Brophy College Prep Jiang Neg
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| ASU | 5 | Hamilton SM | Lauren Shapiro |
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| ASU | 2 | Peninsula AD | Nick Fleming |
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| ASU | 4 | Peninsula WW | Gerard Grigsby |
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| ASU | Octas | Basis Peoria PY | Gordon Krauss, Nick Fleming, Claire Mullings |
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| Columbia | 2 | Leland MN | Andrea Reier |
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| Columbia | 3 | ChaCou AC | Javie Hernandez |
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| Columbia | 6 | West Des Moines Valley LS | Beth Behrend |
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| Glenbrooks | 2 | Bentonville West AK | Phoenix Pittman |
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| Glenbrooks | 3 | Westwood AY | Danielle Dosch |
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| Glenbrooks | 6 | Southlake Caroll SD | Joseph Barquin |
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| Glenbrooks | 7 | Loyola CM | Lena Mizrahi |
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| Peninsula | 2 | Wyoming Virtual HG | Andrew Sinsioco |
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| Peninsula | 4 | Mission San Jose AD | Joseph Barquin |
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| Peninsula | 6 | Harvard-Westlake NL | Tej Gedela |
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| UNLV | 1 | Peninsula BD | Sim Guerrero |
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| UNLV | 4 | Prospect ST | David McGinnis |
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| UNLV | 5 | Marlborough FL | Jonah Gentleman |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| ASU | 5 | Opponent: Hamilton SM | Judge: Lauren Shapiro 1AC - Trad |
| ASU | 2 | Opponent: Peninsula AD | Judge: Nick Fleming 1AC - Asteroid Mining |
| ASU | 4 | Opponent: Peninsula WW | Judge: Gerard Grigsby 1AC - Asteroid Mining |
| ASU | Octas | Opponent: Basis Peoria PY | Judge: Gordon Krauss, Nick Fleming, Claire Mullings 1AC - Afropess |
| Columbia | 2 | Opponent: Leland MN | Judge: Andrea Reier 1AC - Asteroid Mining |
| Columbia | 3 | Opponent: ChaCou AC | Judge: Javie Hernandez 1AC - Common Heritage |
| Columbia | 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley LS | Judge: Beth Behrend 1AC - Ozone |
| Glenbrooks | 2 | Opponent: Bentonville West AK | Judge: Phoenix Pittman 1AC - Strikes Work Covid |
| Glenbrooks | 3 | Opponent: Westwood AY | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1AC - UK Northern Ireland Plan Democracy |
| Glenbrooks | 6 | Opponent: Southlake Caroll SD | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC - Teachers Aff |
| Glenbrooks | 7 | Opponent: Loyola CM | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC - Libertarianism |
| Peninsula | 2 | Opponent: Wyoming Virtual HG | Judge: Andrew Sinsioco 1AC - PTD Aff |
| Peninsula | 4 | Opponent: Mission San Jose AD | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC - Megaconstellations |
| Peninsula | 6 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake NL | Judge: Tej Gedela 1AC - Cap |
| UNLV | 1 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Sim Guerrero 1AC - Debris |
| UNLV | 4 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: David McGinnis 1AC - Kant |
| UNLV | 5 | Opponent: Marlborough FL | Judge: Jonah Gentleman 1AC - Global Commons |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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JanFeb - CP - IndiaTournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula WW | Judge: Gerard Grigsby CP: Do the aff except for private entities registered within The Republic of India.The Republic of India should limit the Indian Space Research Organization’s market share to 7.5Private appropriation for Indian private entities is key for investor confidence.Sen 20 ~Nilanjan Sen, who is an experienced lawyer, specialising in International Law and Arbitration, 07-26-2020,Business Insider,https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/the-fault-in-our-stars-indias-bid-at-privatizing-space/articleshow/77182064.cms, 12-7-2021 amrita~ AND parties will have little to nil returns, far less any substantive protection. Investor confidence is necessary for strong Indian private space-tech—that spills over, boosts Indian military heg, and turns case.Prasad 16 ~Narayan Prasad has a Master of Space and Telecommunications Law, May 2016, National Academy of Legal Studies and Research University of Law Hyderabad, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305402089'A'POLICY'REVIEW'TOWARDS'THE'DEVELOPMENT'OF'A'SPACE'INDUSTRY'ECOSYSTEM'IN'INDIA/link/578dbd2908ae5c86c9a65d05/download, 12-8-2021 amrita~ AND applications, complementing the societal benefits motivation currently being pursued by the government. Indian space military heg checks and limits Chinese heg in the Indo-Pacific.Bommakanti 7-15-20~Kartik Bommakanti is a Fellow with the Strategic Studies Programme. Kartik specialises in space military issues and his research is primarily centred on the Indo-Pacific region. He also works on emerging technologies as well as nuclear, conventional and sub-conventional coercion, particularly in the context of the Indian subcontinent and the role of great powers in the subcontinent’s strategic dynamics. He has published in peer reviewed journals., The enduring significance of space weapons for India, 7-15-2020,ORF,https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-enduring-significance-of-space-weapons-for-india/, 12-8-2021 amrita~ AND remains unduly restrained in the testing, integration and deployment of space weapons. China heg is revisionist and offensive— in the Indo-Pacific that causes draw-in.Brands 19 ~Hal Brands is the Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Zack Cooper is a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, an associate at Armitage International, and an adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University, "After the Responsible Stakeholder, What? Debating America’s China Strategy." Texas National Security Review. Volume 2, Issue 2. February 2019k https://tnsr.org/2019/02/after-the-responsible-stakeholder-what-debating-americas-china-strategy-2/ 12-10-2021 amrita~ AND policymakers have come to see all three of these interests as being imperiled. That goes nuclear— extinctionHayes 18 ~Peter John Hayes is the Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, a non-governmental policy-oriented research and advocacy group. He graduated from the University of Melbourne with a degree in History, and from University of California, Berkeley with a Ph.D. in energy and resources. ~#gobears, Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony, November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525 recut 12-10-2021 amrita~ AND second time, less so, the third time, the new normal. | 1/22/22 |
