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Entry
Date
0-Contact Info
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hi, I'm Avik. It's best to contact me through text (612-383-5311). Otherwise, use email (avikgarg103@gmail.com).
8/25/21
0--DebateDrills
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any “I’m on DebateDrills - the following URL has our roster, conflict, policy, code of conduct, relevant team policies, and harassment/bullying complaint form: https://www.debatedrills.com/debate-club?ld”
8/25/21
Cap v2
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Victor Chen Our thesis is that the collapse of capitalism is inevitable, it is a question of now or later: you should frame your decision through an anti-capitalist lens by centering the valorization of productivity that aff’s logic is founded upon. Kuang 20 Da Kuang and Changyi Huang are professors at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, College of Marxism in Wuhan 430074, China. A Study of Marx’s Thought on the Speed of Capital Accumulation, Presented at the 2020 International Conference on Social Science, Economics and Education Research (SSEER 2020), Atlantic Press: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research Volume 455, 8-22-21, amrita III. CONTEMPORARY ENLIGHTENMENT: CAPITALISM IS BOUND TO DIE OUT IN THE LONG-
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accumulation. The ultimate fate of capitalism is to be replaced by socialism.
The aff’s insidious attempts to replace welfare with wage labor reinforces the idealization and social control of “work ethic”. Myths of work allow governments to blame systemic poverty on the behavior of the poor. Valorization of work and notions that you can resist via unionization deflates proletariat unity by turning workers against non-workers. Frayne 15 Frayne, David. The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work . Zed Books, London (2015); 98-105; CE recut amrita In The Problem With Work, Kathi Weeks explores the legacy of the work ethic
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foster an open-minded and intelligent debate on the future of work.
Rights based frameworks that posit unionization as the end all to all problems are part of the problem—consumption and work fuel each other cyclically. The proletariat must refuse the demand of work to refuse the demand of consumption. Lafargue 83 Lafargue, Paul. The Right To Be Lazy. Charles Kerr and Co., Illinois (1883); Retrieved on March 23, 2010 from www.marxists.org; https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-lafargue-the-right-to-be-lazy amrita That the competition of man and the machine might have free course, the proletarians
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, which he practices in a sitting posture, smoking his pipe nonchalantly.
But capitalism can’t be saved. The short-term rejuvenation simply pushes back the long-term inevitable collapse which dooms us to death by climate change before the revolution can happen—this card is amazing and also preempts all their “cap solves climate change” answers. Foster 18 John Bellamy Foster, John Bellamy Foster is a professor of sociology at the University of Oregon and also editor of Monthly Review. He writes about political economy of capitalism and economic crisis, ecology and ecological crisis, and Marxist theory. “Making War on the Planet.” Monthly Review. September 1, 2018. https://monthlyreview.org/2018/09/01/making-war-on-the-planet/ recut 8-22-2021 amrita A short fuse is burning. At the present rate of global emissions, the
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beings as both natural and social beings: what is now called ecosocialism.
Endorse a dictatorship of the proletariat. Global capitalism’s inequities can only be fully purged once its intrinsic contradictions expose themselves and allow for the collapse of the bourgeoisie state. A dictatorship is required to solidify our transition to communism and is why you should reject any perm that attempts to preserve the state apparatus. Revolution 73 Proletarian Dictatorship Vs. Bourgeois “Democracy”; Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line; Revolution; May 1973; Edited by Paul Saba; https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/pd-v-bd.htm; CE recut amrita This situation can only be reversed by socialist revolution to overthrow capitalist rule. The
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the transition to the abolition of classes and to a classless society. ”
11/6/21
General Baudi vs T affs
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Jalyn Wu See open source, NSD R4
11/5/21
General Camp T fwk
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Jalyn Wu see open source, NSD r4
11/5/21
General Disclosure
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Valley LS | Judge: Calvin Tyler A Interpretation: Debaters must, on the page with their name and the school they attend, disclose all taglines, full citations, and the first and last three words of the pieces of evidence read in their cases on the NDCA wiki at least one hour before the round
B Violation: My opponent only has one aff round disclosed, it’s a different aff than the one they have on the wiki, and they haven’t disclosed docs for any of the round from this tournament or Blake or Columbia where they also competed
C Net Benefits: 1 Research – disclosure increases research and gets rid of anti-educational arguments because debaters are forced to prepare cases knowing that people will have answers AND people get the opportunity to research answers to disclosed cases. Nails 13 - (Jacob I am a policy debater at Georgia State University. I debated LD for 4 years for Starr's Mill High School (GA) and graduated in 2012. "A Defense of Disclosure (Including Third-Party Disclosure)" http://nsdupdate.com/2013/a-defense-of-disclosure-including-third-party-disclosure-by-jacob-nails/) I fall squarely on the side of disclosure. I find that the largest advantage
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. The structure of LD in the status quo doesn’t incentivize better debating.
2 Clash – Disclosure is the best method for increasing clash in debates because it allows debaters to substantively engage positions rather than relying on sketchy tricks to avoid the discussion. It also allows for more specific clash because debaters can see specific arguments disclosed instead of trying to link generic arguments in.
3) Argument Quality-- Disclosure controls for the element of surprise. A world without disclosure rewards debaters for running arguments not because they are good, but because their opponents won't know how to respond. Disclosure forces debaters to commit to quality; under my interpretation, debaters would have to write cases knowing that their opponents will have the opportunity for thoughtful preparation.
4) Disclosure improves second-line argumentation. In the status quo, debaters are forced to spend more time researching and writing answers on the first line of argumentation; having frontlines for your case in the 2NR or the 1AR is an advantage, not an expectation. If both sides had equal information to prepare first-line answers, debaters would have to devise more creative and thoughtful second-line arguments. The quality of analytics would increase in later rebuttals, which would teach debaters not only to construct, but also to defend, their arguments.
Education is a voter—there is no professional debate league, the benefit to debate is learning real world skills and learning about the world. Drop the debater—the abuse has already occurred and my time allocation has shifted—also the shell indicts your whole aff—justifies severance which skews my strat. Use competing interps—leads to a race to the top since we figure out the best possible norm and avoids judge intervention since there’s a clear briteline. No RVIs—
a. Baiting—they’ll just bait theory and prep it out—justifies infinite abuse and results in a chilling effect
b. its not logical—you don’t reward them for meeting the burden of being fair. Logic is a meta constraint on all args because it definitionally determines whether an argument is valid
2/7/22
General Util fw
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science RP | Judge: Nethmin Liyange Use the standard of maximizing expected well-being
Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason
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explain moral substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons.
2. Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
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places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
3. A Spec - Because government policies can create tradeoffs between the people they help and hurt, the government's unique duty is to maximize the wellbeing of the people its policies affect. Goodin 95, Robert E. Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University. “Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy.” Pg63. Cambridge University Press. 1995. NO URL. DOA 2-8-17. My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
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, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that.
3. No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – people psychologically decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
4. No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
There’s no intent-foresight distinction for governments. Enoch 07 David. “Intending, Foreseeing, and the State” The Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 9-13-2007. Published by: Legal Theory The general difficulty of the intending-foreseeing distinction here stemmed, you will recall
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against the intending-foreseeing distinction when applied to state action than elsewhere.
5. Extinction comes first! MacAskill 14 William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014 However, even if we believe in a moral view according to which human extinction
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is where we do research and determines how we engage in the round.
11/13/21
JF Deleuze K
Tournament: Blake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lexington MS | Judge: Kaya Czys The affirmative offers a solution: implement insert aff plan to secure insert aff impact. This is the wrong approach—we exist within a “control society,” where power is exercised not through repression, but continuous control-- frame this round as an interrogation of productivity and desire. Deleuze 92Gilles Deleuze was a French philosopher who, from the early 1950s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. His most popular works were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus, both co-written with psychoanalyst Félix Guattari, Postscript on the Societies of Control on JSTOR, Winter 1992,The MIT press,https://www.jstor.org/stable/778828?seq=1, 12-11-2021 amrita The different internments or spaces of enclosure through which the individual passes are independent variables
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with erosions of frontiers but with the explosions within shanty towns or ghettos.
Distinctions between the private and public sphere do not exist-- the affirmative’s theorization of such is the latest tactic of control society to modulate the enunciation of behavior and subjectivity through fascist mechanisms. Hardt 98 Michael Hardt is an American political philosopher and literary theorist. Hardt is best known for his book Empire, which was co-written with Antonio Negri. It has been praised by Slavoj Žižek as the "Communist Manifesto of the 21st Century". He is currently a professor of literature at Duke University, The Global Society of Control on JSTOR, Fall 1998, Discourse Vol. 20, No. 3, Gilles Deleuze: A Reason to Believe in this World, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41389503, 12-14-2021 amrita There Is No More Outside The passage from disciplinary society to the society of control
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empire is an u-topos , or rather a non-place.
