1AC- US aff v2 1NC- Innov DA Heg DA Mining DA 2N- Innov Heg
Blake
1
Opponent: Isidore Newman PG | Judge: Jacob Nails
1AC-US aff 1NC-Sec K Inn DA Sat DA 2N-Sec K
Blake
3
Opponent: Penninsula KD | Judge: Vishvak Bandi
1AC- US aff v1 1NC-Inn DA T-Nebel 2N-Nebel
Blake
6
Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: David Mcgginis
1AC- JF Virtue AC v1 1NC- Bidirec Paradigm Issues Theory Kant 2N-Kant 2AR- RVI
Emory
1
Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Julian Kuffour
1AC- US aff v2 1NC- Mining DA Innov DA 2N- Innov DA
Emory
4
Opponent: Midlothian AC | Judge: Ari Davidson
1AC- US Aff v2 1NC- Set Col 2N- Set Col
Glenbrooks
2
Opponent: Penninsula KD | Judge: Lena Mizrahi
1AC- Ag workers v2 1N- T Cap 2n- T
Glenbrooks
4
Opponent: Harker DV | Judge: Margaret Strong
1AC-Ag worker v2 1NC-T CP Econ DA 2N- case turn
Glenbrooks
5
Opponent: Westwood VL | Judge: Danielle Dosch
1AC- Ag workers v2 1NC- Ptx Da T Adv CP 2N- DA CP
Loyola
1
Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Abhinav Sinha
1AC- Virtue 1N- T theory log con util innovation 2N- theory 2A- RVI
Loyola
4
Opponent: Westwood AD | Judge: Andrew Torrez
1AC- COVID v1 1N- 5 off 2N- CP Biotech DA
Scarsdale
1
Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: Micah Thode
1AC-ag workers v2 1N- Cap CP Hobbes 2N-CP Cap
UK
2
Opponent: Colonial Forge SR | Judge: Malcolm Davis
1AC- COVID Aff v1 1NC- 2 DAs and a CP
UK
5
Opponent: Cary CP | Judge: Jacob Palmer
1AC- COVID aff v1 1NC- Comp Lic CPLog con 2N- all
UK
6
Opponent: Eagan AE | Judge: Panel
1AC-COVID Aff 1NC-4 off case 2NR- Vaccine PIC
UK
4
Opponent: Charlotte Latin AP | Judge: Michael Fain
1AC- Virtue Aff v2 1NC- Cap K 2N- Cap K 2AR- spike
UNLV
1
Opponent: Marlborough OO | Judge: Kassie Colon
1AC- US Russia Aff v2 1NC- GEO PIC Mining DA Appeasement DA 2N-GEO PIC Mining DA 2AR- Condo
UNLV
3
Opponent: Bridgeland PT | Judge: Conal McGinnis
1AC-US Aff v2 1N-Assortment of TricksTheory 2N- TT a prioris 2AR- RVI
UNLV
4
Opponent: Catonsville AT | Judge: Andrew Halverson
1AC- Constellations 1NC- Warning Zones CP SBSP Disad v1
UNLV
5
Opponent: Proof DR | Judge: Chris Castillo
1AC- US aff v2 1NC- Kant 3 shells Plan Flaw CP 1A- Kant Turns RVI 2N- Spec 2A- A2 Spec
Valley
2
Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: nikita tanguturi
1AC- COVID AC Disclosure 1NC- CL CP inn DA Nebel 1AR- Case no disclosure 2N- All
Valley
3
Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Saied Beckford
1AC- COVID aff v1 1NC- T Racial Cap K 2N- Racial Cap K
Valley
5
Opponent: Sharon RG | Judge: Holden Bukowsky
1AC- COVID aff v1 1NC- Daoism K Case 1AR- Condo 2NR- K 2AR- Condo
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
0--Contact Info
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hi, I'm Avik. It's best to contact me through text (612-383-5311). Otherwise, use email (avikgarg103@gmail.com).
8/25/21
0--DebateDrills
Tournament: Any | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any “I’m on DebateDrills - the following URL has our roster, conflict, policy, code of conduct, relevant team policies, and harassment/bullying complaint form: https://www.debatedrills.com/debate-club?ld”
8/25/21
Ag worker v1
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Valor Christian LS | Judge: Mia Berman Migrant workers make up the bulk of farm workers— right now they face extreme treatment in the status quo because of their vulnerable position LeRoy 99-- LeRoy, Michael H. Professor, School of Labor and Employment Relations, at University of Illinois, Should 'Agricultural Laborers' Continue to Be Excluded from the National Labor Relations Act?. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, 1999, U Illinois Law and Economics Research Paper No. LE07-023, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=992923 At least part of this labor market competition appears to be coming from 600,
AND
, as a result, migrant workers set up shanty-camps.40
The cause of worker exploitation is lack of collective bargaining so right to strike drastically improves conditions and wages—other industries prove Perea 11—Juan Perea Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago; The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act; 72 OHIO ST. L.J. l 95 (2011).; https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1150andcontext=facpubs There is a direct relationship between this modem slavery and contemporary labor law. Advocates
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and the more reasonable and humane labor conditions existing in most other occupations.
Since conditions are so bad and demand is so constrained in agriculture, increase in wages will drastically increase capital investment in areas like RandD Bhaskar 92-- Venkataraman Bhaskar Researcher at Delhi School of Economics; The Effect of Wages on Investment and Employment in a Vintage Model with Uncertain Demand; The Scandinavian Journal of Economics , Mar., 1992, Vol. 94, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 123-129; https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440473. (AG DebateDrills) This note investigates the effect of an increase in the wage on investment and employment
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offset the reduced employment in supply-constrained states, thereby increasing expected employment
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity- every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
2 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
Extinction comes first! Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent
AND
be acting very wrongly.” (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
Debating political solutions is an iterative process that uses the academy as a site of movement building that creates a bulwark against Trump’s fascism. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor 17, assistant professor of African American studies at Princeton University “Home Is the Crucible of Struggle,” American Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 2, June 2017, p. 229-233, Accessed Online through Emory Libraries Creating home, or what may also be described as a struggle to belong,
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truly possible, but only if we are willing to struggle for it.
11/5/21
JF SBSP DA v1
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Catonsville AT | Judge: Andrew Halverson Renewable Energy is not sufficient to transition away from fossil fuels—SBSP is the only realistic plan to move away by 2100 Snead 21—Mike Snead; president of the Spacefaring Institute; “The Coming Age of Astroelectricity”; September 2021; Space Renaissance International 3rd World Congress; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354783694_The_Coming_Age_of_Astroelectricity#read; (AG DebateDrills) World political leaders have agreed that achieving worldwide economic development and the eradication of poverty
AND
require 164 square kilometers of land for the receiving antenna array and a safety
SBSP is on the path to begin in 2050—in time to keep climate change to 1.5 degrees GlobalData Energy 21—Global Data Energy; As the gold standard data provider to the world's largest industries, we continuously collect and analyze terabytes of data to create the most comprehensive, authoritative, and granular market intelligence; “Here comes the sun: space-based solar power is on the horizon”; https://www.power-technology.com/comment/here-comes-the-sun-space-based-solar-power-is-on-the-horizon/; (AG DebateDrills) Space-based solar power (SBSP) is edging closer to becoming a reality
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commercial advantage. That’s arguably a better story than even a Bond movie!
The Private Sector is key—only they create the demand structure needed to reduce the costs Sarang 21—Mehak Sarang; Mehak is also a Research Associate at Harvard Business School with Professor Matthew Weinzierl, researching the business and economics of the space sector; The Commercial Space Age Is Here; Feb 12 2021; Harvard Business Review; https://hbr.org/2021/02/the-commercial-space-age-is-here; (AG DebateDrills) In our recent research, we examined how the model of centralized, government-
AND
mining companies less as failures and more as simply ahead of their time.
