Harker Khan Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Glenbrooks | 2 | Harrison JP | Morgan Copeland |
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| Glenbrooks | 5 | Dwight Englewood EK | Margaret Strong |
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| Long Beach | 4 | Dougherty Valley KK | Ben Cortez |
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| Long Beach | 5 | Mitty AS | Asher Towner |
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| Long Beach | 2 | Harvard Westlake MT | Sam Larson |
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| Pres | Doubles | Immaculate Heart BC | Samantha McLoughlin, Lukas Krause, Vanessa Nguyen |
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| Pres | 3 | Marlborough JH | David Dosch |
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| Pres | 6 | Westridge TW | Vanessa Nguyen |
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| Pres | 1 | San Mateo YR | Patrick Fox |
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| St Marks | 5 | Greenhill NT | Skyler Harris |
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| St Marks | 3 | Peninsula AB | Annabelle Long |
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| St Marks | 2 | Little Rock Central MG | Ari Davidson |
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| Valley | 4 | American Heritage JW | Holden Bukowsky |
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| Valley | 6 | American Heritage MC | Sam Larson |
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| Valley | 2 | Proof DR | Chris Theis |
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| turbografx16 | 1 | contact | contact |
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| turbografx16 | 4 | the glenbrooks | gbx |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Glenbrooks | 2 | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Morgan Copeland 1ac - Egypt |
| Glenbrooks | 5 | Opponent: Dwight Englewood EK | Judge: Margaret Strong 1ac - EU |
| Long Beach | 4 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley KK | Judge: Ben Cortez 1ac - Trade Secrets |
| Long Beach | 5 | Opponent: Mitty AS | Judge: Asher Towner 1ac - Trade Secrets |
| Long Beach | 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Sam Larson 1ac - Trade Secrets |
| Pres | Doubles | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin, Lukas Krause, Vanessa Nguyen 1ac - Trade Secrets V5 |
| Pres | 3 | Opponent: Marlborough JH | Judge: David Dosch 1ac - Trade Secrets v4 |
| Pres | 6 | Opponent: Westridge TW | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen 1ac - Trade Secrets v5 |
| Pres | 1 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Patrick Fox 1ac - Pandemics |
| St Marks | 5 | Opponent: Greenhill NT | Judge: Skyler Harris 1ac - Pandemics V3 |
| St Marks | 3 | Opponent: Peninsula AB | Judge: Annabelle Long 1ac - Pandemics V2 |
| St Marks | 2 | Opponent: Little Rock Central MG | Judge: Ari Davidson 1ac - Trade Secrets V5 |
| Valley | 4 | Opponent: American Heritage JW | Judge: Holden Bukowsky 1ac - Trade secrets v2 |
| Valley | 6 | Opponent: American Heritage MC | Judge: Sam Larson 1ac - trade secrets v3 |
| Valley | 2 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Chris Theis 1ac - Trade Secrets v2 |
| turbografx16 | 1 | Opponent: contact | Judge: contact contact |
| turbografx16 | 4 | Opponent: the glenbrooks | Judge: gbx gbx |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0 - ContactTournament: turbografx16 | Round: 1 | Opponent: contact | Judge: contact | 11/5/21 |
0 - NOTE FOR GBXTournament: turbografx16 | Round: 4 | Opponent: the glenbrooks | Judge: gbx | 11/21/21 |
ND - Egypt V1Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Morgan Copeland 1ACPlan: The government of the Arab Republic of Egypt ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.1~ New anti-strike laws worsen unemployment, the poverty crisis, threaten the sanctity of unions, and will collapse EgyptBoukhari 10/11 — (Jamal Boukhari, Jamal Boukhari is an Egyptian journalist., "A dangerous new law in Egypt allows for the dismissal of any public employee who opposes the regime", 10-11-2021, https://www.equaltimes.org/a-dangerous-new-law-in-egypt?lang=en~~#.YZQnPL3MJ6d, accessed 11-16-2021, HKR-AR) AND repressive laws to silence employees, but this oppression always leads to disaster." 2~ No RTS provides the sole legal impetus for mass incarceration, intimidation lawsuits, cancelled wages, detentions, and arrestsFLD 19 — (Front Line Defenders, Front Line Defenders was founded in Dublin in 2001 with the specific aim of protecting human rights defenders at risk (HRDs), people who work, non-violently, for any or all of the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Front Line Defenders addresses the protection needs identified by HRDs themselves., 1-14-2019, Available Online at https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/sites/default/files/frontline'defenders'egypt'english'online.pdf, accessed 11-18-2021, HKR-AR) AND of association. The nurses were released and charged dropped in November 2018. 3~ Strikes and the labor movement’s effectiveness have quantitatively decreased during Sisi’s attacks on strike rights – our evidence is casualCharbel 17 — (Jano Charbel, Jano has been a journalist for the last eight years. He took to journalism his passion for labor issues, which he has studied academically, becoming an authority in the field. He is also drawn to environmental issues, which he has also covered., "State responds to recent labor protests with heightened repression and exceptional legal measures", 1-24-2017, Available Online at https://www.madamasr.com/en/2017/01/24/feature/politics/state-responds-to-recent-labor-protests-with-heightened-repression-and-exceptional-legal-measures/, accessed 11-18-2021, HKR-AR) AND to restrictive legislation regulating the right to demonstrate and security crackdowns on dissent. 4~ A strong labor movement and RTS is the only preventative measure to halt large-scale authoritarianism, state collapse, and statewide social inequality that will hurl Egypt into violent conflictHamzawy 17 — (Amr Hamzawy, Amr Hamzawy studied political science and developmental studies in Cairo, The Hague, and Berlin. He was previously a senior associate in the Middle East program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace between 2005 and 2009. Between 2009 and 2010, he served as the research director of the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut, Lebanon. He has also served on the faculty at the American University in Cairo, Cairo University, and Stanford University., "Egypt’s Resilient and Evolving Social Activism", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4-5-2017, https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/04/05/egypt-s-resilient-and-evolving-social-activism-pub-68578, accessed 11-18-2021, HKR-AR) AND in response to the termination of workers’ contracts and their subsequent dismissal.168 5~ Strikes still have revolutionary democratic potential – government suppression nulls collective organizingBeninin 8/8 — (Joel Beinin, Joel Beinin is the Donald J. McLachlan professor of history and professor of Middle East history at Stanford University. His latest book is Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt (Stanford University Press, 2016)., 8-8-2021, Available Online at https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/08/arab-working-class-uprisings-middle-east-2011-trade-union-federation-tunisia-egypt-joel-beinin-interview, accessed 11-18-2021, HKR-AR) Joel Beinin is the interviewee. Daniel Finn, who is the features editor at Jacobin and the author of One Man’s Terrorist: A Political History of the IRA, is the interviewer. AND too big a task. So that’s where we are now in Egypt. Scenario 1 is Terror:1~ Suppression and incarceration causes mass ISIL recruitment and ME instabilityHRF 7/15 — (Human Rights First, Human Rights First is an independent advocacy and action organization that challenges America to live up to its ideals. We believe American leadership is essential in the global struggle for human rights, so we press the U.S. government and private companies to respect human rights and the rule of law. When they fail, we step in to demand reform, accountability and justice. Around the world, we work where we can best harness American influence to secure core freedoms., 7-15-21, Available Online at https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/Time20Bombs20Egypt20Final.pdf, accessed 11-19-2021, HKR-AR) AND officer in Istaqbil Tora prison was too scared to go into their cell. 2~ Egypt is key – Sinai Peninsula is a terrorist hotspot that risks global escalation and war with IsraelKane and Braniff 15 — (Sheehan Kane and William Braniff, Sheehan Kane is a faculty research assistant for the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) at START. She holds an M.A. in Middle East Studies from the American University in Cairo and a B.A. in Political Science and International Studies from Elon University. William Braniff is the executive director of START. Braniff is a graduate of the United States Military Academy where he received his bachelor’s degree. Following his Company Command as an Armor Officer in the U.S. Army, Braniff attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) where he received a master’s degree in international relations., "Taking the Sinai Province of the Islamic State seriously without helping it destabilize Egypt", No Publication, 11-10-2014, Available Online at https://www.start.umd.edu/news/taking-sinai-province-islamic-state-seriously-without-helping-it-destabilize-egypt, accessed 11-19-2021, HKR-AR) AND " orientation of Hezbollah and Hamas while baiting an invasion of Egyptian sovereignty. 