections for a subset of medicines.
Violation: They only defend CRISPR Vote neg: 1 Limits – you can pick anything from COVID vaccines to HIV/AIDS to random biotech to insulin treatments and there’s no universal disad since each one has a different function and implication for health, tech, and relations – explodes neg prep and leads to random medicine of the week affs which makes cutting stable neg links impossible. No RVIs – a) illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair – it’s a litmus test for engaging in substance
10/9/21
SeptOct -- T - Plural
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic Round Robin | Round: 1 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: David Dosch A. Interpretation: The aff must defend that one or more member nations of the WTO reduce IP protections for medicines. “Nations” in the resolution is a plural noun which implicates more than one nation. Daniel Scocco, 2007 (English Grammar 101: Plural Form of Nouns. Online. Internet. Accessed May 13, 2014 at http://www.dailywritingtips.com/english-grammar-101-plural-form-of-nouns/) The English language .. and two cars.
Jurisdiction – the resolution they agreed to debate pluralizes countries for a reason. Outweighs all pragmatic standards:
A. Topicality is a constitutive rule of the activity, they agreed to debate the topic when they came to the tournament, and they should be held to that agreement. Tournament invitation says we are debating Sept-Oct, not a different topic.
B. You only have jurisdiction to vote on topical advocacies, you can’t vote affirmative if they haven’t affirmed.
2. Limits – their interp allows them to specify any country which explodes neg prep burden since there’s no unifying ground versus the Jordan aff or Russia aff – specifying two forces the aff to have a defense of the two countries in the literature which solves limits but still allows for a robust set of affs like the US and China, developing countries, and more.
4. TVA – defend Jordan and the uS – TRIPS plus is what causing the worse economic situation in Jordan
D. Topicality is a voting issue that should be evaluated through competing interpretations – it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for—there’s no way for the negative to know what constitutes a “reasonable interpretation” when we do prep – reasonability is arbitrary and causes a race to the bottom, proliferating abuse
No RVIs—it’s your burden to be topical
10/11/21
SeptOct -- Theory - New Affs Bad
Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northern Valley HS Independent DN | Judge: Christopher Perez New, un-disclosed affs are a voting issue –
Testing – they make it impossible to adequately test the aff without adequate pre-round prep – favors newness over engagement – disclosure solves their offense – you can break new affs, you just have to disclose the plan text personally or disclose it on the wiki before round 2. Negative ground – they make negative ground concessionary to the goodwill of the aff and results in extremist generics that heavily skew ground in favor of the aff No RVIs:
Logic- aff doesn’t win for proving they’re fair or educational 2. Chilling effect- debaters won’t read legitimate theory for fear of losing to a prepped-out counter-interp- proliferates abuse 3. Substantive education- RVIs force a collapse to theory which crowds-out substance