| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Apple Valley | 1 | Byram Hills AK | Breigh Plat |
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| Apple Valley | 3 | Eagan WW | Alex Baldwin |
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| Apple Valley | 6 | Marlborough TZ | Noah Gallagher |
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| Badgerland | 2 | Neenah IH | Lisa Kahler |
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| Badgerland | 3 | Valley SJ | Ian Matsuzeski |
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| Badgerland | 6 | West Des Moines Valley MM | Hernandez, Javier |
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| Badgerland | Quarters | Iowa City West JS | Joshi, Animesh, Sheikh, Mohammad, Wallenburg, Nicholas |
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| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 1 | Harker DS | Kiarra Broadnax |
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| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 3 | Durham SA | Vidya Reddy |
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| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 5 | West Des Moines Valley RT | David Herrera |
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| Blue Key | 2 | Lake Highland Prep AVe | Jackson DeConCini |
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| Blue Key | 4 | Lexington EY | James Stuckert |
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| Blue Key | 5 | Bellarmine AK | Ronak Dua |
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| Glenbrooks | 1 | Harvard Westlake AL | Liyanage, Nethmin |
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| Glenbrooks | 3 | Harker PG | Raunak Dua |
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| Glenbrooks | 5 | Coppel ER | Forrest, Jayanne |
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| Glenbrooks | 7 | Sharon RG | Ying, Derek |
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| Grapevine | 4 | Northland Christian LB | Chris Castillo |
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| Grapevine | 2 | Murrah PH | Wyatt Hatfield |
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| Harvard | 1 | Scarsdale SV | Zinman, Ava |
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| Info | 1 | You | Judge |
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| Jack Howe | Doubles | Homestead SL | Abhishek Rao, Asher Towner, Joseph Barquin |
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| Jack Howe | 2 | James Logan AD | Jason Yang |
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| Jack Howe | 3 | Christopher Columbus NG | Matt Contreras |
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| Jack Howe | 6 | Dougherty Valley TM | Victoria Yonter |
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| Loyola | 3 | Harvard Weslake JH | Sim Guerrero |
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| Loyola | 1 | Bergen County Academies AK | Abhinav Sinha |
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| Loyola | 5 | Taft EL | James Stuckert |
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| Nano Nagle | 4 | Marlborough VA | Joseph Barquin |
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| Nano Nagle | 2 | Marlborough LF | Ben Cortez |
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| Nano Nagle | 5 | Archbishop Mitty SB | Maxine Adams |
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| New York City Invitational | 1 | Lexington AR | Fabrice Etienne |
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| New York City Invitational | 3 | Montville RP | Ben Cortez |
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| New York City Invitational | 6 | American Heritage Broward MC | Jalyn Wu |
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| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | 1 | Academy at Palumbo AF | Jaylin Talmadge |
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| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | 3 | Chaminade ZS | Tiffany Dacheux |
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| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Octas | Fullerton Union AB | Ethan Knox, Michaela Moore, Anshuman Mishra |
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| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Quarters | Ridge VS | Beth Cole, Emily Atamov, Ben Johnson |
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| TOC | Octas | You | Me |
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| TOC | Triples | You | Me |
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| TOC | Quads | You | Me |
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| This One | 1 | You | Someone |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Apple Valley | 1 | Opponent: Byram Hills AK | Judge: Breigh Plat 1AC - Korsgaard AC Climate ADV Eval after 1AC |
| Apple Valley | 3 | Opponent: Eagan WW | Judge: Alex Baldwin 1AC - Indopak AC Disclosure |
| Apple Valley | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough TZ | Judge: Noah Gallagher 1AC - Petit |
| Badgerland | 2 | Opponent: Neenah IH | Judge: Lisa Kahler 1AC - Korsgaard AC Democracy Adv Climate Change Adv |
| Badgerland | 3 | Opponent: Valley SJ | Judge: Ian Matsuzeski 1AC - Korsgaard Climate Change Adv |
| Badgerland | 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley MM | Judge: Hernandez, Javier 1AC - Korsgaard AC Climate Adv |
| Badgerland | Quarters | Opponent: Iowa City West JS | Judge: Joshi, Animesh, Sheikh, Mohammad, Wallenburg, Nicholas 1AC - Korsgaard AC Climate Change Adv |
| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 1 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Kiarra Broadnax 1AC - Korsgaard AC Util Adv AFC |
| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 3 | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Vidya Reddy 1AC - Space Inequality AC Minimizing Structural Opression |
| Barkley Forum for High Schools | 5 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RT | Judge: David Herrera 1AC - Korsgaard AC AFC Indexicals Substainable Space adv Space Debris Adv |
| Blue Key | 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AVe | Judge: Jackson DeConCini 1AC - Korsgaard Climate Advantage |
| Blue Key | 4 | Opponent: Lexington EY | Judge: James Stuckert 1AC - Korsgaard IVI |
| Blue Key | 5 | Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Ronak Dua 1AC - Util Aff Democracy Adv |
| Glenbrooks | 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AL | Judge: Liyanage, Nethmin 1AC - Korsgaard AC |
| Glenbrooks | 3 | Opponent: Harker PG | Judge: Raunak Dua 1AC - Korsgaard AC |
| Glenbrooks | 5 | Opponent: Coppel ER | Judge: Forrest, Jayanne 1AC - Korsgaard Democracy Adv Teachers ADv Cap Good |
| Glenbrooks | 7 | Opponent: Sharon RG | Judge: Ying, Derek 1AC - AFC Korsgaard Democracy Adv |
| Grapevine | 4 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Chris Castillo 1AC - Korsgaard Indopak Adv |
| Grapevine | 2 | Opponent: Murrah PH | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield 1AC - Korsgaard Indopak Adv |
| Harvard | 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale SV | Judge: Zinman, Ava 1AC - Substainable Space Adv Rocket Launches Space War Debris Adv Mining Privitization |
| Jack Howe | Doubles | Opponent: Homestead SL | Judge: Abhishek Rao, Asher Towner, Joseph Barquin 1AC - Korsgaard Covid Adv |
| Jack Howe | 2 | Opponent: James Logan AD | Judge: Jason Yang 1AC - Korsgaard Covid Adv |
| Jack Howe | 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus NG | Judge: Matt Contreras 1AC - Korsgaard Covid Adv |
| Jack Howe | 6 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley TM | Judge: Victoria Yonter 1AC - Korsgaard Consult Bad Theory Covid Adv |
| Loyola | 3 | Opponent: Harvard Weslake JH | Judge: Sim Guerrero 1AC - Korsgaard Covid Adv |
| Loyola | 1 | Opponent: Bergen County Academies AK | Judge: Abhinav Sinha 1AC - Korsgaard Indopak Adv |
| Loyola | 5 | Opponent: Taft EL | Judge: James Stuckert 1AC - Korsgaard Covid Adv |
| Nano Nagle | 4 | Opponent: Marlborough VA | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC - Korsgaard WTO Credibility Adv Covid Adv |
| Nano Nagle | 2 | Opponent: Marlborough LF | Judge: Ben Cortez 1AC - Korsgaard WTO Cred Adv Covid Adv |
| Nano Nagle | 5 | Opponent: Archbishop Mitty SB | Judge: Maxine Adams 1AC - Korsgaard WTO Cred Adv Covid Adv |
| New York City Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Lexington AR | Judge: Fabrice Etienne 1AC - Whole res Covid adv Cred Adv |
| New York City Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Montville RP | Judge: Ben Cortez 1AC - Korsgaard AC WTO Credibility Adv Covid Adv |
| New York City Invitational | 6 | Opponent: American Heritage Broward MC | Judge: Jalyn Wu 1AC - Korsgaard |
| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Academy at Palumbo AF | Judge: Jaylin Talmadge 1AC - Util Exploration Adv Solvency |
| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Chaminade ZS | Judge: Tiffany Dacheux 1AC - South Korea AC |
| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Octas | Opponent: Fullerton Union AB | Judge: Ethan Knox, Michaela Moore, Anshuman Mishra 1AC - Inequality Contention Climate Inequality Contention Exploitation Contention Minimizing Struc Opp |
| Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Quarters | Opponent: Ridge VS | Judge: Beth Cole, Emily Atamov, Ben Johnson 1AC - Inequality Contention Climate Contention Exploitation Contention |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
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0 - Accessibility FormattingTournament: This One | Round: 1 | Opponent: You | Judge: Someone DISCLAIMER - I am not asking you to do this for every round, or make this a huge norm, unless you want to. Formatting it makes it easier for me to comprehend and is much appreciated. If you don't I might run theory. If you would like me to do the same, please ask me preround or have it disclosed on your wiki. This section is a rundown on some quick tips and tricks on how to more easily create accessibly formatted speech docs. Please try to follow these instructions. (This how-to applies to Verbatim) | 10/30/21 |
0 - Contact InformationTournament: TOC | Round: Quads | Opponent: You | Judge: Me | 10/4/21 |
0 - Content WarningTournament: TOC | Round: Octas | Opponent: You | Judge: Me | 10/4/21 |
0 - NavigationTournament: TOC | Round: Triples | Opponent: You | Judge: Me | 10/4/21 |
1 - First 3 Last 3Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Eagan WW | Judge: Alex Baldwin TheoryA. Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all previously read positions before the debate on their NDCA wiki page under their own name with full citations, tags, and first three/last three words.B. Violation: You didn’t – you don’t even have a wikiC. Standards:1. Evidence Quality – Disclosure generates an information database that encourages debaters to find the best evidence on the topic. Key to education since we have better debates with better arguments.Nails 13 ~(Jacob, NDT Policy Debater at Georgia State University), "A Defense of Disclosure (Including Third Party Disclosure)",NSDUpdate,10/10/2013EM~ 2. Quality engagement —- disclosure allows in-depth preparation before the round which checks back against unpredictable positions and allows debaters to effectively write case negs and blocks. Not just in the context of this round, but for rounds in general. Quality engagement is an independent voter because the constitutive reason we debate is to engage and clash our arguments otherwise we would just be doing oratory. It’s also key to fairness since I need to have prep to win. This means vote on inclusion since debaters of lower skill level can have a chance to engage with better debaters which makes debate less centered towards those with larger coaching staffs.3. Academic Ethics —- disclosure deters mis-cutting, power-tagging, abuse of brackets and ellipses, and plagiarism. This is an independent reason to vote you down because it promotes better norms about academic engagement—-debate is an academic environment and must ensure that we become fair scholars. Even if you don’t lose on fairness in the round, you will lose in college if you violate academic ethics which establish a crucial real-world norm, and outweighs any in-round impact.Framing: You can’t coopt any of the reasons why procedurals are bad in the context of the affirmative since I don’t constrain your ability to read it– the contention is that this aff should’ve been read, just disclosed. Also, your prep outs argument is nonsense a) prep outs are a 2 way street b) they’re good as per the shell c) being a good debater solves back.Fairness and education are voters – its how judges evaluate rounds and why schools fund debateNeg theory is DTD - 1ARs control the direction of the debate because it determines what the 2NR has to go for – DTD allows us some leeway in the round by having some control in the directionCompeting interps – Reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention and a race to the bottom of questionable argumentation – it also collapses since brightlines operate on an offense-defense paradigmNo RVIs – A – Going all in on theory kills substance education which outweighs on timeframe B - Discourages checking real abuse which outweighs on norm-setting C – Encourages theory baiting – outweighs because if the shell is frivolous, they can beat it quickly D – its illogical for you to win for proving you were fair – outweighs since logic is a litmus test for other arguments E - Kills norm setting since debaters can never admit they’re wrong – outweighs since norm setting is the constitutive purpose of theory F – They are the logic of criminalization that over-punish people-of-color for trying to create productive discoursefairness | 11/6/21 |