Megaconstellations are key to advancing tech and lowering costs David 21-- Leonard David; Leonard David is an award-winning space journalist who has been reporting on space activities for more than 50 years; Space solar power's time may finally be coming; Nov 3 2021; Space.com; https://www.space.com/space-solar-power-research-advances; (AG DebateDrills) Another recent change is the dawn of the megaconstellations, Mankins added. That's exemplified
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, SSP is ready to see the light of day, Mankins said.
Further, the aff kills investor confidence gained from the SPACE Act, ending all expensive ventures into space by private industry Taichman 21 Elya Taichman is currently obtaining his J.D. at Temple University Beasley School of Law where he is a Beasley Scholar, a Law and Public Policy Scholar, and a Staff Editor on the Temple Law Review. Elya Taichman is the former Legislative Director for Congresswoman Michelle Lujan Grisham (current Governor of New Mexico). Elya advised the Congresswoman on foreign policy, national security, space, and economic issues., 2021, The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization,https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131andcontext=nslb, 12-15-2021 amrita U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (“Space Act”):
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capabilities as the United States, its policy would likely be comparable.83
The impact is extinction—only quickly finding solutions prevents us from reaching tipping points Sears 21-- Sears, Nathan Alexander. "Great Powers, Polarity, and Existential Threats to Humanity: An Analysis of the Dis-tribution of the Forces of Total Destruction in International Security." (2021). Thus, the assumption here is that a Hothouse Earth climate could pose an existential
AND
, since no single state realistically accounts for the entire global carbon budget.
2/6/22
JF US Aff v1
Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Isidore Newman PG | Judge: Jacob Nails Plan: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities in America is unjust.
To clarify, I am fiating a state of affairs in which all asteroid mining by private entities based in America will stop.
The aff is not inherent--mining is about to start Funnell 18 – Anthony, Writer for Future Tense News Citing Dean of Law at University of Adelaide, “War in space 'inevitable' because there's so much money to be made, expert warns”, ABC News, 8/23/2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/conflict-in-space-is-inevitable-expert-warns/10146314 A leading Australian space law expert has warned conflict over space assets is "inevitable
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for developing that technology. It makes for an exciting time," he said
The Advantage is Great Power War
Currently, the US maintains good relations with Russia’s space program-that’s dependent on no space race Gadd 9/30—Adam Gadd; “The US Cooperates With Russia in Space. Why Not China?”; September 30 2021; The Diplomat; https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/the-us-cooperates-with-russia-in-space-why-not-china/; (AG DebateDrills) It seems that the narrative of China’s rise has not stayed on Earth. Hence
AND
and the United States, but also for the rest of the world.
American private appropriation of outer space is a core issue that tanks our relations- specifically asteroid mining. Taichman 21 Elya Taichman is currently obtaining his J.D. at Temple University Beasley School of Law where he is a Beasley Scholar, a Law and Public Policy Scholar, and a Staff Editor on the Temple Law Review. Elya Taichman is the former Legislative Director for Congresswoman Michelle Lujan Grisham (current Governor of New Mexico). Elya advised the Congresswoman on foreign policy, national security, space, and economic issues., 2021, The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization,https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131andcontext=nslb, 12-15-2021 amrita U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (“Space Act”):
AND
capabilities as the United States, its policy would likely be comparable.83
Rocky relations with Russia on asteroid mining cause China-Russian alliances—a recommitment is needed. Taichman 2 Elya Taichman is currently obtaining his J.D. at Temple University Beasley School of Law where he is a Beasley Scholar, a Law and Public Policy Scholar, and a Staff Editor on the Temple Law Review. Elya Taichman is the former Legislative Director for Congresswoman Michelle Lujan Grisham (current Governor of New Mexico). Elya advised the Congresswoman on foreign policy, national security, space, and economic issues., 2021, The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization,https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131andcontext=nslb, 12-15-2021 amrita The Artemis Accords are a culmination of American space policy to enable commercialization of outer
AND
Artemis Accords would render Rogozin’s fear of NATO a self-fulfilling prophecy.
many nations, the smart money might be on Russia and China now.
Risks great power nuclear war with China and Russia – transition to multipolarity is unstable and collapses deterrence Forsyth 19 Jim Forsyth currently serves as dean of Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned his PhD from the University of Denver, Josef Korbel School of International Studies. He has written and published extensively on great power war, intervention, and nuclear issues. “Through the Glass—Darker”, Strategic Studies Quarterly , Vol. 13, No. 4 (WINTER 2019), pp. 18-36, JSTORrecut CHS PK As the article argued in 2007, “technological shifts have continuously altered the methods
AND
could be dragged into a conflict involving one or more of their allies.
Extinction – nuclear winter, crude oil amplifies, smoke covers the world Snyder and Ruyle 17 (Brian F.Snyder and Leslie E. Ruyle, 12-15-2017, Brian F. Snyder. Department of Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, United States. Leslie E. Ruyle. Center on Conflict and Development, Texas AandM University, United States"The abolition of war as a goal of environmental policy," No Publication, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717316431?via3Dihub)//CHS PK While the precise impacts of a hypothetical nuclear war are difficult to predict, the
AND
in Asia are typically around 0.3 to 1 mg/m3 .
3. 4. Asteroid mining furthers tensions and destroys treaties between the US, China and Russia and escalates to space war Jamasmie 21 Cecilia Jamasmie Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World’s Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia., 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/ DD AG A brewing war to set a mining base in space is likely to see China
AND
2020, more than 50 years after the US reached the lunar surface.
with only the artificial halo of orbiting trash left to tell the tale.
FW
The standard is maximizing expected well being.
pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012) These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford., Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential risk—positive or negative—is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
UV
1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) reject the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time
12/18/21
JF US Aff v2
Tournament: Emory | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Julian Kuffour Plan: The US should ban private appropriation of space
The Advantage is US/Russia Relations
Currently, the US maintains good relations with Russia’s space program-that’s dependent on no space race Gadd 9/30—Adam Gadd; “The US Cooperates With Russia in Space. Why Not China?”; September 30 2021; The Diplomat; https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/the-us-cooperates-with-russia-in-space-why-not-china/; (AG DebateDrills) It seems that the narrative of China’s rise has not stayed on Earth. Hence
AND
and the United States, but also for the rest of the world.
The Space Act signaling American private appropriation of outer space is a core issue that tanks our relations—the plan creates a uniform understanding that resolves tensions Taichman 21 Elya Taichman is currently obtaining his J.D. at Temple University Beasley School of Law where he is a Beasley Scholar, a Law and Public Policy Scholar, and a Staff Editor on the Temple Law Review. Elya Taichman is the former Legislative Director for Congresswoman Michelle Lujan Grisham (current Governor of New Mexico). Elya advised the Congresswoman on foreign policy, national security, space, and economic issues., 2021, The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization,https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131andcontext=nslb, 12-15-2021 amrita U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (“Space Act”):
AND
capabilities as the United States, its policy would likely be comparable.83
A private space race with Russia pushes them towards alliance with China and also creates a technocracy that undermines US interests. Space is key as the next frontier of commercial and military success Taichman 2 Elya Taichman is currently obtaining his J.D. at Temple University Beasley School of Law where he is a Beasley Scholar, a Law and Public Policy Scholar, and a Staff Editor on the Temple Law Review. Elya Taichman is the former Legislative Director for Congresswoman Michelle Lujan Grisham (current Governor of New Mexico). Elya advised the Congresswoman on foreign policy, national security, space, and economic issues., 2021, The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization,https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131andcontext=nslb, 12-15-2021 amrita The Artemis Accords are a culmination of American space policy to enable commercialization of outer
AND
Artemis Accords would render Rogozin’s fear of NATO a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The plan also institutionalizes a policy against traditional strengthening of alliances and US military power, which strikes at the root cause for any Russo-China alliance Crawford 21-- Crawford, Timothy W. professor of political science, boston college; "How to Distance Russia from China." The Washington Quarterly 44.3 (2021): 175-194. (AG DebateDrills) But the last five years have proven that the most important cause of Russia’s and
AND
strengthening the Russia-China alignment that makes it harder to deter China.