JanFeb - CP - KigaliTournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Sim Guerrero CP Text: States ought to ratify the Kigali AmendmentOzone layer is fixed by 2030 because of the Montreal ProtocolUN, 9-16-2019, "Ozone on track to heal completely in our lifetime, UN environment agency declares on World Day.," UN News, https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1046452//EL AND .4 degrees Celsius of global temperature rise by end of the century. Regulations based on the Montreal Protocol are historically successful and minimize ozoneNASA, 9-18-2012, "Watching the Ozone Hole Before and After the Montreal Protocol," No Publication, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/79198/watching-the-ozone-hole-before-and-after-the-montreal-protocol//EL AND . "Like two snowflakes, two ozone holes are never alike. " The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol prevents production of CFCs – companies and countries support itMohamed Atani, 1-16-2018, "The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol: Another Global Commitment to stop climate change," UNEP, https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/kigali-amendment-montreal-protocol-another-global-commitment-stop-climate//EL AND which will officially enter into force next month on 4 November, 2016. Biden says yes, causing follow onAlex Hillbrand, 1-27-2021, "Biden Announces Move to Ratify Kigali Amendment on HFCs," NRDC, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/alex-hillbrand/biden-announces-move-ratify-kigali-amendment-hfcs//EL AND as fast as we can on the transition to a world beyond HFCs. | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb - CP - RegulationTournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: David McGinnis Counterplan text: The Committee on the Peaceful use of Outer Space ought toestablish an application system for property rights on celestial bodies. Applications and approval of property rights should be granted upon the condition ofopen disclosure of data gathered in the exploration of a celestial bodyApplications must be publicly announcedProperty Rights will be made tradeable between private entitiesProperty Rights will be set to expire on the conclusion of a successful extraction missionPrivate Entities will only be allowed one property right grant per celestial body and cannot have more than one grant at a timeThe counterplan establishes international norms for safe extraction of resources on celestial bodies while increasing RandD in outer space.Steffen 21 ~Olaf Steffen, Olaf is a scientist at the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Sytems at the German Aerospace Center. 12-2-2021, "Explore to Exploit: A Data-Centred Approach to Space Mining Regulation," Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964621000515 accessed 12/12/21~ Adam AND of a NEO's orbit to intercept Earth by changing its mass through mining. Space mining fails now due to profitability and unsafe tech which only the cp solvesSteffen 21 ~Olaf Steffen, Olaf is a scientist at the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Sytems at the German Aerospace Center. 12-2-2021, "Explore to Exploit: A Data-Centred Approach to Space Mining Regulation," Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964621000515 accessed 12/12/21~ Adam AND selection of such missions’ targets, they could gain powerful positions of influence. Space mining solves warming.Duran 21, (Paloma Duran is a journalist and industry analyst at Mexico Business News, "Is Space Mining the Best Option to Face Climate Change?"), 11-03-21, Mexico Business News, https://mexicobusiness.news/mining/news/space-mining-best-option-face-climate-change Debatedrills AS AND tin, lead, indium, silver, copper and rare earth metals. | 2/11/22 |
JanFeb - DA - Asteroid MiningTournament: ASU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula WW | Judge: Gerard Grigsby Contention 1: Asteroid MiningHow is this relevant to appropriation? Mining Industry destroying itself.David Oni, Space analyst at Space in Africa, writes in 2019: AND dollar question is, what will become of the mining activities in Africa? Dwindling precious metals are key to innovation.Jeremy Hsu, Author in Popular Science and Scientific American mind, writes in 2012: AND satisfy the potential demand for thin-film photovoltaic surfaces (solar panels)." Asteroid mining provides the necessary precious metals for innovation.Matthew Williams, Journalist with articles in Universe Today and Business Insider, writes in 2020: AND going to space would be, that may not be the case indefinitely. Space Research is key to solving climate change.Greg Autry, Professor of Space Leadership at Thunderbird School of Global Management, writes in 2019: AND manufacturing, for instance, slashes the cost of solar installations in space. | 1/22/22 |
JanFeb - DA - InnovationTournament: Peninsula | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming Virtual HG | Judge: Andrew Sinsioco Appropriation is key to private sector innovation: regulations hinder it significantly.EOPCEA 21 ~Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisers. "Economic Report of the President." 1/21. Chapter 8: "Exploring New Frontiers in Space Policy and Property Rights." https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ERP-2021/pdf/ERP-2021-chapter8.pdf~~ The Department of Defense continues to foster partnerships with the private sector through design competitions that award contracts to both large and small space technology companies, and through consulting programs that mentor small companies in competing for these contracts. These events and programs include the Space Enterprise Consortium; the Space Pitch Day, which awards grants to accelerate new technology; and the National Security Space Launch, which is helping to create new engines and launch vehicles. These partnerships help break down barriers to entry for smaller firms in this industry, which will drive competition and innovation, while decreasing the cost of operating within the space economy. To ensure that the United States maintains its leadership in space innovation and remains the flag of choice for space commerce, it must maintain a business-friendly regulatory environment that offers streamlined permitting, encourages innovation and risk-taking, and safeguards workers, the public, and property. The Trump Administration has prioritized regulatory reform over the past four years, and it continues to focus on cutting red tape in the space sector. With regulatory authorities distributed among the Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications Commission, and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the Trump Administration has made efforts to modernize the authorization process for new space missions, as directed in Space Policy Directive-2. In addition, Federal Government procurement regulations are often complex and burdensome for the private sector. In fact, government-procured space systems were historically characterized by high costs, long program schedules, and frequent delays due to these regulations (Butow et al. 2020). This discouraged efficiency, innovation, and the entrance of new actors into the market. In the interest of increasing competition and innovation while reducing costs and bureaucracy, the Administration continues to remove undue regulatory barriers and increase the efficiency of existing processes. Doing so will foster a free and prosperous space economy, enable commercial space companies to operate more efficiently, and allow new firms to participate in the private space industry.