1 - Potential InterpsTournament: Info | Round: 1 | Opponent: You | Judge: Judge Interpretation: For each position on their corresponding 2021-22 NDCA LD Interpretation: If debaters disclose full text, they must not post the full text of the cards in the cite box, but must upload an open source document with the full text of their cards. To clarify, you don’t have to disclose highlighting or underlining, you just need an open source document with minimally the full, un-underlined text of cards. Interpretation: Debaters must disclose round reports on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki for every round they have debated this season. Round reports disclose which positions (AC, NC, K, T, Theory, etc.) were read/gone for in every speech. Paragraph Theory PICs are a voting issue. Condo PICS are a voting issue. Floating PIKs are a voting issue. Dispo is a voting issue. Alt actor fiat is a voting issue. Multiple shells with DTD implications are a voting issue. Multiple NIBs is a voting issue. Consult CPs are a voting issue. Counterplans competing only through net benefits are a voting issue. Delay CPs are a voting issue. TJFs are a voting issue. Agent CPs are a voting issue. Not speccing status is a voting issue. Spec shells are a voting issue. Vague alts are a voting issue. Misc Interpretation: Debaters may not read epistemic modesty. Interpretation: Debaters may not read epistemic modesty and extinction outweighs. Interpretation: Debaters may not read extinction first under any framework. Interpretation: The neg may not derive a route to the ballot premised on the flaws of the aff framework. To clarify, framework Ks are bad. Interpretation: Debaters must ask everyone in the room if they are okay with spreading before their first speech. Interpretation: Counterplans must not be conditional. Interpretation: All theory paradigms in the 1NC must be phrased as proactively bidirectional. Interpretation: Debaters may not defend at more than one conditional advocacy. Interpretation: If the negative proscribes a proactive change to the status quo, they must defend a governmental action. Interpretation: Negative debaters may only defend the status quo as an advocacy if the aff is whole res. Interpretation: All negative advocacies must be unconditional. Interpretation: If the negative reads a dispositional counterplan, they must defend that they go for it if I straight turn it. Interpretation: Negative debaters must not read an advocacy that defends the affirmative’s advocacy absent a particular part or parts. To clarify PICs bad. Interpretation: Negative counterplans must be functionally and textually competitive. Interpretation: If the affirmative defends a consequentialist framework, they must explicitly delineate which theory of the good they defend in the form of a text in the 1AC. Interpretation: Negative debaters must defend an advocacy that does not do part of the affirmative advocacy if the affirmative defends the entirety of the resolution. Interpretation: The negative may not advocate the entirety of the affirmative with the exception of one word. Interpretation: Negative debaters must defend an advocacy that does not do all of the aff advocacy except for a word or phrase unconditionally. Interpretation: The negative must not read an advocacy that can result in the world of the affirmative. To clarify, floating PIKs bad. Interpretation: Negative debaters must not read a counterplan that only competes through net benefits. To clarify, advantage counterplans are bad. Interpretation: If the negative debater reads a counterplan, the agent of the counterplan must be the same agent as the AC. Interpretation: If the negative reads a CP then they must have a carded solvency advocate, defined as an author with a scholarly degree in a relevant field to the topic that advocates for the CP. Interpretation: If the negative reads a plan inclusive counterplan, then the neg must have a solvency advocate, defined as an author with a scholarly degree in a relevant field to the topic that advocates for the explicit counterplan text. Interpretation: If the negative justifies competing interpretations, they must specify whether it operates under a norms-creation or an in-round abuse model. Default to norms-creation since the violation proves that your practice is bad in the context of a norm. Interpretation: All neg counterplans need to be a) disclosed if they have been read before and b) need to be currently implemented somewhere in the status quo. Interpretation: The negative must disclose text of PICs 30 minutes prior to the round on their own NSDA LD Wiki if the affirmative is whole res and disclosed. Interpretation: The negative must defend a unique ethical framework from the aff. To clarify you cannot straight ref. Interpretation: The negative debater must either only contest the aff framework or the aff offense functioning under their framework. Interpretation: the negative must have a counter-advocacy text in the NC. Interpretation: The negative debater must defend the converse of the resolution. Interpretation: The negative may not defend a counterplan that fiats an alternative actor that is distinct from the aff. Interpretation: Debaters must not read an alternative that only specifies that we must reject the aff in favor of a critical shift. Interpretation: Kritik alternatives must only be specific, solvent policy actions implemented by a single actor. The alt must have a solvency advocate that explains the implementation of the policy, and cannot fiat a rejection or mindset shift. Interpretation: The neg must only have topical K links. Interpretation: Debaters may not defend implementation of the resolution through state or location action. They must defend either federal legislation, an executive order, or a reversal of current decisions through the Supreme Court. Interpretation: The negative debater may not read more than one theory shell in the 1NC. Interpretation: If the negative reads a “pre-fiat kritik”, then the link cannot be derive from something in the resolution. Interp solves any abuse: They can still read their criticism but they have to impact it back to a substantive framework. That could be minimizing oppression, but it can’t have pre fiat implications. Interpretation: The negative may only link offense to the post-fiat advocacy of the aff. To clarify, no Reps K’s. Interpretation: The neg must gain offense only from at most one unconditional route to the ballot. To clarify, a route to the ballot is one independent layer of the debate that functions as a voting issue. Interpretation: The negative must defend a counter-advocacy with a solvency advocate from the topic literature and a text written down in the 1NC. Interpretation: Kritiks must have an alternative. Interpretation: All kritik alternatives must have an explicitly delineated text in the 1NC. Interpretation: If the negative reads both theory and a kritik, they must explicitly say which layer outweighs in an explicit text in the 1NC. Interpretation: If the negative debater reads a K, they must not read multiple links into the K. Interpretation: The negative may only read theory shells that indict the aff for an advocacy shift after the shift has occurred. To clarify you may not read a shell indicting a potential advocacy shift. Interpretation: If debaters read theory and a K and don’t explicitly weigh between them in the speech they were read or in CX, they must grant me an RVI. Interpretation: Debaters may not read multiple theory and/or T shells with an implication of drop the debater and no RVI’s. Interpretation: Debaters may not read affirming/negating is harder arguments. Interpretation: If the negative reads a negating is harder arguments, they must specify the implication they have in a delineated text of the speech they read them. Interpretation: If the negative reads negating is harder arguments, they may not specify more than one implication. Interpretation: Debaters cannot impose identity specific burdens. To clarify, they can’t set certain conditions that are contingent based on the identity of the debater. Interpretation: The neg must specify the status of all advocacies in the form of a delineated text in 1NC during the 1NC immediately after reading the advocacy text. To clarify, you must say if advocacies are condo, uncondo, or dispo in the 1NC. Note: I reserve the right to read shells contextual to the round in order to check for abuse if I feel as though the violation is particularly egregious. | 11/24/21 |
2 - FW - UtilTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Eagan WW | Judge: Alex Baldwin UtilThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.1~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 2~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 3~ Actor specificity: A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. | 11/6/21 |
2 - FW - Util v2Tournament: Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Academy at Palumbo AF | Judge: Jaylin Talmadge UtilPleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable. People consistently regard pleasure and pain as good reasons for action, despite the fact that pleasure doesn’t seem to be instrumentally valuable for anything.Moen 16 ~(Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo) "An Argument for Hedonism," Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10790-015-9506-9~~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Moral uncertainty means preventing extinction should be our highest priority.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. Actor specificity: A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefit some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. C~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. | 2/4/22 |
2 - FW - Util v3Tournament: Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chaminade ZS | Judge: Tiffany Dacheux 1AC—-Framing1—-Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS. 2—-Reducing existential risks is the top priority in any coherent moral theoryPlummer 15 (Theron, Philosophy @St. Andrews http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/) AND be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) 3—-Actor specificityA~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omissionC~ No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberationwhich makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen | 2/5/22 |
2 - ROB - Truth TestingTournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Murrah PH | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield | 10/9/21 |
2 - ROB - Truth Testing v2Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough TZ | Judge: Noah Gallagher TTThe role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statement.~1~ Constitutivism: The ballot says vote aff or neg based on a topic – five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means it’s constitutive and jurisdictional – that’s a meta constraint on anything else since the judge voting aff if they affirm better and neg the contrary proves that it’s an independent voter means hack against them if they contest it.~2~ Fairness: Anything new moots 6 minutes of the AC and exacerbates neg reactivity advantage so I should be able to compensate by choosing. They justify substantive skews since there will always be a more correct side of the issue but we compensate for flaws in the lit.~3~ Inclusivity: Other ROBs open the door for personal lives to factor into decisions to compare who is more oppressed causing violence. Only we allow anything as long is it proves the res true or false but the judge can stop if its violent. Also if I’m textual I’m fair since the resolution is the only predictable stasis point. | 11/6/21 |