A strong Sino-Russian alliance sets the stage for Chinese adventurism and the impact of transition wars Crawford 2-- Crawford, Timothy W. professor of political science, boston college; "How to Distance Russia from China." The Washington Quarterly 44.3 (2021): 175-194. (AG DebateDrills) But more than these material aids to China’s military strength, Russia’s alignment with China
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reverse, Russia’s alignment: it is easier and less costly to do.
More broadly, every shift towards multipolarity weakens deterrence, making worldwide conflicts more likely and increasing the likelihood of any conflict going nuclear Forsyth 19 Jim Forsyth currently serves as dean of Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned his PhD from the University of Denver, Josef Korbel School of International Studies. He has written and published extensively on great power war, intervention, and nuclear issues. “Through the Glass—Darker”, Strategic Studies Quarterly , Vol. 13, No. 4 (WINTER 2019), pp. 18-36, JSTORrecut CHS PK As the article argued in 2007, “technological shifts have continuously altered the methods
AND
could be dragged into a conflict involving one or more of their allies.
Extinction – nuclear winter, crude oil amplifies, smoke covers the world Snyder and Ruyle 17 (Brian F.Snyder and Leslie E. Ruyle, 12-15-2017, Brian F. Snyder. Department of Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, United States. Leslie E. Ruyle. Center on Conflict and Development, Texas AandM University, United States"The abolition of war as a goal of environmental policy," No Publication, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717316431?via3Dihub)//CHS PK While the precise impacts of a hypothetical nuclear war are difficult to predict, the
AND
in Asia are typically around 0.3 to 1 mg/m3.
Fw
The standard is maximizing expected well being.
1 pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
AND
places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
2 Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority. Bostrom 12 Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012) These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential risk; they also suggest a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Let me elaborate.¶ Our present understanding of axiology might well be confused. We may not now know — at least not in concrete detail — what outcomes would count as a big win for humanity; we might not even yet be able to imagine the best ends of our journey. If we are indeed profoundly uncertain about our ultimate aims, then we should recognize that there is a great option value in preserving — and ideally improving — our ability to recognize value and to steer the future accordingly. Ensuring that there will be a future version of humanity with great powers and a propensity to use them wisely is plausibly the best way available to us to increase the probability that the future will contain a lot of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe.
3 Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford., Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential risk—positive or negative—is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
UV
1 Aff theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 2AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. e) Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time. Fairness because debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education since it gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
2 Condo is a voting issue – the time crunched 1AR can’t read its best offense against multiple worlds with different uniqueness conditions – they collapse to what’s undercovered which wrecks engagement. Dispo solves—they can kick it if we perm—they get to test the aff but we get strategic options like pointing out contradictions and straight turns
1/28/22
JF Virtue AC v1
Tournament: Blake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: David Mcgginis First, ethics are split between the deontic and aretaic. Deontic theories answer what agents should do according to a moral code, while aretaic theories answer what kind of agent people should be to make the right decisions. Gryz, 1 (Jarek Gryz, Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, Research Faculty Fellow at Center for Advanced Studies., 12-15-2010, accessed on 8-21-2021, Springer, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic", DOI 10.1007/s10677-010-9258-3)st There are two fundamental classes of terms traditionally distinguished within moral vocabulary: the deontic
AND
a moral theory; the ‘good’ is used to express moral judgments.
Prefer the aretaic:
1 Hijacks – Every action in the deontic can be expressed in the aretaic, but only the aretaic can break free of the right/wrong binary with its richer vocabulary. Gryz, 2 (Jarek Gryz, Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, Research Faculty Fellow at Center for Advanced Studies., 12-15-2010, accessed on 8-21-2021, Springer, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic", DOI 10.1007/s10677-010-9258-3)st The way we use words ‘good/bad’ and ‘right/wrong’ seems
AND
attractive ethical theories seem to be much better off than the imperative ones.
2 Collapses – A. If agents were conditioned properly, they would independently take the right actions, which hijacks deontic theories. B. Infinite regress – we can always ask why to follow a deontic rule, but the answer will terminate in attempting to achieve some aretaic property.
3 Prerequisite – A. Philosophy must frame who we are as individuals before dictating how we should act; I wouldn’t tell a serial killer to follow the categorical imperative but try to reform their character first, since they don’t have the disposition to follow it. B. The origin of philosophy had to start through an aretaic paradigm since there were no preconceived notions or rules that we needed a guide towards the good; they chose to develop the good out of their own volition; without the aretaic there’d be no reason to do good things unless we wanted to become better people.
4 The deontic fails – A. Moral laws are socially constructed and dependent upon the places and conditions where they will be in use which means they are subjective and fail; moral law can’t account for every single situation, but virtue solves and is more flexible since good agents will do good actions. B. Moral laws can be interpreted in an infinite number of ways and there’s no way to hold people accountable for following them correctly. C. Fails to account for differences in cultures or norms, the aretaic solves by allowing people to determine and weigh between their own virtues.
Next, the only ethics consistent with the aretaic is a virtue paradigm. Instead of prescribing normative claims to action, virtue focuses on developing agents to make them virtuous. Reader, (Soran Reader, Soran Reader is Lecturer in Philosophy at Durham University and is editor of The Philosophy of Need (Cambridge University Press, 2006)., December 2000, accessed on 8-22-2021, Springer, "New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue.”", http://www.jstor.org/stable/27504153)//st The centrality of virtue ethics emerges clearly in relation to the themes of the previous
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insight to moral philosophy; its import has yet fully to be appreciated.
The standard is consistency with the cultivation of virtue.
Impact Calc –
1 Virtues derived directly from nature come first A) Prereq – only nature can give us virtues, the most direct derivation should be preferred, B) Character – virtues are a mindset to do the right thing so they must be realized, not forced. Only nature can provide such virtues that don’t require additional justification
2 Not consequentialist – Consequences only evaluate the direct consequences of the action but not the way that it affects someone’s moral character. Virtues aren’t end goods like pain and pleasure – it’s not something that should be maximized all the time unconditionally, instead, agents should focus on developing a character that can use virtue appropriately.
3 Consequences fail – A) Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is in itself a form of induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that’s circular B) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences that stem from it – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war a hundred years down – you can’t quantify the infinite amount of pain and pleasure to come C) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure, so you can’t universalize that and say it’s good – it’s impossible to measure something that’s completely subjective D) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it’s impossible to assign obligations since you can’t pinpoint a specific actor that caused a consequence.
Offense
I defend “Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.”
To endorse the appropriation of space is to endorse the orientations which make it necessary. If the endorsement of those conditions is morally wrong, then the appropriation of space subsidizes morally wrong attitudes. Sparrow, 1 (Robert Sparrow, Professor at Monash University; At the highest level of description my research interests are political philosophy and applied ethics; I am interested in philosophical arguments with real-world implications. More specifically, I am working in or have worked in: political philosophy, bioethics, environmental ethics, media ethics; just war theory; and the ethics of science and technology., 1999, accessed on 12-12-2021, Environmental Ethics 21, " Robert Sparrow, The ethics of terraforming - PhilPapers", https://philpapers.org/rec/SPATEO)bracketed for gen langphs st The Ethics of Terraforming Robert Sparrow* I apply an agent-based virtue ethics
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"agent-focused" and "agent-based: ethics.75
Regardless of the consequences, colonizing space fails to recognize the beauty of space which reveals aesthetic insensitivity. Sparrow, 2 (Robert Sparrow, Professor at Monash University; At the highest level of description my research interests are political philosophy and applied ethics; I am interested in philosophical arguments with real-world implications. More specifically, I am working in or have worked in: political philosophy, bioethics, environmental ethics, media ethics; just war theory; and the ethics of science and technology., 1999, accessed on 12-12-2021, Environmental Ethics 21, " Robert Sparrow, The ethics of terraforming - PhilPapers", https://philpapers.org/rec/SPATEO)bracketed for gen langphs st Furthermore, an agent-based ethics need not be as human-centered as
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the world which make no reference to facts about humans at al1.18
Spacecol demonstrates hubris – to take control and appropriate space is to believe that you are above nature itself, which is arrogance. Sparrow, 3 (Robert Sparrow, Professor at Monash University; At the highest level of description my research interests are political philosophy and applied ethics; I am interested in philosophical arguments with real-world implications. More specifically, I am working in or have worked in: political philosophy, bioethics, environmental ethics, media ethics; just war theory; and the ethics of science and technology., 1999, accessed on 12-12-2021, Environmental Ethics 21, " Robert Sparrow, The ethics of terraforming - PhilPapers", https://philpapers.org/rec/SPATEO)bracketed for gen langphs st IV. THE SIN OF HUBRIS The other vice which terraforming might involve us in
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on Earth and the desire to colonize other planets is indicative of hubris.