3~ That causes nuclear war with Israel that goes globalBeres 15 — (Louis René Beres, Louis René Beres was educated at Princeton (Ph.D., 1971), and is the author of many major books and articles dealing with Israeli nuclear strategy. For over forty years, he has lectured on this topic at senior Israeli and United States military institutions, and at leading Israeli centers for strategic studies. In 2003, he served as Chair of Project Daniel (Israel)., "Israeli deterrence in the eye of the hurricane", The Jerusalem Post | JPost, 7-12-2015, Available Online at https://www.jpost.com/opinion/israeli-deterrence-in-the-eye-of-the-hurricane-408747, accessed 11-19-2021, HKR-AR) AND border fences, and an uncontrolled mass flight of Palestinians into neighboring Sinai. 4~ Sinai Peninsula is a hotspot - the Suez Canal - Conflcit draws in the U.S. and guaruntees crisisClingan 18 ~(Adm. ret. Bruce Clingan is former Commander of U.S. Naval Forces Europe and U.S. Naval Forces Africa) "Commentary: The U.S. is right to restore aid to Egypt," U.S., 7-31-2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-clingan-egypt-commentary/commentary-the-u-s-is-right-to-restore-aid-to-egypt-idUSKBN1KK1YE~~ whs-ee AND for the United States to get involved in yet another Middle East quagmire. 5~ Nuke war causes extinction – won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky. How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate. September 8, 2017. earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards — MMG AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Scenario 2 is Autocracy:1~ Egyptian autocracy locks-in instability and accelerates regional security concernsTamara Cofman Wittes, PhD, 14 ~PhD Government Georgetown, Director, Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings~, "Why Democracy in Egypt Still Matters," Brookings, 3-18-2014, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/why-democracy-in-egypt-still-matters/ C.VC AND one that will advance stability, security and U.S. interests. Solvency:1~ An unconditional RTS is key—it gives workers adequate leverage and has precedentPratt 01 — (Nicola Pratt, Professor of International Politics of the Middle East at Warwick, "Maintaining the Moral Economy: Egyptian State-Labor Relations in an Era of Economic Liberalization", Available Online at https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/pratt/publications/n'pratt'maintaining'the'moral'economy.pdf, accessed 11-13-2021, HKR-AR) AND action that could serve as effective weapons for workers in protecting their interests. 2~ Ensuring the right to strike solves democracy and inequalityKiai 17 ~Mr. Maina Kiai, Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, took up his functions as the first Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in May 2011. He is appointed in his personal capacity as an independent expert by the UN Human Rights Council. "UN rights expert: "Fundamental right to strike must be preserved"." https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21328andLangID=E~~ AND and respected across the globe and in all arenas", the expert concluded. Framingthe standard is maximizing expected wellbeingIndependently:1~ Extinction o/ws – ~a~ trillions of people in future generations means the future holds a lot of value which extinction destroys ~b~ we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories. Use EM – Evaluate the framework debate as a sliding scale not true/false – weigh probability of framework being true times contention offense – framework serves to prioritize not preclude certain impacts, so only EM is logical – eg util agrees freedom matters, but wellbeing outweighs | 11/20/21 |
SO - PandemicsTournament: Pres | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Patrick Fox 1ACPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines deemed essential during public health emergencies.The intellectual property system is fundamentally mismatched with emergency pandemic conditions – creating a broad precedent that weakens restrictions lays the groundwork for future pandemics that are inevitable. Ensuring we are ready for next time is vitalLindsey 21 ~Brink Lindsey has written on a wide range of topics including trade policy, globalization, American social and cultural history, and the nature of human capital. His current research focuses on economic growth and the policy barriers that impede it. "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix." https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ AND employ other, more direct means to incentivize the development of new drugs. There is a proposal now to expand access for COVID vaccines – but tons of WTO member states will vote against it because of pressure from the pharmaceutical industryLoftus and Hopkins 21 ~Peter Loftus writes about the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare from Dow Jones' Philadelphia bureau. His coverage areas include large drug makers such as Merck and Eli Lilly, and the latest developments in drug research. He occasionally writes about non-pharmaceutical news from the Philadelphia region. Jared S. Hopkins is a New York-based reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering the pharmaceutical industry, including companies such as Pfizer Inc. and Merck and Co. He previously was a health-care reporter at Bloomberg News and an investigative reporter at the Chicago Tribune."Covid-19 Vaccine Makers Press Countries to Oppose Patent Waiver." https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccine-makers-press-countries-to-oppose-patent-waiver-11622021402~~ AND send doses, through an international initiative called Covax, to developing nations. COVID highlights just how vulnerable we are to both natural pandemics and man-made biological weapons – the deciding factor in effective response is ensuring people can be vaccinated as fast as possibleLyon 21 ~Regan F Lyon, 7-1-2021, "COVID-19 Response Has Uncovered and Increased Our Vulnerability to Biological Warfare," OUP Academic, https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/186/7-8/193/6135020~~ AND defense strategies, and offer areas for improvement to restore our bioterror security. Reducing IP restrictions on medicine is essential for expanding access – especially in developing countries, where lack of capital and domestic industry makes the same people who are most vulnerable to diseases the least likely to have access to expensive brand-name drugsBaird 13 ~Sean, Boston College of Law. Magic and Hope: Relaxing Trips-Plus Provisions to Promote Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals. Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice, 33(1), 107-145, 2013, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/jlsj/vol33/iss1/4, accessed 7-31-21~ AND relaxing data exclu- sivity and compulsory licensing provisions for various drugs.207 Expansion enables domestic manufacturing and innovation that decentralizes pharma supply chainsHRW 6/3 — (Human Rights Watch, "Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver", 6-3-2021, Available Online at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/03/seven-reasons-eu-wrong-oppose-trips-waiver, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND guaranteed market even before their vaccines were proven to be safe and effective. Building domestic productive capacity is key to future pandemic resilience after COVIDUNCTAD 20 ~The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to promote the interests of developing states in world trade. UNCTAD is the part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. "COVID-19 heightens need for pharmaceutical production in poor countries." https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-heightens-need-pharmaceutical-production-poor-countries~~ AND . Makhoana said. "We cannot continue to rely on external sources." ====Preventing pandemics should be our main priority – climate change and a host of other factors make them more common and more dangerous, so ensuring we are as ready as possible is key==== AND access to healthcare is extremely limited due to their states’ limitations on Medicaid. New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. Distributed manufacturing capacity is key – donations are insufficient for COVID and future pandemics because of capacity, speed, and supplyMaxmen 9/15/21 ~Amy Maxmen is an American science writer and journalist who is a senior reporter at Nature. She covers evolution, medicine, science policy and scientists. She was awarded the Victor Kohn Prize for Excellence in Medical Science Reporting for her coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. "The fight to manufacture COVID vaccines in lower-income countries." https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02383-z~~ AND says, "We can’t fix vaccine inequalities until vaccine manufacturing is distributed." Only 0.9 of the developing world has the vaccine – capacity to produce it exists, but intellectual property restrictions are preventing production. Expanding access is key – it stops mutations and variants that take us back to square one on COVIDErfani et al 21 ~Parsa Erfani MD Candidate at Harvard Medical School. "Intellectual property waiver for covid-19 vaccines will advance global health equity." https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1837~~ AND choking of low and middle income countries (LMICs) through poor health. FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well-being1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.2~ actor-specificity: side constraints freeze action because government policies always require trade-offs—the only justifiable way to resolve those conflicts is by benefiting everyone. Actor-specificity comes first because different agents have different ethical obligations.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.4~ Extinction o/ws under any framework- moral uncertainty and future gensPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= AND be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) | 10/17/21 |
SO - Pandemics V2Tournament: St Marks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Peninsula AB | Judge: Annabelle Long Plan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for emergency use listing medicines during public health emergencies of international concern.1~ The intellectual property system is fundamentally mismatched with emergency pandemic conditions. Ensuring we are ready for next time is vitalLindsey 21 ~Brink Lindsey has written on a wide range of topics including trade policy, globalization, American social and cultural history, and the nature of human capital. His current research focuses on economic growth and the policy barriers that impede it. "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix." https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ AND employ other, more direct means to incentivize the development of new drugs. 2~ COVID highlights our vulnerability to both natural pandemics and human-made biological weapons—access is keyLyon 21 ~Regan F Lyon, 7-1-2021, "COVID-19 Response Has Uncovered and Increased Our Vulnerability to Biological Warfare," OUP Academic, https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/186/7-8/193/6135020~~ AND defense strategies, and offer areas for improvement to restore our bioterror security. 3~ Reducing IP is essential for expanding access – developing countries lack capital and domestic industry meaning the most vulnerable have the least accessBaird 13 ~Sean, Boston College of Law. Magic and Hope: Relaxing Trips-Plus Provisions to Promote Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals. Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice, 33(1), 107-145, 2013, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/jlsj/vol33/iss1/4, accessed 7-31-21~ AND from the market while patent holders maintain monopolistic control over pharmaceutical prices.118 4~ Expansion enables domestic manufacturing and innovation that decentralizes pharma supply chainsHRW 6/3 — (Human Rights Watch, "Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver", 6-3-2021, Available Online at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/03/seven-reasons-eu-wrong-oppose-trips-waiver, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND guaranteed market even before their vaccines were proven to be safe and effective. 5~ Building domestic productive capacity is key to future pandemic resilience after COVIDUNCTAD 20 ~The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to promote the interests of developing states in world trade. UNCTAD is the part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. "COVID-19 heightens need for pharmaceutical production in poor countries." https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-heightens-need-pharmaceutical-production-poor-countries~~ AND . Makhoana said. "We cannot continue to rely on external sources." 6~ Counterfeiting, innovation, donation, and manufacturing arguments are all wrong—strong domestic manufacturing is essential to pandemic containmentGostin 9/27 — (Lawrence O Gostin, Lawrence O. Gostin is professor of global health law, Georgetown University, and directs the World Health Organization Center on Global Health Law. His book "Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future"will be published in Oct. 2021, "Biden’s plan to vaccinate the world won’t work. Here’s a better one. ", Washington Post, 9-27-2021, Available Online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/27/biden-vaccines-globe-inequity-donations/, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND vaccine technology but they, too, require cooperation from Pfizer and Moderna. 7~ Only 0.9 of the developing world has the vaccine – capacity exists, but intellectual property prevent production. Access is key – it stops variants that take us back to square one on COVIDErfani et al 21 ~Parsa Erfani MD Candidate at Harvard Medical School. "Intellectual property waiver for covid-19 vaccines will advance global health equity." https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1837~~ AND choking of low and middle income countries (LMICs) through poor health. 8~ Pharma would cut marketing not researchLight 17 — Donald W. Light, Professor of Psychiatry and Medical Sociology, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine Visiting Researcher, Division of Medical Ethics, NYU School of Medicine, 6-2-2017, Date Accessed: 11-11-2017, "Debunking The Pharmaceutical Research ‘Free Rider’ Myth: A response To Yu, Helms, And Bach" Health Affairs, http://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170602.060376/full/ AND prices by promoting the myth that lower prices will reduce research and innovation? 9~ New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. 