JANFEB - AC - Black Radical KantianismTournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Kiarra Broadnax Offense~1~ ETIs are mandated the same treatment under universal law – taking and commercializing their land violates their freedom and treats them as a mere means.Brian Patrick Green 2014, Santa Clara University, "Ethical Approaches to Astrobiology and Space Exploration: Comparing Kant, Mill, and Aristotle," Scholar Commons, https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/markkula/5/ Jia AND of universe) the answer is possibly, or even probably, yes. conception of it.~2~ Private entities are incapable of making omnilateral decisions as privatization entails that they withhold information which limits deliberation over making maxims.Chiara Cordelli 2016, University of Chicago, Political Science https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/What-is-Wrong-With-Privatization'UCB.pdf Dulles VNrecut Jia AND any private actor who acts unilaterally while in the garb of the state. ~3~ An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizableWestphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ REJia recut AND in RL §6 suffer analogous weaknesses (see §§2.4f.). That implies that private appropriation is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). FramingPresumption and permissibility affirm – a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b) Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. c) Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. d) If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with black radical kantianism.Prefer~1~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. ~2~ Performativity – freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place.AdvantagePrivate Space Industry showing enormous increase in launches – that causes pollutants and warming.Gammon 21 Katharine Gammon 7-19-2021 "How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/19/billionaires-space-tourism-environment-emissions (I’m an award-winning independent science journalist based in Santa Monica, California. My interests range from culture and nature in public lands to the lives of scientists to the complexity of baby brains. Before I became a professional journalist, I served in the Peace Corps in Bulgaria, and attended MIT and Princeton University.)Jia Recut AND to act is now – while the billionaires are still buying their tickets." Warming causes ExtinctionKareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Recut Jia AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Private appropriation causes space wars and escalates conflictPerez 21 Veronica Delgado-Perez. 12/14/21. Argument | The Commercialization of Space Risks Launching a Militarized Space Race. https://www.theintlscholar.com/periodical/12/14/2020/analysis-commercialization-space-risk-international-law-military-space-race ~Veronica Delgado-Perez is a Staff Writer at The International Scholar.~ Jia AND , exercise, and defend sovereignty — including through the use of force. Space Escalation cause Nuclear War.Gallagher 15 "Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage" http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 (interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan)Jia AND scenarios that are used to justify the development and use of antisatellite weapons. Nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons; he maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~//Jia AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. Underview1) Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative framework if it is not morally repugnant and the advocacy is topicalViolation: preemptivePrefer-A~ Time skew- Winning the negative framework moots 6 minutes of 1AC offense – that outweighs on quantifiability and reversibility – I can’t get back time lost and it’s the only way to measure abuseB~ Topic Ed- Every debate would just be a framework debate which means we never get access to core topic lit – that outweighs on time frame – we only have 2 monthsC~No RVIs – 7 min of answers to the shell is gg, can’t spend the entire AC reading the shell or you’d just not violate2) Don’t vote on non-topic links –A~ Topic education – we learn more about the interaction between the topic and the K – it outweighs, we explained that alreadyB~ Predictability – otherwise I don’t know what to prep out – clash and fairness are both already implicatedC~ Internal link to the K – don’t vote on a K without stances on real world positions like the affD~ Logic – the squo isn’t the aff, and even if it doesn’t change your issue it’s just a link of omission which is bad because we can’t cover everything – ought implies canHistorical socially mediated racialization deemed blackness sub-human and leveraged the constructed notions of inferiority to warrant exclusionary principles. Ethics must be actively conscious of race and incorporate Afro-Modern emphasis through normative Kantian principles.Mills 18 Charles W. Mills. "Black Radical Kantianism." Res Philosophica, Vol. 95, No. 1, January 2018, pp. 1–33 https:// doi.org/ 10.11612/ resphil.1622 SJCPJG AND so that their positioning in the liberal state is different from the beginning. Consistent action through egalitarian recognition of humanity solves all violence and oppression – viewing others through equal personhood along with adoption of principles of universality are key to racial recognition and equality.Offense 2To clarify – more offense under kant if I have time In outer space, there is no governing authority and thus claiming property imposes your will over others.Stilz 2 (Anna Stilz, Anna Stilz is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Politics and the University Center for Human Values. Her research focuses on questions of political membership, authority and political obligation, nationalism and self-determination, rights to land and territory, and collective agency. , 2009, accessed on 12-18-2021, Muse.jhu, "Project MUSE - Liberal Loyalty", https://muse.jhu.edu/book/30179)//phs st AND , both our rights over our bodies and our rights over external things. In the state of nature, everyone is an equal arbitrator of justice – that makes rights violations impossible to resolve. | 1/28/22 |
JANFEB - AC - DebrisTournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Scarsdale SV | Judge: Zinman, Ava Advantage: Substainable SpacePrivate Space Industry showing enormous increase in launches – that causes pollutants and warming.Gammon 21 Katharine Gammon 7-19-2021 "How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/19/billionaires-space-tourism-environment-emissions (I’m an award-winning independent science journalist based in Santa Monica, California. My interests range from culture and nature in public lands to the lives of scientists to the complexity of baby brains. Before I became a professional journalist, I served in the Peace Corps in Bulgaria, and attended MIT and Princeton University.)Jia Recut AND to act is now – while the billionaires are still buying their tickets." Warming causes ExtinctionKareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Recut Jia AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Private appropriation causes space wars and escalates conflictPerez 21 Veronica Delgado-Perez. 12/14/21. Argument | The Commercialization of Space Risks Launching a Militarized Space Race. https://www.theintlscholar.com/periodical/12/14/2020/analysis-commercialization-space-risk-international-law-military-space-race ~Veronica Delgado-Perez is a Staff Writer at The International Scholar.~ Jia AND , exercise, and defend sovereignty — including through the use of force. Space Escalation cause Nuclear War.Gallagher 15 "Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage" http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 (interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan)Jia AND scenarios that are used to justify the development and use of antisatellite weapons. Nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons; he maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~//Jia AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. Advantage 2: Dangerous DisastersScenario 1 is space mining. It’s coming now – lack of regulations makes conflicts likely.Zeisl 19 ~Yasemin Zeisl, MSc in International Relations and Affairs from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), "Three Salient Risks of Mining in Space," 05/03/19, GlobalRiskIntel, https://www.globalriskintel.com/insights/three-salient-risks-mining-space, EA~Jia AND , investors, and governments in order to avoid conflict in the future. Asteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~//Jia AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Scenario 2 is space privatization. Privatization of space leads to unchecked debris due to increased space mass.Muelhaupt et al. 19 – Theodore, Marlon Sorge, Jamie Morin, and Robert Wilson, 6/18/19, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies, Center for Space Policy and Strategy, The Aerospace Corporation, 30 year Space Systems Analyst and Operator, ~"Space traffic management in the new space era," Journal of Space Safety Engineering, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246889671930045X?via3Dihub~~ Jia AND a handful of actual collisions will occur, the warnings cannot be ignored. Feedback loops of technology cause increasing development and debris.Bernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, ~"ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF~Jia AND constellations and how they contribute to the growing threat of the Kessler syndrome. Privatization exponentially increases the curveBernat 20 – Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, ~"ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF~/Jia AND the global level, apart from first-come, first-served. Space dust wrecks satellitesIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~//Jia AND -cell simulations of an RF emission mechanism associated with hypervelocity impact plasmas~ Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and warOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~//Jia AND -catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. ====Goes nuclear.==== AND would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites). Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationMonitoring deforestation/ice caps AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. 1AC: FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.2~ Death is bad and outweighs – a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security which constrains every ethical theory, b~ it destroys the subject itself – kills any ability to achieve value in ethics since life is a prerequisite which means it’s a side constraint since we can’t reach the end goal of ethics without life3~ Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND international relations theories focus on these unsubstantiated or contested assumptions about underlying human nature Underview:~1~ Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.~2~ Give us RVIs to 1N shells – prevents them from overloading us in the 1nc and deters frivolous theory debates since we can check back on bad shells in the 1ar~3~ ETIs are mandated the same treatment under universal law – taking and commercializing their land violates their freedom and treats them as a mere means.Brian Patrick Green 2014, Santa Clara University, "Ethical Approaches to Astrobiology and Space Exploration: Comparing Kant, Mill, and Aristotle," Scholar Commons, https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/markkula/5/ Jia AND of universe) the answer is possibly, or even probably, yes. ~4~ Space Exploration is non universalizable -a). Entails that everyone leaves Earth which means that no one would be around to create the means to leave earthb). Assumes all agents have access to the resources to fund a space trip, and is thus exclusionary.~5~ An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizableWestphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ REJia recut AND in RL §6 suffer analogous weaknesses (see §§2.4f.). That implies that private appropriation is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). ~6~ Psychoanalysis is infinitely regressive, not falsifiable, and too abstractGordon 1 – Paul Gordon, accomplished psychotherapist, "Psychoanalysis and Racism: The Politics of Defeat," RACE and CLASS v. 42 n. 4, 2001, pp. 17-34. AND Home Alone is pressed into service as a story about `racial' invasion. ~7~ Alt re-entrenches violence - Being pessimistic and accepting no future is not only incorrect but masks heteronormative and racist violence – hope and utopianism is uniquely key in the context of queer and black youth which means only the aff can solve.Muñoz 9 prof/chair of performance studies @ NYU (José Esteban, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity AND , a desire that resists mandates to accept that which is not enough. | 2/18/22 |