Their reliance upon the Westphalian nation-state system and analysis of IR won’t work in space – an unclear division of territory demands a new approach that decenters control societies but their commitment to the existing legal paradigm commits us to eternal war. Nayebi 11 Nima Nayebi is a J.D. candidate at University of California Hastings College of the Law, 2011; Production Editor, Hastings Law Journal. The Geosynchronous Orbit and the Outer Limits of Westphalian Sovereignty. HASTINGS SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL, Vol. 3:2, Summer 2011 recut 12-13-21 amrita Because the technological capabilities of states in relation to space remain in their infancy,
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learn from space law and its aims of promoting global unity and peace.
This may seem innocuous, but it creates a war on difference, a new totalitarian model that is premised upon reactive orientations to desire, leaving only a simulation of political participation creating fascism-- that turns case. Karatzogianni and Robinson 13. Athina Karatzogianni is a Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication at the University of Leicester (UK), Andrew Robinson is an independent researcher and writer, “Schizorevolutions vs. Microfascisms: A Deleuzo-Nietzschean Perspective on State, Security, and Active/Reactive Networks,” Selected Works, July 2013, http://works.bepress.com/athina_ karatzogianni, 8-17-2019, amrita Thesis 2: The threatened state transmutes into the terror state. The return of
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and deviance, which ‘returns’ as intractable social problems and inert effects.
Endorse community-based radical organizing built around collective solidarity—the insert aff plan is doomed to failure if it is tied to discussions of insert aff impact scenario. Space has the radical potential to be different and you should affirm a subversion of their politic—no perms. Battaglia 12 Debbora Battaglia is a professor at Mount Holyoke College. “Arresting hospitality: the case of the 'handshake in space,” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 18, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41506671., 12-14-2021 amrita Towards an extra-territorial ethics of hospitality While acknowledging that anthropologists of play and
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and securing the possibility of realizing in the future joint scientific experiments.29
12/18/21
JF India PIC
Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rosemount CP | Judge: Julian Kuffour CP: Space appropriation by private entities is unjust except for private entities registered within The Republic of India. Private appropriation for Indian private entities is key for investor confidence. This card is so good #amritaisthebest Sen 20 Nilanjan Sen, who is an experienced lawyer, specialising in International Law and Arbitration, 07-26-2020,Business Insider,https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/the-fault-in-our-stars-indias-bid-at-privatizing-space/articleshow/77182064.cms, 12-7-2021 amrita With the creation of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (now ISRO)
applications, complementing the societal benefits motivation currently being pursued by the government. Indian space military heg checks and limits Chinese heg in the Indo-Pacific. Bommakanti 7-15-20Kartik Bommakanti is a Fellow with the Strategic Studies Programme. Kartik specialises in space military issues and his research is primarily centred on the Indo-Pacific region. He also works on emerging technologies as well as nuclear, conventional and sub-conventional coercion, particularly in the context of the Indian subcontinent and the role of great powers in the subcontinent’s strategic dynamics. He has published in peer reviewed journals., The enduring significance of space weapons for India, 7-15-2020,ORF,https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-enduring-significance-of-space-weapons-for-india/, 12-8-2021 amrita Regardless of the Americans protestations about the Russian test, there are important underlying implications
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remains unduly restrained in the testing, integration and deployment of space weapons. China heg is revisionist and offensive-- in the Indo-Pacific that causes draw-in. Brands 19 Hal Brands is the Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Zack Cooper is a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, an associate at Armitage International, and an adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University, "After the Responsible Stakeholder, What? Debating America’s China Strategy." Texas National Security Review. Volume 2, Issue 2. February 2019k https://tnsr.org/2019/02/after-the-responsible-stakeholder-what-debating-americas-china-strategy-2/ 12-10-2021 amrita The responsible-stakeholder paradigm offered a coherent “theory of victory”: It identified
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policymakers have come to see all three of these interests as being imperiled. That goes nuclear-- extinction :/ Hayes 18 Peter John Hayes is the Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, a non-governmental policy-oriented research and advocacy group. He graduated from the University of Melbourne with a degree in History, and from University of California, Berkeley with a Ph.D. in energy and resources. #gobears, Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony, November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 recut 12-10-2021 amrita During a post-hegemonic era, long-standing nuclear alliances are likely to
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second time, less so, the third time, the new normal.
1 Acquisition of property can never be unjust – to create rights violations, there must already be an owner of the property being violated, but that presupposes its appropriation by another entity—that’s a contradiction in conception Feser 1, (Edward Feser, 1-1-2005, accessed on 12-15-2021, Cambridge University Press, "THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN UNJUST INITIAL ACQUISITION | Social Philosophy and Policy | Cambridge Core", Edward C. Feser is an American philosopher. He is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-unjust-initial-acquisition/5C744D6D5C525E711EC75F75BF7109D1)brackets for gen langphs st There is a serious difficulty with this criticism of Nozick, however. It is
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, then, for there to be any injustices in initial acquisition.7
2 Self-ownership justifies the appropriation of property – our freedom necessitates being able to set and pursue external things as our ends, including exercising our rights on property. Restricting this arbitrarily limits our freedom which is unjust. Feser 3, (Edward Feser, 1-1-2005, accessed on 12-15-2021, Cambridge University Press, "THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN UNJUST INITIAL ACQUISITION | Social Philosophy and Policy | Cambridge Core", Edward C. Feser is an American philosopher. He is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-unjust-initial-acquisition/5C744D6D5C525E711EC75F75BF7109D1)brackets for gen langphs st V. Some Implications If what I have argued so far is correct, then
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, with all the egalitarian mischief-making the proviso has made possible.
2/7/22
JF PCA CP
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian CS | Judge: Tanish Kumar China should:
• • establish a national space policy declaring disputes over international space law and policy should be resolved via compulsory and binding arbitration through the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA).
• • submit private appropriation of space for binding arbitration through the PCA pursuant to the Optional Rules for the Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities.
• • not shirk full compliance with the tribunal’s rulings on matters relating to outer space activities.
• • The PCA should rule appropriation of space in violation of the Outer Space Treaty
That establishes compulsory jurisdiction over the plan via the PCA, using the new Optional Space Rules—this is especially beneficial when relating to private agents. Kilgore 18 – Experienced international law and dispute mediation attorney, writing for the trade publication of the Federal Bar Susan Cone Kilgore, Attorney advising clients on international law issues and dispute mediation with the Leeser Law Firm PLLC, Former adjunct professor of law with the University of Houston Law Center, over 30 years of legal experience, primarily in various federal government positions including trying numerous federal cases and serving as Assistant United States Attorney for the Western District of Texas, former General Counsel for a telecommunications provider, former FBA vice president for the Fourth Circuit, Arbitration Rules for Disputes Arising from Outer Space Activity, The Federal Lawyer - Federal Bar Association, March 2018, http://www.fedbar.org/Resources_1/Federal-Lawyer-Magazine/2018/March/Features/Arbitration-Rules-for-Disputes-Arising-from-Outer-Space-Activity.aspx?FT=.pdf recut 2-15-2022 amrita The Optional Rules state that the secretary general of the PCA has the authority to
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actors—and the various sources of law that affect space activities.24
Solves and establishes effective PCA arbitration for space—they’ll agree with the plan, which solves the aff, but allow the effectiveness of PCA arbitration to be established for outer space. Goh 7 – Associate Prof of Law-Nat’l U of Singapore Dr. Gérardine Meishan Goh, Adjunct Associate Professor, Faculty of Law- National University of Singapore, Dispute Settlement in International Space Law: A Multi-Door Courthouse for Outer Space, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007, book accessible at https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/11860/Thesis.pdf?sequence=10 recut 12-15-2022 amrita The Enforcement of the Rule of Law in Outer Space International law may be flawed
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the efficacy, relevance and evolution of the framework of international space law.
Strong arbitration framework solves war and NoKo. Sievert and Norris 18 – Professors of International Affairs and Chinese Foreign Policy at the Bush School-Texas AandM Ronald Sievert, Associate Professor of the Practice and Director of the Certificate in Advanced International Affairs Program in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, and William Norris, associate professor of Chinese foreign and security policy at the Bush School and former associate focused on US-China escalation risks with the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ed. by Catesby Holmes, Global Affairs Editor—The Conversation, Arbitration as a way out of the North Korean crisis, 2018, https://theconversation.com/arbitration-as-a-way-out-of-the-north-korean-crisis-91899 According to latest polls, a majority of Americans see North Korea as the greatest
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of unpalatable options. It is certainly far better than a disastrous war.