10~ Pandemics increase the risk of regional and dyadic conflict—best case studies from COVID prove. Negative examples solely analyze the beginnings of pandemics, continued transmission will give rise to instability and conflictIde 20 — (Tobias Ide, Tobias Ide’s research broadly focuses on the intersections of environmental change and environmental politics with peace, conflict, and security. In my current research, I assess the impact of disasters on conflict dynamics, the security implications of climate change, and environmental peacebuilding processes. Further academic interests of me include climate politics, peace and conflict studies, international politics, and the critical geopolitics of education. I employ various quantitative and qualitative research methods, including qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and field research. My teaching is guided by three principles: (1) introduce the core theoretical foundations of a field, (2) explore their usefulness in the context of real word developments and practical examples, and (3) utilise interactive methods to increase learning success. I hold an MA in Political Science (Leipzig, 2012), a PhD in Earth Sciences (Hamburg, 2015) and an advanced PhD (Habilitation) in Political Science (Braunschweig, 2019). Previously, I worked at the Georg Eckert Institute and the University of Melbourne, and held visiting positions at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the American University in Washington DC. My research has attracted funding by various external bodies (see Awards and grants). I published in leading disciplinary and interdisciplinary journals, including Global Environmental Change, International Affairs, International Studies Review, Journal of Peace Research, Nature Climate Change, and World Development (see Publications). Furthermore, I am a director of the Environmental Peacebuilding Association (EnPAx) and have consulted several decision makers (see Professional and community service)., "COVID-19 and armed conflict",Available Online at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X20304836?via3Dihub, accessed 10-6-2021, HKR-AR) AND to experience civil wars than consolidated democracies (Cederman and Vogt, 2017). 11~ Economic rebound is uneven and concentrated in the North - vaccine distribution is keyFairless et al 7-30 Tom Fairless In Frankfurt, Stella Yifan Xie In Hong Kong and Aaisha Dadi Patel In Johannesburg, 7-30-2021, "World Economy Caps Extraordinary Return From Covid-19 Collapse," WSJ, https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-economy-caps-extraordinary-return-from-covid-19-collapse-11627643509 AND up to 15 lower than in 2019, Mr. Sixt said. 12~ COVID proves that the aff is necessary it necessarily increases cooperation and creates a legal foundationSiva Thambisetty et al., 5-24-2021, "The TRIPS Intellectual Property Waiver Proposal: Creating the Right Incentives in Patent Law and Politics to end the COVID-19 Pandemic," No Publication, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=3851737 AND the quest for ‘super profits’ amid inequalities of production and distribution.157 13~ EULWHO ND — (World Health Organization, "Diagnostics laboratory emergency use listing" , Available Online at https://www.who.int/teams/regulation-prequalification/eul, accessed 10-9-2021, HKR-AR) AND of IVDs) and apply for WHO prequalification once the product is licensed. 14~ Public health emergency of international concernCFR 21 — ( "What Does the World Health Organization Do?", Council on Foreign Relations, 1-29-2021, Available Online at https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-does-world-health-organization-do, accessed 10-7-2021, HKR-AR) AND 2019; and amid the global outbreak of the new coronavirus in 2020. | 11/5/21 |
SO - Pandemics V3Tournament: St Marks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Greenhill NT | Judge: Skyler Harris 1AC – Nano NagleAdvantagePlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for emergency use listing medicines during public health emergencies of international concern.1~ The intellectual property system is fundamentally mismatched with emergency pandemic conditions. Ensuring we are ready for next time is vitalLindsey 21 ~Brink Lindsey has written on a wide range of topics including trade policy, globalization, American social and cultural history, and the nature of human capital. His current research focuses on economic growth and the policy barriers that impede it. "Why intellectual property and pandemics don’t mix." https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ AND employ other, more direct means to incentivize the development of new drugs. 2~ COVID highlights our vulnerability to both natural pandemics and human-made biological weapons—access is keyLyon 21 ~Regan F Lyon, 7-1-2021, "COVID-19 Response Has Uncovered and Increased Our Vulnerability to Biological Warfare," OUP Academic, https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/186/7-8/193/6135020~~ AND defense strategies, and offer areas for improvement to restore our bioterror security. 3~ Reducing IP is essential for expanding access – developing countries lack capital and domestic industry meaning the most vulnerable have the least accessBaird 13 ~Sean, Boston College of Law. Magic and Hope: Relaxing Trips-Plus Provisions to Promote Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals. Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice, 33(1), 107-145, 2013, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/jlsj/vol33/iss1/4, accessed 7-31-21~ AND from the market while patent holders maintain monopolistic control over pharmaceutical prices.118 4~ Expansion enables domestic manufacturing and innovation that decentralizes pharma supply chainsHRW 6/3 — (Human Rights Watch, "Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver", 6-3-2021, Available Online at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/03/seven-reasons-eu-wrong-oppose-trips-waiver, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND guaranteed market even before their vaccines were proven to be safe and effective. 5~ Building domestic productive capacity is key to future pandemic resilience after COVIDUNCTAD 20 ~The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to promote the interests of developing states in world trade. UNCTAD is the part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. "COVID-19 heightens need for pharmaceutical production in poor countries." https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-heightens-need-pharmaceutical-production-poor-countries~~ AND . Makhoana said. "We cannot continue to rely on external sources." 6~ Counterfeiting, innovation, donation, and manufacturing arguments are all wrong—strong domestic manufacturing is essential to pandemic containmentGostin 9/27 — (Lawrence O Gostin, Lawrence O. Gostin is professor of global health law, Georgetown University, and directs the World Health Organization Center on Global Health Law. His book "Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future"will be published in Oct. 2021, "Biden’s plan to vaccinate the world won’t work. Here’s a better one. ", Washington Post, 9-27-2021, Available Online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/27/biden-vaccines-globe-inequity-donations/, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) AND vaccine technology but they, too, require cooperation from Pfizer and Moderna. 7~ Only 0.9 of the developing world has the vaccine – capacity exists, but intellectual property prevent production. Access is key – it stops variants that take us back to square one on COVIDErfani et al 21 ~Parsa Erfani MD Candidate at Harvard Medical School. "Intellectual property waiver for covid-19 vaccines will advance global health equity." https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1837~~ AND choking of low and middle income countries (LMICs) through poor health. 8~ Other institutions and marketing solve innovationLight 17 — Donald W. Light, Professor of Psychiatry and Medical Sociology, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine Visiting Researcher, Division of Medical Ethics, NYU School of Medicine, 6-2-2017, Date Accessed: 11-11-2017, "Debunking The Pharmaceutical Research ‘Free Rider’ Myth: A response To Yu, Helms, And Bach" Health Affairs, http://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170602.060376/full/ AND prices by promoting the myth that lower prices will reduce research and innovation? 