JANFEB - AC - KorsgaardTournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 5 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley RT | Judge: David Herrera JanFeb Korsgaard ACI’ll defend the resolution as a general principle. I affirm that the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.FramingEthics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~1~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression. First, frameworks all share equal value. Weighing between them becomes infinitely regressive as it presupposes there is a higher metric to determine who has the better justifications. That means contestation is vacuous which means a locus of moral duty is sufficient since it has an uncontested obligatory power.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. ~2~ Performativity – freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place.Offense~1~ ETIs are mandated the same treatment under universal law – taking and commercializing their land violates their freedom and treats them as a mere means.Brian Patrick Green 2014, Santa Clara University, "Ethical Approaches to Astrobiology and Space Exploration: Comparing Kant, Mill, and Aristotle," Scholar Commons, https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/markkula/5/ Jia AND of universe) the answer is possibly, or even probably, yes. ~2~ Space Exploration is non universalizable -a). Entails that everyone leaves Earth which means that no one would be around to create the means to leave earthb). Assumes all agents have access to the resources to fund a space trip, and is thus exclusionary.Benjamin Segobaetso 2018, Project Officer at United Nations Association in Canada "Ethical Implications of the Colonization, Privatization and Commercialization of Outer Space." https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/38318/1/Benjamin'Segobaetso'2018.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2yROoOf'np9HL97WmBB-xDUGSZnQrRPbvs2Gmo6V5NlyEFBoSLWxQFuV0 Dulles VN AND that experience has not been possible yet (Kant, 237-238). Advantage: Substainable SpacePrivate Space Industry showing enormous increase in launches – that causes pollutants and warming.Gammon 21 Katharine Gammon 7-19-2021 "How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/19/billionaires-space-tourism-environment-emissions (I’m an award-winning independent science journalist based in Santa Monica, California. My interests range from culture and nature in public lands to the lives of scientists to the complexity of baby brains. Before I became a professional journalist, I served in the Peace Corps in Bulgaria, and attended MIT and Princeton University.)Jia Recut AND to act is now – while the billionaires are still buying their tickets." Warming causes ExtinctionKareiva 18, Peter, and Valerie Carranza. "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back." Futures 102 (2018): 39-50. (Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA)Recut Jia AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Private appropriation causes space wars and escalates conflictPerez 21 Veronica Delgado-Perez. 12/14/21. Argument | The Commercialization of Space Risks Launching a Militarized Space Race. https://www.theintlscholar.com/periodical/12/14/2020/analysis-commercialization-space-risk-international-law-military-space-race ~Veronica Delgado-Perez is a Staff Writer at The International Scholar.~ Jia AND , exercise, and defend sovereignty — including through the use of force. Space Escalation cause Nuclear War.Gallagher 15 "Antisatellite warfare without nuclear risk: A mirage" http://thebulletin.org/space-weapons-and-risk-nuclear-exchanges8346 (interim director of the Center for International and Security Studies in Maryland, previous Executive Director of the Clinton Administration’s CTBT Treaty Committee, an arms control specialist at the State Dept., and a faculty member at Wesleyan)Jia AND scenarios that are used to justify the development and use of antisatellite weapons. Nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons; he maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~//Jia AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. Offense 2~1~ Space is not subject to property rights – a). It has no physical manifestation as space is by definition the absence of matter which means it cannot be measured, bordered, or divided, thus it cannot be owned b). Owning unexplored planets/space is incoherent – there could be other agents there, and it can’t be deemed an agents property lest agents have a rational conception of it.~2~ Private entities are incapable of making omnilateral decisions as privatization entails that they withhold information which limits deliberation over making maxims.Chiara Cordelli 2016, University of Chicago, Political Science https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/What-is-Wrong-With-Privatization'UCB.pdf Dulles VNrecut Jia AND any private actor who acts unilaterally while in the garb of the state. ~3~ Korsgaard affirms – overthinking is bad, which is intrinisic to clash so vote on the ac only.Wikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. ~4~ An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizableWestphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ REJia recut AND in RL §6 suffer analogous weaknesses (see §§2.4f.). That implies that private appropriation is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). Underview:~1~ Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.~2~ Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~D~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~E~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine~3~ Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative framework if it is not morally repugnant and the advocacy is topicalViolation: they didn’tPrefer-A~ Time skew- Winning the negative framework moots 6 minutes of 1AC offense – that outweighs on quantifiability and reversibility – I can’t get back time lost and it’s the only way to measure abuseB~ Topic Ed- Every debate would just be a framework debate which means we never get access to core topic lit – that outweighs on time frame – we only have 2 monthsC~ No RVIs – 7 min of answers to the shell is gg.Advantage 2: Space MiningScenario is space mining. It’s coming now – lack of regulations makes conflicts likely.Zeisl 19 ~Yasemin Zeisl, MSc in International Relations and Affairs from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), "Three Salient Risks of Mining in Space," 05/03/19, GlobalRiskIntel, https://www.globalriskintel.com/insights/three-salient-risks-mining-space, EA~Jia AND , investors, and governments in order to avoid conflict in the future. Asteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~//Jia AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellitesIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~//Jia AND -cell simulations of an RF emission mechanism associated with hypervelocity impact plasmas~ Earth observation satellites key to warming adaptationMonitoring deforestation/ice caps AND climate information that can inform climate risk management and make it more effective. | 1/29/22 |
JANFEB - AC - South KoreaTournament: Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chaminade ZS | Judge: Tiffany Dacheux 1AC—-PlanResolved: The Republic of Korea ought to ban the appropriation of outer space by private entities.Targeting private entities comparatively solves better.Salter 20 (, A., 2020. The Space Review: Outer space needs private law. ~online~ Thespacereview.com. Available at: https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4015/1 ~Accessed 10 January 2022~ Alexander William Salter is an economics professor in the Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University, the Comparative Economics Research Fellow at TTU’s Free Market Institute, and a Young Voices Contributor.)-rahulpenu AND Only then will humanity be free to extend its reach to the stars. 1AC—-Tensions ADVSouth Korea’s space industry is fueled by the private sector – tech transfers and official statements.Si-Soo 21 ~Park Si-Soo, 9-8-2021, Park Si-soo covers space industries in South Korea, Japan and other Asian countries. Park worked at The Korea Times — South Korea's leading English language newspaper — from 2007 to 2020. He earned a master’s degree in science journalism from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and a bachelor’s degree in business from Hanyang University. "South Korea to spend $593 million on public-to-private transfer of rocket technologies," SpaceNews, https://spacenews.com/south-korea-to-spend-593-million-on-public-to-private-transfer-of-rocket-technologies/ accessed 1/12/2022~ Adam AND cargo planes — the same way Virgin Orbit launches customers’ satellites into orbit. Development is rapid.Whan-Woo 21 Yi Whan-Woo, 10-03-2021, "Space race heats up in Korea's private sector ," koreatimes, https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2021/10/693'316355.html rahulpenu + Jay AND cost-efficient, as it does not need ground construction and maintenance. That ensures aggressive space racing with noko.Ryall 21 Julian Ryall, 10-21-2021, "South Korea space rocket test prompts fear of arms race with North," DW, https://www.dw.com/en/south-korea-space-rocket-test-prompts-fear-of-arms-race-with-north/a-59572929 Jay AND where Russia, China and Japan are also major powers, Park explained. North Korea sees the South’s launches as a double standard – that emboldens the regime and increases aggression.Parry 21 ~Richard Lloyd Parry, Richard Lloyd Parry has lived since 1995 in Tokyo, where he is the Asia editor of The Times. He has reported from 29 countries, including Afghanistan, Iraq and North Korea, and has been named Foreign Correspondent of the Year Asia Editor, 10-21-2021, "South Korea heightens tensions with space launch," The Times, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/south-korea-heightens-tensions-with-space-launch-jb8mnwwdp accessed 1/12/2022~ Adam AND it does not antagonise ~North Korea~," a spokesman in Pyongyang said. Soko complicates the space race—-sends a signal of prolif to noko and allies.Clarke et al. 21 (, C., Lee, S. and Woolnough, M., 2021. China isn't the only nation preparing for war in space. A small neighbour flew 'under the radar'. ~online~ Abc.net.au. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-22/korea-china-india-space-race-military-flex/100547832 ~Accessed 12 January 2022~ Carrington Clarke is the ABC's Seoul Correspondent, covering East Asia for the network. He works across digital, television and radio. He's held a range of roles at the ABC including as a reporter with ABC Investigations, the flagship current affairs television program 7.30 and as a reporter and presenter with The Business. He previously worked at SKY News as a reporter and presenter. Before making the transition to journalism he worked as an economist.)-rahulpenu AND within Asia, no-one is in that "mood" yet. 1—-ProlifContinued development spurs competition, security fears, and perceived nuclearization.Lee 21 ~Jeong-Ho Lee, Bloomberg Government Reporter, SNU graduate, Kings College PHD Student 10-20-2021, "South Korea to Launch New Rocket as Arms Race Builds Across Asia," Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-20/south-korea-to-launch-new-rocket-as-arms-race-builds-across-asia~~ Jay AND applications to watch the Korean Peninsula including North Korea — and possibly China. Causes East Asian war—-escalation, miscalc, and cyberattacks.Sukin and Dalton 21 Lauren Sukin, 10-26-2021, (Lauren Sukin is a Ph.D. candidate at Stanford University’s department of political science and a pre-doctoral fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation. Toby Dalton is a senior fellow at, and co-director of, the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)"Why South Korea Shouldn’t Build Its Own Nuclear Bombs," War on the Rocks, https://warontherocks.com/2021/10/why-south-korea-shouldnt-build-its-own-nuclear-bombs/ Jay AND make conflict more likely at worst and fail to deter it at best. East Asian war escalates and outweighs.Tan 15 (January, Andrew Tan, Associate Professor PhD (Sydney), M Phil (Cambridge), B Soc Science (Hons) (NUS), BA (NUS) School of Social Sciences, "Security and Conflict in East Asia", Google Books, pgs. 3-4) AND will have global implications as well as uncertain consequences for the international system. Nuclear war causes extinctionChecked AND course the immediate post-nuclear results for Hiroshima and Nagasaki as well. Cyberattacks cause extinction.Rees 18 (, M., 2018. On the Future: Prospects for Humanity. ~online~ Princeton University Press. Available at: https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691180441/on-the-future ~Accessed 21 September 2021~ Martin Rees is Astronomer Royal, and has been Master of Trinity College and Director of the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge University. As a member of the UK’s House of Lords and former President of the Royal Society, he is much involved in international science and issues of technological risk. His books include Our Cosmic Habitat (Princeton), Just Six Numbers, and Our Final Hour (published in the UK as Our Final Century).)-recut rahulpenu AND ) that the survivors could never regenerate a civilisation at the present level. 2—-SpaceNoKo Tensions in space spill over to war causes EMP, Van Allen, Nukes, turns every impact.Davis 17 (, M., 2017. North Korean nukes and space war | The Strategist. ~online~ The Strategist. Available at: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/north-korean-nukes-space-war/ ~Accessed 12 January 2022~ Dr Malcolm Davis Senior Analyst Contact informationContact information EXPERTISE Space Policy, Space Security, Strategy and capability development, future warfare and military technology and Chinese military modernisation.)-rahulpenu AND everything to gain and little to lose by employing such a devastating tactic. Van Allen causes extinction.Karl Grossman 96, professor of journalism at the State University of New York/College of New York, ’96, "Risking the World: Nuclear Proliferation in Space," Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1996 AND may be as high as 30 to 40 million people. (7) Korean conflict would make space unusable – debris and radiation wreck the LEO.Skibba 20 (, R., 2020. The Ripple Effects of a Space Skirmish. ~online~ The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/07/space-warfare-unregulated/614059/ ~Accessed 12 January 2022~ Ramin Skibba is a San Diego-based astrophysicist turned science writer. His work has appeared in Undark magazine, New Scientist, and Nature.)-rahulpenu AND always have the opportunity for misperceptions that could lead to something very bad." Independently, that causes Extinction.George Dvorsky 15. Senior Staff reporter at Gizmodo. "What Would Happen If All Our Satellites Were Suddenly Destroyed?" https://io9.gizmodo.com/what-would-happen-if-all-our-satellites-were-suddenly-d-1709006681. AND of what could happen if we’re no longer able to use these spaces. | 2/5/22 |