Commodifying nature strips value away from our form – the correct way to respond to nature is to conform to it instead of restructuring it to fit us. Space colonization is just a method to conquer more parts of nature. Lewis (C.S. Lewis, Clive Staples Lewis was a British writer and lay theologian. He held academic positions in English literature at both Oxford University and Cambridge University., 1943, accessed on 12-12-2021, Samizdat.qc, "The Abolition of Man", http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/cosmos/philo/AbolitionofMan.pdf)bracketed for gen langphs st My point may be clearer to some if it is put in a different form
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a rule which is not tyranny or an obedience which is not slavery.
UV
Permissibility and presumption affirms-
a) if I say my name, you believe that is in fact my name
B) negate means “to deny the truth of,” so the neg can disprove the existence of an obligation through permissibility since the 1ac must defend an active obligation to act
C) permissibility negates incentivizes negatives to blip 100 permissibility triggers, winning if even a single one is dropped, putting an infinite burden on the aff and permissibility affirms solves as negatives can concede framing, uplayer, or read a bunch of hijacks
D) Affirming is harder, negs can uplayer mooting the AC, abuse is proven by statistics and the fact that everyone flips aff
E) Theoretical reasons come first- proving morality exists is an uphill battle in 13 minutes of speech time so strict adherence to substance makes debate untennable
2. The neg must defend the converse of the resolution a) makes both burdens reciprocal since we’re both held to a resolutional statement b) direct comparison of the resolution means we get to the bottom of the topic lit.
3 Aff RVIs—A Topic ed – it deters friv violations and forces negs to think twice before skewing the 1AR since they know each shell is another split in the 2N – o/w on reversibility since every shell crowds out substance that we can’t get back, B Reciprocity – T is a unique avenue to the ballot that the aff can’t access – makes T structurally unfair without the RVI
12/19/21
JF Warning Zones CP
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Catonsville AT | Judge: Andrew Halverson CP: States should, through UN treaty, formally establish warning zones around satellites.
The CP means states would establish the area 200km away from their satellites as a designated self-defense zone, creating a deterrent effect. That solves ASAT proliferation and miscalc + the aff but doesn’t violate or change the OST and current space norms. Cerny et. al 21Michael B. Cerny is an Oxford MPhil candidate and has a Bachelor’s in International Relations from Emory University, Raphael J. Piliero is a Fulbright Scholar in Taiwan and has a Bachelors from Georgetown University. David Bernstein has a Bachelors from Georgetown, Brandon W. Kelley is the Associate Director of Debate at Georgetown , May 2021,Space and Missile Wars: What Awaits, Chapter 5: Countering Co-Orbital ASATs: Warning Zones in GEO as a Lawful Trigger for Self-Defense https://npolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Space_and_Missile_Wars.pdf, 12-18-2021 amrita Ascertaining intent is at the heart of addressing the risks posed by co-orbital
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means of use or occupation," or "by any other means."415
2/6/22
SO Covid Aff v1
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood AD | Judge: Andrew Torrez The Advantage is African Instability
Vaccines will not cover LMICs until at least 2023 or 2024—fortunately there is massive room for supply increase Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, “What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines,” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. Since consequentialist justifications treat the value of IP as purely instrumental, they are also
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of the shock could be exacerbated by political turmoil or even increased conflict.
These direct impacts combine with indirect effects on the job market to create a vicious cycle where productivity loss increases political instability, deteriorating economic conditions and foreign confidence further, fostering even more turmoil Carmody 20-- Carmody, Pádraig. "Meta-trends in global value chains and development: interacting impacts with COVID-19 in Africa." Transnational Corporations Journal 27.2 (2020). The indirect impacts have, potentially, even wider effects. First amongst these is
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to emerge in the future (Carmody, Kragelund and Riboredo, 2020).
African instability results in global draw-in as natural resource wealth and weak governance make Africa a prime target for proxy wars Yeisley 11, Mark O. "Bipolarity, proxy wars, and the rise of China." Strategic Studies Quarterly 5.4 (2011): 75-91. (assistant professor of international relations at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies)Elmer Of primary interest is open access to Africa’s significant deposits of oil and other energy
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sustain their national security postures, especially in terms of strategic defense.60
US-China conventional war goes nuclear. Caitlin Talmadge (10-15-2018), PhD in Political Science from MIT, BA in Government from Harvard, Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option,” Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option//recut CHS PK As China’s power has grown in recent years, so, too, has the
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and military tensions that might lead to a conflict in the first place.
Extinction – nuclear winter, crude oil amplifies, smoke covers the world Snyder and Ruyle 17 (Brian F.Snyder and Leslie E. Ruyle, 12-15-2017, Brian F. Snyder. Department of Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, United States. Leslie E. Ruyle. Center on Conflict and Development, Texas AandM University, United States"The abolition of war as a goal of environmental policy," No Publication, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717316431?via3Dihub)//CHS PK While the precise impacts of a hypothetical nuclear war are difficult to predict, the
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in Asia are typically around 0.3 to 1 mg/m3 .
Solvency
Plan: Member nations of the WTO ought to grant a TRIPS waiver for COVID vaccines
2. India and South Africa have signaled ability to increase vaccine production after a TRIPS waiver—this is also our solvency advocate Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, “What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines,” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., AG, DebateDrills. This view has come under increasing fire. Two competing positions have emerged. First
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permits companies to retain ownership while licensing other companies to manufacture their vaccines.
be able to produce vaccines as essential preparedness measures against future infectious threats.
5. 6. Plan also solves for future pandemics by creating precedent for a new IP regime that seamlessly shifts to a direct support model only during pandemics, which allows pharma companies to profit and innovate while speeding up the process-~--that solves but avoids the innovation DA. Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, “Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix,” Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES AND DIRECT GOVERNMENT SUPPORT For pandemics and other public health emergencies
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patent bargain in favor of generous but well-focused direct government support.
Framework
The standard is maximizing expected well being.
1 pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action Moen 16 Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo “An Argument for Hedonism” Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281 SJDI Let us start by observing, empirically, that a widely shared judgment about intrinsic
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places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value.
2. Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one. Bostrom 12 Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford., Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential risk—positive or negative—is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
3. Governments are limited by scarce resources which means they inevitably have to make tradeoff decisions about who to serve. Taking someone's land thru eminent domain hurts them but its net better for society to build public infrastructure on that land which proves they can aggregate and use util.
