1AC - WTO Legitimacy COVID 1NC - Biotech DA - Bioterror DA - Climate Patents DA - COVAX CP - Case 1AR - All 2NR - COVAX CP - Case 2AR - Case - CP
Loyola Invitational
1
Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Tej Gedela
1AC - COVID Waivers 1NC - Innovation DA - Dual use PIC - Vaccine diplomacy CP - Biotech DA - Case 1AR - All 2NR - Vaccine Diplomacy CP - Biotech DA - Case 2AR - Case - CP - DA
Loyola Invitational
4
Opponent: Dulles TY | Judge: Joshua St Peter
1AC - Prag util 1NC - Combo shell - Psycho K - Case 1AR - New shell - All 2NR - Combo shell 2AR - Combo shell
Loyola Invitational
6
Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Lena Mizrahi
1AC - Evergreening 1NC - Climate change DA - Bioterror DA - India Soft Power DA - Vaccine Diplomacy CP - Single Payer CP - Case 1AR - Condo - PICs - All 2NR - Single payer CP - Case 2AR - PICs
Loyola Invitational
Doubles
Opponent: Plano NG | Judge: Castillo - Cryan - Torrez
1AC - Evergreening 1NC - Single Payer CP - Bioterror DA - Bioterror PIC - Climate Patents DA - Infrastructure DA - Case 1AR - All 2NR - Single Payer CP - Case 2AR - Case - straight turn on bioterror DA
Loyola Invitational
Octas
Opponent: Evergreen Valley SS | Judge: Le - Kuffour - Bukowsky
1AC - Impossible demands 1NC - T-FW - Case 1AR - All 2NR - Case 2AR - Case
1AC - Vaccine Imperialism 1NC - WTO Bad Disad - Fund global south CP - Climate patents DA - Bioterror PIC - Orphan drugs PIC - Case 1AR - Condo bad - PICs bad - All 2NR - Bioterror PIC 2AR - Condo bad
Loyola Invitational
Semis
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: David - Danielle - Gordon
1AC - Cannabis 1NC - T-reduce - T-medicine - Infrastructure DA - Case 1AR - All 2NR - T-reduce 2AR - T
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Entry
Date
0 - Contact Info
Tournament: Any | Round: Finals | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any hi! i'm nathan (pronouns: he/him)
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7/25/21
0 - Navigation
Tournament: Any | Round: Finals | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any 0 - Important Stuff 1 - Generics SEPTOCT - September/October Topic NOVDEC - November/December Topic JANFEB - January/February Topic
7/25/21
1 - CT - Humanism Good
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Octas | Opponent: Evergreen Valley SS | Judge: Le - Kuffour - Bukowsky Antiblackness is not ontological - 1 Theoretically – Heirarchies are malleable and the result of specific policy choices with material incentives Harari 15 Yuval Noah Harari, Israeli historian and a tenured professor in the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in World History, Doctorate in Philosophy from Oxford University, and an acclaimed author whose first book, Sapiens, was an international bestseller that received lavish praise by figures ranging from Barack Obama to Bill Gates, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, tr. by Yuval Harari with help from John Purcell and Haim Watzman, HarperCollins: Broadway, NY, 2015, p. 133-144 UNDERSTANDING HUMAN HISTORY AND real – social structures
2 Materially – A confluence of statistical factors prove racial progress is possible and occurring. Hochschild 17 (Jennifer L. Hochschild , Professor of Government, African and African American Studies, and the Chair of the Department of Government (Harvard University), Chair in American Law and Governance at the Library of Congress, President of the American Political Science Association, “Left Pessimism and Political Science,” Perspectives on Politics, Volume 15, Issue 1, March 15th, p. 6-19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592716004102modified to allow for more humanizing frames) Is Pessimism the AND body mass index
Anti-Blackness isn’t ontological, is an ahistorical reading of the Black Radical Tradition, and their theory actively forecloses the capacity for revolutionary change. Brown 19 Marcus Brown 8-24-2019 https://content.redvoice.news/bad-faith-and-afropessimism-notes-toward-a-debate/ (PhD candidate in the Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University)Elmer As should by AND of decolonizing humanity
Blackness isn’t historically calcified and their reading runs counter to the Black radical tradition Kelley 17 Gary B. Nash Professor of American History at UCLA (Robin D.G., “Robin D.G. Kelley and Fred Moten In Conversation,” transcribed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP-2F9MXjRE, 1:57:36-2:02:56, dml) KELLEY: Um, Fred AND satisfactory, but yeah