Public sector space innovation falls continues to fall short. The private sector is key to space research/innovation.Follett 21 ~Andrew Follett- previously space and science reporter for Daily Caller News Foundation, researcher for the Congressional Committee on Science, Space and Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Cato Institute, and the Competitive Enterprise Institute. currently conducts research analysis for nonprofit in Washington, D.C., area.. "Private Firms Are the Key to Space Exploration." 8/21/21. National Review. https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/08/private-firms-are-the-key-to-space-exploration/~~ America’s public-sector space program recently had a rough couple of weeks that perfectly exemplify why it desperately needs a free-market overhaul. On July 29, the International Space Station (ISS) suffered a serious loss of control after a Russian spacecraft docked with it, accidentally causing the station to make a full 540-degree rotation and a half before coming to a stop upside down, when the astronauts got it under control. Like most NASA programs, the ISS is massively over budget. Costs were initially projected at $12.2 billion, but the bill ultimately reached a stunning $150 billion. American taxpayers paid around 84 percent of that. What happened to the American dream of human space exploration? Put simply, the government happened. NASA devolved into a jobs program to bring home the space bacon. Then, on August 10, NASA’s inspector general released a report deeming plans to send astronauts back to the moon in 2024 unfeasible because of significant delays in developing the mission’s spacesuits. Right now the suits are being built by 27 different companies that successfully lobbied the government for a piece of the action. SpaceX’s Elon Musk has rightly noted that NASA has "too many cooks in the kitchen." The difference between NASA’s cumbersome designed-by-committee suits and SpaceX’s suits — created by a single contractor — is remarkable, even to the naked eye. The report unconvincingly blames NASA’s failure to develop a new spacesuit over the last 14 years solely on shifting technical requirements. It recommends "ensuring technical requirements for the next-generation suits are solidified before selecting the acquisition strategy to procure suits for the ISS and Artemis programs." Instead of dealing with the problem, the Biden administration is trying to distract attention from the space agency’s mismanagement by announcing plans to land the first person of color on the moon . . . even though NASA has been incapable of sending astronauts of any color into space under its own power since July 2011. NASA has been reduced to begging the Russians for a ride. The agency’s troubled Constellation program, meant to replace the Space Shuttle fleet, was canceled after tens of billions of dollars had already been spent. But NASA’s troubles are, depressingly, likely to get even worse. In November the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will finally launch, after taxpayers have forked over $9.7 billion. It was originally supposed to launch in 2007 on a budget of $500 million. That means the project is over a decade behind schedule and costing almost 20 times its initial budget. Perhaps the telescope, meant to locate potentially habitable planets around other stars and perhaps even extraterrestrial life, could instead search for a calendar . . . or fiscal sanity . . . in the stars? JWST isn’t the first NASA space telescope to suffer cost overruns and setbacks. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was originally intended to launch in 1983, but technical issues delayed the launch until 1990 because the main mirror was incorrectly manufactured. JWST is very likely to fail because it is supposed to unfold itself "origami style" in space in an extremely technically complicated process. If difficulties arise, JWST lacks HST’s generous margin for error because of its location far beyond earth’s orbit at the Sun-Earth L2 LaGrange point. NASA currently lacks the capability to send a team of astronauts out that far to fix any problems. Even if NASA could get out to JWST, the telescope doesn’t have a grappling ring for an astronaut to grab onto and thus could potentially kill astronauts attempting to fix it. It is hard to imagine a better example of the private sector’s amazing ability to outcompete government bureaucracy and mismanagement than NASA’s planned Shuttle replacement, the Space Launch System. It is estimated to cost more than $2 billion per flight. That’s on top of the $20 billion and nine years the agency has already spent developing the vehicle. Contrast that with the comparatively inexpensive $300 million spent by SpaceX to develop the Falcon 9 in a little over four years, and the fact that each Falcon 9 costs around $62 million. One SLS launch could pay for over 32 SpaceX launches. Private ventures such as SpaceX are more efficient because they have a lot more incentive to avoid excessive costs and focus on solutions: Their own money is at stake, and people spend their own money more carefully than they spend taxpayer dollars collected from others. Multiple private American space firms are currently pursuing accomplishments beyond those of NASA, and they are more advanced and ambitious than the entire government space programs of China and the European Union combined. So one possible solution to NASA’s woes would be to greatly increase its reliance on commercial launch providers. And one way to do that would be to return to the system that made civil aviation great: prizes to reward private-sector innovation. Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean in pursuit of the privately funded Orteig prize, valued at almost $395,000 in today’s money. Another famous example was the X Prize, which rewarded Burt Rutan’s company Scaled Composites with over $14 million in today’s money for becoming the first nongovernmental organization to launch a reusable and manned space vehicle, SpaceShipOne. The X Prize succeeded in creating over $100 million in investment by private corporations and individuals. Aerospace experts expect that establishing a $10 billion prize for successfully landing a crew on Mars and returning it safely to earth could very well lead to a successful landing. That’s a bargain compared with the $500 billion cost estimates NASA puts out for the same objective. And of course in the worst-case failure scenario for a prize program, taxpayers would pay nothing until the mission was complete. A system based on private enterprise incentivized by a fixed prize would end government cost overruns and waste. The cause of space exploration is simply too important to leave to the public sector.Space research solves climate change.Autry 19 ~Greg Autry- Professor of Space Leadership, Policy and Business at Thunderbird School of Global Management. Former NASA Presidential Appointee. "Space Research Can Save the Planet—Again." 7/20/19. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/20/space-research-can-save-the-planet-again-climate-change-environment/~~ AND manufacturing, for instance, slashes the cost of solar installations in space. | 1/22/22 |