Underview RVIs on theory and topicality- a) 1AR time skew- multiple 30 second shells in the 1NC that all are possible 2NR outs either force aff theory, which creates massive substance crowdout or force the aff to overcover even the most frivolous interps, giving the neg a large time edge, b) substance education- no RVIs makes theory a no loss issue that incentivizes it being read, empirically proven, hardly anyone has conceded RVIs on purpose and read theory unless the aff is really abusive, which is a good thing anyways since we should take that aff out of debate RVIs come before theory and are the top layer, anything else justifies the time skew
9/18/21
SO Disclosure shell v1
Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Edina NK | Judge: nikita tanguturi
Interpretation: Debaters must, on the page with their name and the school they attend, either disclose open source or disclose all taglines, full citations, and the first and last three words of the pieces of evidence read in their cases on the NDCA wiki at least one hour before the round Violation: My opponent doesn’t have a wiki, screenshot proves
Net Benefits: a Research – disclosure increases research and gets rid of anti-educational arguments because debaters are forced to prepare cases knowing that people will have answers AND people get the opportunity to research answers to disclosed cases. Nails 13 - (Jacob I am a policy debater at Georgia State University. I debated LD for 4 years for Starr's Mill High School (GA) and graduated in 2012. "A Defense of Disclosure (Including Third-Party Disclosure)" http://nsdupdate.com/2013/a-defense-of-disclosure-including-third-party-disclosure-by-jacob-nails/) I fall squarely on the side of disclosure. I find that the largest advantage of widespread disclosure is the educational value it provides. First, disclosure streamlines research. Rather than every team and every lone wolf researching completely in the dark, the wiki provides a public body of knowledge that everyone can contribute to and build off of. Students can look through the different studies on the topic and choose the best ones on an informed basis without the prohibitively large burden of personally surveying all of the literature. The best arguments are identified and replicated, which is a natural result of an open marketplace of ideas. Quality of evidence increases across the board. In theory, the increased quality of information this could trade off with quantity. If debaters could just look to the wiki for evidence, it might remove the competitive incentive to do one’s own research. Empirically, however, the opposite has been true. In fact, a second advantage of disclosure is that it motivates research. Debaters cannot expect to make it a whole topic with the same stock AC – that is, unless they are continually updating and frontlining it. Likewise, debaters with access to their opponents’ cases can do more targeted and specific research. Students can go to a new level of depth, researching not just the pros and cons of the topic but the specific authors, arguments, and adovcacies employed by other debaters. The incentive to cut author-specific indicts is low if there’s little guarantee that the author will ever be cited in a round but high if one knows that specific schools are using that author in rounds. In this way, disclosure increases incentive to research by altering a student’s cost-benefit analysis so that the time spent researching is more valuable, i.e. more likely to produce useful evidence because it is more directed. In any case, if publicly accessible evidence jeopardized research, backfiles and briefs would have done LD in a long time ago. Lastly, and to my mind most significantly, disclosure weeds out anti-educational arguments. I have in mind the sort of theory spikes and underdeveloped analytics whose strategic value comes only from the fact that the time to think of and enunciate responses to them takes longer than the time spent making the arguments themselves. If theory spikes these arguments were made on a level playing field where each side had equal time to craft answers, they would seldom win rounds, which is a testimony to the real world applicability (or lack thereof) of such strategies. A model in which arguments have to withstand close scrutiny to win rounds creates incentive to find the best arguments on the topic rather than the shadiest. Having transitioned from LD to policy where disclosure is more universal, I can say that debates are more substantive, developed, and responsive when both sides know what they’re getting into prior to the round. The educational benefits of disclosure alone aren’t likely to convince the fairness-outweighs-education crowd, but I’ve learned over the course of many theory debates that most of that crowd has a very warped and confusing conception of fairness. Debaters who produce better research are more deserving of a win. Debaters who can make smart arguments and defend them from criticism should win out over debaters who hide behind obfuscation. That so many rounds these days are resolved on frivolous theory and dropped, single-sentence blips suggests that wins are not going to the “better debaters” in any meaningful sense of the term. The structure of LD in the status quo doesn’t incentivize better debating. b Clash – Disclosure is the best method for increasing clash in debates because it allows debaters to substantively engage positions rather than relying on sketchy tricks to avoid the discussion. It also allows for more specific clash because debaters can see specific arguments disclosed instead of trying to link generic arguments in. C Reciprocity- Most everyone discloses in national circuit tournaments, if you’re able to benefit from others doing so to learn what positions are being read and prepare against opponents pre-round, not doing the same in return is unfair.
Education is a voter and comes first- there’s no professional debate league, debate is important for us to gain skills for the real word Fairness is a voter- debate is a competitive activity Use competing interps as reasonability is arbitrary and forces judges to make a unilateral decision that has been empirically shown to reject almost all theory shells to the point where most consider it a NIB. Drop the debater- Deterrence: losing the theory debate shouldn’t reset the debate to ground zero, this encourages debaters to try to get away with abuse. Also, you can’t drop the argument on disclosure, there’s no way to rectify the situation and anything they propose is arbitrary and self-serving.
No RVIs- it’s illogical to vote for them because they are fair
First, ethics are split between the deontic and aretaic. Deontic theories answer what agents should do according to a moral code, while aretaic theories answer what kind of agent people should be to make the right decisions. Gryz, 1 (Jarek Gryz, Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, Research Faculty Fellow at Center for Advanced Studies., 12-15-2010, accessed on 8-21-2021, Springer, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic", DOI 10.1007/s10677-010-9258-3)st There are two fundamental classes of terms traditionally distinguished within moral vocabulary: the deontic
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a moral theory; the ‘good’ is used to express moral judgments.
To clarify, deontic theories guide ethics by looking at the actions of moral actors, whereas aretaic theories guide ethics by looking at the character of moral actors themselves. By developing good moral character, good actions will naturally follow.
Prefer the aretaic:
1 Hijacks – Every action in the deontic can be expressed in the aretaic, but only the aretaic can break free of the right/wrong binary with its richer vocabulary. Gryz, 2 (Jarek Gryz, Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, Research Faculty Fellow at Center for Advanced Studies., 12-15-2010, accessed on 8-21-2021, Springer, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic", DOI 10.1007/s10677-010-9258-3)st The way we use words ‘good/bad’ and ‘right/wrong’ seems
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attractive ethical theories seem to be much better off than the imperative ones.
2 Collapses – A. If agents were conditioned properly, they would independently take the right actions, which hijacks deontic theories. B. Infinite regress – we can always ask why to follow a deontic rule, but the answer will terminate in attempting to achieve some aretaic property.
3 Prerequisite – A. Philosophy must frame who we are as individuals before dictating how we should act; I wouldn’t tell a serial killer to follow the categorical imperative but try to reform their character first, since they don’t have the disposition to follow it. B. The origin of philosophy had to start through an aretaic paradigm since there were no preconceived notions or rules that we needed a guide towards the good; they chose to develop the good out of their own volition; without the aretaic there’d be no reason to do good things unless we wanted to become better people.
4 The deontic fails – A. Moral laws are socially constructed and dependent upon the places and conditions where they will be in use which means they are subjective and fail; moral law can’t account for every single situation, but virtue solves and is more flexible since good agents will do good actions. B. Moral laws can be interpreted in an infinite number of ways and there’s no way to hold people accountable for following them correctly. C. Fails to account for differences in cultures or norms, the aretaic solves by allowing people to determine and weigh between their own virtues.
Next, the only ethics consistent with the aretaic is a virtue paradigm. Instead of prescribing normative claims to action, virtue focuses on developing agents to make them virtuous. Reader, (Soran Reader, Soran Reader is Lecturer in Philosophy at Durham University and is editor of The Philosophy of Need (Cambridge University Press, 2006)., December 2000, accessed on 8-22-2021, Springer, "New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue.”", http://www.jstor.org/stable/27504153)//st The centrality of virtue ethics emerges clearly in relation to the themes of the previous
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insight to moral philosophy; its import has yet fully to be appreciated.
The standard is consistency with the cultivation of virtue.
Impact Calc –
1 Consequences fail – A) Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is in itself a form of induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that’s circular B) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences that stem from it – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war a hundred years down – you can’t quantify the infinite amount of pain and pleasure to come C) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure, so you can’t universalize that and say it’s good – it’s impossible to measure something that’s completely subjective D) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it’s impossible to assign obligations since you can’t pinpoint a specific actor that caused a consequence.
Offense
I defend “Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.”
Reducing patents creates open-source communities – information held back by patents will be open to the public once there are less restrictions on it.
Affirm –
1 Excellence – open-source projects cause the community to strive towards a better version of them through mutual feedback which necessitates cultivating virtues like wisdom and justice. Opderbeck, 1 (David Opderbeck is Associate Professor of Law and the Director of the Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology at the Seton Hall University School of Law., 11-2-2017, accessed on 8-11-2021, University of Maine School of Law Digital Commons, "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)", https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/)//st There presently exists no framework for how virtue ethics could apply to intellectual property.