Humanism that’s oriented “to praxis in this world” is good – it’s not “all lives matter” but necessary to cultivate black endurance. Pithouse 16 Richard PITHOUSE, senior researcher, programme coordinator and supervisor at the Unit for Humanities at Rhodes University, 16 “Frantz Fanon: Philosophy, Praxis, and the Occult Zone,” Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy, Vol. XXIV, No 1, 2016, p. 116-138, http://www.jffp.org/ojs/index.php/jffp/article/viewFile/761/723 Racism, as ideology AND history of waste
9/6/21
1 - K - Psychoanalysis
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles TY | Judge: Joshua St Peter The subject is alienated when it articulates its desires – incomplete signifiers structure the emergence of subjectivity and produce repetitive drives to fill the lack that justify coercive violence. Matheson 15 Calum Matheson, PhD, 2015, “Desired Ground Zeroes: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive,” University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Calum Matheson is author of Desiring the Bomb: Communication, Psychoanalysis, and the Atomic Age (University of Alabama). He is a former high school debater. His research focuses on intersections of rhetoric, media, and theories of psychoanalysis and deconstruction. His current work focuses on right-wing political extremism, conspiracy thinking, and Lacanian concepts of anxiety and psychosis. He has also published work on argument, history of rhetoric, and games. Dr. Matheson is a former debate coach at Harvard University and a current candidate at the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Center., https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/dissertations/6682x4537, SJBE The Real Jacques AND like happy children
The 1AC is an ideological fantasy constructed by relentless planning at the expense of scapegoated identities, all for recognition from the Other in an attempt to fill the lack. Gunder 05 Michael Gunder, 2005, “The Production of Desirous Space: Mere Fantasies of the Utopian City?” Planning Theory 2005 4: 173, DOI: 10.1177/1473095205054604, all brackets were in the original text, SJBE Jouissance is one AND our lived space
The repetition of drives makes life the enemy and causes extinction Themi 08 (Tim, Prof @ Deakin U, “How Lacan’s Ethics Might Improve Our Understanding of Nietzsche’s Critique of Platonism: The Neurosis and Nihilism of a ‘Life’ Against Life,” Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy 4.1-2, 2008) SJBE, recut from Harvard BoSu For to circle AND accidentally finishes us
Vote negative to embrace the lack – this requires being open to the anxiety that occurs from an encounter with the other and breaks down fantasy and drives. McGowan 13 Todd McGowan, 2013, “Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis,” University of Nebraska Press/Lincoln and London, SJBE The alternative — the AND the real other
9/5/21
SeptOct - CP - Dual Use PIC
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Tej Gedela Counterplan Text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to 1 reduce intellectual property protections for COVID-19 medicines except for dual-use biotechnologies and 2 offer a 3 year patent extension on dual use biotechnologies conditioned on accompanying countermeasures. The counterplan incentivizes development into countermeasures and removes terrorist access to biotechnologies. Million-Perez, H. (2016). Addressing duel-use technology in an age of bioterrorism: Patent extensions to inspire companies making duel use technology to create accompanying countermeasures. AIPLA Quarterly Journal, 44(3), 387-436. Rachael Million-Perez is an associate with Fitzpatrick, Cella, Harper and Scinto and a graduate of the George Washington University Law School. sid Although previous congressional AND resources and expertise
9/4/21
SeptOct - CP - Fund Global South
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Mizrahi -Dosche - Stuckert CP: The United States of America, Russian Federation, and People's Republic of China ought to put $20 trillion into a global pool and divide that between the Global South. Solves the aff – it sets up manufacturing in the global south that distributes vaccines to decrease inequality and correct for inequality, while also correcting for systems of inequality stemming from financial issues.