Extinction Diamond 17 Larry Diamond, Larry Diamond is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and at the Freeman Spogli Institute at Stanford University. “There Is a Peaceful Way Out of the North Korea Crisis.” The Atlantic. April 26, 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/north-korea-trump-china/524349/ The drama that is playing out now over North Korea’s nuclear and missile program—
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secondary sanctions on Chinese banks that do business with North Korean front companies.
2/19/22
JF Set Col K v Locke
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Valley LS | Judge: Calvin Tyler Genocidal disposition is not an event but on an ongoing process that functions through a tripartite structure of elimination, replacement, and indoctrination. Debate as a competitive research activity is not isolated from said violence, but works to iteratively indoctrinate settler ideologies which is necessary to maintain the broader process of genocide. Patel 14 Lisa (Leigh) Patel (2014), Countering Coloniality in Educational Research: From Ownership to Answerability, Educational Studies, 50:4, 357-377, DOI: 10.1080/00131946.2014.924942, Accesed via Taylor Francis Onlineitsnagisa EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AS SETTLER COLONIALISM The United States, in addition to many other places such as Australia, Canada, and Israel, is ongoing project of settler colonialism (Byrd 2011; A. Smith 2010; Wolfe 1991). Rather than a single event, settler colonialism is a continuous process and logic with three mutually dependent components (Tuck and Yang 2012), all of which work in tandem and rely on each other to maintain the structure of colonialism. The first practice is to seize the land, resources, cultural practices, and goods of a desired location. Beginning with land grabs in the 14th century and continuing through contemporary times, the United States was founded on the practice of outsiders claiming land and resources. However, in settler colonialism, there can never be enough land to satisfy the thirst of a few. The logic of physical invasions and opportunistic treaties with Native peoples echo in contemporary times with private takeover of public, potentially collective, spaces (Martusewicz, Edmondson, and Lupinacci 2011). In education, this is most notable through the dismantling of public education (Fine and Fabricant 2012) for the proliferation of privatized venture philanthropy in education and teacher education, leveraged through educational metrics measuring teacher, school, and pupil performance (Kumashiro 2010). As one of the last public spaces in the United States, education has experienced a surge of privatization that acts in keeping with a genealogy of land grabs. What were once public schools, with names like Washington Elementary School or Paul J. Robeson High School, are increasingly renamed and claimed for private interests, with many locations simultaneously claimed and linked through private ownership, under the names of Harlem Children's Zone, Kipp Academy, and MATCH (e.g. http://www.matcheducation.org/). Au and Ferrare's (2014) network analysis reveals the small number of educational reformers who leverage disproportionately large symbolic and material sponsorship to establish private-like charters and claim those lands. But to sustain this land grab, the peoples already residing there must be eliminated
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and what theoretical frames drive the data gathering, analysis, and implications.
Appropriation is necessarily based in the Lockean labor theory of property—that exerting labor on land makes it yours. That is the same logic used to justify settler colonialism. Gardner Seawright, researcher at University of Wisconsin-Parkside writes in 2014-- Seawright, Gardner. "Settler traditions of place: Making explicit the epistemological legacy of white supremacy and settler colonialism for place-based education." Educational Studies 50.6 (2014): 554-572. (AG DebateDrills) In line with the “laws of nature” presented by John Locke, full
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and knowledges for purpose of genetic engineering and the mass accumulation of profit.
The alternative is total refusal – only in this mode of upheaval are new futurisms possible Grande 18 – Sandy Grande, Professor of Education and Director of the Center for the Critical Study of Race and Ethnicity at Connecticut University, 2018 (“Refusing the Settler Society of the Spectacle,” Handbook of Indigenous Education, Published by Springer, Edited by Elizabeth Ann McKinley and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, ISBN 978-981-10-1839-8, pp. 1-17) Indigenous Refusal and the Twenty-First-Century Ghost Dance As articulated by
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, our present, and our future. This is our one demand.
We are quickly transitioning to full space-for-space economy where burgeoning demand and private sector incentives create a full economy in short order--the aff ends that dream Sarang 21—Mehak Sarang; Mehak is also a Research Associate at Harvard Business School with Professor Matthew Weinzierl, researching the business and economics of the space sector; The Commercial Space Age Is Here; Feb 12 2021; Harvard Business Review; https://hbr.org/2021/02/the-commercial-space-age-is-here; (AG DebateDrills) In our recent research, we examined how the model of centralized, government-
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mining companies less as failures and more as simply ahead of their time.
Space colonization is the dream for any environmentalist—expanding our reach makes sustainability downright easy Futurism 13—“The Benefits of Colonizing Space: Space Habitats and The O’Neill Cylinder”; Futurism.com; Dec 27 2013; https://futurism.com/space-habitats-and-the-oneill-cylinder; (AG DebateDrills) For governmental bodies and world leaders faced with a huge and unsustainable population, the
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industries in space may not just become feasible, but incredibly economically beneficial.
The impact is extinction—only quickly finding solutions to climate change prevents us from reaching tipping points Sears 21-- Sears, Nathan Alexander. "Great Powers, Polarity, and Existential Threats to Humanity: An Analysis of the Dis-tribution of the Forces of Total Destruction in International Security." (2021). Thus, the assumption here is that a Hothouse Earth climate could pose an existential
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, since no single state realistically accounts for the entire global carbon budget.
1/28/22
JF Space Col DA v2
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: HWL RV | Judge: Jacob Nails We are quickly transitioning to full space-for-space economy where burgeoning demand and private sector incentives create a full economy in short order--the aff ends that dream Sarang 21—Mehak Sarang; Mehak is also a Research Associate at Harvard Business School with Professor Matthew Weinzierl, researching the business and economics of the space sector; The Commercial Space Age Is Here; Feb 12 2021; Harvard Business Review; https://hbr.org/2021/02/the-commercial-space-age-is-here; (AG DebateDrills) In our recent research, we examined how the model of centralized, government-
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mining companies less as failures and more as simply ahead of their time. Space colonization is the dream for any environmentalist—expanding our reach makes sustainability through SBSP possible Snead 21—Mike Snead; president of the Spacefaring Institute; “The Coming Age of Astroelectricity”; September 2021; Space Renaissance International 3rd World Congress; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354783694_The_Coming_Age_of_Astroelectricity#read; (AG DebateDrills) World political leaders have agreed that achieving worldwide economic development and the eradication of poverty
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require 164 square kilometers of land for the receiving antenna array and a safety The impact is extinction—only quickly finding solutions to climate change prevents us from reaching tipping points Sears 21-- Sears, Nathan Alexander. "Great Powers, Polarity, and Existential Threats to Humanity: An Analysis of the Dis-tribution of the Forces of Total Destruction in International Security." (2021). Thus, the assumption here is that a Hothouse Earth climate could pose an existential
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single state realistically accounts for the entire global carbon budget.
2/20/22
JF T The
Tournament: Emory | Round: 3 | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: David Dosch 1
Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that appropriation of outer space as a whole by private entities is unjust.
‘The’ indicates reference to a noun as a whole Merriam Webster’s 19 Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the 4 -- used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole the elite
“Appropriation” means to take as property Leon 18 (Amanda M., Associate, Caplin and Drysdale, JD UVA Law) "Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources." Virginia Law Review, vol. 104, no. 3, May 2018, p. 497-547. HeinOnline. Appropriation. The term "appropriation" also remains ambiguous. Webster's defines the verb
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though, by expanding the prohibition to other types not explicitly described.168
‘Of’ implies we should consider appropriation as a whole CJS 78 Corpus Juris Secundum, 67, p. 200 Of: The word "of" is a preposition. It is a word
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which a part is referred to, thought of, affected, etc.
Unjust means contrary to right and justice Black’s Law Dictionary (Black's Law Dictionary. “What Is Unjust? Definition of Unjust (Black's Law Dictionary).” The Law Dictionary, The Law Dictionary, 7 Nov. 2011, thelawdictionary.org/unjust/.) What is UNJUST? Contrary to right and justice, or to the enjoyment of his rights by another, or to the standards of conduct furnished by the laws.
Violation— the word “appropriation” is only qualified by the words “outer space” – no other specification is permitted Ellis 53 Judge Advocate in the United States Army, “United States. v. Private Frank Taylor, Jr.”, United States Army Board of Review, 11 C.M.R. 428; 1953 CMR LEXIS 1428, 7-31, Lexis Appellate defense counsel argued orally that many facts indicated the United States was not at
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determines the date of the beginning of the original suspension (emphasis supplied).
Vote Neg:
1 Predictable Limits – there’s hundreds of ways in which the affirmative can restrict appropriation in outer space – they can make fines, penalize companies, or make CEOs do a notes app apology on twitter. Their model also lets them selectively restrict poor forms of appropriation and shift to better forms of appropriation which allows the aff to say appropriation good and creates a bidirectional topic that is impossible to negate.