JanFeb - DA - Safety ZonesTournament: ASU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula AD | Judge: Nick Fleming Contention 2: Safety ZonesWhat is a keep out zone? Keep-out zones are crucial to preventing space warsJames Acton, Co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, writes in 2021: AND a conventional war because it had underestimated the consequent risk of nuclear escalation. Space wars destroys satellites which hinders innovation and deters private companies.Thomas Roberts, space security researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, writes in 2017: AND . and its allies depend on early-warning satellites to detect it. ====Recall the Greg Autry Evidence. It explains that space research solves climate change because it allows for efficient solar panels in space and spinoff technologies that reduce fuel emissions.==== | 1/22/22 |
JanFeb - NC - TradTournament: Columbia | Round: 3 | Opponent: ChaCou AC | Judge: Javie Hernandez Contention 1: Asteroid MiningHow is this relevant to appropriation? Mining Industry destroying itself.David Oni, Space analyst at Space in Africa, writes in 2019: AND dollar question is, what will become of the mining activities in Africa? Dwindling precious metals are key to innovation.Jeremy Hsu, Author in Popular Science and Scientific American mind, writes in 2012: AND satisfy the potential demand for thin-film photovoltaic surfaces (solar panels)." Asteroid mining provides the necessary precious metals for innovation.Matthew Williams, Journalist with articles in Universe Today and Business Insider, writes in 2020: AND going to space would be, that may not be the case indefinitely. Space Research is key to solving climate change.Greg Autry, Professor of Space Leadership at Thunderbird School of Global Management, writes in 2019: AND manufacturing, for instance, slashes the cost of solar installations in space. Contention 2: Safety ZonesWhat is a keep out zone? Keep-out zones are crucial to preventing space warsJames Acton, Co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, writes in 2021: AND a conventional war because it had underestimated the consequent risk of nuclear escalation. Space wars destroys satellites which hinders innovation and deters private companies.Thomas Roberts, space security researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, writes in 2017: AND . and its allies depend on early-warning satellites to detect it. ====Recall the Greg Autry Evidence. It explains that space research solves climate change because it allows for efficient solar panels in space and spinoff technologies that reduce fuel emissions.==== | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb - T - AppropriationTournament: Peninsula | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mission San Jose AD | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1Interpretation: Debaters must only regulate appropriation of outer spaceAppropiation is a term of art that doesn’t mean occupation or usage. Satellites and objects in geosynchronous orbit do not constitute appropriation – it’s not permanent nor stationaryGorove 84 Stephen Gorove, Major Legal Issues Arising from the Use of the Geostationary Orbit, 5 MICH. J. INT'L L. 3 (1984). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol5/iss1/1 RD Debatedrills AND appear to fall under the prohibition of article II of the 1967 Treaty. If I prove that satelities in geostrationary orbit isn’t appropiation – then definetly Low earth orbit isn’t either because satelites are moving through spaceJohnson 20’Johnson, Christopher D. "The legal status of megaleo constellations and concerns about appropriation of large swaths of earth orbit." Handbook of small satellites: Technology, design, manufacture, applications, economics and regulation (2020): 1-22 AND difficult to see this use by constellations as occupation, much less appropriation. Independently, satellite constellations are not appropiation – they are usage but not appropiationJohnson 20’Johnson, Christopher D. "The legal status of megaleo constellations and concerns about appropriation of large swaths of earth orbit." Handbook of small satellites: Technology, design, manufacture, applications, economics and regulation (2020): 1-22 AND future we want, where all can benefit from space technologies and capabilities. Violation:Standards:1~ Precision- Their model incentivizes arbitrarily doing away with words in the resolution- outer space is a term of the art that requires a specific distinction.2~ Neg Prep- Their model explodes the amount of potential affs because there’s thousands of different types of private satellites—in combination with the million of other things they can spec, neg prep becomes impossible since there’s no universal DA because each action has a different situation- limits k2 reciprocal engagement because it creates neg caselists.Drop the debater – a) they have a 7-6 rebuttal advantage and the 2ar to make args I can’t respond to, b) it deters future abuse and sets a positive norm.Use competing interps – a) reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention since we don’t know your bs meter, b) collapses to competing interps – we justify 2 brightlines under an offense defense paradigm just like 2 interps.and Investment Cell, SRCC," Finance and Investment Cell Shri Ram College of Commerce is a student-driven initiative to facilitate knowledge sharing on matters of finance, geopolitics and economy, at Shri Ram College of Commerce and at the university level. The cell aims to provide a stimulus to develop financial instincts among young minds through regular workshops, events and continued collaboration with the industry, to bridge the gap between pedagogy and practice. A small step, that will hopefully yield some great dividends. https://ficsrcc.com/the-privatisation-of-space-exploration/~~//DebateDrills ww AND launches, has sparked widespread interest in space exploration among the general public. | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb - T - Cant SpecTournament: Columbia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Leland MN | Judge: Andrea Reier Interpretation: The affirmative must defend that appropriation of outer space as a whole by private entities is unjust.