Dulles Zahid Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Contact Info | Finals | Tommers the Clown | Mean Mehra |
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| Loyola | 2 | Strake JK | Truman Le |
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| Loyola | 3 | Midlothian HS | Jonah Gentleman |
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| UT | 1 | Westlake MR | Nathan Smith |
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| UT | 4 | Strake RC | Huang, He |
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| UT | 6 | Claudia Taylor Johnson AA | Weissman, Arthur |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Contact Info | Finals | Opponent: Tommers the Clown | Judge: Mean Mehra mean mehra == arun mehra |
| Loyola | 2 | Opponent: Strake JK | Judge: Truman Le ac - kant |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Midlothian HS | Judge: Jonah Gentleman ac - util |
| UT | 1 | Opponent: Westlake MR | Judge: Nathan Smith ac - kant |
| UT | 4 | Opponent: Strake RC | Judge: Huang, He 1ac - lay whole res util |
| UT | 6 | Opponent: Claudia Taylor Johnson AA | Judge: Weissman, Arthur 1ac - lay whole res util |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
1 - AC - KantTournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake JK | Judge: Truman Le Round 2 – AC - LoyolaFWThe standard is consistency with a Kantian system of equal and outer freedom:Agency is constitutive and inescapable since to engage in anything one must engage in agency. Even when agents attempt to assess whether they should participate as agents, they are closed under the operation of reflective rational assessment. Thus, agents must be able to pursue their ends independent of the choices of others or else their reasoning wouldn't produce an action and wouldn't be practical.That justifies universalizable endsabsent universal ethics morality becomes arbitrary and fails to guide action, making ethics uselessa priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience andany non-universalizable norm justifies someone's ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others. This also makes universalizability a side-constraint on ends-based frameworks.It's impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedom. Constraints are necessary to retain the value of freedom which implies that one cannot hinder the freedom of others.To clarify:~1~ The standard evaluates actions based upon their intrinsic nature, not foreseen consequences:~A~ To account for all foreseen impacts would prevent action because individuals would become morally culpable for all actions and states of affairs not just those that factor into the will~B~ Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events and~C~ Prediction is impossible. Any action can lead to a domino effect that can have disastrous impacts in the end. For example, if I drop a pen, it could land on a Faultline triggering an earthquake.Prefer the standard:~1~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.I affirm - The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent protection.Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "'One-and-done' for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson '54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market.Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting "evergreening" for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration.Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "'One-and-done' for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson '54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer 80 of all new patents are not new drugs but old ones.Feldman 2 Robin Feldman 18, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson '54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation (Study Notes: Presenting the first comprehensive study of evergreening, this article examines the extent to which evergreening behavior—which can be defined as artificially extending the protection cliff—may contribute to the problem. The author analyses all drugs on the market between 2005 and 2015, combing through 60,000 data points to examine every instance in which a company added a new patent or exclusivity.)sid The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopoliesArnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer Affirm~1~ The intention of intellectual property is to discriminate and help preserve rights for only a select few.Kanning 12~Kanning, Michael A., "A Philosophical Analysis of Intellectual Property: In Defense of Instrumentalism" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4094~~// RaZ ~2~ Property rights prohibit freedom to make advancement on technologies; people are given exclusive ownership which hinder progress.Kanning 12~Kanning, Michael A., "A Philosophical Analysis of Intellectual Property: In Defense of Instrumentalism" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4094~~// RaZ ~3~ Hindering a hindrance~a~ You can only restrict the freedoms of inventors when the invention being withheld is life saving. Death kills freedoms and autonomy.Merges 11~ROBERT P. MERGES; "JUSTIFYING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY" HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2011~RaZ ~b~ Medicines are created with the intention of saving lives.Nemours~TeensHealth from Nemours ;Understanding Medicines and What They Do; https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/meds.html~~//RaZ ~4~ Evergreening – exploitation of patents is anti-ethical to the intrinsic nature of medical duty – that affirms.McHenry 6, Leemon. "Ethical issues in psychopharmacology." Journal of Medical Ethics 32.7 (2006): 405-410. | 9/4/21 |