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source peer production contributes to justice by allowing space for individual autonomy.81
Human activities can be split into two categories: one activity where the end of the it can be completed, like watering a plant, and one where the end, or internal goods, is fully present in the activity itself, like friendship. Internal goods must come first – otherwise after achieving an end there is no motivation to do further action. Opderbeck, 2 (David Opderbeck is Associate Professor of Law and the Director of the Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology at the Seton Hall University School of Law., 11-2-2017, accessed on 8-11-2021, University of Maine School of Law Digital Commons, "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)", https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/)//st Virtue ethics are communitarian. The development of individual virtue occurs only within the context
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excellence, as well as the capabilities of practitioners, rise over time.
2 Community – open-source practices foster the virtues of mutual sacrifice and cooperation by allowing people to participate and share. Opderbeck, 3 (David Opderbeck is Associate Professor of Law and the Director of the Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology at the Seton Hall University School of Law, 11-2-2017, accessed on 8-11-2021, University of Maine School of Law Digital Commons, "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)", https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/)//st A tension might arise, however, between Maclntyre's emphasis on acommunity's authoritative text or
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, resources, and talent, which cumulate to a much larger good.
The aff is not consequentialist- reduction of patents inherently increases access and opens up the research community Opderbeck, 3 (David Opderbeck is Associate Professor of Law and the Director of the Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology at the Seton Hall University School of Law, 11-2-2017, accessed on 8-11-2021, University of Maine School of Law Digital Commons, "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)", https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/) *bracketed for grammar*st C. Applications of Open Source, Environmental, and Health Care Virtue Ethics to
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to the biotechnology research community, particularly concerning the allocation of research support.
Underview
1 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. e) Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time. Fairness because debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education since it gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
2 Permissibility and presumption affirms- a) if I say my name, you believe that is in fact my name, b) permissibility negates gives the neg the ability to blitz 7 min of reasons moral standards are impossible, meaning the aff needs to answer every single argument to win the debate, an irreciprocal model of debate 3 use epistemic confidence- a) only way to avoid irresolvable debates where it’s impossible to “multiply” SoL of fw and impact under fw because impx under two different frameworks are apples and oranges, b) best chance we’re right, if I win my fw and I win the offense, it’s not like there’s a probability you won under either, margin doesn’t matter
9/4/21
SO Virtue Aff v2
Tournament: UK | Round: 4 | Opponent: Charlotte Latin AP | Judge: Michael Fain Overview
1 1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time. e) Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time. Fairness because debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education since it gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
2 Permissibility and presumption affirms- a) if I say my name, you believe that is in fact my name, b) permissibility negates gives the neg the ability to blitz 7 min of reasons moral standards are impossible, meaning the aff needs to answer every single argument to win the debate, an irreciprocal model of debate 3 use epistemic confidence- a) only way to avoid irresolvable debates where it’s impossible to “multiply” SoL of fw and impact under fw because impx under two different frameworks are apples and oranges, b) best chance we’re right, if I win my fw and I win the offense, it’s not like there’s a probability you won under either, margin doesn’t matter
4 The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statement
a Anything else moots 6 minutes of the ac – their framing collapses since you must say it is true that a world is better than another before you adopt it.
b Truth is a necessary part of any statement since any statement fundamentally asserts that some property is true. All statements devolve into some conception of truth-value since when you assert that your role of the ballot is true you concede to the validity of truth testing. Frege, Frege, Gottlob. “The Thought: A Logical Inquiry” in Logicism and the Philosophy of Language: Selections from Frege and Russell. Broadview Press. March 2003. Pg. 204. It may nevertheless be thought that we cannot recognize a property of a thing without at the same time realizing the thought that this thing has the property to be true. So with every property of a thing is joined a property of thought, namely, that of truth. It is also worthy of notice that the sentence “I smell the scent of violets” has just the same content as the sentence “it is true that I smell the scent of violets”. So, it seems, then, that nothing is added to the thought by my ascribing it the property of truth. Part 2 is the interpretations
The neg may only make one response to each argument in the aff and must answer them all a) makes sure we have an equal number of arguments b) solves flooding the 1ar since you choose the best answers
2. The neg may not contest both the burden and ROB a) forces me to win my fwk is relevant, then win the fwk, then win offense which is a 3-1 skew b) reject all answers to this theory argument – you solve all objections by picking a specific ROB and being the only one that links offense. No neg analytics – I don’t have time to cover 100 blippy 1NC args since you can read 7 min of analytics and extend any of them to win. Answering this triggers a contradiction since it relies on an analytic argument and those affirm since I spoke first and they were your fault for creating.
3. If I win one layer, vote aff a) they have 7 minutes to uplayer and nullify my offense b) forces engagement with the aff since they have to defend all arguments which means they read better ones.
4. Neg a priori’s do not negate a) they all assume I didn’t already meet my burden after the ac, b) Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined, c) affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do, d) Suppose a sentence p asserts its truth or falsity. In this instance, either P is true or P is false, if it is true, it is what it says it is so it is true, if it is false, it is what it says it is so it is true. The very denial of the idea that truth claims exist presupposes the truth value of the statement.
5. The neg may not read overview answers to aff arguments – they can uplayer all aff arguments for 7 minutes and the 1ar has to shift through it all.
6. The neg may not make theory arguments in the 2n a) overloads the 2ar with a massive clarification burden b) impossible to check abuse if the 2n can just dump on the shell for 6 minutes, c) overloads the 2ar with no risk shells.
FW
First, ethics are split between the deontic and aretaic. Deontic theories answer what agents should do according to a moral code, while aretaic theories answer what kind of agent people should be to make the right decisions. Gryz, 1 (Jarek Gryz, Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, Research Faculty Fellow at Center for Advanced Studies., 12-15-2010, accessed on 8-21-2021, Springer, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic", DOI 10.1007/s10677-010-9258-3)st There are two fundamental classes of terms traditionally distinguished within moral vocabulary: the deontic
AND
a moral theory; the ‘good’ is used to express moral judgments.
To clarify, deontic theories guide ethics by looking at the actions of moral actors, whereas aretaic theories guide ethics by looking at the character of moral actors themselves. By developing good moral character, good actions will naturally follow.
Prefer the aretaic:
1 Hijacks – Every action in the deontic can be expressed in the aretaic, but only the aretaic can break free of the right/wrong binary with its richer vocabulary. Gryz, 2 (Jarek Gryz, Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at York University, Research Faculty Fellow at Center for Advanced Studies., 12-15-2010, accessed on 8-21-2021, Springer, "On the Relationship Between the Aretaic and the Deontic", DOI 10.1007/s10677-010-9258-3)st The way we use words ‘good/bad’ and ‘right/wrong’ seems
AND
attractive ethical theories seem to be much better off than the imperative ones.
2 Collapses – A. If agents were conditioned properly, they would independently take the right actions, which hijacks deontic theories. B. Infinite regress – we can always ask why to follow a deontic rule, but the answer will terminate in attempting to achieve some aretaic property.
3 Prerequisite – A. Philosophy must frame who we are as individuals before dictating how we should act; I wouldn’t tell a serial killer to follow the categorical imperative but try to reform their character first, since they don’t have the disposition to follow it. B. The origin of philosophy had to start through an aretaic paradigm since there were no preconceived notions or rules that we needed a guide towards the good; they chose to develop the good out of their own volition; without the aretaic there’d be no reason to do good things unless we wanted to become better people.
4 The deontic fails – A. Moral laws are socially constructed and dependent upon the places and conditions where they will be in use which means they are subjective and fail; moral law can’t account for every single situation, but virtue solves and is more flexible since good agents will do good actions. B. Moral laws can be interpreted in an infinite number of ways and there’s no way to hold people accountable for following them correctly. C. Fails to account for differences in cultures or norms, the aretaic solves by allowing people to determine and weigh between their own virtues.