‘The’ indicates reference to a noun as a wholeMerriam Webster’s 19 Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the "Appropriation" means to take as propertyLeon 18 (Amanda M., Associate, Caplin and Drysdale, JD UVA Law) "Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources." Virginia Law Review, vol. 104, no. 3, May 2018, p. 497-547. HeinOnline. AND though, by expanding the prohibition to other types not explicitly described.168 ‘Of’ implies we should consider appropriation as a wholeCJS 78 Corpus Juris Secundum, 67, p. 200 AND which a part is referred to, thought of, affected, etc. Unjust means contrary to right and justiceBlack’s Law Dictionary (Black's Law Dictionary. "What Is Unjust? Definition of Unjust (Black's Law Dictionary)." The Law Dictionary, The Law Dictionary, 7 Nov. 2011, thelawdictionary.org/unjust/.) Violation— the word "appropriation" is only qualified by the words "outer space" – no other specification is permittedEllis 53 Judge Advocate in the United States Army, "United States. v. Private Frank Taylor, Jr.", United States Army Board of Review, 11 C.M.R. 428; 1953 CMR LEXIS 1428, 7-31, Lexis AND determines the date of the beginning of the original suspension (emphasis supplied). Vote Neg:1~ Predictable Limits – there’s hundreds of ways in which the affirmative can restrict appropriation in outer space – they can make fines, penalize companies, or make CEOs do a notes app apology on twitter. Their model also lets them selectively restrict poor forms of appropriation and shift to better forms of appropriation which allows the aff to say appropriation good and creates a bidirectional topic that is impossible to negate.2~ Topic ed – Bans are one of the most common and is most germane to the literature – increases the amount of ground and ability to have deep debates on the model which the majority of the literature is centered around as opposed to an irrelevant and vague model that kills critical thinking abilities.TVA: Literally just defend the aff as whole res.Vote neg – they’ve destroyed the round from the beginning and topicality’s key to set the correct model of debate which means it comes first.Evaluate T through competing interps—it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for. Reasonability is arbitrary and unpredictablePrecision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whimVoter:Drop the debater to deter future abuseFairness is an impact and comes before substance – deciding any other argument in this debate cannot be disentangled from our inability to prepare for it – any argument you think they’re winning is a link, not a reason to vote for them, since it’s just as likely that they’re winning it because we weren’t able to effectively prepare to defeat it. This means they don’t get to weigh the aff.Education is an impact – it’s the only reason schools fund debateNo RVIs—it’s your burden to be fair and T—same reason you don’t win for answering inherency or putting defense on a disad. 2~ incentivizes baiting theoryEvaluate T before 1AR theory – a) norms – we only have a couple months to set T norms but can set 1AR theory norms anytime, b) magnitude – T affects a larger portion of the debate since the aff advocacy determines every speech after it | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb - T - New K affs badTournament: ASU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Basis Peoria PY | Judge: Gordon Krauss, Nick Fleming, Claire Mullings 1~Interpretation: The affirmative should only defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolutionOuter space means anything above Earth’s Karman lineDunnett 21 (Oliver Tristan, lecturer in geography at Queen’s University Belfast). Earth, Cosmos and Culture: Geographies of Outer Space in Britain, 1900–2020 (1st ed.). Routledge. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780815356301 EE AND start of the last century; and the geographical underpinnings of their relationship. "Appropriation" means to take as property – prefer our definition since it’s contextual to spaceLeon 18 (Amanda M., Associate, Caplin and Drysdale, JD UVA Law) "Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources." Virginia Law Review, vol. 104, no. 3, May 2018, p. 497-547. HeinOnline. AND extracted through the SREU Act contravenes its international obligations established by the OST. Private entity majority nonstate==== AND in outer space have operated in space almostas comprehensively as national organizations. 102 They violate—they don’t defend that private appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Standards:1~ Competitive equity – 3 warrants:A~ Ground: they get to pick the topic ex post facto which incentivizes vague argumentation that’s not grounded in a consistent, stable mechanism – they’re playing dodgeball with hand grenades – caselists are concessionary, unpredictable, beaten by perms, and don’t justify their model.B~ Limits: their model has no resolutional bound and creates the possibility for literally an infinite number of 1ACs. Not debating the topic allows someone to specialize in one area of the library for 4 years giving them a huge edge over people who switch research focus ever 2 months. Cutting negs to every possible aff is a commitment even large squads can’t handle, let alone small schools like us. Counter-interpretations are arbitrary, unpredictable, and don’t solve the world of neg prep because there’s no grounding in the resolutionC~ Causality: debating the resolution forces the affirmative to defend a cause and effect relationship, the state doing x results in y. Non topical affs establish their own barometer "I think x is good for me" that aren’t negatable – that independently decks clash cuz there’s no way for me to engage with the affirmative.D~ Fairness is an impact – ~1~ it’s an intrinsic good – some level of competitive equity is necessary to sustain the activity – if it didn’t exist, then there wouldn’t be value to the game since judges could literally vote whatever way they wanted regardless of the competing arguments made ~2~ probability – your ballot can’t solve their impacts but it can solve mine – debate can’t alter subjectivity, but can rectify skews ~3~ internal link turns every impact – a limited topic promotes in-depth research and engagement which is necessary to access all of their education ~4~ comes before substance – deciding any other argument in this debate cannot be disentangled from our inability to prepare for it – any argument you think they’re winning is a link, not a reason to vote for them, since it’s just as likely that they’re winning it because we weren’t able to effectively prepare to defeat it. This means they don’t get to weigh the aff.Second is switch side and idea-testing —- only a limited topic that leaves a role for the negative allows contestation and second-order testing that overcomes polarization. Switching sides forces them to scrutinize their own beliefs, which is valuable for developing and defending their own convictions more robustly.Poscher 16 AND questions, where there is not fact of the matter to be discovered? Third—small schools disad: under-resourced are most adversely affected by a massive, unpredictable caselist which worsens structural disparitiesDisads to the TVA – Defend that