9~ New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. Vaccine dependency results in exploitation of the Global SouthOsborn 8/6 ~Catherine Osborn is the writer of Foreign Policy’s weekly Latin America Brief. She is a print and radio journalist based in Rio de Janeiro. August 6, 2021, "COVAX Is Not Working," Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/06/latin-america-covid-pandemic-who-wto-covax-vaccine-delay-delta-variant//lhs-ap~~ AND which also complained about COVAX delays, increased its orders from China’s Sinovac. These moves have come with their own challenges. An official from Paraguay, which diplomatically recognizes Taiwan, said a subsidiary of Chinese manufacturer Sinopharm canceled a vaccine contract for "geopolitical reasons," while Pfizer reportedly pressured Latin American governments to sign over unprecedented sovereign assets as guarantees against the cost of potential lawsuits.11~ Pandemics increase the risk of regional and dyadic conflict—best case studies from COVID prove. Negative examples solely analyze the beginnings of pandemics, continued transmission will give rise to instability and conflictIde 20 — (Tobias Ide, Tobias Ide’s research broadly focuses on the intersections of environmental change and environmental politics with peace, conflict, and security. In my current research, I assess the impact of disasters on conflict dynamics, the security implications of climate change, and environmental peacebuilding processes. Further academic interests of me include climate politics, peace and conflict studies, international politics, and the critical geopolitics of education. I employ various quantitative and qualitative research methods, including qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and field research. My teaching is guided by three principles: (1) introduce the core theoretical foundations of a field, (2) explore their usefulness in the context of real word developments and practical examples, and (3) utilise interactive methods to increase learning success. I hold an MA in Political Science (Leipzig, 2012), a PhD in Earth Sciences (Hamburg, 2015) and an advanced PhD (Habilitation) in Political Science (Braunschweig, 2019). Previously, I worked at the Georg Eckert Institute and the University of Melbourne, and held visiting positions at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the American University in Washington DC. My research has attracted funding by various external bodies (see Awards and grants). I published in leading disciplinary and interdisciplinary journals, including Global Environmental Change, International Affairs, International Studies Review, Journal of Peace Research, Nature Climate Change, and World Development (see Publications). Furthermore, I am a director of the Environmental Peacebuilding Association (EnPAx) and have consulted several decision makers (see Professional and community service)., "COVID-19 and armed conflict",Available Online at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X20304836?via3Dihub, accessed 10-6-2021, HKR-AR) AND to experience civil wars than consolidated democracies (Cederman and Vogt, 2017). Frameworkthe standard is maximizing expected wellbeingIndependently:1~ Extinction o/ws –~a~ trillions of people in future generations means the future holds a lot of value which extinction destroys – outweighs their offense under any framework, regardless of whether they are deontic or aretaic~b~ Gateway issue - we need to be alive to assign value and debate competing moral theories- extinction literally ends the debate on "ought".2~ Use EM – Evaluate the framework debate as a sliding scale not true/false – weigh probability of framework being true times contention offense – framework serves to prioritize not preclude only EM is logical – util agrees freedom matters, but wellbeing outweighs.3~ Extinction o/ws under any framework, even under moral uncertainty – infinite future generationsPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= AND be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) 4~ Non util ethics are impossibleGreene 10 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf) AND religion, they don't really explain what's distinctive about the philosophy in question. 5~ That justifies util – it’s impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value.Greene 15 — (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, "Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism", The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/~~#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined AND are affected. Which you can think of as shorthand as maximizing happiness— | 10/17/21 |
SO - Trade SecretsTournament: Long Beach | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake MT | Judge: Sam Larson 1AC1Advantage 1 is WhistleblowingEuropean trade secrets protections for medicine chill whistleblowing – that undermines public health and drug efficacyHAI et al 14 — (Health Action International and a coalition of other NGOs, HAI works to expand health access in Europe, "EU trade secrets directive threat to health, environment, free speech and worker mobility", 12-17-14, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/statement'-'eu'trade'secrets'directive'needs'amendments.pdf, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND disseminate information should be the rule, and trade secret protection the exception. Current law places the burden of proof on whistleblowers, which reinforces legal uncertainty – empirics prove a lack of accountability for corporations.Moody 16 — (Glyn Moody, Contributing Policy Editor at Ars Technica. He has been writing about the Internet, free software, copyright, patents and digital rights for over 20 years., "New EU trade secrets law could jail whistleblowers, block drug trial data access", Ars Technica, 4-14-16, Available Online at https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/new-eu-trade-secrets-law-whistleblowers-journalists-drug-trials/, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND trial, "citing French laws that protect the release of trade secrets." This burden structure makes intimidation lawsuits inevitable, further deterring whistleblowing.CEO 17 — (Corporate Europe Observatory, non-profit research and campaign group whose declared aim is to "expose any effects of corporate lobbying on EU policy making"., "Adapting the EU Directive on Trade Secrets ‘Protection’ into National Law", February 2017, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/trade'secrets'protection'directive'-'a'transposition'briefing.pdf, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND in countries where legal protection for media sources is weak or even absent. Effective protections for European medical whistleblowers are crucial to strengthening public health and preventing pandemics – COVID was the test runDreyfus and Galizzi 20 — (Suelette Dreyfus, PhD, Researcher at the University of Melbourne, and Bruno Galizzi, part of the Blueprint for Free Speech Spain, "Protect whistleblowers, protect everyone's health", 5-19-20, Blueprint for Free Speech, Available Online at https://www.blueprintforfreespeech.net/en/news/protect-whistleblowers-protect-everyones-health, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND operation of the institutions, in defense of our fundamental and human rights. New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. 2Advantage 2 is Uniformity
EU trade secret regulations are fragmented – lack of clear standards on protection across countries undermine businesses. Uniform trade secret legislation is key – single state exceptions doom growth.Junge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the EU’s and its Member States’ capacity for an effective enforcement mechanism.97 European consistency in trade secret whistleblowing laws is key – current legal vagueness create uncertainty for whistleblowers and businessesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND of national laws and to the aims targeted by the Trade Secrets Directive. The status quo’s minimum harmonization approach is unsustainable – only the plan’s universal and maximal mandate solvesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the Trade Secrets Directive even more, but might have been politically unenforceable. The EU is a global leader in pandemic response, but, the cohesion and increased health security that the aff promotes is key to preserving that leadershipVeron and Di Ciommo 20 – Veron, Pauline, and Di Ciommo, Mariella, October 2020 – "The EU’s Role in Global Health in the Era of COVID-19," The European Centre for Development Policy Management, Pauline Veron is a Junior Policy Officer for the European External Affairs programme (75) and Migration programme (25). She has an undergraduate degree in Political Science Science Po Strasbourg with time at Trinity College Dublin, and a Masters in Public Administration and another in International Relations and Regional Integration Process also from Science Po Strasbourg. Mariella Di Ciommo is a Policy Officer in the European External Affairs programme. Before joining ECDPM she worked in different roles at Development Initiatives in the UK and then in Brazil. In Brazil, as a Strategic Partnerships Manager, she led DI’s work on data for development at country level and international engagement on South-South cooperation, climate finance and poverty. She holds a master in Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics and one in Economics from Bocconi University. ~Harker KB~ AND health. It will require action at country, regional and global level. Independently, whistleblowing protections are key to preserving market dynamics and increasing investment.