9/6/21
SeptOct - CP - Orphan PIC
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Mizrahi -Dosche - Stuckert Counterplan Text - Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to - eliminate intellectual property protections for medicines except for orphan drugs. - prioritize distribution of orphan drugs to the Global South. Orphan drug legislation is specifically key to stimulate research into rare diseases Horgan et. al 20 D, Moss B, Boccia S, Genuardi M, Gajewski M, Capurso G, Fenaux P, Gulbis B, Pellegrini M, Mañú Pereira M, M, Gutiérrez Valle V, Gutiérrez Ibarluzea I, Kent A, Cattaneo I, Jagielska B, Belina I, Tumiene B, Ward A, Papaluca M: Time for Change? The Why, What and How of Promoting Innovation to Tackle Rare Diseases – Is It Time to Update the EU’s Orphan Regulation? And if so, What Should be Changed? Biomed Hub 2020;5:1-11. doi: 10.1159/000509272 https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/509272#sid The European Union’s AND field of innovation
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Lena Mizrahi Text – States ought to individually domestically establish single-payer national health insurance. Solves evergreening and drug prices while avoiding our innovation turns. Narayanan 19 Srivats Narayanan 8-15-2019 "Medicare for All and Evergreening" https://medium.com/@srivats.narayanan/medicare-for-all-and-evergreening-cb84c930e0ea (UMKC School of Medicine)Elmer Drug companies rake AND of medical innovation
9/5/21
SeptOct - CP - Vaccine Diplomacy
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Tej Gedela CP Text – The United States federal government ought to establish a global leadership role in production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments by engaging in talks with NATO and the G-7 and expanding support of COVAX including at minimum, vaccinating one billion people around the globe by November 2021 and encourage public-private partnerships and facilitate overseas licensing agreements without reducing intellectual property rights. The CP solves vaccine distribution and re-vitalizes American influence BUT US leadership is key. Gayle et Al 21 Helene Gayle, Gordon LaForge, and Anne-Marie Slaughter 3-19-2021 "American Can-and Should-Vaccinate the World" https://archive.is/wtVC2#selection-1369.0-1369.54 (Helene D. Gayle, MD, MPH, has been president and CEO of The Chicago Community Trust, one of the nation’s oldest and largest community foundations, since October 2017. Under her leadership, the Trust has adopted a new strategic focus on closing the racial and ethnic wealth gap in the Chicago region. For almost a decade, Dr. Gayle was president and CEO of CARE, a leading international humanitarian organization. An expert on global development, humanitarian, and health issues, she spent 20 years with the Centers for Disease Control, working primarily on HIV/AIDS.)Elmer After a virtual AND protecting the world.
9/4/21
SeptOct - DA - Biotech
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Tej Gedela US dominance is secured in biotech now, but China’s closing the gap fast – that allows geopolitical and economic advantages Scott Moore 2020 (Director of the Penn Global China Program at the University of Pennsylvania. Previously, Moore was a Young Professional and Water Resources Management Specialist at the World Bank Group, and Environment, Science, Technology, and Health Officer for China at the U.S.) “China’s Role In The Global Biotechnology Sector And Implications For U.S. Policy” https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FP_20200427_china_biotechnology_moore.pdf TDI Recut NChu EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Even AND for U.S. policy
China will convert biotechnology gains to military advantages, undermining US primacy – specifically true in the context of vaccines Mercy A. Kuo 2017 (Executive Vice President at Pamir Consulting.) “The Great US-China Biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence Race” https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/the-great-us-china-biotechnology-and-artificial-intelligence-race/ TDI Recut NChu Trans-Pacific View AND of specific populations
Maintenance of the US-led LIO is key to reduce a host of existential threats – establishes great-power peace. Brands 18. (Hal Brands is a Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. “America’s Global Order Is Worth Fighting For, Bloomberg Opinion, Politics and Policy,” August 14, 2018, Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-08-14/america-s-global-order-is-worth-fighting-for TDI Recut NChu The first argument AND decades to come
9/4/21
SeptOct - DA - Bioterror
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Tej Gedela Vulnerabilities exposed by COVID have invigorated availability and interest in bioterror, but technical challenges remain as barriers to acquisition. Koblentz and Kiesel 7/14 Gregory D. Koblentz (Deputy Director of the Biodefense Graduate Program and Assistant Professor of Government and Politics in the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University) and Stevie Kiesel (Biodefense PhD Student, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University). “The COVID-19 Pandemic: Catalyst or Complication for Bioterrorism?”. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. Published online 14 Jul 2021. Accessed 7/22/21. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1944023?journalCode=uter20Xu Since COVID-19 was AND of biological threats