JANFEB - AC - Space ExplorationTournament: Pennsbury Falcon Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Academy at Palumbo AF | Judge: Jaylin Talmadge AC – InherencyCurrently, entrepreneurs are pushing for privatization of space travel with increasing successThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND sector control. Next up, it seems, is the great beyond. AC – Exploration AdvantageSpace exploration is essential to the survival of humanity. Two impacts—First, colonization—It solves a litany of existential threats – don’t put all your eggs in one basket.Fitzgerald 3/9 ~(Shanon, Assistant Websites Editor at Liberty Fund), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," March 9 2021, https://www.econlib.org/why-human-space-exploration-matters/~~ TDI AND is becoming, if it is not already, one of pure choice. Space col key to innovation,West 20 Darrell M. West, 8-18-2020, "Five reasons to explore Mars," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2020/08/18/five-reasons-to-explore-mars/ TDI AND humans to survive on other planets, and how planets evolve over time. Second, Russia—Deep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. Space missions prove vital for cooperation between Russia and The US, Biden and Putin know, first steps have already been madeLuxmoore, 11/03, U.S. and Russia Find Some Common Ground—in Space, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/03/us-russia-space-cooperation-nasa-sirius/, Foreign Policy, AND . But at least I know that I was part of something bigger." It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Privatization of space travel kills off public space exploration.Space exploration must be public-sector – entrepreneurs purposely understate the barriers to colonization, yet exploit its potential for financial gain.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND profitability at all, but rather of our species’ survival through the eons. Privatization of space travel makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI AND to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs! AC – SolvencyThe United States federal government should end commercial space exploration and tourism by private entities, ruling that they violate its non-appropriation obligations under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and its succeeding treaties.To clarify: This results in the banning of space colonization and exploration from private companiesCooper 8 ~Cooper, Nikhil D. "Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce." Hastings Const. LQ 36 (2008): 457.~ TDI AND designating $500 million toward the development of this commercial space capability." 2 A public-private partnership solves none of the aff – market dynamics and hiring competition mean the two sectors are zero sum.Davenport 2/25 ~(Christian, Reporter covering NASA and the space industry, Colby College, B.A., American Studies), "As private companies erode government’s hold on space travel, NASA looks to open a new frontier," February 25, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/02/25/nasa-space-future-private/~~ TDI AND year 2021 budget request. NASA has always relied on contractors to build its Colonies in space are sustainable and rely on planetary resources, NASA has a planHaynes 19, 5/17, Korey "O’Neill colonies: A decades-long dream for settling space," Astronomy, https://astronomy.com/news/2019/05/oneill-colonies-a-decades-long-dream-for-settling-space Top of Form AND spaceflight is still espousing an idea from the first days of space exploration. | 2/4/22 |
JANFEB - AC - Space InequalityTournament: Barkley Forum for High Schools | Round: 3 | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Vidya Reddy | 1/28/22 |
NOVDEC - AC - DemocracyTournament: Blue Key | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Ronak Dua Advantage 1Global democracy is collapsing now.Freedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ AND environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices. The plan solves:First, civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ AND a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process." Second, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ AND this right, and a negative obligation not to interfere with its exercise." Democratic backsliding causes extinction.Kendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ AND policy, but it would ensure that we are having the right conversation. Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND in which human brains and behaviors evolved. But what was that context? SolvencyPlan text: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. CX checks theory interps to avoid frivolous debates – otherwise I get an I meet.Definition of unconditional right to strike:NLRB 85 ~National Labor Relations Board; "Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947: Volume 1," Jan 1985; https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=7o1tA''v4xwCandrdid=book-7o1tA''v4xwCandrdot=1~~ AND health and welfare of our people in order to attain a selfish end. Enforcement through IFAs is normal means – that solves credibility concerns and legal loopholes which encourages striking.Neill 12 ~Emily CM; "The Right to Strike: How the United States Reduces it to the Freedom to Strike and How International Framework Agreements can Redeem it," 1/1/12; Labor and Employment Law Forum Volume 2 Issue 2 Article 6; https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1047andcontext=lelb~~ AND for workers, but not one afforded the status of a protected right. FWThe standard is maximizing expected well-being. Our framework is only concerned with minimizing death. Calc indicts don’t link—my framework evaluates offense—climate change is bad because as far as we know, is would cause suffering.~1~ Death outweighs— ~a~ agents can’t act if they fear for their bodily security—my framework constrains every NC and K and ~b~ it’s the worst form of evilPaterson 3 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics. AND the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82 Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory and RVIs – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this – meta theory also precedes the evaluation of initial theory shells because it determines whether or not I could engage in theory in the first place. 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished and no 2NR paradigm issues, theory, or RVIs because you have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew.~2~ Methodological pluralism is necessary to any sustainable critique, which justifies permutations to any K – we impact turn your notion of "severance" or "exclusivity".Bleiker 14 – (6/17, Roland, Professor of International Relations at the University of Queensland, "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique," International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, pages 325–327) AND and complexity theory—links that could have been explored in more detail. ~3~ Movements which refuse engagement with the state get co-opted by the ruling class – engagement is a necessity.Boggs 97 ~Carl Boggs, National University. "The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America." Theory and Society, Volume 26, Number 6, December 1997.~ A ClassicThe decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America poses a series of great dilemmas and challenges. Many ideological currents scrutinized here – localism, metaphysics, spontaneism, post-modernism, Deep Ecology – intersect with and reinforce each other. While these currents have deep origins in popular movements of the 1960s and 1970s, they remain very much alive in the 1990s. Despite their different outlooks and trajectories, they all share one thing in common: a depoliticized expression of struggles to combat and overcome alienation. The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a loss of public engagement, an erosion of citizenship and a depleted capacity of individuals in large groups to work for social change. As this ideological quagmire worsens, urgent problems that are destroying the fabric of American society will go unsolved – perhaps even unrecognized – only to fester more ominously in the future. And such problems (ecological crisis, poverty, urban decay, spread of infectious diseases, technological displacement of workers) cannot be understood outside the larger social and global context of internationalized markets, finance, and communications. Paradoxically, the widespread retreat from politics, often inspired by localist sentiment, comes at a time when agendas that ignore or sidestep these global realities will, more than ever, be reduced to impotence. In his commentary on the state of citizenship today, Wolin refers to the increasing sublimation and dilution of politics, as larger numbers of people turn away from public concerns toward private ones. By diluting the life of common involvements, we negate the very idea of politics as a source of public ideals and visions. 74 In the meantime, the fate of the world hangs in the balance. The unyielding truth is that, even as the ethos of anti-politics becomes more compelling and even fashionable in the United States, it is the vagaries of political power that will continue to decide the fate of human societies. This last point demands further elaboration. The shrinkage of politics hardly means that corporate colonization will be less of a reality, that social hierarchies will somehow disappear, or that gigantic state and military structures will lose their hold over people’s lives. Far from it: the space abdicated by a broad citizenry, well-informed and ready to participate at many levels, can in fact be filled by authoritarian and reactionary elites – an already familiar dynamic in many lesser-developed countries. The fragmentation and chaos of a Hobbesian world, not very far removed from the rampant individualism, social Darwinism, and civic violence that have been so much a part of the American landscape, could be the prelude to a powerful Leviathan designed to impose order in the face of disunity and atomized retreat. In this way the eclipse of politics might set the stage for a reassertion of politics in more virulent guise – or it might help further rationalize the existing power structure. In either case, the state would likely become what Hobbes anticipated: the embodiment of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society. 75 ~4~ Our method is the opposite of reformism – it doesn’t buy into sweeping narratives that conflate change with progress nor expand or validate legal institutions – rather, it’s a contingent intervention that materially reduces violence, while exposing that the alleged facial neutrality of law is a key vector for racialized violenceSpade 13 ~Dean Spade, associate professor of law @ Seattle University, "Intersectional Resistance and Law Reform" Signs Vol. 38, No. 4, Summer 2013~ AND to lead inquiry and experimentation into transformative social justice theory and practice.15 ====~5~ Working within the state functions to expose hidden oppression and to fully understand the state – we’re a prerequisite to the kritik.