private space appropriation should be removed. They can defend activists for funding could be better served elsewhere. Ex. You can run that Black Panthers were against the Space Race. prove there’s negative ground and that it’s a contestable stasis point, and if their critique is incompatible with the topic reading it on the neg solves and is better because it promotes switch-side debate*Winning pessimism doesn’t answer T because only through the process of clash can they refine their defense of it—they need an explanation of why we switch sides and why there’s a winner and loser under their modelReject the team—T is question of models of debate and the damage to our strategy was already doneCompeting interps—they have to proactively to justify their model and reasonability links to our offenseNo rvis or impact turns—it’s their burden to prove their topical. Beating back T doesn’t prove their advocacy is goodD~ Vote negative – A~ this procedurally evaluates whether their model is good, which is a prior question B~ they can’t get offense: we don’t exclude them, only persuade you that our methodology is best. Every debate requires a winner and loser, so voting negative doesn’t reject them from debate, it just says they should make a better argument next time.Independently, undisclosed K affs are a voting issue.1~ The neg gets no shot at preparing a strategy at all – I attempt to read key literature to engage with non-traditional arguments, but breaking it new completely forecloses my ability to do so – it teaches them to value new above good and forecloses in-depth research – they don’t defend the topic, which makes predicting what they’re going to say an impossibility. That link turns all their reasons reading framework is bad because they forced us into it2~ An open model creates the best politics and arguments | 1/22/22 |
JanFeb - T - ResolvedTournament: Peninsula | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake NL | Judge: Tej Gedela Interpretation: The affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution.Resolved means a legislative policyWords and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition. "Resolved". 1964. ED AND ," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law". Violation: 1. Cross-ex 2. The aff is a moral calculation which is not the same as a policy action because we don’t get to use comparative worlds 3. AT BEST is extra-t because "the end of capitalism is necessary" which is outside the scope of the resolution. Hold them to the text of the 1ac since anything else allows them to shift out of our offense in the 1ar.Standards:Ground- we don’t get to read CPs or even DAs because those all are predicated upon the aff being a policy and they can spike out of links by saying we must prove the aff as a general principle is bad in a normative sense, kills fairness because none of my arguments stick and education because they can skirt questions of topic literature.Burden of Rejoinder- the burden of the neg is to prove that the aff is a bad idea but we can’t do this when they’re a general principle because we become constrained to solely normative indicts and can’t test the aff from multiple angles. Kills neg flex and our ability to engage.Engagement—they transform debate into a monologue where we can’t read CPs which means their arguments are presumptively false because they haven’t been subjected to well researched scrutiny.TVA: Literally just defend the aff as a policy plan.Vote neg – they’ve destroyed the round from the beginning and topicality’s key to set the correct model of debate which means it comes first.Voter:Evaluate T through competing interps—it tells the negative what they do and do not have to prepare for. Reasonability is arbitrary and unpredictablePrecision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whimDrop the debater to deter future abuseFairness is an impact and comes before substance – deciding any other argument in this debate cannot be disentangled from our inability to prepare for it – any argument you think they’re winning is a link, not a reason to vote for them, since it’s just as likely that they’re winning it because we weren’t able to effectively prepare to defeat it. This means they don’t get to weigh the aff.Education is an impact – it’s the only reason schools fund debateNo RVIs—it’s your burden to be fair and T—same reason you don’t win for answering inherency or putting defense on a disad. 2~ incentivizes baiting theory | 2/5/22 |
JanFeb - Theory - Mindset ShiftTournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: Marlborough FL | Judge: Jonah Gentleman Fairness and education are voters – debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.Precision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution.Drop the debater – a) they have a 7-6 rebuttal advantage and the 2ar to make args I can’t respond to, b) it deters future abuse and sets a positive norm.Use competing interps – a) reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention since we don’t know your bs meter, b) collapses to competing interps – we justify 2 brightlines under an offense defense paradigm just like 2 interps.No RVIs – They don’t get to win for following the rules. | 2/11/22 |
NovDec - CP - Article 7Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood AY | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1NC – Article 7 CPCP: The European Union ought to sanction member nations of the European Union who are deemed as authoritarian by the General Affairs Council using the procedures denoted by Article 7. Sanctions by the EU will result in temporary suspensions of sanctioned member nation’s voting rights in the European Union.HRW 21 ~Human Rights Watch, 6-18-2021, "EU: Use Article 7 Now to Protect European Values," https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/18/eu-use-article-7-now-protect-european-values~~//DDPT AND Kazatchkine, Head of internal EU policy at Open Society European Policy Institute. | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - DA - Business FearTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bentonville West AK | Judge: Phoenix Pittman Business fearBusinesses will fear any new power graspsACIP 09, (American Council on International Personnel, "Examining Proposals to Create a New Commission on Employment-Based Immigration," 6-18-2009, http://www.immigrationworksusa.org/uploaded/file/ACIP Commission Paper Final.pdf)AK AND U.S. companies as a whole require in a given year. Businesses fear: strikes cause uncertaintyDavis 50 (Davis, Richard G. "Governmental Employees and the Right to Strike." Social Forces, vol. 28, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 1950, pp. 322–29, https://doi.org/10.2307/2572018.)