1 - AC - UtilTournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Midlothian HS | Judge: Jonah Gentleman Round 3 – AC – LoyolaFramingThe standard is maximizing expected well being1~ Actor specificityA~ Aggregation – every policy benefit some and harms others so governments have to help the majority.2~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.3~ And, extinction comes first under any moral framework:A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can't confer value onto anything if we're not alive.B~ Contestation on the framework debate proves ethical uncertainty – uncertainty means we prioritize preventing extinction because that preserves our ability to find moral value in the future, regardless of what framework seems more correct now.1AC: Drug PricesContention 1 is Drug PricesEvergreening keeps Drug Prices high.Amin 18 Tahir Amin 6-27-2018 "The problem with high drug prices isn't 'foreign freeloading,' it's the patent system" High drug prices caused by US patent system, not 'foreign freeloaders' (cnbc.com) https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/25/high-drug-prices-caused-by-us-patent-system.html (co-founder of nonprofit I-MAK.org)Elmer High Drug Prices forces patients to go underground for drugs.Bryant 11 Clifton Bryant 2011 "The Routledge Handbook of Deviant Behaviour" (former professor of sociology at VA Tech)Elmer That kills Millions.Greenberger 20 Phyllis E. Greenberger 12-3-2020 "Counterfeit Medicines Kill People" https://www.healthywomen.org/health-care-policy/counterfeit-medicines-kill-people/who-suffers-because-of-counterfeit-drugs (HealthWomen's Senior Vice President of Science and Health Policy)Elmer Counterfeit Drugs cause Anti-Biotic Resistance.Jahnke 19 Art Jahnke 1-14-2019 "How Bad Drugs Turn Treatable Diseases Deadly" https://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/how-bad-drugs-turn-treatable-diseases-deadly/ (Senior editor Art Jahnke began his career at the Real Paper, a Boston area alternative weekly. He has worked as a writer and editor at Boston Magazine, web editorial director at CXO Media, and executive editor in Marketing and Communications at Boston University, where his work was honored with many awards. Art has served on the editorial board of the Boston Review and has taught at Harvard University summer school and Emerson College.)Elmer Extinction - generic defense doesn't apply.Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer High Drug Prices pushes people into poverty – our internal is causal.Hoban 10 Rose Hoban 9-13-2010 "High Cost of Medicine Pushes More People into Poverty" https://www.voanews.com/science-health/high-cost-medicine-pushes-more-people-poverty (spent more than six years as the health reporter for North Carolina Public Radio – WUNC, where she covered health care, state health policy, science and research with a focus on public health issues. She left to start North Carolina Health News after watching many of her professional peers leave or be laid off of their jobs, leaving NC with few people to cover this complicated and important topic. ALSO cites Laurens Niens who is a Health Researcher at Erasmus University Rotterdam)Elmer This is a form of pharmaceutical capitalism – exploiting marginalized groups in the third world.Lift Mode 17 3-10-2017 "Pharmaceutical Colonialism" https://medium.com/@liftmode/pharmaceutical-colonialism-3-ways-that-western-medicine-takes-from-indigenous-communities-3a9339b4f24f (We at Liftmode.com are a team of professionals from a variety of backgrounds, dedicated to the mission of providing the highest quality and highest purity nutritional health supplements on the market. We look specifically for the latest and most promising research in the fields of cognition enhancement, neuroscience and alternative health supplements, and develop commercial strategies to bring these technologies to the marketplace.)Elmer The Alternative to the Aff isn't no medicine but exploitive medicine – the Plan's orientation is a sequencing strategy to resistance.Ahmed 20 A Kavum Ahmed 6-24-2020 "Decolonizing the vaccine" https://africasacountry.com/2020/06/decolonizing-the-vaccine (A. Kayum Ahmed is Division Director for Access and Accountability at the Open Society Public Health Program in New York and teaches at Columbia University Law School.)Duong+Elmer Contention 2 is Innovation80 of all new patents are not new drugs but old ones.Feldman 2 Robin Feldman 18, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson '54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation (Study Notes: Presenting the first comprehensive study of evergreening, this article examines the extent to which evergreening behavior—which can be defined as artificially extending the protection cliff—may contribute to the problem. The author analyses all drugs on the market between 2005 and 2015, combing through 60,000 data points to examine every instance in which a company added a new patent or exclusivity.)sid Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopoliesArnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe's key.Sobti 19 ~Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv Pharma spills-over – has cascading global impacts that are necessary for human survival.NAS 8 National Academy of Sciences 12-3-2008 "The Role of the Life Sciences in Transforming America's Future Summary of a Workshop" Re-cut by Elmer 1AC: PlanPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent protection.Contention 3 is SolvencyThe Plan solves Evergreening.Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "'One-and-done' for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson '54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Contention 4 is our Method –Disparities within health are not ontological but formed and maintained by social norms upheld by legal indifference – solving the discriminatory practices of public health is uniquely key as a starting pointMatthew 18, Dayna Bowen. Just medicine: A cure for racial inequality in American health care. NYU Press, 2018. (Resident senior fellow in the Center for Health Policy, who works at the University of Colorado School of Law, the Colorado School of Public Health, and the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center specializes in health and behavioral sciences and her research interests include public health law, poverty, and ethics in health professions)Elmer UV~1~ Root cause explanations of international politics don't exist – methodological pluralism is necessary to reclaim IR as emancipatory praxis and avoid endless political violence.Bleiker 14, Roland. "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique." (2014): 325-327. (Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland)Elmer | 9/5/21 |
2 - AC - KantTournament: UT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westlake MR | Judge: Nathan Smith FW – StandardThe standard is consistency with a Kantian system of equal and outer freedom:Agency is constitutive and inescapable since to engage in anything one must engage in agency. Even when agents attempt to assess whether they should participate as agents, they are closed under the operation of reflective rational assessment. Thus, agents must be able to pursue their ends independent of the choices of others or else their reasoning wouldn't produce an action and wouldn't be practical.That justifies universalizable endsabsent universal ethics morality becomes arbitrary and fails to guide action, making ethics uselessa priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience andany non-universalizable norm justifies someone's ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others. This also makes universalizability a side-constraint on ends-based frameworks.It's impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedom. Constraints are necessary to retain the value of freedom which implies that one cannot hinder the freedom of others.To clarify:~1~ The standard evaluates actions based upon their intrinsic nature, not foreseen consequences:~A~ To account for all foreseen impacts would prevent action because individuals would become morally culpable for all actions and states of affairs not just those that factor into the will~B~ Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events and~C~ Prediction is impossible. Any action can lead to a domino effect that can have disastrous impacts in the end. For example, if I drop a pen, it could land on a Faultline triggering an earthquake.Prefer the standard:~1~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.1AC – ContentionI affirm; A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.~1~ Right to Strike defends liberty for workers to both set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion from others, Gourevitch '18:Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression ~2~ The right to strike is consistent with negative rights – otherwise it requires direct government intervention to break the negotiation process that is already skewed towards employers, Sheppard '96-takes out the third point:Terry Sheppard, "Liberalism and the Charter: Freedom of Association and the Right to Strike" (1996) 5 Dal J Leg Stud 117. Yoaks ~3~ Right to strike ensures a process of collective bargaining – absent a right to strike it would literally force workers to work against their will, violating freedom, Croucher '11:Croucher, Richard, Mark Kely, and Lilian Miles. "A Rawlsian basis for core labor rights." Comp. Lab. L. and Pol'y J. 33 (2011): 297. Yoaks ~4~ Absent a right to strike, employers use workers as a mere means to an end because they give workers little say in the process of negotiating employment conditions which treats them as passive tools for the use of profit, a right to strike ensures that workers give continual meaningful consent to the employment relationship without threat of coercion~5~ Strikes prevent workers from being used as a meansLofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers' Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ ~6~ Strikes are an omission of actionBenjamin 78 Walter Benjamin, On Violence, Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings ~Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist~ | 12/5/21 |