2 Topic ed – Bans are one of the most common and is most germane to the literature – increases the amount of ground and ability to have deep debates on the model which the majority of the literature is centered around as opposed to an irrelevant and vague model that kills critical thinking abilities.
Fairness and education are voters – debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
Drop the debater –anything else is self-serving since they have created irreversible harm by arbitrarily limiting arguments I could read in the 1N
Use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention since we don’t know your bs meter
No RVIs - illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair – it’s a litmus test for engaging in substance
1/29/22
JF T- Private Entities
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian CS | Judge: Tanish Kumar Interpretation: the affirmative may not specify a type of appropriation or private entity
‘The’ indicates that appropriation is generic – no spec is allowed Merriam Webster’s 19 Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the 4 -- used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole the elite
Entities is a generic bare plural Nebel 20 Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh. “Indefinite Singular Generics in Debate” Victory Briefs, 19 August 2020. no url AG I agree that if “a democracy” in the resolution just meant “one
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This suggests that “a democracy” in the resolution is not existential.
It applies to this topic – a entities is a bare plural bc it has no determiner b The sentence “The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust” does not imply “the appropriation of outer space by private and public entities is unjust”
Violation: they spec China
Standards
1 Limits – they can spec infinite different types of appropriation like space mining, satellite orbit types, colonization, etc. This takes out functional limits – it’s impossible for me to research every possible combination of entities, governments, and appropriation.
2 TVA solves – just read your aff as an advantage to a whole rez aff – we don’t stop them from reading new FWs, mechanisms or advantages. PICs aren’t aff offense – a it’s ridiculous to say that neg potential abuse justifies the aff being non-T b There’s only a small number of pics on this topic c PICs incentivize them to write better affs that can generate solvency deficits to PICs
Fairness and education are voters – debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
Drop the debater –anything else is self-serving since they have created irreversible harm by arbitrarily limiting arguments I could read in the 1N
Use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention since we don’t know your bs meter
No RVIs –a) illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair – it’s a litmus test for engaging in substance, b) topic ed – prevents 1AR blipstorm scripts and allows us to get back to substance after resolving theory
2/19/22
ND Cap K
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough TY | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin Our thesis is that the collapse of capitalism is inevitable, it is a question of now or later: you should frame your decision through an anti-capitalist lens by centering the valorization of productivity that aff’s logic is founded upon. Kuang 20 Da Kuang and Changyi Huang are professors at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, College of Marxism in Wuhan 430074, China. A Study of Marx’s Thought on the Speed of Capital Accumulation, Presented at the 2020 International Conference on Social Science, Economics and Education Research (SSEER 2020), Atlantic Press: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research Volume 455, 8-22-21, amrita III. CONTEMPORARY ENLIGHTENMENT: CAPITALISM IS BOUND TO DIE OUT IN THE LONG-
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accumulation. The ultimate fate of capitalism is to be replaced by socialism.
The aff’s insidious attempts to replace welfare with wage labor reinforces the idealization and social control of “work ethic”. Myths of work allow governments to blame systemic poverty on the behavior of the poor. Valorization of work and notions that you can resist via unionization deflates proletariat unity by turning workers against non-workers. Frayne 15 Frayne, David. The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work . Zed Books, London (2015); 98-105; CE recut amrita In The Problem With Work, Kathi Weeks explores the legacy of the work ethic
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foster an open-minded and intelligent debate on the future of work.
Rights based frameworks that posit unionization as the end all to all problems are part of the problem—consumption and work fuel each other cyclically. The proletariat must refuse the demand of work to refuse the demand of consumption. Lafargue 83 Lafargue, Paul. The Right To Be Lazy. Charles Kerr and Co., Illinois (1883); Retrieved on March 23, 2010 from www.marxists.org; https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-lafargue-the-right-to-be-lazy amrita That the competition of man and the machine might have free course, the proletarians
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, which he practices in a sitting posture, smoking his pipe nonchalantly.
But capitalism can’t be saved. The short-term rejuvenation simply pushes back the long-term inevitable collapse which dooms us to death by climate change before the revolution can happen—this card is amazing and also preempts all their “cap solves climate change” answers. Foster 18 John Bellamy Foster, John Bellamy Foster is a professor of sociology at the University of Oregon and also editor of Monthly Review. He writes about political economy of capitalism and economic crisis, ecology and ecological crisis, and Marxist theory. “Making War on the Planet.” Monthly Review. September 1, 2018. https://monthlyreview.org/2018/09/01/making-war-on-the-planet/ recut 8-22-2021 amrita A short fuse is burning. At the present rate of global emissions, the
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beings as both natural and social beings: what is now called ecosocialism.
Endorse a dictatorship of the proletariat. Global capitalism’s inequities can only be fully purged once its intrinsic contradictions expose themselves and allow for the collapse of the bourgeoisie state. A dictatorship is required to solidify our transition to communism and is why you should reject any perm that attempts to preserve the state apparatus. Revolution 73 Proletarian Dictatorship Vs. Bourgeois “Democracy”; Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line; Revolution; May 1973; Edited by Paul Saba; https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/pd-v-bd.htm; CE recut amrita This situation can only be reversed by socialist revolution to overthrow capitalist rule. The
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the transition to the abolition of classes and to a classless society. ”
Generic Case Turns/Circumvention
The right to strike does nothing to companies who actually exploit workers—they just hire consultants and employ shady tactics Lafer and Loustaunau 20-- Gordon Lafer political economist and is a Professor at the University of Oregon and Lola Loustaunau assistant research fellow at the Labor Education and Research Center, University of Oregon; Fear at work: An inside account of how employers threaten, intimidate, and harass workers to stop them from exercising their right to collective bargaining; July 23, 2020; Economic Policy Institute; https://www.epi.org/publication/fear-at-work-how-employers-scare-workers-out-of-unionizing/. (AG DebateDrills) Even when employers obey the law, they rely on a set of tactics that
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little effective right of reply, these messages may prove extremely powerful.
Turn: Today’s strikes rely on public support—legal strikes always incite social tensions among groups of different statuses—only illegal strikes have the potential to be successful and change minds Reddy 21-- Diana S. Reddy Diana Reddy is a Doctoral Fellow at the Law, Economics, and Politics Center at UC Berkeley Law; “There Is No Such Thing as an Illegal Strike”: Reconceptualizing the Strike in Law and Political Economy; Jan 6 2021; Yale Law Journal; https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy. (AG DebateDrills) In recent years, consistent with this vision, there has been a shift in
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many believed they would not achieve it through white-led unions.198
Blindly introducing the right to strike always entrenches neoliberalism, guaranteeing its own fruitlessness and undermining the power of the working class, turning case—South Africa proves Runciman 19-- Runciman, Carin Associate Professor of Sociology at University of Johannesburg. "The" Double-edged Sword" of Institutional Power: COSATU, Neo-liberalisation and the Right to Strike." Global Labour Journal 10.2 (2019). (AG DebateDrills) The analysis presented in this article offers a challenge for the use of the PRA
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in order to shore up its own structural, associational and institutional power.
11/5/21
ND Contracts NC
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fishers GC | Judge: Pheonix Pittman Moral internalism is true:
1 Disagreement – Externalist theories fail to explain why some agents have the differing motivation for actions – internalism solves by showing how agents’ motivations are dictated by internal desires. Markovitz Markovits 14, Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. https://philpapers.org/rec/ROCJMM Oxford University Press, 2014.Scopa SHS ZS Relatedly, internalism about reasons seems less presumptive than externalism. We should not assume
AND
motivated by genuine normative reasons (or even that some of us are).
2 Regress – a priori knowledge is merely an acceptance of an individual’s conception of rationality. Macintyre 81. Macintyre 81, Alasdair Macintyre, https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268035044/after-virtue/ After Virtue, 1981 SHS ZS The most influential account of moral reasoning that emerged in response to this critique of
AND
only such authority as it chooses to confer upon them by adopting them.
3 Empirically proven – the competition between competing externalists modes of ethics has been going for centuries. Leiter Leiter, Brian. “Moral Psychology with Nietzsche.” Oxford University Press. Published 2019 SHS ZS With respect to very particularized moral disagreements — e.g., about questions of
AND
agreement on any foundational moral principle because of ignorance, irrationality, or partiality
4 Motivation – A. Externalist ethics collapse to internalism because agents will only follow external demands if they are consistent with their internal account of the good. For instance, citizens only follow the law insofar as its consistent with their internal beliefs, even when external value structures are being placed upon them. B. Empirics – there is no factual account of the good since each agent has unique motivation and there is no way to combine these beliefs into a unified ethic.