IP protections are the only limit on proliferating dual-use biotech – losing patents puts financial pressure on companies to outsource RandD, which skyrockets bioterror acquisition. Finlay 10 Brian Finlay (President and Chief Executive Officer of the Stimson Center, M.A. from the Norman Patterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University, a graduate diploma from the School of Advanced International Studies, the Johns Hopkins University and an honors B.A. from Western University in Canada). “The Bioterror Pipeline: Big Pharma, Patent Expirations, and New Challenges to Global Security”. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Vol. 34, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 51-64. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45289504?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contentsXu Until recently, these AND for global security
Bioterrorism causes Extinction – overcomes any conventional defense. Walsh 19, Bryan. End Times: A Brief Guide to the End of the World. Hachette Books, 2019. (Future Correspondent for Axios, Editor of the Science and Technology Publication OneZero, Former Senior and International Editor at Time Magazine, BA from Princeton University)Elmer I’ve lived through AND hasn’t happened yet
9/4/21
SeptOct - DA - Climate Change
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Lena Mizrahi Climate Patents and Innovation high now and solving Warming but patent waivers set a dangerous precedent for appropriations - the mere threat is sufficient is enough to kill investment. Brand 5-26, Melissa. “Trips Ip Waiver Could Establish Dangerous Precedent for Climate Change and Other Biotech Sectors.” IPWatchdog.com | Patents and Patent Law, 26 May 2021, www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/05/26/trips-ip-waiver-establish-dangerous-precedent-climate-change-biotech-sectors/id=133964/. sid The biotech industry AND and required levels
Climate change destroys the world. Specktor 19 Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The current climate AND we know it
9/5/21
SeptOct - DA - India Soft Power
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 6 | Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Lena Mizrahi India’s COVID crisis has killed Modi’s appetite for international adventurism, but increasing vaccine production reverses the trend. Singh ’21 (Sushant; senior fellow with the Centre for Policy Research in India; 5-3-2021; “The End of Modi’s Global Dreams”; Foreign Policy; https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/03/india-vishwaguru-modi-second-wave-soft-power-self-sufficiency/; Accessed: 8-27-2021) India’s prime minister AND in the talks
Revitalized risk-taking risks Indo-Pak confrontations – those go nuclear. Roblin ‘20 Sebastien; university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, master’s degree in conflict resolution from Georgetown University; 3-16-2020; "Yes a Pakistani-Indian Nuclear War Would Kill People All Over the Planet"; National Interest; https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/yes-pakistani-indian-nuclear-war-would-kill-people-all-over-planet-133642; accessed 3-17-2020 Such assessments are AND decimating fishing yields
9/5/21
SeptOct - DA - Infrastructure
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Plano NG | Judge: Castillo - Cryan - Torrez Biden’s infrastructure bill will pass through reconciliation but absolute Dem Unity is key. - Turns Structural Violence Pramuk and Franck 8-25 Jacob Pramuk and Thomas Franck 8-25-2021 "Here’s what happens next as Democrats try to pass Biden’s multitrillion-dollar economic plans" https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/what-happens-next-with-biden-infrastructure-budget-bills-in-congress.html (Staff Reporter at CNBC)Elmer WASHINGTON — House Democrats AND of fueling inflation
Pharma backlashes to the Plan – they’re aggressive lobbyists and will do anything to preserve patent rights. - Turns Case – Waters down the Plan due to lobbying - Optional Card – still thinking on if its necessary note from Elmer Huetteman 19 Emmarie Huetteman 2-26-2019 “Senators Who Led Pharma-Friendly Patent Reform Also Prime Targets For Pharma Cash” https://khn.org/news/senators-who-led-pharma-friendly-patent-reform-also-prime-targets-for-pharma-cash/ (former NYT Congressional correspondent with an MA in public affairs reporting from Northwestern University’s Medill School)Elmer Early last year, AND on the bill
They choose Infrastructure as backlash – they bill costs Pharma millions – lobbyists can derail the Agenda. Brennan 8-2 Zachary Brennan 8-2-2021 "How the biopharma industry is helping to pay for the bipartisan infrastructure bill" https://endpts.com/how-the-biopharma-industry-is-helping-to-pay-for-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill/ (Senior Editor at Endpoint News)Elmer Senators on Sunday AND side,” Lawson said
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula EL | Judge: Tej Gedela Pharma drug innovation is high now – eliminating patent protections collapses incentives. The Economist 20 5-23-2020 "Drug innovation is back in fashion" https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/05/23/drug-innovation-is-back-in-fashion (The Economist is an international weekly newspaper printed in magazine-format and published digitally that focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, and technology.)Elmer For much of AND public health, too