==== | 10/30/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - IndoPakTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Eagan WW | Judge: Alex Baldwin Plan Text: Resolved: Just governments ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike.IndiaAdvantage one is indiaIndian journalist strikes get arrested now.Guardian 20 ~Guardian, 7-31-2020, "India arrests dozens of journalists in clampdown on critics of Covid-19 response," https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/31/india-arrests-50-journalists-in-clampdown-on-critics-of-covid-19-response JB~ AND that tend to portray bad picture about ‘Freedom of Press’ in India." A broader system of democratic backsliding hit India the hardest – COVID’s second wave was caused through governmental failure and lack of democracy.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an ‘electoral autocracy.’ Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ AND to take action. This would have likely reduced the public health tragedy. That’s prompted by lack of journalistic freedom which causes IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ AND crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groups in May. Extinction – first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master’s degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI AND New Delhi and Islamabad work together to change the nature of their relationship. The plan solves:First, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ AND this right, and a negative obligation not to interfere with its exercise." Second, electoral legitimacy – striking is critical to political influence which can check electoral illegitimacy and broader fascism.Luce 20 ~Stephanie; Professor, received her B.A. in economics from the University of California, Davis and both her Ph.D in Sociology and her M.A. in Industrial Relations from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Her research focuses on low-wage work, globalization and labor standards, and labor-community coalitions. She is the author of Labor Movements: Global Perspectives. Well-known for her research on living wage campaigns and movements, she is also the author of Fighting for a Living Wage and co-author (with Robert Pollin) of The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy. She is co-author of A Measure of Fairness; and co-editor of What Works for Workers?: Public Policies and Innovative Strategies for Low-Wage Workers. She has published numerous reports on labor and wages in the New York City area, including the annual "State of the Unions" report co-authored with Ruth Milkman; "Strike for Democracy!" 10/26/20; OrgUP; https://www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/~~ AND don’t teach strikes, we don’t talk the language of strikes in labor." Strong democracy is key to preventing nuclear war – collapse is worse and turns every impactKendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ AND to the tremendous costs of peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, and refugee flows. Third, civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ AND a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process." Independently, our coordinated civic engagement is key to comprehensive climate action globally.Fisher and Nasrin 20 ~Dana R; Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Program for Society and the Environment at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on questions related to democracy, activism, and environmentalism — most recently studying climate activism, protests, and the American Resistance. Her research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates data collected through open-ended semi-structured interviews and participant observation with various forms of survey data; Sohana; University of Maryland, College Park, UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Philip Merrill College of Journalism Master of Arts; "Climate activism and its effects," Wiley Interdisciplinary Review; October 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455893'Climate'activism'and'its'effects~~ AND they connect Statistics prove.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ AND author could suggest was a relative lack of public discussion of climate change. Climate change causes extinction.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." | 11/6/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - KorsgaardTournament: Blue Key | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AVe | Judge: Jackson DeConCini 1AC r2Neg… lets make a trade, you have a choice – you can solve this math equation and read the answer in the 1N and ill conceded permissibility and presumption negates
If you solve this one I’ll concede terminal defense to my advantage 2
Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral. Also, proving an obligation under any index is sufficient to affirm because there isn’t a higher-up framework to weigh theories under which means that you can only disprove a framework from the perspective of another and an obligation under one framework isn’t incompatible with a possibly stronger obligation under another framework.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.mes~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others~b~ Degrees of wrongness – only apriori allows for weighing between morality i.e perfect and imperfect duties, positive and negative obligations, while util can’t explain how to weigh between competing infinite obligations like extinction. That justifies the doublebind – either we can weigh and extinction first logic is incoherent or we can’t and util is incoherent.~c~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ Right to Strike defends liberty for workers to both set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion from external actors, Gourevitch ’18:Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~2~ Regardless of the effectiveness of strikes, they are a form of setting and pursuing ends and the omnilateral will has the obligation to protect the right to do so – anything else is a form of the government restricting freedom~3~ The right to strike is consistent with negative rights – otherwise it requires direct government intervention to break the negotiation process that is already skewed towards employers, Sheppard ’96:Terry Sheppard, "Liberalism and the Charter: Freedom of Association and the Right to Strike" (1996) 5 Dal J Leg Stud 117. Yoaks AND of Canada's major political parties have a great track record on protecting unions. ~4~ Right to strike ensures a process of collective bargaining – absent a right to strike it would literally force workers to work against their will, violating freedom, Croucher ’11:Croucher, Richard, Mark Kely, and Lilian Miles. "A Rawlsian basis for core labor rights." Comp. Lab. L. and Pol'y J. 33 (2011): 297. Yoaks AND substantive right to bargain collectively is assured under the second principle of justice. Advantage 2Climate strike participants get arrested now.Scanlan 19 ~Quinn. Quinn Scanlan. Voting, campaigns and elections for @ABC. "Jane Fonda arrested in climate change strike outside Capitol". 10-11-2019. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jane-fonda-arrested-climate-change-strike-capitol/story?id=66209415.~~ AND student climate strikers around the world for taking on this issue so passionately. Strikes incentivize companies to take climate action seriously.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ AND Tor, BoingBoing, Greenpeace, Change.org, among many others. ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished,~2~ Reject spec shells – a) infinitely regressive – you can ask me to spec infinite different things which means I will always violate and will never spec enough b) CX checks – I told you in the doc I am willing to spec in CX which means you can still prep how you want and it prevents friv theory which kills topic ed c) pre-round checks – you can contact me before the round for spec which solves all your offenseaff Offense 2~1~ Corporations must respect the diginity of employees; the right to strike is an extension of human dignity.McCrudden 08 Christopher McCrudden, Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights, European Journal of International Law, Volume 19, Issue 4, September 2008, Pages 655–724, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn043 Dignity has functioned, thirdly, as a source from which new rights may be derived, and existing rights extended. In the Israeli context, for example, human dignity has been seen as providing a basis on which to import rights that had not, intentionally, been included in the text of the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty. As Kretzmer observes, ‘the Basic Law does not mention many of the fundamental rights that are protected under most constitutions and international human rights instruments …. The most blatant exclusions are equality, freedom of religion and conscience and freedom of speech.’414 These were excluded because of the inability to generate a consensus among the parties in the Knesset that they should be included at that time. Notably, several of the religious parties objected to their inclusion. Given that the self-perceived role of the Israeli Supreme Court is to assist in the building of an Israel that is committed to the broad range of human rights, that was unsatisfying. Conceptualizing human dignity as a general value ‘has enabled the Court to resort to the concept to create rights in various situations’, including in those contexts where the excluded rights would otherwise have been expected to operate.415 In some cases, the Court has used this method to recognize precisely those rights which were deliberately omitted from the Basic Law because of the lack of political consensus.416 For example, in the Hupert case, the Court asserted that the right to equality could be derived from human dignity and as a consequence merited constitutional protection.417 Other rights that have been derived from dignity in a similar manner include freedom of religion, the right to strike, the right of minors not to be subject to corporal punishment, and the right to know the identity of one's parents.418Bowie 98A Kantian Theory of Meaningful, Norman E. Bowie Vol. 17, No. 9/10, How to Make Business Ethics Operational: Creating Effective Alliances: The 10th Annual EBEN Conference (Jul., 1998), pp. 1083-1092 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073937?origin=JSTOR-pdf**
AND moral agency. Work that deadens autonomy or that undermines rationality is immoral. ~2~ Absent a right to strike, employers use workers as a mere means to an end because they give workers little say in the process of negotiating employment conditions which treats them as passive tools for the use of profit, a right to strike ensures that workers give continual meaningful consent to the employment relationship without threat of coercion | 10/29/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Blue Key | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington EY | Judge: James Stuckert 1AC r2Neg… lets make a trade, you have a choice – you can solve this math equation and read the answer in the 1N and ill conceded permissibility and presumption negates
If you solve this one I’ll concede terminal defense to my advantage 2
Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.Mes~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others. Also, proving an obligation under any index is sufficient to affirm because there isn’t a higher-up framework to weigh theories under which means that you can only disprove a framework from the perspective of another and an obligation under one framework isn’t incompatible with a possibly stronger obligation under another framework.~b~ Degrees of wrongness – only apriori allows for weighing between morality i.e perfect and imperfect duties, positive and negative obligations, while util can’t explain how to weigh between competing infinite obligations like extinction. That justifies the doublebind – either we can weigh and extinction first logic is incoherent or we can’t and util is incoherent.~c~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ A right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion.Gourevitch 18: Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression King CP recut AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~2~ The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents.Lofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers’ Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ King CP recut AND humanity of each person and the effect of our actions on others’ humanity. ~3~ A right to strike is key to support property rights.Chicktay 6 ~Mohamed Alli Chicktay, academic at the University of the Witwatersrand, 2006, "PLACING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE WITHIN A HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK," No Publication, https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC85180~~ King CP AND Interpretations" 1992 47 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 438). ~4~ A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 ~Jeffrey S Vogt, Legal Director of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), 2016, "The Right to Strike and the International Labour Organisation (ILO)," King’s Law Journal, https://sci-hubtw.hkvisa.net/10.1080/09615768.2016.1148297~~ King CP recut AND which protect freedom of association—and by extension the right to strike. Advantage 1Climate strike participants get arrested now.Scanlan 19 ~Quinn. Quinn Scanlan. Voting, campaigns and elections for @ABC. "Jane Fonda arrested in climate change strike outside Capitol". 10-11-2019. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jane-fonda-arrested-climate-change-strike-capitol/story?id=66209415.~~ AND student climate strikers around the world for taking on this issue so passionately. Strikes incentivize companies to take climate action seriously.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ AND Tor, BoingBoing, Greenpeace, Change.org, among many others. ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished,~2~ Reject spec shells – a) infinitely regressive – you can ask me to spec infinite different things which means I will always violate and will never spec enough b) CX checks – I told you in the doc I am willing to spec in CX which means you can still prep how you want and it prevents friv theory which kills topic ed c) pre-round checks – you can contact me before the round for spec which solves all your offenseOffense 2~1~ Corporations must respect the diginity of employees; the right to strike is an extension of human dignity.McCrudden 08 Christopher McCrudden, Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights, European Journal of International Law, Volume 19, Issue 4, September 2008, Pages 655–724, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn043 Dignity has functioned, thirdly, as a source from which new rights may be derived, and existing rights extended. In the Israeli context, for example, human dignity has been seen as providing a basis on which to import rights that had not, intentionally, been included in the text of the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty. As Kretzmer observes, ‘the Basic Law does not mention many of the fundamental rights that are protected under most constitutions and international human rights instruments …. The most blatant exclusions are equality, freedom of religion and conscience and freedom of speech.’414 These were excluded because of the inability to generate a consensus among the parties in the Knesset that they should be included at that time. Notably, several of the religious parties objected to their inclusion. Given that the self-perceived role of the Israeli Supreme Court is to assist in the building of an Israel that is committed to the broad range of human rights, that was unsatisfying. Conceptualizing human dignity as a general value ‘has enabled the Court to resort to the concept to create rights in various situations’, including in those contexts where the excluded rights would otherwise have been expected to operate.415 In some cases, the Court has used this method to recognize precisely those rights which were deliberately omitted from the Basic Law because of the lack of political consensus.416 For example, in the Hupert case, the Court asserted that the right to equality could be derived from human dignity and as a consequence merited constitutional protection.417 Other rights that have been derived from dignity in a similar manner include freedom of religion, the right to strike, the right of minors not to be subject to corporal punishment, and the right to know the identity of one's parents.418Bowie 98A Kantian Theory of Meaningful, Norman E. Bowie Vol. 17, No. 9/10, How to Make Business Ethics Operational: Creating Effective Alliances: The 10th Annual EBEN Conference (Jul., 1998), pp. 1083-1092 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073937?origin=JSTOR-pdf**
AND moral agency. Work that deadens autonomy or that undermines rationality is immoral. ~2~ Absent a right to strike, employers use workers as a mere means to an end because they give workers little say in the process of negotiating employment conditions which treats them as passive tools for the use of profit, a right to strike ensures that workers give continual meaningful consent to the employment relationship without threat of coercionAccessibilityContentionA right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion.Gourevitch 18 AND some of the coercive tactics therefore justified for strikers to strike even when illegal The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents.Lofaso 17 A right to strike is key to support property rights.Chicktay 6 A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 AND bargaining without a right to strike amounts to no more than ‘collective begging’ | 10/30/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v3Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Byram Hills AK | Judge: Breigh Plat 1AC r2Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.~F~ Evolutionary Development – materiality is constantly changing and evolving – i.e eating a cake could give me lots of pleasure today but pain and disgust tomorrow which proves it can’t guide action.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.~c~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression. Also, proving an obligation under any index is sufficient to affirm because there isn’t a higher-up framework to weigh theories under which means that you can only disprove a framework from the perspective of another and an obligation under one framework isn’t incompatible with a possibly stronger obligation under another framework.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ A right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion, anything else is a violation of freedom.Gourevitch 18: Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression King CP recut AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~2~ The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents since it’d be a contradiction in conception – if everyone were exploited there’d be no one to exploit.Lofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers’ Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ King CP recut AND humanity of each person and the effect of our actions on others’ humanity. ~3~ A right to strike is key to support property rightsChicktay 6 ~Mohamed Alli Chicktay, academic at the University of the Witwatersrand, 2006, "PLACING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE WITHIN A HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK," No Publication, https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC85180~~ King CP AND Interpretations" 1992 47 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 438). ~4~ A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 ~Jeffrey S Vogt, Legal Director of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), 2016, "The Right to Strike and the International Labour Organisation (ILO)," King’s Law Journal, https://sci-hubtw.hkvisa.net/10.1080/09615768.2016.1148297~~ King CP recut AND which protect freedom of association—and by extension the right to strike. Advantage 1Climate strike participants get arrested now.Scanlan 19 ~Quinn. Quinn Scanlan. Voting, campaigns and elections for @ABC. "Jane Fonda arrested in climate change strike outside Capitol". 10-11-2019. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jane-fonda-arrested-climate-change-strike-capitol/story?id=66209415.~~ AND student climate strikers around the world for taking on this issue so passionately. Strikes incentivize companies to take climate action seriously.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ AND Tor, BoingBoing, Greenpeace, Change.org, among many others. ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished. No 2nr theory since theres only a 2ar which nictitates judge intervention.~2~ Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time. Reject all neg args against the ROB because they assume the ROB is true.Offense 2~1~ Because employees are dependent upon their employer, employees are subject to a severe power imbalance that constitutes coercion.Budd and Scoville 05, John W. Budd and James G. Scoville "The Ethics of Human Resources and Industrial Relations.", p.70, LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ASSOCIATION SERIES, Cornell University Press, October 15, 2005 ~http://jbudd.csom.umn.edu/RESEARCH/hrirethics.htm~~ AHSNPR Accessed 10/23/21 AND to be addressed. Otherwise, industrial relations rests on an unethical foundation. The right to unionize and strike corrects this power imbalance by ensuring an opportunity for organization and collective bargaining.Bowie 99, Norman E., professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota "Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective" Wiley Blackwell. ~https://b-ok.cc/book/2885756/a063b7~~ Accessed 10/24/21 AND none of this requires a revision in my original account of meaningful work. ~2~ Korsgaard affirms – overthinking is bad, vote on the ac only.Wikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. ~3~ The right to strike prevents managerial interference and ensures respect for workers, rather than allowing them to be used as means for the end of enriching an employerRichman 12, Sheldon Richman, writing on Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) wrote those words in his Principles of Sociology (1896)); May 20, 2012; "Is There a Libertarian Case for Organized Labor?"; ~http://reason.com/archives/2012/05/20/is-there-a-libertarian-case-for-organize~~ AHSNPR Accessed 10/24/21 *brackets in original AND belong to "a passing phase of social evolution." Passing to what? ~4~ Absent a right to strike, employers use workers as a mere means to an end because they give workers little say in the process of negotiating employment conditions which treats them as passive tools for the use of profit, a right to strike ensures that workers give continual meaningful consent to the employment relationship without threat of coercionAccessibilityContentionA right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion.Gourevitch 18 AND some of the coercive tactics therefore justified for strikers to strike even when illegal The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents.Lofaso 17 A right to strike is key to support property rights.Chicktay 6 A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 AND bargaining without a right to strike amounts to no more than ‘collective begging’ | 11/6/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v4Tournament: Badgerland | Round: 2 | Opponent: Neenah IH | Judge: Lisa Kahler 1AC r2Ethics must begin apriori –Every agent has a practical identity that is the source of value.Korsgaard Christine M. Korsgaard 1992, professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Sources of Normativity", The Tanner Lectures on Human Values AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. ~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.This means any valid practical judgment must be true for every agent. Agents cannot act on a maxim that hinders the outer freedom of others. This justifies universality. Any other norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends, which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on ends-based frameworks.Siyar 1999 Jamsheed Aiam Siyar: Kant’s Conception of Practical Reason. Tufts University, 1999 AND end, its status as to be done, be recognized by others. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ A right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion, anything else is a violation of freedom.Gourevitch 18: Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression King CP recut AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~2~ The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents since it’d be a contradiction in conception – if everyone were exploited there’d be no one to exploit.Lofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers’ Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ King CP recut AND humanity of each person and the effect of our actions on others’ humanity. ~3~ A right to strike is key to support property rightsChicktay 6 ~Mohamed Alli Chicktay, academic at the University of the Witwatersrand, 2006, "PLACING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE WITHIN A HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK," No Publication, https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC85180~~ King CP AND Interpretations" 1992 47 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 438). ~4~ A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 ~Jeffrey S Vogt, Legal Director of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), 2016, "The Right to Strike and the International Labour Organisation (ILO)," King’s Law Journal, https://sci-hubtw.hkvisa.net/10.1080/09615768.2016.1148297~~ King CP recut AND which protect freedom of association—and by extension the right to strike. Advantage 1Climate strike participants get arrested now.Scanlan 19 ~Quinn. Quinn Scanlan. Voting, campaigns and elections for @ABC. "Jane Fonda arrested in climate change strike outside Capitol". 