Next, agents justify their actions based on individual moral preferences and deal with ethical dilemmas by prioritizing their own beliefs. Gauthier. David Gauthier, Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract theory of morality, Why Contractarianism?, 1998, /AHS PB SHS ZS Fortunately, I do not have to defend normative foundationalism. One problem with accepting
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need suppose is that moral justification does not plausibly survive conflict with it.
Thus, the standard is consistency with contractarianism. Agents must engage in the project of mutual self-restraint as to not impede upon the moral authority of others. Stanford. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Contractarianism.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/ Published 18 June 2000 SHS ZS A brief sketch of the most complete and influential contemporary contractarian theory, David Gauthier’s
AND
and supportive government that will be discussed in the final section becomes possible.
Prefer additionally:
1 Actor specificity – states are not moral entities but derive authority from the contracts that allows them to constrain action. This outweighs on empiricism; states aren’t bound by moral obligations, but they are by their contracts to other entities.
2 Collapses – Contracts takes into account all other ethical theories and allows agents to engage under the index of their own good so long as they don’t violate the constraints of their other. The NC functions as a meta constraint – meaning indicts don’t take it out but they rather prove the truth of a theory under a particular index.
3 Culpability – Only contracts ensure agents are held to their agreements since there is a verifiable basis for judging their actions as wrong as well as a pre-established punishment for breaking it.
Negate: Governments providing the right to strike negates already signed contracts between workers and employers by providing immunities to workers that mean employers can’t enforce terms of contract.
11/21/21
ND Econ DA
Tournament: Scarsdale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bronx Science RP | Judge: Nethmin Liyange Global reopenings coupled with aggressive monetary policies put us on the brink of inflation deanchoring World Bank 6-21 – World Bank Prospects Group; June 2021 Global Economic Prospects; https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35647/9781464816659.pdf Since May 2020, however, inflation has gradually picked up. By April 2021
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to higher inflation and compounded the challenges confronting the poor during the pandemic.
History shows that strikes cause inflationary cycles that cause recession—variety of mechanisms Sweet 78-- Sweet, T. (1978). The Connection Between Strikes and Inflation. Management Research News, 1(1), 4–4. doi:10.1108/eb027672 The main finding reported in this paper is that, during the recent wave of
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time, making it more likely that relative wage changes will occur, producing
Economic Collapse goes Nuclear. Tønnesson 15, Stein. "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace." International Area Studies Review 18.3 (2015): 297-311. (the Department of Peace and Conflict, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Peace research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway) Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
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each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
Extinction – nuke war fallout creates Ice Age and mass starvation Starr 15, Steven. “Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen.” Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html TG A war fought with 21st century strategic nuclear weapons would be more than just a
AND
the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable.
11/13/21
ND Econ DA v2
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fishers GC | Judge: Pheonix Pittman The global economy is recovering and is set to accelerate this year, but any shocks can devastate growth World Bank 21 - The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. "The Global Economy: on Track for Strong but Uneven Growth as COVID-19 Still Weighs" 06/08/2021 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs VS A year and a half since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic,
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and moderate as the country’s focus shifts to reducing financial stability risks.
Strikes deck economy– multiple warrants
1 Stop investment Tenza 20 - Tenza, Mlungisi. . Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal “The Effects of Violent Strikes on the Economy of a Developing Country: A Case of South Africa.” Obiter, Nelson Mandela University, 2020, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandamp;pid=S1682-58532020000300004VS These strikes are not only violent but take long to resolve. Generally, a
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reluctant to invest where there is an unstable or fragile labour relations environment.
2 Strikes negatively impact labor and confidence, causing major economic losses Tenza 20 - Tenza, Mlungisi. . Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal “The Effects of Violent Strikes on the Economy of a Developing Country: A Case of South Africa.” Obiter, Nelson Mandela University, 2020, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandamp;pid=S1682-58532020000300004. VS When South Africa obtained democracy in 1994, there was a dream of a better
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enable it to deal with the high levels of unemployment and resultant poverty.
3 Even just the right to strike causes to these impacts– the right to strike is accompanied with increased strikes, many of them being violent, devastating key industries and the economy Tenza 20 - Tenza, Mlungisi. . Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal “The Effects of Violent Strikes on the Economy of a Developing Country: A Case of South Africa.” Obiter, Nelson Mandela University, 2020, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandamp;pid=S1682-58532020000300004. VS Economic growth is one of the most important pillars of a state. Most developing
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industrial action in South Africa to make them more favourable to economic growth.
4 Strikes decrease productivity, create investment risk, weaken capital, and market volatility– causes econ collapse Wisniewski et al 19 - Wisniewski, T. P., Lambe, B. J., and Dias, A. (2019). The Influence of General Strikes against Government on Stock Market Behavior. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. doi:10.1111/sjpe.12224 VS The research that has been done to date focused primarily on the incidence of general
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consider the full welfare implications for their members before staging a mass protest.
Two impacts
1 Econ collapse causes destroys medicine industry Frank 18 – Robert A.University of Ottawa. “Conflict and Disease: A Complex Relationship”, March 2018, Lex AZ, 10.18192/riss-ijhs.v7i1.1895 Impact of Economic Instability Financial crises hinder quality of life, while promoting redistribution of
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scenario with increased demand for, but reduced supply of, health services.
Disease causes extinction Millett 17 Piers Consultant for the World Health Organization, PhD in International Relations and Affairs, University of Bradford, Andrew Snyder-Beattie, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, Health Security, Vol 15(4), http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028 Historically, disease events have been responsible for the greatest death tolls on humanity.
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, and available vectors, could be modified as well.19-2
2 Econ decline results in nuclear war. Tønnesson 15 Tønnesson is a research professor at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) in Norway and the leader of the East Asia Peace program at Uppsala University in Sweden. “Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace.” International Area Studies Review, volume 18, number 3, pgs. 297-311. 2015. Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
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each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
11/21/21
ND Healthcare Worker PIC
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Marlborough TY | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin Text: A just government ought to recognize a conditional right of workers to strike whereby all workers besides for healthcare workers may strike.
Health Care Worker Strikes Fail and Result in Brain Drain. Chima 13 Chima, S.C. Global medicine: Is it ethical or morally justifiable for doctors and other healthcare workers to go on strike?. BMC Med Ethics 14, S5 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-14-S1-S5 It would appear that strikes may have a disproportionatedeleterious impact on doctors and other HCWs
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healthcare service delivery in the centers and regions affected 9, 14.
That kills the philipino economy Tiglao 1/30 (Getsy, reporter for and op-ed contributor to Manila Bulletin, “Time for an overhaul of labor migration policy,” Manila Bulletin, 1/30/18, https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/01/30/time-for-an-overhaul-of-labor-migration-policy/) President Rodrigo Duterte’s decision to suspend the deployment of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW)
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rate with about 1 million young people entering the work force every year.
Prevents sustainable Philippines middle power Andrew F Cooper and Daniel Flemes 13, Andrew F Cooper is in the Balsillie School of International Affairs, University of Waterloo, Canada; Daniel Flemes is at the German Institute of Global and Area Studies, “Foreign Policy Strategies of Emerging Powers in a Multipolar World: An Introductory Review,” Third World Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 6, 07/2013, pp. 943–962 Significantly, however, this image of marginalisation is contradicted by a revival of interest
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in order to attain their own goals and objectives in specific policy domains.
That’s an impact filter for a laundry list of existential impacts Roland Paris 19, professor of international affairs at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa, and associate fellow of the US and the Americas Programme at Chatham House, “Can Middle Powers Save the Liberal World Order?,” June 2019, Chatham House, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2019-06-18-MiddlePowers.pdf The rationale for asking middle powers to perform this role is obvious: challenges to
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otherwise escalate into larger conflicts, creating a more brittle and dangerous world.
11/5/21
ND Rights K
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola AP | Judge: Gordon Krause The right to strike is a dangerous fantasy antithetical to any effective deployment of labor power White 18 – Ahmed White (Nicholas Rosenbaum Professor of Law, University of Colorado-Boulder), Its Own Dubious Battle: The Impossible Defense of an Effective Right to Strike, 2018, 2018 Wis. L. Rev. 1065 https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2369andcontext=articles WJ One of the most important statutes ever enacted, the National Labor Relations Act envisaged
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viable system of labor rights and that labor’s salvation must be sought elsewhere.
Their approach results in elitist and top-down unionism -- it legitimizes the judicial state and crushes movements Walchuk 11 -- Brad Walchuk (York University, Canada), Union Democracy and Labour Rights: A Cautionary Tale, Global Labour Journal Vol. 2 No. 2: May 2011, https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/globallabour/article/view/1099 WJ Despite a wealth of literature that is critical of constructing labour rights as human rights
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facilitates the proliferation of more hierarchical, elite dominated forms of trade unionism.