2 - AC - UtilTournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake RC | Judge: Huang, He AC – Round 4I affirm the resolution resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.In today's round, my value will be morality because of the word ought in the resolution. My value criterion will be maximizing well-being. Prefer since:1) Everyone appeals to pleasure, and nobody enjoys pain, so that's what we should structure actions around.2) When considering topics about matters of public policy, we must consider how they can best tailor the result to all people, since the job of the government is to help everyone. Only maximizing well-being can do that because it focuses on the needs of everyone.C1: Income InequalityUnions are currently declining across the world, weakening their ability to negotiate worker benefits and protections and reducing the ability of all to navigate global and technological changes.Visser, '19 ~Jelle Visser is emeritus professor of sociology at the University of Amsterdam, Published: 10/04/2019, "Trade Unions in the Balance", International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/actrav/pubs/WCMS_722482/lang—en/index.htm ~ /Triumph Debate Workers in some industries don't have the ability to strike or unionize without the protection of the government under an unconditional right to do so.Gourevitch, '18 ~Alex Gourevitch is an Assistant Professor of Political Science, Brown University, Published: 6/21/18, "The Right to Strike: A Radical View", American Political Science Association, doi:10.1017/S0003055418000321 ~ /Triumph Debate Declining unionization causes massive income inequality that benefits the wealthy at the expense of the working class – only a right to strike solvesRhomberg 12 ~Chris Rhomberg, Professor of Sociology at Fordham University with a PhD from UC Berkley, 2012, "The Return of Judicial Repression: What Has Happened to the Strike?," The Forum, https://www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/1129/the_return_of_judicial_repression_what_has_happened_to_the_strike.pdf~~/Kankee Income inequality kills; Larger wealth disparities have empirically been linked to immense death and sufferingWard and Viner 17 Ward, J.L., Viner, R.M. The impact of income inequality and national wealth on child and adolescent mortality in low and middle-income countries. BMC Public Health 17, 429 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4310-z C2: ClimateOur civic engagement is key to comprehensive climate action globally.Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893_Climate_activism_and_its_effects~~ Justin Strikes surrounding environmentally detrimental actions empirically incentivize companies to respond to climate change.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ Corporate involvement is key to reducing emissions as well as reversing climate changeJoshua Axelrod, February 26, 2019, "Corporate Honesty and Climate Change: Time to Own Up and Act, NRDC, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/josh-axelrod/corporate-honesty-and-climate-change-time-own-and-act, SEAs people around the globe have become increasingly exposed to the impacts of our climate crisis, the entities with perhaps the most power to stop the crisis—corporations—have begun to squirm. Corporations produce just about everything we buy, use, and throw away and play an outsized role in driving global climate change. A recently published report identified that 100 energy companies have been responsible for 71 of all industrial emissions since human-driven climate change was officially recognized. And it's not just the energy sector. According to self-reported numbers, the top 15 U.S. food and beverage companies generate nearly 630 million metric tons of greenhouse gases every year. That makes this group of only 15 companies a bigger emitter than Australia, the world's 15th largest annual source of greenhouse gases. It's important for us to understand these corporate contributions to climate change, but it's even more important that major corporations drastically reduce their contributions as quickly as possible. Therein lies a serious tension. Many companies have set greenhouse gas reduction targets, but most of those targets fail to include the emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a given corporation's products. This is important because when a company makes a product, that product requires raw materials that created their own emissions during harvest, extraction, refining, etc. (known as upstream emissions); and when a consumer uses that product, there are further emissions that come from the product's use and eventual disposal (known as downstream emissions). Failing to account for or address these emissions means that the vast majority of greenhouse gases attributable to corporations and their products are falling outside of well-publicized corporate climate commitments. Government and individual actions are vital to addressing climate change, but corporations, with their outsized influence and power in today's world, have an even larger role to play. They are able to drive policy change, shape consumer preferences, and rapidly respond to the necessities of climate change at a scale and pace beyond any other political or private entity. Meaningful corporate action is not only necessary as climate change accelerates by the day, it is a global obligation. As some of the entities most responsible for putting us in the crisis we're in today, it's time for companies to take full responsibility for their climate footprints. Climate change causes extinction.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ | 12/5/21 |