Best analysis confirms our Link – strong IP protection are the only incentive for drug innovation. - Answers Evergreening/Me-Too Drugs Stevens and Ezell 20 Philip Stevens and Stephen Ezell 2-3-2020 "Delinkage Debunked: Why Replacing Patents With Prizes for Drug Development Won’t Work" https://itif.org/publications/2020/02/03/delinkage-debunked-why-replacing-patents-prizes-drug-development-wont-work (Philip founded Geneva Network in 2015. His main research interests are the intersection of intellectual property, trade, and health policy. Formerly he was an official at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, where he worked in its Global Challenges Division on a range of IP and health issues. Prior to his time with WIPO, Philip worked as director of policy for International Policy Network, a UK-based think tank, as well as holding research positions with the Adam Smith Institute and Reform, both in London. He has also worked as a political risk consultant and a management consultant. He is a regular columnist in a wide range of international newspapers and has published a number of academic studies. He holds degrees from the London School of Economics and Durham University (UK).)Elmer The Current System Has AND novel biomedical innovation
Pharma Innovation prevents Extinction – checks new diseases. Engelhardt 8, H. Tristram. Innovation and the pharmaceutical industry: critical reflections on the virtues of profit. M and M Scrivener Press, 2008 (doctorate in philosophy (University of Texas at Austin), M.D. (Tulane University), professor of philosophy (Rice University), and professor emeritus at Baylor College of Medicine) Many are suspicious AND medical-device industries
9/4/21
SeptOct - DA - WTO Bad
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Peninsula RM | Judge: Mizrahi -Dosche - Stuckert COVID vaccine debate will kill the WTO, but the aff reverses that instability. Meyer 6-18-21 (David, Senior Writer, https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/) The World Trade AND text," she said
The 1AC evidence isolates that each of the problems they mention aren’t solely caused by IP, but rather expressions of the overarching system of capitalism – thus collapsing the whole system is key.
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Semis | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: David - Danielle - Gordon Interpretation – Marijuana isn’t a Medicine Mosley 20, Mark. "Medical Marijuana Is a Dangerous Lie." Emergency Medicine News 42.8 (2020): 2-3. (Dr. Mark Mosley is an emergency medicine physician in Wichita, Kansas and is affiliated with Wesley Healthcare Center. He received his medical degree from University of Oklahoma College of Medicine and has been in practice for more than 20 years.)Elmer Marijuana is not AND ingredient in aspirin
FDA and CDC definitions prove. CDC ’18 (CDC; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 3-7-2018; “Is marijuana medicine?”; CDC; https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/faqs/is-marijuana-medicine.html; Accessed: 9-4-2021; AU) The marijuana plant AND chemical you’re getting
Violation – the resolution calls for reductions on IP protections for medicines, but the aff prevents future patents for cannabis-derived products. Vote neg for limits and ground. Expanding the definition of “medicine” to anything that could be used in a medical setting floods the neg with cases to prep for – everything from new methods of chemo to upgrading stethoscopes becomes topical.
At best – they’re extra-T since Cannabis isn’t intrinsically medicinal, it just has medicinal uses so they would reduce Recreational Marijuana patents too which isn’t topical and explodes limits. Johnson 20 Ian Johnson 1-20-2020 "Cannabis Patents 2000 – 2019: Trends Following Legalization" https://plantlaw.com/2020/01/20/cannabis-trends-medical-recreational/ (Registered Patent Agent, Plant and Planet Law Firm)Elmer These findings correspond AND cannabis patent activity
9/7/21
SeptOct - T - Reduce
Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: Semis | Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: David - Danielle - Gordon 1 Interpretation – Reduce means to cancel. Black’s Law 90 Black’s Law Dictionary 2ND ED. “Reduce” https://dictionary.thelaw.com/reduce/Elmer In Scotch law. To rescind or annul. That means the Aff has to annul IP protections in their entirety, they can’t just modify it. 2 Violation – They “delay enforcement” which is a modification, not a complete annulment 3 Standards – a Neg Ground – Core Neg Generics like Innovation and Biotech Heg are predicated on scope of effect – minor modifications in how long a patent lasts for or what it effects allows the 1AR to minimize our links to zero which destroys being Neg on a Topic w/ very little Generic Ground. b Limits – Allowing Affs to make patent modifications explodes Aff ground by three-fold because for all four intellectual property protections for every medicine MULTIPLIED by different time modifications, different scope modifications which makes predictable preparation and in-depth clash impossible. 4 TVA – eliminate the enforcement of all cannabis patents – solves their offense. 5 Paradigm Issues – a Topicality is Drop the Debater – it’s a fundamental baseline for debate-ability. b Use Competing Interps – 1 Topicality is a yes/no question, you can’t be reasonably topical and 2 Reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation. c No RVI’s - 1 Forces the 1NC to go all-in on Theory which kills substance education, 2 Encourages Baiting since the 1AC will purposely be abusive, and 3 Illogical – you shouldn’t win for not being abusive. D T link turns 1ar theory – the only reason we had to be abusive is because they were in the first place