Demands for recognition from the judiciary produce exclusion from and cooption by whiteness. Their requests cede and reinforce fascist state power. Weheliye 14 Alexander Weheliye, Professor of African American Studies at Northwestern University, 2014, “Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human” Nevertheless, the benefits accrued through the juridical acknowledgment of racialized subjects as fully human
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property at the same time as it fortifies the supremacy of Man.13
The alternative refuses rights discourse in favor of militant political power – only our approach can harness the forces behind 20th century unionism and ensure democratic protection McCartin 11 -- Joseph A. McCartin (Georgetown University), Probing the Limits of Rights Discourse in the Obama Era: A Crossroads for Labor and Liberalism, International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 80 (Fall 2011), pp. 148-160, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41307197?seq=1 WJ I have argued elsewhere that the struggle for industrial democracy played a more salutary role
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visible, but whose broad outlines our recent experience has begun to illuminate.
Labor scholarship must analyze the form of the law before its content Dimick 19 – Matt Dimick teaches law at the University at Buffalo School of Law, Catalyst Journal vol 3 no 1, 2019, “Counterfeit Liberty”, https://catalyst-journal.com/2019/07/counterfeit-liberty WJ Because of unions’ strong workplace presence but weak capacity for coordinating activity across workplaces,
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presents the danger of undermining this process through mechanisms of dependency and displacement.
11/20/21
ND T-Recognize
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola AP | Judge: Gordon Krause Interp and violation – recognize means to acknowledge. Any further governmental action by the aff is extra t Merriam Webster ND Merriam Webster, “recognize”, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/recognize DD AG
to acknowledge formally: such as a: to admit as being lord
AND
to d: to acknowledge the de facto existence or the independence of
Standards
1 Limits and ground – Affs that don’t defend legal protections for strikes justify infinite affs that fiat anything from aid for strikes to a white house statement that gain offense off perception and explode neg prep burden. Independently decks core neg ground because the aff is barely a shift from the squo and we lose DA links.
2 Precision – by not using recognize, they shift the goalposts and justify arbitrarily jettisoning words in the rez or shifting words like recognize to concede – best case they’re totally non topical, worst case, they’re extra t for specifying beyond the bounds of the rez
Topicality should be a voting issue evaluated through competing interpretations—reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention that takes the debate out of the hands of the debaters. Pre-round prep has already been skewed which means the only remedy is to drop the debater.
11/20/21
SO Contractarianism NC
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Syosset AH | Judge: Ishan Rereddy Moral internalism is true:
1 Disagreement – Externalist theories fail to explain why some agents have the differing motivation for actions – internalism solves by showing how agents’ motivations are dictated by internal desires. Markovitz Markovits 14, Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. https://philpapers.org/rec/ROCJMM Oxford University Press, 2014.Scopa SHS ZS Relatedly, internalism about reasons seems less presumptive than externalism. We should not assume
AND
motivated by genuine normative reasons (or even that some of us are).
2 Regress – a priori knowledge is merely an acceptance of an individual’s conception of rationality. Macintyre 81. Macintyre 81, Alasdair Macintyre, https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268035044/after-virtue/ After Virtue, 1981 SHS ZS The most influential account of moral reasoning that emerged in response to this critique of
AND
only such authority as it chooses to confer upon them by adopting them.
3 Empirically proven – the competition between competing externalists modes of ethics has been going for centuries. Leiter Leiter, Brian. “Moral Psychology with Nietzsche.” Oxford University Press. Published 2019 SHS ZS With respect to very particularized moral disagreements — e.g., about questions of
AND
agreement on any foundational moral principle because of ignorance, irrationality, or partiality
4 Motivation – A. Externalist ethics collapse to internalism because agents will only follow external demands if they are consistent with their internal account of the good. For instance, citizens only follow the law insofar as its consistent with their internal beliefs, even when external value structures are being placed upon them. B. Empirics – there is no factual account of the good since each agent has unique motivation and there is no way to combine these beliefs into a unified ethic.
Thus, the standard is consistency with contractarianism. Agents must engage in the project of mutual self-restraint as to not impede upon the moral authority of others. Stanford. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Contractarianism.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/ Published 18 June 2000 SHS ZS A brief sketch of the most complete and influential contemporary contractarian theory, David Gauthier’s
AND
and supportive government that will be discussed in the final section becomes possible.
Prefer additionally:
1 Actor specificity – states are not moral entities but derive authority from the contracts that allows them to constrain action. This outweighs on empiricism; states aren’t bound by moral obligations, but they are by their contracts to other entities.
2 Collapses – Contracts takes into account all other ethical theories and allows agents to engage under the index of their own good so long as they don’t violate the constraints of their other. The NC functions as a meta constraint – meaning indicts don’t take it out but they rather prove the truth of a theory under a particular index.
3 Culpability – Only contracts ensure agents are held to their agreements since there is a verifiable basis for judging their actions as wrong as well as a pre-established punishment for breaking it.
Negate: COVID vaccines were created under a IPR regime where the government rewarded their innovation with a patent. Post facto removal of the patent without pharmaceutical permission breaks a contract
9/18/21
SO Innov DA v1
Tournament: UK | Round: 6 | Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Eric Tang Economy’s recovering now – Delta and inflation are challenges but surmountable Sully 8/19 - Evan Sully, 8/19/21, Reuters, U.S. leading indicator points to further economic recovery in July, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-leading-indicator-points-further-economic-recovery-july-2021-08-19/ WJ (Reuters) -A gauge of future U.S. economic activity increased in July, suggesting the economy continued to expand from the recession caused by the coronavirus pandemic even in the face of a resurgence in cases fueled by the Delta variant. The Conference Board on Thursday said its index of leading economic indicators (LEI)
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," said Mahir Rasheed, U.S. economist at Oxford Economics.
Biotech is resilient and fundamentals are strong – but this trend relies on innovation and investment Cancherini et al 21 -- Laura Cancherini is a consultant in McKinsey’s Brussels office; Joseph Lydon is an associate partner in the Zurich office, where Jorge Santos da Silva is a senior partner and Alexandra Zemp is a partner, McKinsey, What’s ahead for biotech: Another wave or low tide?, April 30, 2021, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/pharmaceuticals-and-medical-products/our-insights/whats-ahead-for-biotech-another-wave-or-low-tide WJ As the pandemic spread across the globe in early 2020, biotech leaders were initially
AND
andA, the prospects for further financing and deal making look promising.
Pharma collapses without strong IP protections Buckland 17 - Danny Buckland (award-winning journalist who writes about health, general features and news, shortlisted for the prestigious Mind Media Awards for his work covering mental health issues), April 26, 2017, “Patents are lifeblood of pharmas”, https://www.raconteur.net/legal/intellectual-property/patents-are-lifeblood-of-pharmas/ WJ Pharmaceutical companies are staffed by ranks of attorneys, and the intellectual property (IP
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and innovation. Quite frankly, it would all collapse without good IP.”
Biopharmaceutical research is the bedrock of our economy – even minor reductions in income result in mass unemployment and butterfly effects Sullivan 11 – Thomas Sullivan (Thomas Sullivan is Editor of Policy and Medicine, President of Rockpointe Corporation, founded in 1995 to provide continuing medical education to healthcare professionals around the world. Prior to founding Rockpointe, Thomas worked as a political consultant), July 12, 2011, Study Shows Importance of Biopharmaceutical Jobs For US Economy,” Policy and Medicine, http://www.policymed.com/2011/07/study-shows-importance-of-biopharmaceutical-jobs-for-us-economy-for-every-20-billion-loss-in-revenue.html WJ Biopharmaceutical research companies produce the highest-value jobs, the types of jobs Americans
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the biopharmaceutical sector is a key foundation of the life sciences innovation ecosystem.
Bipoharma collapse causes economic meltdown – it’s far worse than previous recessions Howrigon 17 -- Ron Howrigon “(President and Founder of Fulcrum Strategies. He earned a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Western Michigan University and a Master's in Economics from North Carolina State University, focusing in the area of Health Economics) http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2017/01/health-care-crash-u-s-economy.html, January 19 2017, WJ In recent history, the U.S. economy has experienced the near catastrophic
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resulting fallout could be could be much worse than even the housing crisis.
Extinction Tønnesson 15 Stein Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University, 2015, “Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace,” International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311 Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to
AND
each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
9/18/21
SO Must Disclose Spikes
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Syosset AH | Judge: Ishan Rereddy Interpretation: All arguments concerning fairness or education must be read first in the affirmative speech. To clarify, theory arguments must be read at the top of the affirmative case before all substantive arguments.