2 - AC - Util v2Tournament: UT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Claudia Taylor Johnson AA | Judge: Weissman, Arthur ACI affirm the resolution resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.In today's round, my value will be morality because of the word ought in the resolution. My value criterion will be maximizing well-being. Prefer since:1) Everyone appeals to pleasure, and nobody enjoys pain, so that's what we should structure actions around.2) When considering topics about matters of public policy, we must consider how they can best tailor the result to all people, since the job of the government is to help everyone. Only maximizing well-being can do that because it focuses on the needs of everyone.3) Extinction comes first under any moral framework because we have to be alive first in order to find value to anything C1: Income InequalityUnions are currently declining across the world, weakening their ability to negotiate worker benefits and protections and reducing the ability of all to navigate global and technological changes.Visser, '19 ~Jelle Visser is emeritus professor of sociology at the University of Amsterdam, Published: 10/04/2019, "Trade Unions in the Balance", International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/actrav/pubs/WCMS_722482/lang—en/index.htm ~ /Triumph Debate Workers in some industries don't have the ability to strike or unionize without the protection of the government under an unconditional right to do so.Gourevitch, '18 ~Alex Gourevitch is an Assistant Professor of Political Science, Brown University, Published: 6/21/18, "The Right to Strike: A Radical View", American Political Science Association, doi:10.1017/S0003055418000321 ~ /Triumph Debate Declining unionization causes massive income inequality that benefits the wealthy at the expense of the working class – only a right to strike solvesRhomberg 12 ~Chris Rhomberg, Professor of Sociology at Fordham University with a PhD from UC Berkley, 2012, "The Return of Judicial Repression: What Has Happened to the Strike?," The Forum, https://www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/1129/the_return_of_judicial_repression_what_has_happened_to_the_strike.pdf~~/Kankee Income inequality kills; Larger wealth disparities have empirically been linked to immense death and sufferingWard and Viner 17 Ward, J.L., Viner, R.M. The impact of income inequality and national wealth on child and adolescent mortality in low and middle-income countries. BMC Public Health 17, 429 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4310-z C2: ClimateOur civic engagement is key to comprehensive climate action globally.Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893_Climate_activism_and_its_effects~~ Justin Strikes surrounding environmentally detrimental actions empirically incentivize companies to respond to climate change.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ Corporate involvement is key to reducing emissions as well as reversing climate changeJoshua Axelrod, February 26, 2019, "Corporate Honesty and Climate Change: Time to Own Up and Act, NRDC, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/josh-axelrod/corporate-honesty-and-climate-change-time-own-and-act, SEAs people around the globe have become increasingly exposed to the impacts of our climate crisis, the entities with perhaps the most power to stop the crisis—corporations—have begun to squirm. Corporations produce just about everything we buy, use, and throw away and play an outsized role in driving global climate change. A recently published report identified that 100 energy companies have been responsible for 71 of all industrial emissions since human-driven climate change was officially recognized. And it's not just the energy sector. According to self-reported numbers, the top 15 U.S. food and beverage companies generate nearly 630 million metric tons of greenhouse gases every year. That makes this group of only 15 companies a bigger emitter than Australia, the world's 15th largest annual source of greenhouse gases. It's important for us to understand these corporate contributions to climate change, but it's even more important that major corporations drastically reduce their contributions as quickly as possible. Therein lies a serious tension. Many companies have set greenhouse gas reduction targets, but most of those targets fail to include the emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a given corporation's products. This is important because when a company makes a product, that product requires raw materials that created their own emissions during harvest, extraction, refining, etc. (known as upstream emissions); and when a consumer uses that product, there are further emissions that come from the product's use and eventual disposal (known as downstream emissions). Failing to account for or address these emissions means that the vast majority of greenhouse gases attributable to corporations and their products are falling outside of well-publicized corporate climate commitments. Government and individual actions are vital to addressing climate change, but corporations, with their outsized influence and power in today's world, have an even larger role to play. They are able to drive policy change, shape consumer preferences, and rapidly respond to the necessities of climate change at a scale and pace beyond any other political or private entity. Meaningful corporate action is not only necessary as climate change accelerates by the day, it is a global obligation. As some of the entities most responsible for putting us in the crisis we're in today, it's time for companies to take full responsibility for their climate footprints. Climate change causes extinction.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ | 12/5/21 |
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