Next, the only ethics consistent with the aretaic is a virtue paradigm. Instead of prescribing normative claims to action, virtue focuses on developing agents to make them virtuous. Reader, (Soran Reader, Soran Reader is Lecturer in Philosophy at Durham University and is editor of The Philosophy of Need (Cambridge University Press, 2006)., December 2000, accessed on 8-22-2021, Springer, "New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue.”", http://www.jstor.org/stable/27504153)//st The centrality of virtue ethics emerges clearly in relation to the themes of the previous
AND
insight to moral philosophy; its import has yet fully to be appreciated.
The standard is consistency with the cultivation of virtue.
Impact Calc –
1 Consequences fail – A) Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is in itself a form of induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that’s circular B) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences that stem from it – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war a hundred years down – you can’t quantify the infinite amount of pain and pleasure to come C) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure, so you can’t universalize that and say it’s good – it’s impossible to measure something that’s completely subjective D) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it’s impossible to assign obligations since you can’t pinpoint a specific actor that caused a consequence.
Offense
I defend “Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.”
Reducing patents creates open-source communities – information held back by patents will be open to the public once there are less restrictions on it.
Affirm –
1 Excellence – open-source projects cause the community to strive towards a better version of them through mutual feedback which necessitates cultivating virtues like wisdom and justice. Opderbeck, 1 (David Opderbeck is Associate Professor of Law and the Director of the Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology at the Seton Hall University School of Law., 11-2-2017, accessed on 8-11-2021, University of Maine School of Law Digital Commons, "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)", https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/)//st There presently exists no framework for how virtue ethics could apply to intellectual property.
AND
source peer production contributes to justice by allowing space for individual autonomy.81
Human activities can be split into two categories: one activity where the end of the it can be completed, like watering a plant, and one where the end, or internal goods, is fully present in the activity itself, like friendship. Internal goods must come first – otherwise after achieving an end there is no motivation to do further action. Opderbeck, 2 (David Opderbeck is Associate Professor of Law and the Director of the Gibbons Institute of Law, Science and Technology at the Seton Hall University School of Law., 11-2-2017, accessed on 8-11-2021, University of Maine School of Law Digital Commons, "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)", https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/)//st Virtue ethics are communitarian. The development of individual virtue occurs only within the context
AND
excellence, as well as the capabilities of practitioners, rise over time.
9/18/21
ag workers v2
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Lauren McBlain Plan text: The United States ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike for agricultural laborers by amending the National Labor Relations Act to get rid of the exception for agricultural laborers. Ask in CX for clarification
Inherency
For agricultural laborers, the NLRA and its interpretation by the courts has not protected their right to strike Reilly n.d.-- Jaclyn Reilly; JD from Penn State University; Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act; Penn State Law Review; https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf. (AG DebateDrills) The broad definition of “agriculture” under the FLSA would seem to exclude from
AND
part of the agricultural exception to the NLRA and were able to unionize.
The Advantage is Sustainable Agriculture
Population expansion generally requires farmland expansion to meet food demand—we are on the brink of prohibitive climate and biodiversity costs from deforestation Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) From the perspective of human evolution, each period of rapid population growth, such
AND
12 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2010).
Biodiversity loss causes extinction – outweighs neg disads and is a threat multiplier Torres 16 Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. “Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change” http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/. According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human
AND
as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Climate Change causes Extinction Specktor 19 Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The current climate crisis, they say, is larger and more complex than any
AND
and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it."
The only yet extremely effective solution is innovation that leads to more crop yield—there’s multiple possibilities for innovation Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) The first straightforward strategy for designing future crops that meet sustainable agriculture requirements is to
AND
to develop high nutrient and water-use efficiency crops without yield penalty.
The reason innovation isn’t happening is lack of profit incentive—there needs to be an incentive for risk taking Mackenzie 20—Conway Mackenzie; Harve Light Managing Director; Innovation in Agriculture: Why is it so slow?; Shale Magazine; February 3 2020; https://shalemag.com/innovation-in-agriculture-why-is-it-so-slow/. (AG DebateDrills) Innovation is not a new concept in the agriculture industry. As an example,
AND
. This has led to a very slow rate of development and innovation.
Solvency
First is creation of unions
Agricultural laborers don’t form unions in the status quo because of they don’t have an explicit right to strike Reilly n.d.-- Jaclyn Reilly; JD from Penn State University; Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act; Penn State Law Review; https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf Since the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), agricultural laborers have
AND
themselves from retaliatory practices or the general refusal of employers to bargain.5
Unions are important for fighting for environmental issues- their interests often align with the community’s Rathzel and Uzzell 11-- Räthzel, Nora, and David Uzzell. "Trade unions and climate change: The jobs versus environment dilemma." Global Environmental Change 21.4 (2011): 1215-1223. (AG DebateDrills) The importance of unions as actors contributing to sustainable development was advocated almost twenty years
AND
need to be taken into account by governments, business, and scholars.
Second is increased worker costs meaning more investment in capital
Migrant workers make up the bulk of farm workers— right now they face extreme treatment in the status quo because of their vulnerable position LeRoy 99-- LeRoy, Michael H. Professor, School of Labor and Employment Relations, at University of Illinois, Should 'Agricultural Laborers' Continue to Be Excluded from the National Labor Relations Act?. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, 1999, U Illinois Law and Economics Research Paper No. LE07-023, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=992923 At least part of this labor market competition appears to be coming from 600,
AND
, as a result, migrant workers set up shanty-camps.40
The cause of worker exploitation is lack of collective bargaining so right to strike drastically improves conditions and wages—other industries prove Perea 11—Juan Perea Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago; The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act; 72 OHIO ST. L.J. l 95 (2011).; https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1150andcontext=facpubs There is a direct relationship between this modem slavery and contemporary labor law. Advocates
AND
and the more reasonable and humane labor conditions existing in most other occupations.
Since conditions are so bad and demand is so constrained in agriculture, increase in wages will drastically increase capital investment in areas like RandD Bhaskar 92-- Venkataraman Bhaskar Researcher at Delhi School of Economics; The Effect of Wages on Investment and Employment in a Vintage Model with Uncertain Demand; The Scandinavian Journal of Economics , Mar., 1992, Vol. 94, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 123-129; https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440473. (AG DebateDrills) This note investigates the effect of an increase in the wage on investment and employment
AND
offset the reduced employment in supply-constrained states, thereby increasing expected employment
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
UV
1AR Theory First
Aff theory first – a) if we win the NC is abusive, you shouldn’t evaluate the arguments in it, b) norming – it sets norms for all of time but their interp only functions on this topic so it o/w on scope, c) the time-crunched 1ar needs it to beat the 6 minute 2nr
1AR – Condo Short
Condo is a voting issue – the time crunched 1AR can’t read its best offense against multiple worlds with different uniqueness conditions – they collapse to what’s undercovered which wrecks engagement. Dispo solves—they can kick it if we perm—they get to test the aff but we get strategic options like pointing out contradictions and straight turns
11/6/21
ag workers v2
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Lauren McBlain Plan text: The United States ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike for agricultural laborers by amending the National Labor Relations Act to get rid of the exception for agricultural laborers. Ask in CX for clarification
Inherency
For agricultural laborers, the NLRA and its interpretation by the courts has not protected their right to strike Reilly n.d.-- Jaclyn Reilly; JD from Penn State University; Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act; Penn State Law Review; https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf. (AG DebateDrills) The broad definition of “agriculture” under the FLSA would seem to exclude from
AND
part of the agricultural exception to the NLRA and were able to unionize.
The Advantage is Sustainable Agriculture
Population expansion generally requires farmland expansion to meet food demand—we are on the brink of prohibitive climate and biodiversity costs from deforestation Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) From the perspective of human evolution, each period of rapid population growth, such
AND
12 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2010).
Biodiversity loss causes extinction – outweighs neg disads and is a threat multiplier Torres 16 Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. “Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change” http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/. According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human
AND
as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Climate Change causes Extinction Specktor 19 Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The current climate crisis, they say, is larger and more complex than any
AND
and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it."
The only yet extremely effective solution is innovation that leads to more crop yield—there’s multiple possibilities for innovation Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) The first straightforward strategy for designing future crops that meet sustainable agriculture requirements is to
AND
to develop high nutrient and water-use efficiency crops without yield penalty.