Violation:
Standards:
1 Neg strat – spikes change neg strat cuz they operate on the highest layer – if they read all the substance first, neg prep is screwed cuz my substantive strat would be nullified by your theory arguments i.e. no neg fiat would take out a CP I was planning to read for 5min
2 Substantive education – spikes on top means it’s easier for negs to plan a strategy that meets the spikes to ensure that debaters have better substantive debate. Outweighs: a) timeframe – we only have 2 months for each topic but 4 years for theory, b) it develops advocacy skills by learning more about real world policies.
3 No cross application of spikes and this shell outweighs – this indicts their ability to use spikes since they affected my strategy in the first place and any 1ar cross apps prove abuse
Fairness is a voter—debate is a competitive activity that requires objective evaluation and ow other voters on irriversibilty. Education is a voter, it’s the benefit to debate. Drop the debater—the abuse has already occurred and my time allocation has shifted—also the shell indicts your whole aff—justifies severance which skews my strat. Use competing interps—leads to a race to the top since we figure out the best possible norm and avoids judge intervention since there’s a clear briteline. No RVIs—
Baiting—they’ll just bait theory and prep it out—justifies infinite abuse and results in a chilling effect
9/18/21
SO Ptx DA v1
Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strath Haven LP | Judge: Saketh Kotapati Dems win the Senate now, but it’s close-~--it determines the Biden presidency. Shane Goldmacher 7/17. Reporter, New York Times, “Democrats See Edge in Early Senate Map as Trump Casts Big Shadow,” The New York Times, July 17, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/17/us/politics/midterm-elections.html, RJP, DebateDrills. Six months into the Biden administration, Senate Democrats are expressing a cautious optimism that
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through President Biden’s expansive agenda on the economy, the pandemic and infrastructure. The plan is unpopular-~--it’s seen as soft on China. Cynthia Hicks 21. Director of Public Affairs at PhRMA focusing on polling and opinion research that supports advocacy communications and strategy. “New polling shows Americans are sounding the alarm on the TRIPS IP waiver,” PhRMA, May 14, 2021, https://catalyst.phrma.org/new-polling-shows-americans-are-sounding-the-alarm-on-the-trips-ip-waiver, RJP, DebateDrills *NOTE – the stuff after “include the following” is a picture that
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– expressed by more than six in ten voters – include the following: China is the key for the midterms-~--Senate control hinges on it. Sarah Mucha 21. Politics reporter at Axios, covering the Biden administration and Congress. “Parties pounce on China as midterm issue,” Axios, June 23, 2021, https://www.axios.com/democrat-republicans-china-2022-midterms-6c242c54-b51b-444e-b9b2-65ff0afb906a.html, RJP, DebateDrills Democrats and Republicans in purple states are already leaning into U.S. competition
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by (President) Xi (Jinping) and the Chinese Communist Party. GOP control of the Senate will be used to usher in a new wave of Trumpism, crushing democracy. Morton Kondracke 21. Retired executive editor of Roll Call, a former "McLaughlin Group" and Fox News commentator and co-author, with Fred Barnes, of Jack Kemp: The Bleeding Heart Conservative Who Changed America. “Why Democrats Must Retain Control of Congress in 2022,” RealClearPolitics, August 4, 2021, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2021/08/04/why_democrats_must_retain_control_of_congress_in_2022_146189.html, RJP, DebateDrills
The 2020 election demonstrated how fragile our democracy is. As Donald Trump
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having the exceptional courage to always try to be better. Thank you.
9/18/21
SO Section 3d CP
Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Ayala North AM | Judge: Jack Quisenberry CP Text: Member Nations of the WTO should implement section 3(d) law from India
Solvency advocate Kapczynski 09-- Kapczynski, Amy. "Harmonization and its discontents: a case study of TRIPS implementation in India's pharmaceutical sector." Calif. L. Rev. 97 (2009): 1571. (AG DebateDrills) The most important exclusion is section 3(d), which forbids patents on both
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a showing that they possessed surprisingly superior properties over the prior art.119
Solves the entire aff- salts is how companies evergreen- Indian system proves this works Moir and Gleesen 14—Hazel Moir and Deborah Gleeson; professor in IP and public health respectively; Explainer: evergreening and how big pharma keeps drug prices high; November 5 2014; https://theconversation.com/explainer-evergreening-and-how-big-pharma-keeps-drug-prices-high-33623 a) Evergreening is achieved by seeking extra patents on variations of the original drug – new b) c) AND d) e) -world discussion about utilization of resources and best methods to solve a problem
9/26/21
SO Set col v1
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Southlake Carrol EP | Judge: Julian Kuffour Settler colonialism is the permeating structure of the nation-state which requires the elimination of indigenous life and land via the occupation of settlers. The appropriation of land turns Natives into ghosts and chattel slaves into excess labor. Tuck and Yang 12 (Eve Tuck, Unangax, State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40) Our intention in this descriptive exercise is not be exhaustive, or even inarguable;
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p. 36). Settler colonialism and its decolonization implicates and unsettles everyone.
The case is NOT offense – their scenarios for “extinction” are metaphorical invocations that sustain settler futurity – only the alternative can prevent them and other ongoing extinctions Mitchell 17 (Audra Mitchell, CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics, Balsillie School of International Affairs, and Associate Professor at Wilfrid Laurier University, former Senior Lecturer in International Relations, department of Politics, University of York, Ph.D. Queen’s University of Belfast, “Decolonizing against extinction part II: Extinction is not a metaphor – it is literally genocide,” Worldly, 9-27-2017, https://worldlyir.wordpress.com/2017/09/27/decolonizing-against-extinction-part-ii-extinction-is-not-a-metaphor-it-is-literally-genocide/)KMM Extinction is not a metaphor… Extinction has become an emblem of Western, and
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relations, worlds and peoples that are targeted by these discourses and practices.
This requires you adopt an ethic of incommensurability in making comparisons and evaluating argumentative burdens Tuck and Yang 12 (Eve Tuck, Associate Professor of Critical Race and Indigenous Studies, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada Research Chair of Indigenous Methodologies with Youth and Communities, William T Grant Scholar and former Ford Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow, is Unangax and an enrolled member of the Aleut Community of St. Paul Island, Alaska, and K. Wayne Yang, University of California, San Diego, “Decolonization is not a metaphor,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society, 1(1), 2012, http://decolonization.org/index.php/des/article/download/18630/15554)KMM Conclusion An ethic of incommensurability, which guides moves that unsettle innocence, stands in
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one. Decolonization is not an “and”. It is an elsewhere.
FW: Eval the 1AC as a scholarly artifact – the affirmative should have to defend their epistemic orientation prior to evaluating a risk of fiated solvency.
a. Anti-Naitve Education DA Fiat is illusory and voting for them doesn’t do anything – but voting negative can reshape the scholastic practices within this activity – that outweighs because repeated practices presented in speech activities give way to parasitic spaces only challenging the underlying epistemology that shapes that is able to disrupt those settler psyches and mitigate the violence in an anti-settler activity. That Comes first: A 1 chance that debate does shape subject formation outweighs a risk that it doesn’t – because its not worth risking genocide. B Accessibility structures procedural fairness - if we win a link argument it proves why the space that they forward is not only violent but also inaccessible for native folx. Reid-Brinkley 8 -- MA, University of Alabama, 2003 (Dr. Shanara Rose Reid-Brinkley, May 2008, “THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE,” p. 113-5)rc Raunak Signifyin’ on institutional symbols of American democracy, Jones’ draws attention to the parallels in
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in an activity and environment hostile to those debate bodies marked by difference.
B. Isopolitics DA – Fiat is a form of colonial roleplaying whereby debaters can play the colonizer pretending to legislate on this land which all necessarily presumes an ethicality behind land ownershop and western law. Negation of this authority destabilizes this organizing logic of settler Political selfhood which is an independent reason you should vote negative. This means that we have impact turned their end point of their education offense because rather the constructing advocates who push towards a decolonial ethics, the skills they create, cultivate settlers who think they are more creative without giving out the land.
C. our interp is fair predictable and reciprocal – the affirmative has had infinite prep time and chose how to construct the 1AC – their investments into certain rhetorical and epistemic choices like disease, extinction, liberalistic, fiat and death representations are all things integral to 1AC construction that they should be able to defend why they did what they did.
9/18/21
SO Skep
Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: Keshav Dandu Skepticism is true:
1 Moral truth cannot exist – objective knowledge is merely an acceptance of each individual’s conception of the good. Macintyre 81 Alasdair Macintyre, After Virtue. https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268035044/after-virtue/. Published 1981 SHS ZS The most influential account of moral reasoning that emerged in response to this critique of
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only such authority as it chooses to confer upon them by adopting them.