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND the Commission would propose a legislative act on whistleblower protection in the EU. European economic decline causes multiple scenarios for global warWright 12 ~Thomas Wright, fellow with the Managing Global Order at the Brookings Institution. What if Europe Fails? 2012. http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerWright.pdf~~ AND crisis that could have been avoided had better decisions been taken earlier on. SolvencyPlan Text: The member states of the European Union ought to reduce trade secret protections for medicines by requiring that plaintiffs prove that the acquisition, use, and disclosure of the trade secret did not pertain to revealing misconduct, wrongdoing, or illegal activity, or to protecting the general public interest.The plan shifts the burden of proof from whistleblowers to companies.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND legal context of (the missing) whistleblower protection in EU Member States. That expands the whistleblowing exception to trade secret protections by restricting employer discretion, which reduces the extent of trade secret protections.Vandekerckhove 21 — (Wim Vandekerckhove, Professor of Business Ethics @ University of Greenwich and co-Director of the Centre for Research in Employment and Work, Phd in Applied Ethics from Ghent University, "Is It Freedom? The Coming About of the EU Directive on Whistleblower Protection", Journal of Business Ethics (2021), Available Online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-021-04771-x, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND context of (the missing) whistleblower protection in EU Member States.’ | 10/15/21 |
SO - Trade Secrets V2Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Chris Theis 1AC1Advantage 1 is WhistleblowingEuropean trade secrets protections chill whistleblowing – that undermines public health and drug efficacyHAI et al 14 — (Health Action International and a coalition of other NGOs, HAI works to expand health access in Europe, "EU trade secrets directive threat to health, environment, free speech and worker mobility", 12-17-14, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/statement'-'eu'trade'secrets'directive'needs'amendments.pdf, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND disseminate information should be the rule, and trade secret protection the exception. Current law places the burden of proof on whistleblowers, which reinforces legal uncertainty – empirics prove a lack of accountability for corporations.Moody 16 — (Glyn Moody, Contributing Policy Editor at Ars Technica. He has been writing about the Internet, free software, copyright, patents and digital rights for over 20 years., "New EU trade secrets law could jail whistleblowers, block drug trial data access", Ars Technica, 4-14-16, Available Online at https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/new-eu-trade-secrets-law-whistleblowers-journalists-drug-trials/, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND trial, "citing French laws that protect the release of trade secrets." This burden structure makes intimidation lawsuits inevitable, further deterring whistleblowing.CEO 17 — (Corporate Europe Observatory, non-profit research and campaign group whose declared aim is to "expose any effects of corporate lobbying on EU policy making"., "Adapting the EU Directive on Trade Secrets ‘Protection’ into National Law", February 2017, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/trade'secrets'protection'directive'-'a'transposition'briefing.pdf, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND in countries where legal protection for media sources is weak or even absent. Effective protections for European medical whistleblowers are crucial to strengthening public health and preventing pandemics – COVID was the test runDreyfus and Galizzi 20 — (Suelette Dreyfus, PhD, Researcher at the University of Melbourne, and Bruno Galizzi, part of the Blueprint for Free Speech Spain, "Protect whistleblowers, protect everyone's health", 5-19-20, Blueprint for Free Speech, Available Online at https://www.blueprintforfreespeech.net/en/news/protect-whistleblowers-protect-everyones-health, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND operation of the institutions, in defense of our fundamental and human rights. New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. 2Advantage 2 is Uniformity
EU trade secret regulations are fragmented – lack of clear standards on protection across countries undermine businesses. Uniform trade secret legislation is key – single state exceptions doom growth.Junge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the EU’s and its Member States’ capacity for an effective enforcement mechanism.97 European consistency in trade secret whistleblowing laws is key – current legal vagueness create uncertainty for whistleblowers and businessesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND of national laws and to the aims targeted by the Trade Secrets Directive. The status quo’s minimum harmonization approach is unsustainable – only the plan’s universal and maximal mandate solvesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the Trade Secrets Directive even more, but might have been politically unenforceable. Increased cohesion is key to augmenting EU leadership during future pandemics.Veron and Di Ciommo 20 – Veron, Pauline, and Di Ciommo, Mariella, October 2020 – "The EU’s Role in Global Health in the Era of COVID-19," The European Centre for Development Policy Management, Pauline Veron is a Junior Policy Officer for the European External Affairs programme (75) and Migration programme (25). She has an undergraduate degree in Political Science Science Po Strasbourg with time at Trinity College Dublin, and a Masters in Public Administration and another in International Relations and Regional Integration Process also from Science Po Strasbourg. Mariella Di Ciommo is a Policy Officer in the European External Affairs programme. Before joining ECDPM she worked in different roles at Development Initiatives in the UK and then in Brazil. In Brazil, as a Strategic Partnerships Manager, she led DI’s work on data for development at country level and international engagement on South-South cooperation, climate finance and poverty. She holds a master in Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics and one in Economics from Bocconi University. ~Harker KB~ AND health. It will require action at country, regional and global level. Independently, whistleblowing protections are key to preserving market dynamics and increasing investment.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND the Commission would propose a legislative act on whistleblower protection in the EU. European economic decline causes multiple scenarios for global warWright 12 ~Thomas Wright, fellow with the Managing Global Order at the Brookings Institution. What if Europe Fails? 2012. http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerWright.pdf~~ AND crisis that could have been avoided had better decisions been taken earlier on. SolvencyPlan Text: The member states of the European Union ought to reduce trade secret protections for medicines by requiring that plaintiffs prove that the acquisition, use, and disclosure of the trade secret did not pertain to revealing misconduct, wrongdoing, or illegal activity, or to protecting the general public interest.The plan shifts the burden of proof from whistleblowers to companies.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND legal context of (the missing) whistleblower protection in EU Member States. That expands the whistleblowing exception to trade secret protections by restricting employer discretion, which reduces the extent of trade secret protections.Vandekerckhove 21 — (Wim Vandekerckhove, Professor of Business Ethics @ University of Greenwich and co-Director of the Centre for Research in Employment and Work, Phd in Applied Ethics from Ghent University, "Is It Freedom? The Coming About of the EU Directive on Whistleblower Protection", Journal of Business Ethics (2021), Available Online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-021-04771-x, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND context of (the missing) whistleblower protection in EU Member States.’ FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well-being1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.2~ actor-specificity: side constraints freeze action because government policies always require trade-offs—the only justifiable way to resolve those conflicts is by benefiting everyone. Actor-specificity comes first because different agents have different ethical obligations.3~ No intent-foresight distinction—if we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.4~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.5~ Reject calc indicts and util triggers permissibility arguments:A~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at allB~ Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education6~ extinction o/ws under any framework- moral uncertainty and future gensPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= AND be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) | 10/15/21 |