The reason innovation isn’t happening is lack of profit incentive—there needs to be an incentive for risk taking Mackenzie 20—Conway Mackenzie; Harve Light Managing Director; Innovation in Agriculture: Why is it so slow?; Shale Magazine; February 3 2020; https://shalemag.com/innovation-in-agriculture-why-is-it-so-slow/. (AG DebateDrills) Innovation is not a new concept in the agriculture industry. As an example,
AND
. This has led to a very slow rate of development and innovation.
Solvency
First is creation of unions
Agricultural laborers don’t form unions in the status quo because of they don’t have an explicit right to strike Reilly n.d.-- Jaclyn Reilly; JD from Penn State University; Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act; Penn State Law Review; https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf Since the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), agricultural laborers have
AND
themselves from retaliatory practices or the general refusal of employers to bargain.5
Unions are important for fighting for environmental issues- their interests often align with the community’s Rathzel and Uzzell 11-- Räthzel, Nora, and David Uzzell. "Trade unions and climate change: The jobs versus environment dilemma." Global Environmental Change 21.4 (2011): 1215-1223. (AG DebateDrills) The importance of unions as actors contributing to sustainable development was advocated almost twenty years
AND
need to be taken into account by governments, business, and scholars.
Second is increased worker costs meaning more investment in capital
Migrant workers make up the bulk of farm workers— right now they face extreme treatment in the status quo because of their vulnerable position LeRoy 99-- LeRoy, Michael H. Professor, School of Labor and Employment Relations, at University of Illinois, Should 'Agricultural Laborers' Continue to Be Excluded from the National Labor Relations Act?. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, 1999, U Illinois Law and Economics Research Paper No. LE07-023, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=992923 At least part of this labor market competition appears to be coming from 600,
AND
, as a result, migrant workers set up shanty-camps.40
The cause of worker exploitation is lack of collective bargaining so right to strike drastically improves conditions and wages—other industries prove Perea 11—Juan Perea Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago; The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act; 72 OHIO ST. L.J. l 95 (2011).; https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1150andcontext=facpubs There is a direct relationship between this modem slavery and contemporary labor law. Advocates
AND
and the more reasonable and humane labor conditions existing in most other occupations.
Since conditions are so bad and demand is so constrained in agriculture, increase in wages will drastically increase capital investment in areas like RandD Bhaskar 92-- Venkataraman Bhaskar Researcher at Delhi School of Economics; The Effect of Wages on Investment and Employment in a Vintage Model with Uncertain Demand; The Scandinavian Journal of Economics , Mar., 1992, Vol. 94, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 123-129; https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440473. (AG DebateDrills) This note investigates the effect of an increase in the wage on investment and employment
AND
offset the reduced employment in supply-constrained states, thereby increasing expected employment
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
UV
1AR Theory First
Aff theory first – a) if we win the NC is abusive, you shouldn’t evaluate the arguments in it, b) norming – it sets norms for all of time but their interp only functions on this topic so it o/w on scope, c) the time-crunched 1ar needs it to beat the 6 minute 2nr
1AR – Condo Short
Condo is a voting issue – the time crunched 1AR can’t read its best offense against multiple worlds with different uniqueness conditions – they collapse to what’s undercovered which wrecks engagement. Dispo solves—they can kick it if we perm—they get to test the aff but we get strategic options like pointing out contradictions and straight turns
11/6/21
ag workers v2
Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Lauren McBlain Plan text: The United States ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike for agricultural laborers by amending the National Labor Relations Act to get rid of the exception for agricultural laborers. Ask in CX for clarification
Inherency
For agricultural laborers, the NLRA and its interpretation by the courts has not protected their right to strike Reilly n.d.-- Jaclyn Reilly; JD from Penn State University; Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act; Penn State Law Review; https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf. (AG DebateDrills) The broad definition of “agriculture” under the FLSA would seem to exclude from
AND
part of the agricultural exception to the NLRA and were able to unionize.
The Advantage is Sustainable Agriculture
Population expansion generally requires farmland expansion to meet food demand—we are on the brink of prohibitive climate and biodiversity costs from deforestation Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) From the perspective of human evolution, each period of rapid population growth, such
AND
12 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2010).
Biodiversity loss causes extinction – outweighs neg disads and is a threat multiplier Torres 16 Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. “Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change” http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/. According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human
AND
as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Climate Change causes Extinction Specktor 19 Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The current climate crisis, they say, is larger and more complex than any
AND
and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it."
The only yet extremely effective solution is innovation that leads to more crop yield—there’s multiple possibilities for innovation Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) The first straightforward strategy for designing future crops that meet sustainable agriculture requirements is to
AND
to develop high nutrient and water-use efficiency crops without yield penalty.
The reason innovation isn’t happening is lack of profit incentive—there needs to be an incentive for risk taking Mackenzie 20—Conway Mackenzie; Harve Light Managing Director; Innovation in Agriculture: Why is it so slow?; Shale Magazine; February 3 2020; https://shalemag.com/innovation-in-agriculture-why-is-it-so-slow/. (AG DebateDrills) Innovation is not a new concept in the agriculture industry. As an example,
AND
. This has led to a very slow rate of development and innovation.
Solvency
First is creation of unions
Agricultural laborers don’t form unions in the status quo because of they don’t have an explicit right to strike Reilly n.d.-- Jaclyn Reilly; JD from Penn State University; Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act; Penn State Law Review; https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf Since the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), agricultural laborers have
AND
themselves from retaliatory practices or the general refusal of employers to bargain.5
Unions are important for fighting for environmental issues- their interests often align with the community’s Rathzel and Uzzell 11-- Räthzel, Nora, and David Uzzell. "Trade unions and climate change: The jobs versus environment dilemma." Global Environmental Change 21.4 (2011): 1215-1223. (AG DebateDrills) The importance of unions as actors contributing to sustainable development was advocated almost twenty years
AND
need to be taken into account by governments, business, and scholars.
Second is increased worker costs meaning more investment in capital
Migrant workers make up the bulk of farm workers— right now they face extreme treatment in the status quo because of their vulnerable position LeRoy 99-- LeRoy, Michael H. Professor, School of Labor and Employment Relations, at University of Illinois, Should 'Agricultural Laborers' Continue to Be Excluded from the National Labor Relations Act?. Emory Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 3, 1999, U Illinois Law and Economics Research Paper No. LE07-023, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=992923 At least part of this labor market competition appears to be coming from 600,
AND
, as a result, migrant workers set up shanty-camps.40
The cause of worker exploitation is lack of collective bargaining so right to strike drastically improves conditions and wages—other industries prove Perea 11—Juan Perea Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago; The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act; 72 OHIO ST. L.J. l 95 (2011).; https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1150andcontext=facpubs There is a direct relationship between this modem slavery and contemporary labor law. Advocates
AND
and the more reasonable and humane labor conditions existing in most other occupations.
Since conditions are so bad and demand is so constrained in agriculture, increase in wages will drastically increase capital investment in areas like RandD Bhaskar 92-- Venkataraman Bhaskar Researcher at Delhi School of Economics; The Effect of Wages on Investment and Employment in a Vintage Model with Uncertain Demand; The Scandinavian Journal of Economics , Mar., 1992, Vol. 94, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 123-129; https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440473. (AG DebateDrills) This note investigates the effect of an increase in the wage on investment and employment
AND
offset the reduced employment in supply-constrained states, thereby increasing expected employment
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
UV
1AR Theory First
Aff theory first – a) if we win the NC is abusive, you shouldn’t evaluate the arguments in it, b) norming – it sets norms for all of time but their interp only functions on this topic so it o/w on scope, c) the time-crunched 1ar needs it to beat the 6 minute 2nr
1AR – Condo Short
Condo is a voting issue – the time crunched 1AR can’t read its best offense against multiple worlds with different uniqueness conditions – they collapse to what’s undercovered which wrecks engagement. Dispo solves—they can kick it if we perm—they get to test the aff but we get strategic options like pointing out contradictions and straight turns