2 Empirically proven – the competition between competing reasons has been going for centuries. Leiter Leiter, Brian. Moral Skepticism and Moral Disagreement: Developing an Argument from Nietzsche. March 25, 2010. SHS ZS With respect to very particularized moral disagreements — e.g., about questions of
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agreement on any foundational moral principle because of ignorance, irrationality, or partiality
3 Rule following paradox prevents the application of moral rules, even when justified. Langseth Langesth, Jonathan. “Wittengenstein’s Account of Rule-Following and Its Implications”. Stance Vol 1, April 1, 2008. http://www.bsu.edu/libraries/virtualpress/stance/2008_spring/12Wittgenstein.pdf SHS ZS This section shows that rules themselves do not determine how they are to be followed
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because any interpretation can be seen to be in accordance with a rule.
4 Hume’s Guillotine – nothing can cross the is-ought gap, Hume 1739: David Hume, Philosopher, “A Treatise of Human Nature,” 1739 LHP AV In every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with, I have
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relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it
9/25/21
SO T-Data Exlusivity
Tournament: Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Ayala North AM | Judge: Jack Quisenberry Interpretation: The aff may not transition towards data exclusivity, that’s extra-T Wilkinson 21 (Margaret Ann, Professor of Law at Western University, Canada, Director of the Area of Concentration in Intellectual Property, Information and Technology Law)
TPM = Technological Property Management
RMI = Rights Management Information Wilkinson
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inde-pendent of patent and copyright, rather than secondary to them.
Violation:
Their solvency advocate talks about data exclusivity in a separate article about the one and done approach- I read yellow Feldman 19 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer I believe that one period of protection should be enough. We should make the
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right now, the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great.
Standards:
2. Limits – data exclusivity is straight up just not IP. Their interp allows anything tangentially related to patents like replacing IP with employee noncompetes and medical software DRM which explodes the topic.
3. 4. Ground- Neg ground is primarily based on unified generics like innovation, allowing the aff to add extra parts to their plan to get out of the innovation disad means negs have no stable stasis point. Further, this justifies extra-T planks that solve for any disad the neg can think of.
Topicality should be a voting issue evaluated through competing interpretations—you can’t be reasonably topical because anything beyond the resolution justifies everything beyond the res and topicality debates are very substantively educational and relate directly to the topic. Pre-round prep has already been skewed which means the only remedy is to drop the debater.
Fairness and education are voters – debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
Precision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution.
No RVIs – a) illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair
9/26/21
SO mRNA PIC
Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strath Haven LP | Judge: Saketh Kotapati CP Text: The member nations of the WTO ought to/should grant a TRIPS waiver for all COVID vaccines except those that use mRNA technology The WHO guarantees the plan mostly increases mRNA vaccine production WHO 4/21—WHO, 4-21-2021, “Establishment of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine technology transfer hub to scale up global manufacturing,” https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/establishment-of-a-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-technology-transfer-hub-to-scale-up-global-manufacturing. (AG DebateDrills) WHO and its partners are seeking to expand the capacity of low- and middle
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such clinical data will contribute to accelerated approval of the vaccines in LMICs. Limiting waiver to non-mRNA guarantees use of those vaccines instead—they’re more effective at fighting COVID in developing countries, turning case. 3 warrants: First logistics, mRNA cooling requirements and cost make them far harder to distribute in developing countries with inadequate infrastructure Mahase 20-- Mahase, Elisabeth. "Covid-19: What do we know about the late stage vaccine candidates?." British Medical Journal. (2020). (AG DebateDrills) Pfizer and BioNTech’s BNT162b2 is the first vaccine candidate to be submitted to the US
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, Moderna’s candidate is much more expensive at approximately £25 per dose. Second, the requirement for 2 doses means vaccination campaign takes much longer. JandJ does not have this requirement Third, developing countries already have production capacity for traditional vaccines, mRNA development shifts resources and takes time to get off the ground Iacobucci 21-- Iacobucci, Gareth. “Covid-19: How will a waiver on vaccine patents affect global supply?,” BMJ : British Medical Journal (Online); London Vol. 373, (May 10, 2021). DOI:10.1136/bmj.n1182. (AG DebateDrills) “You simply cannot achieve this kind of capacity expansion by waiving patents and hoping
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or contribute with the fill-and-finish stage of the process.”
9/18/21
Teacher Strike CPEcon DA
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll SD | Judge: Lawrence Zhou Counterplan text: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike if teachers agree to make up lost time. Teachers will agree to make up lost time.
Empirics prove that anything else justifies putting kids further behind – the net benefits are youth and the case page Matthews 12 – Dylan Matthews is an American journalist. He is currently a correspondent for Vox, an online media venture. He studied at Harvard and won a ton of awards for journalism at the Washington Post; “How teacher strikes hurt student achievement”; September 10, 2012; pdf no link, dm me if you want it but this should be the whole article advay This card: - answers standardized testing indicts, - uses multiple different studies
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hurting student scores it could affect their lives for lifetime earnings and more.
2
U.S. youth unemployment is skyrocketing—Covid-19 is devastating for young workers and current measures are comically inadequate. Genevieve Leigh (2020), National Secretary of the International Youth and Students for Social Equality (US) and writer for WSWS, Unemployment skyrockets among youth, World Socialist Web Site, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/05/27/yout-m27.html (5-27-2020)CHS PK More than 7.7 million workers younger than 30 are now unemployed in the
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the emerging generation of young workers carries within it an enormous revolutionary force.
teachers will use power to strike often- conceded in CX- which undercuts our youth Norton and Hernandez 18 – Hilary Norton is BizFed chair and executive director of FAST (Fixing Angelenos Stuck in Traffic); Tracy Hernandez is the founding CEO of the Los Angeles County Business Federation (BizFed) and president of IMPOWER Inc. BizFed is a grassroots alliance of more than 175 business organizations representing 395,000 businesses with nearly 4 million employees throughout Los Angeles County. BizFed advocates for policies and projects that strengthen the regional economy by exploring all sides of critical issues and takes action on policies to make a difference for business growth, job creation and economic vitality in Southern California; “Commentary: A teachers strike is bad for our students, families and economy”; “October 10, 2018”; http://laschoolreport.com/commentary-a-teachers-strike-is-bad-for-our-students-families-and-economy/ advay When schools are closed due to strikes, students miss learning opportunities, parents must
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improve our city’s education system for all. Keep our future leaders learning!
High youth unemployment destroys the economy – lower spending, more job losses, and higher costs Steinberg 13 Sarah Ayres Steinberg is a Policy Analyst with the Economic Policy team at the Center for American Progress. “The High Cost of Youth Unemployment.” Center for American Progress. April 5, 2013. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2013/04/05/59428/the-high-cost-of-youth-unemployment/ BSPK What is the true cost of youth unemployment? Youth unemployment leads to depressed
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stop to these shortsighted funding cuts and beginning to take youth unemployment seriously.
Young americans are k2 the economy Steinberg 13 Sarah Ayres Steinberg is the Vice President of Global Philanthropy at JPMorgan Chase and Co. Prior to joining JPMorgan Chase, Sarah was Senior Economic Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress, where she led CAP’s research on workforce development and expanding apprenticeships. Her research has been cited by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post, among others., 4-5-2013, "The High Cost of Youth Unemployment," Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2013/04/05/59428/the-high-cost-of-youth-unemployment/)EG Nearly everyone has struggled in the wake of the Great Recession, but young Americans
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of aggregate demand in the form of slower growth and less job creation.
Econ collapse goes nuclear and causes extinction Mann 14 (Eric Mann is a special agent with a United States federal agency, with significant domestic and international counterintelligence and counter-terrorism experience. Worked as a special assistant for a U.S. Senator and served as a presidential appointee for the U.S. Congress. He is currently responsible for an internal security and vulnerability assessment program. Bachelors @ University of South Carolina, Graduate degree in Homeland Security @ Georgetown. “AUSTERITY, ECONOMIC DECLINE, AND FINANCIAL WEAPONS OF WAR: A NEW PARADIGM FOR GLOBAL SECURITY,” May 2014, https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/37262/MANN-THESIS-2014.pdf) The conclusions reached in this thesis demonstrate how economic considerations within states can figure prominently
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dollar for international trade, or engaging financial warfare against the United States.
Case
Top-level
Turn: Today’s strikes rely on public support—legal strikes always incite social tensions among groups of different statuses—only illegal strikes have the potential to be successful and change minds Reddy 21-- Diana S. Reddy Diana Reddy is a Doctoral Fellow at the Law, Economics, and Politics Center at UC Berkeley Law; “There Is No Such Thing as an Illegal Strike”: Reconceptualizing the Strike in Law and Political Economy; Jan 6 2021; Yale Law Journal; https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy. (AG DebateDrills) In recent years, consistent with this vision, there has been a shift in
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many believed they would not achieve it through white-led unions.198