SO - Trade Secrets V3Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: American Heritage MC | Judge: Sam Larson | 10/15/21 |
SO - Trade Secrets V4Tournament: Pres | Round: 3 | Opponent: Marlborough JH | Judge: David Dosch 1AC1Advantage 1 is WhistleblowingEuropean trade secrets protections chill whistleblowing – that undermines public health and drug efficacyHAI et al 14 — (Health Action International and a coalition of other NGOs, HAI works to expand health access in Europe, "EU trade secrets directive threat to health, environment, free speech and worker mobility", 12-17-14, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/statement'-'eu'trade'secrets'directive'needs'amendments.pdf, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND disseminate information should be the rule, and trade secret protection the exception. Current law places the burden of proof on whistleblowers, which reinforces legal uncertainty – empirics prove a lack of accountability for corporations.Moody 16 — (Glyn Moody, Contributing Policy Editor at Ars Technica. He has been writing about the Internet, free software, copyright, patents and digital rights for over 20 years., "New EU trade secrets law could jail whistleblowers, block drug trial data access", Ars Technica, 4-14-16, Available Online at https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/new-eu-trade-secrets-law-whistleblowers-journalists-drug-trials/, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND trial, "citing French laws that protect the release of trade secrets." This burden structure makes intimidation lawsuits inevitable, further deterring whistleblowing.CEO 17 — (Corporate Europe Observatory, non-profit research and campaign group whose declared aim is to "expose any effects of corporate lobbying on EU policy making"., "Adapting the EU Directive on Trade Secrets ‘Protection’ into National Law", February 2017, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/trade'secrets'protection'directive'-'a'transposition'briefing.pdf, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND in countries where legal protection for media sources is weak or even absent. Effective protections for European medical whistleblowers are crucial to strengthening public health and preventing pandemics – COVID was the test runDreyfus and Galizzi 20 — (Suelette Dreyfus, PhD, Researcher at the University of Melbourne, and Bruno Galizzi, part of the Blueprint for Free Speech Spain, "Protect whistleblowers, protect everyone's health", 5-19-20, Blueprint for Free Speech, Available Online at https://www.blueprintforfreespeech.net/en/news/protect-whistleblowers-protect-everyones-health, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND operation of the institutions, in defense of our fundamental and human rights. New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. 2Advantage 2 is Uniformity
EU trade secret regulations are fragmented – lack of clear standards on protection across countries undermine businesses. Uniform trade secret legislation is key – single state exceptions doom growth.Junge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the EU’s and its Member States’ capacity for an effective enforcement mechanism.97 European consistency in trade secret whistleblowing laws is key – current legal vagueness create uncertainty for whistleblowers and businessesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND of national laws and to the aims targeted by the Trade Secrets Directive. The status quo’s minimum harmonization approach is unsustainable – only the plan’s universal and maximal mandate solvesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the Trade Secrets Directive even more, but might have been politically unenforceable. Increased cohesion is key to augmenting EU leadership during future pandemics.Veron and Di Ciommo 20 – Veron, Pauline, and Di Ciommo, Mariella, October 2020 – "The EU’s Role in Global Health in the Era of COVID-19," The European Centre for Development Policy Management, Pauline Veron is a Junior Policy Officer for the European External Affairs programme (75) and Migration programme (25). She has an undergraduate degree in Political Science Science Po Strasbourg with time at Trinity College Dublin, and a Masters in Public Administration and another in International Relations and Regional Integration Process also from Science Po Strasbourg. Mariella Di Ciommo is a Policy Officer in the European External Affairs programme. Before joining ECDPM she worked in different roles at Development Initiatives in the UK and then in Brazil. In Brazil, as a Strategic Partnerships Manager, she led DI’s work on data for development at country level and international engagement on South-South cooperation, climate finance and poverty. She holds a master in Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics and one in Economics from Bocconi University. ~Harker KB~ AND health. It will require action at country, regional and global level. Independently, whistleblowing protections are key to preserving market dynamics and increasing investment.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND the Commission would propose a legislative act on whistleblower protection in the EU. European economic decline causes multiple scenarios for global warWright 12 ~Thomas Wright, fellow with the Managing Global Order at the Brookings Institution. What if Europe Fails? 2012. http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerWright.pdf~~ AND crisis that could have been avoided had better decisions been taken earlier on. SolvencyPlan Text: The member states of the European Union ought to reduce trade secret protections for medicines by requiring that plaintiffs prove that the acquisition, use, and disclosure of the trade secret did not pertain to revealing misconduct, wrongdoing, or illegal activity, or to protecting the general public interest.The plan shifts the burden of proof from whistleblowers to companies.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of the law." That expands the whistleblowing exception to trade secret protections by restricting employer discretion, which reduces the extent of trade secret protections.Vandekerckhove 21 — (Wim Vandekerckhove, Professor of Business Ethics @ University of Greenwich and co-Director of the Centre for Research in Employment and Work, Phd in Applied Ethics from Ghent University, "Is It Freedom? The Coming About of the EU Directive on Whistleblower Protection", Journal of Business Ethics (2021), Available Online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-021-04771-x, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND context of (the missing) whistleblower protection in EU Member States.’ FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well-being1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.2~ actor-specificity: side constraints freeze action because government policies always require trade-offs—the only justifiable way to resolve those conflicts is by benefiting everyone. Actor-specificity comes first because different agents have different ethical obligations.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.4~ Extinction o/ws under any framework- moral uncertainty and future gensPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= AND be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) 5. Extinctions a prereq - it forecloses all future value and causes massive structural violence6. No intent-foresight distinction—if we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen. | 10/15/21 |