//AK AND govern- ment,"'6 rather than basing their opposition on historical evidence. Business confidence key to the economy- cycleBraithwaite 4 (John, Fellow @ Australian Research Council Federation, March, 592 Annals 79, lexis) AND , a neglect that continues to this day (see also Barbalet 1993). | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - DA - Econ GenericTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood AY | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1NC – Econ GenericThe European economy is on an upward trend – the current path is good but preserving the squo is necessary.Nelson 5/12 ~Eshe Nelson, 5-12-2021, "Europe upgrades its economic outlook as the British economy rebounds.," New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/27/business/europe-upgrades-its-economic-outlook-as-the-british-economy-rebounds.html~~//DDPT AND forecasts it to return to that size by the end of this year. Strikes are uniquely harmful to the economy.Tenza 20 ~Mlungisi Tenza (Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal). "The effects of violent strikes on the economy of a developing country: a case of South Africa." Obiter vol.41 n.3 Port Elizabeth 2020. JDN. http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci'arttextandpid=S1682-58532020000300004~~ AND reluctant to invest where there is an unstable or fragile labour relations environment. Everyone Dies™Tønnesson 15 ~Tønnesson, Stein. "Deterrence, Interdependence and Sino–US Peace." International Area Studies Review, vol. 18, no. 3, Sept. 2015, pp. 297–311, doi:10.1177/2233865915596660.~ DD PT AND each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene. | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - DA - OffshoringTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bentonville West AK | Judge: Phoenix Pittman OffshoringUnionization turns jobs – offshoringGaston 2 (Noel Gaston, School of Business, Bond University, June, 2002. Gold Coast, "The Effects of Globalisation on Unions and the Nature of Collective Bargaining". 377-396 Vol. 17 No.2)AK AND adapt to the new global environment or risk extinction. Labour market institutions evolve Offshoring hurts salaries, jobs, and innovationThe Economist 03 (The Economist, 2003 ("Stolen Jobs?," Leaders, December 11th, Available Online at https://www.economist.com/leaders/2003/12/11/stolen-jobs,))AK AND transfer knowledge and skills back home, taking jobs and innovation with them. Offshoring bad for employement, spending and leadership- discount any studies that say offshoring is good because they are one sidedRoberts 16 (Paul Craig Roberts, American economist, journalist, blogger, and former civil servant, former Assistant Secretary of the US Treasury, former Associate Editor of the Wall Street Journal, frequent contributor to Global Research, BA in Economics from the Georgia Institute of Technology, PhD in Economics from the University of Virginia, Fellow in Economics at the University of Oxford, 2016 ("The Offshore Outsourcing of American Jobs: A Greater Threat Than Terrorism," Global Research, March 13th, Available Online at https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-offshore-outsourcing-of-american-jobs-a-greater-threat-than-terrorism/18725, Accessed 7-03-08))AK AND while US firms reduce themselves to a brand name with a sales force. HCW PICText: A Just government ought to recognize a conditional right of workers to strike whereby Healthcare Workers are not permitted to strike during a pandemic.Strikes During a Pandemic decks preparedness – responsivity is slowed, faith is deterred, and resources are overstretched. Its try or die for medical preparedness to mitigate the next pandemic.Jamaluddin et al. 21 ~Jamaluddin, J., Baharum, N. N., Jamil, S. N., and Kamel, M. A. M. (2021). Doctors Strike During COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Between Right and Wrong. Voices in Bioethics, 7. https://doi.org/10.52214/vib.v7i.8586~~ DD HJ AND regarding the treatment of HCWs, and the value placed on health care. Disease causes extinction – weakening health care preparedness is the death knellOrd ‘20 (Toby Ord is a moral philosopher, Oxford University, Future of Life Institute. Ord has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Office, and Government Office for Science; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; The Guardian; D.A. April 18th 2020, ~Published March 6th 2020~; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk) AND by a positive vision of the longterm future we are trying to protect. | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - PIC - EMTTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bentonville West AK | Judge: Phoenix Pittman EMT PICCP Text- A just government ought to provide an unconditional right to strike except for Ambulance and Paramedic workersThere are large paramedic Shortages right now, this is exacerbated in rural areas where health services are most neededKate Rogers, FEB 1 2019, "The need for EMTs and paramedics is growing, but finding people to fill the jobs isn’t easy," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/01/the-need-for-paramedics-is-growing-but-strong-labor-market-makes-hiring-hard.html | DD JH AND I can’t imagine doing anything different than what I do," Mailman said. Ambulance strikes in countries lead to increased mortality rates and massively delayed response time.The Times ,3-27-2012, "Pensioner’s death linked to ambulance strike," No Publication, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pensioners-death-linked-to-ambulance-strike-m89w3tkcx3t | DD JH AND one quarter. It insists that future strikes must be better dealt with. | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - PIC - HCWTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bentonville West AK | Judge: Phoenix Pittman HCW PICText: A Just government ought to recognize a conditional right of workers to strike whereby Healthcare Workers are not permitted to strike during a pandemic.Strikes During a Pandemic decks preparedness – responsivity is slowed, faith is deterred, and resources are overstretched. Its try or die for medical preparedness to mitigate the next pandemic.Jamaluddin et al. 21 ~Jamaluddin, J., Baharum, N. N., Jamil, S. N., and Kamel, M. A. M. (2021). Doctors Strike During COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Between Right and Wrong. Voices in Bioethics, 7. https://doi.org/10.52214/vib.v7i.8586~~ DD HJ AND regarding the treatment of HCWs, and the value placed on health care. Disease causes extinction – weakening health care preparedness is the death knellOrd ‘20 (Toby Ord is a moral philosopher, Oxford University, Future of Life Institute. Ord has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Office, and Government Office for Science; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; The Guardian; D.A. April 18th 2020, ~Published March 6th 2020~; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk) AND by a positive vision of the longterm future we are trying to protect. | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - T - NebelTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westwood AY | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1NC – T – GovernmentInterpretation: The affirmative may not specify a just government or a subset of governments."A" is an indefinite article that modifies "just government" in the res – means that you have to prove the resolution true in a vacuum, not a particular instanceCCC ("Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers", http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm~~#articles, Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation) LHSLA JC/SJ AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class Violation – they spec EuropeStandards –1~ Precision – the counter-interp justifies them arbitrarily doing away with random words in the resolution which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution. Independent voter for jurisdiction – the judge doesn’t have the jurisdiction to vote aff if there wasn’t a legitimate aff.2~ Limits – there are infinite governments that could be just – explodes limits since there are tons of independent affs plus functionally infinite combinations, all with different advantages in different political situations. Kills neg prep and debatability since there are no DAs that apply to every aff – i.e. laws about the right to strike in the US are different than in New Zealand – means the aff is always more prepared and wins just for speccing.3~ TVA – just read your aff as an advantage under a whole adv, solves your offenseFairness – debate is a competitive activity that requires fairness for objective evaluation. Outweighs – it constrains your ability to evaluate the rest of the flow because they require fair evaluation.Drop the debater – T indicts their entire advocacy so drop the arg is the same thingCompeting interps – reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention but we creates a race to the top where we create the best norms for debate.No RVIs – a~ illogical, you don’t win for proving that you meet the burden of being fair, logic outweighs since it’s a prerequisite for evaluating any other argument, b~ RVIs incentivize baiting theory and prepping it out which leads to maximally abusive practices | 11/20/21 |
NovDec - Theory - DisclosureTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bentonville West AK | Judge: Phoenix Pittman Disclosure TheoryA~ Interpretation: Debaters must, on the page with their name and the school they attend, disclose all taglines, full citations, and the first and last three words of the pieces of evidence read in their cases on the NDCA wiki at least 30 minutes before the roundB~ Violation: My opponent hasn’t posted cites: I can provide screen shots if necessary.C~ Net Benefits:1~ Research – disclosure increases research and gets rid of anti-educational arguments because debaters are forced to prepare cases knowing that people will have answers AND people get the opportunity to research answers to disclosed cases. AND can see specific arguments disclosed instead of trying to link generic arguments in. | 11/20/21 |
Novdec - DA - Teachers InnTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Southlake Caroll SD | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1NC – Innovation DAThe right to strike strengthens teachers’ unions – empirics prove.DiSalvo and Hartney ~Daniel DiSalvo and Michael Hartney, "Teachers Unions in the Post-Janus World," Education Next, https://www.educationnext.org/teachers-unions-post-janus-world-defying-predictions-still-hold-major-clout/~~ DD PT AND donate blood plasma to pay the bills. I’m a teacher in America!" Strong teacher unions substantially decrease student performance via excess government spending– New Jersey proves.Lilley 21 ~Michael Lilley, 3-8-2021, "Education Week’s Rankings: New Jersey Is Tops Because Of High Education Spending That Benefits The NJEA More Than Students", Sunlight Policy Center of New Jersey, https://sunlightpolicynj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Report-on-Reason-Foundation-Ranking-of-State-Ed-Systems-3.0'3'8'2021.pdf~~ DD PT AND -funded NJEA is actually hurting student performance as compared to other states. Quality of education is necessary to develop innovative solutions to stop climate change.Kwauk and Winthrop 21 ~Christina Kwauk and Rebecca Winthrop, 3-26-2021, "Unleashing the creativity of teachers and students to combat climate change: An opportunity for global leadership," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/research/unleashing-the-creativity-of-teachers-and-students-to-combat-climate-change-an-opportunity-for-global-leadership/~~ DD PT AND , charting new paths forward for what life can and should be like. Quality of education infleunces post-secondary education outcomesScott Jaschik 1-27-2014, "Study finds impact of attending poor high school follows one to college," No Publication, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/01/27/study-finds-impact-attending-poor-high-school-follows-one-college AND Arnold Lincove, Jenna Cullinane and Rachel Veron — all from UT Austin. Climate change causes extinction.Specktor 19 ~Brandon Specktor, 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," LiveScience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ DD PT AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." U.S. youth unemployment is skyrocketing—Covid-19 is devastating for young workers and current measures are comically inadequate.~Genevieve Leigh (2020), National Secretary of the International Youth and Students for Social Equality (US) and writer for WSWS, Unemployment skyrockets among youth, World Socialist Web Site, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/05/27/yout-m27.html (5-27-2020)~CHS PK AND the emerging generation of young workers carries within it an enormous revolutionary force. teachers will use power to strike often- conceded in CX- which undercuts our youthNorton and Hernandez 18 – Hilary Norton is BizFed chair and executive director of FAST (Fixing Angelenos Stuck in Traffic); Tracy Hernandez is the founding CEO of the Los Angeles County Business Federation (BizFed) and president of IMPOWER Inc. BizFed is a grassroots alliance of more than 175 business organizations representing 395,000 businesses with nearly 4 million employees throughout Los Angeles County. BizFed advocates for policies and projects that strengthen the regional economy by exploring all sides of critical issues and takes action on policies to make a difference for business growth, job creation and economic vitality in Southern California; "Commentary: A teachers strike is bad for our students, families and economy"; "October 10, 2018"; http://laschoolreport.com/commentary-a-teachers-strike-is-bad-for-our-students-families-and-economy/ advay AND improve our city’s education system for all. Keep our future leaders learning! | 11/22/21 |
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