SO - Trade Secrets V5Tournament: Pres | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westridge TW | Judge: Vanessa Nguyen 1AC1Advantage 1 is WhistleblowingEuropean trade secrets protections chill whistleblowing – that undermines public health and drug efficacyHAI et al 14 — (Health Action International and a coalition of other NGOs, HAI works to expand health access in Europe, "EU trade secrets directive threat to health, environment, free speech and worker mobility", 12-17-14, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/statement'-'eu'trade'secrets'directive'needs'amendments.pdf, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND disseminate information should be the rule, and trade secret protection the exception. Current law places the burden of proof on whistleblowers, which reinforces legal uncertainty – empirics prove a lack of accountability for corporations.Moody 16 — (Glyn Moody, Contributing Policy Editor at Ars Technica. He has been writing about the Internet, free software, copyright, patents and digital rights for over 20 years., "New EU trade secrets law could jail whistleblowers, block drug trial data access", Ars Technica, 4-14-16, Available Online at https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/new-eu-trade-secrets-law-whistleblowers-journalists-drug-trials/, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND trial, "citing French laws that protect the release of trade secrets." This burden structure makes intimidation lawsuits inevitable, further deterring whistleblowing.CEO 17 — (Corporate Europe Observatory, non-profit research and campaign group whose declared aim is to "expose any effects of corporate lobbying on EU policy making"., "Adapting the EU Directive on Trade Secrets ‘Protection’ into National Law", February 2017, Available Online at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/attachments/trade'secrets'protection'directive'-'a'transposition'briefing.pdf, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND in countries where legal protection for media sources is weak or even absent. Effective protections for European medical whistleblowers are crucial to strengthening public health and preventing pandemics – COVID was the test runDreyfus and Galizzi 20 — (Suelette Dreyfus, PhD, Researcher at the University of Melbourne, and Bruno Galizzi, part of the Blueprint for Free Speech Spain, "Protect whistleblowers, protect everyone's health", 5-19-20, Blueprint for Free Speech, Available Online at https://www.blueprintforfreespeech.net/en/news/protect-whistleblowers-protect-everyones-health, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND operation of the institutions, in defense of our fundamental and human rights. New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news'cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND , we could credibly aim to eliminate the risk of epidemics and pandemics. 2Advantage 2 is Uniformity
EU trade secret regulations are fragmented – lack of clear standards on protection across countries undermine businesses. Uniform trade secret legislation is key – single state exceptions doom growth.Junge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the EU’s and its Member States’ capacity for an effective enforcement mechanism.97 European consistency in trade secret whistleblowing laws is key – current legal vagueness create uncertainty for whistleblowers and businessesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 8-27-21, HKR-AM) AND of national laws and to the aims targeted by the Trade Secrets Directive. The status quo’s minimum harmonization approach is unsustainable – only the plan’s universal and maximal mandate solvesJunge 16 — (Fabian Junge, Law @ Maastricht University, "THE NECESSITY OF EUROPEAN HARMONIZATION IN THE AREA OF TRADE SECRETS", MAASTRICHT EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER No. 2016/04, Available Online at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2839693, accessed 9-8-21, HKR-AM) AND the Trade Secrets Directive even more, but might have been politically unenforceable. Increased cohesion is key to augmenting EU leadership during future pandemics.Veron and Di Ciommo 20 – Veron, Pauline, and Di Ciommo, Mariella, October 2020 – "The EU’s Role in Global Health in the Era of COVID-19," The European Centre for Development Policy Management, Pauline Veron is a Junior Policy Officer for the European External Affairs programme (75) and Migration programme (25). She has an undergraduate degree in Political Science Science Po Strasbourg with time at Trinity College Dublin, and a Masters in Public Administration and another in International Relations and Regional Integration Process also from Science Po Strasbourg. Mariella Di Ciommo is a Policy Officer in the European External Affairs programme. Before joining ECDPM she worked in different roles at Development Initiatives in the UK and then in Brazil. In Brazil, as a Strategic Partnerships Manager, she led DI’s work on data for development at country level and international engagement on South-South cooperation, climate finance and poverty. She holds a master in Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics and one in Economics from Bocconi University. ~Harker KB~ AND health. It will require action at country, regional and global level. Independently, whistleblowing protections are key to preserving market dynamics and increasing investment.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND the Commission would propose a legislative act on whistleblower protection in the EU. European economic decline causes multiple scenarios for global warWright 12 ~Thomas Wright, fellow with the Managing Global Order at the Brookings Institution. What if Europe Fails? 2012. http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12SummerWright.pdf~~ AND crisis that could have been avoided had better decisions been taken earlier on. SolvencyPlan Text: The member states of the European Union ought to reduce trade secret protections for medicines by requiring that plaintiffs prove that the acquisition, use, and disclosure of the trade secret did not pertain to revealing misconduct, wrongdoing, or illegal activity, or to protecting the general public interest.The plan shifts the burden of proof from whistleblowers to companies.Abazi 16 — (Vigjilenca Abazi, Assistant Professor @ Maastricht University, "Trade Secrets and Whistleblower Protection in the European Union", European Papers, Vol. 1, 2016, No 3, European Forum, Insight of 3 September 2016, pp. 1061-1072, Available Online at https://www.europeanpapers.eu/en/europeanforum/trade-secrets-and-whistleblower-protection-in-the-eu, accessed 9-9-21, HKR-AM) AND for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of the law." That expands the whistleblowing exception to trade secret protections by restricting employer discretion, which reduces the extent of trade secret protections.Vandekerckhove 21 — (Wim Vandekerckhove, Professor of Business Ethics @ University of Greenwich and co-Director of the Centre for Research in Employment and Work, Phd in Applied Ethics from Ghent University, "Is It Freedom? The Coming About of the EU Directive on Whistleblower Protection", Journal of Business Ethics (2021), Available Online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-021-04771-x, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) AND context of (the missing) whistleblower protection in EU Member States.’ EU Legislature elevated trade secrets to IPLespín Et al, ND, "Trade secrets in the US and EU: What is protected?," No Publication, https://lawahead.ie.edu/trade-secrets-in-the-us-and-eu-what-is-protected/ AND trade secrets, and outlines the special conditions for their licensing and sale. FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well-being1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.2~ actor-specificity: side constraints freeze action because government policies always require trade-offs—the only justifiable way to resolve those conflicts is by benefiting everyone. Actor-specificity comes first because different agents have different ethical obligations.3~ Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.4~ Extinction o/ws under any framework- moral uncertainty and future gensPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= AND be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) | 10/15/21 |
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