10-11-2019. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jane-fonda-arrested-climate-change-strike-capitol/story?id=66209415.~~ AND student climate strikers around the world for taking on this issue so passionately. Strikes incentivize companies to take climate action seriously.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ AND Tor, BoingBoing, Greenpeace, Change.org, among many others. Extinction THIS OUTWEIGHS ALL OF THEIR CONSEQUENTALIST OFFENSESpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Advantage 2Global democracy is collapsing now.Freedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ AND environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices. The plan solves:First, civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ AND a broad swath of the middle class largely unrepresented in the political process." Second, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ AND this right, and a negative obligation not to interfere with its exercise." Democratic backsliding causes extinction.Kendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ AND policy, but it would ensure that we are having the right conversation. | 11/13/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v5Tournament: Badgerland | Round: 3 | Opponent: Valley SJ | Judge: Ian Matsuzeski 1AC r3SpikeResolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.~b~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression. Also, proving an obligation under any index is sufficient to affirm because there isn’t a higher-up framework to weigh theories under which means that you can only disprove a framework from the perspective of another and an obligation under one framework isn’t incompatible with a possibly stronger obligation under another framework.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ A right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion, anything else is a violation of freedom.Gourevitch 18: Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression King CP recut AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~2~ The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents since it’d be a contradiction in conception – if everyone were exploited there’d be no one to exploit.Lofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers’ Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ King CP recut AND humanity of each person and the effect of our actions on others’ humanity. ~3~ A right to strike is key to support property rightsChicktay 6 ~Mohamed Alli Chicktay, academic at the University of the Witwatersrand, 2006, "PLACING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE WITHIN A HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK," No Publication, https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC85180~~ King CP AND Interpretations" 1992 47 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 438). ~4~ A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 ~Jeffrey S Vogt, Legal Director of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), 2016, "The Right to Strike and the International Labour Organisation (ILO)," King’s Law Journal, https://sci-hubtw.hkvisa.net/10.1080/09615768.2016.1148297~~ King CP recut AND which protect freedom of association—and by extension the right to strike. Advantage 1Climate strike participants get arrested now.Scanlan 19 ~Quinn. Quinn Scanlan. Voting, campaigns and elections for @ABC. "Jane Fonda arrested in climate change strike outside Capitol". 10-11-2019. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jane-fonda-arrested-climate-change-strike-capitol/story?id=66209415.~~ AND student climate strikers around the world for taking on this issue so passionately. Strikes incentivize companies to take climate action seriously.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ AND Tor, BoingBoing, Greenpeace, Change.org, among many others. Extinction THIS OUTWEIGHS ALL OF THEIR CONSEQUENTALIST OFFENSESpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished. No 2nr theory since theres only a 2ar which nictitates judge intervention.~2~ Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time. Reject all neg args against the ROB because they assume the ROB is true.~3~ Nonideal theory is epistemically bankrupt:a) triggers skep – we’d constantly be fixing injustices as a precondition to ethical action so we never get to the bottom of what is actually ethical b) relevance - every society has different injustices that occur – the resolution is a universal values statement which means you cannot universalize any theory under nonideal theory c) every ethical theory can be misused – but that isn’t a problem with ethical principles, that is a problem with us – also means we should reclaim the true function of these ethical concepts in places like debate to challenge the way they are misunderstood d) real world injustices need universal ideal principles to ground them and explain why they are wrong. You can’t measure something with a ruler constantly changing length.~4~ Argumentation presupposes some basic freedom principle, otherwise it cannot occur – means our framework is a prerequisite to yours.Hoppe 98 Hans Hermann (professor of business, UNLV) Liberty magazine, September 1998 21 AND one would already implicitly have accepted the very norm that one was disputing. 5~ Humanism is good – it establishes a continuity that serves a basis for emancipation.Lester 12 ~(January 2012, Alan, Director of Interdisciplinary Research, Professor of Historical Geography, and Co-Director of the Colonial and Postcolonial Studies Network, University of Sussex, "Humanism, race and the colonial frontier," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Volume 37, Issue 1, pages 132–148)~ Recut MK AND particularities of the male, middle class, Western human subject – resides. 6~ Prioritizing academic theorization because the case "doesn’t solve enough" is unethical – before regurgitating "reform is impossible," consider what that means for the thousands of people affected by the aff.Delgado 9 ~Chair of Law at the University of Alabama Law School, J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, his books have won eight national book prizes, including six Gustavus Myers awards for outstanding book on human rights in North America, the American Library Association’s Outstanding Academic Book, and a Pulitzer Prize nomination. Professor Delgado’s teaching and writing focus on race, the legal profession, and social change, 2009, "Does Critical Legal Studies Have What Minorities Want, Arguing about Law", p. 588-590~ AND whether total change, when it comes, will be what we want. Offense 2~2~ Korsgaard affirms – overthinking is bad, which is intrinisic to clash so vote on the ac only.Wikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. AccessibilityContentionA right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion.Gourevitch 18 AND some of the coercive tactics therefore justified for strikers to strike even when illegal The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents.Lofaso 17 A right to strike is key to support property rights.Chicktay 6 A right to strike is key to freedom of association and collective bargaining.Vogt 16 AND bargaining without a right to strike amounts to no more than ‘collective begging’ | 11/13/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v6Tournament: Badgerland | Round: 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley MM | Judge: Hernandez, Javier | 11/14/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v7Tournament: Badgerland | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Iowa City West JS | Judge: Joshi, Animesh, Sheikh, Mohammad, Wallenburg, Nicholas | 11/14/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v8Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker PG | Judge: Raunak Dua 1AC r2Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.~F~ Empirical Circularity – in order to see empirical reality we must first be sure our senses don’t deceive us but that’s based in materiality which proves all attempts to prove empiricism are circular.~G~ Infinite Arbitrariness – conceptions of reality are subjective, i.e my conception of a tree will be different from yours which proves only objective truth allows for unified understanding.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~A~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ Put away your turns: strikes are an omission of actionBenjamin 78 Walter Benjamin, On Violence, Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings ~Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist~ AND strike was not "so intended," and take emergency measures. ~2~ A right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion, anything else is a violation of freedom.Gourevitch 18: Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression King CP recut AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~3~ The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents since it’d be a contradiction in conception – if everyone were exploited there’d be no one to exploit.Lofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers’ Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ King CP recut AND humanity of each person and the effect of our actions on others’ humanity. ~4~ Recognizing the right to strike would transform dominating power structures.Lazar 20 ~Orlando; 10/6/20; St. Edmund Hall and Balliol College, University of Oxford; "Work, Domination, and the False Hope of Universal Basic Income," https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-020-09487-9~~ Justin AND no longer able to monopolise the residual authority described in the previous section. Additionally, this means if the state denies workers this right to strike, the state will unregulate the powerful and create imbalanced bargaining position – thus violating the united will and the omnilateral will. The state must recognize this right to strike.AdvantageStatus Quo policies make the opportunity cost for teacher strikes too highCasey 20 Leo Casey, 12-2-2020, "The Teacher Strike: Conditions for Success," Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online'articles/the-teacher-strike-conditions-for-success AND points, it will become difficult to mount or sustain a successful strike. That causes teachers uproot and quitting.Carpenter 21 Jennifer Carpenter., 05-17-21, "Opinion: Protect local control for schools," Burlington Free Press, https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/opinion/my-turn/2017/05/17/opinion-protect-local-control-schools/101726614/ AND impact on programs and teachers, would have devastating consequences on local communities. Current quality of education is sharply decreasing through teacher shortagesBoyce 19 Paul Boyce, 9-17-2019, "The Teacher Shortage Is Real and about to Get Much Worse. Here's Why," No Publication, https://fee.org/articles/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-and-about-to-get-much-worse-heres-why/ AND more of the difference in educational gains than race and parent education combined. Quality of education is key for innovation to stop climate changeKwauk et al 3/26’ ~Christina Kwauk and Rebecca Winthrop, 3-26-2021, "Unleashing the creativity of teachers and students to combat climate change: An opportunity for global leadership," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/research/unleashing-the-creativity-of-teachers-and-students-to-combat-climate-change-an-opportunity-for-global-leadership/~~ AND , charting new paths forward for what life can and should be like. Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Educational innovation solves extinction.Serdyukov 17 Peter Serdyukov, National University, La Jolla, California. 03/27/2017. "Innovation in Education: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What to Do about It?" Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching and Learning, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 4–33. AND one turns in education" (Matthew, 1964, p. v). UnderviewIll drop parts of the underview if you find them abusive ~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished. No 2nr theory since theres only a 2ar which nictitates judge intervention. (ask in cx for changes and Ill meet)~2~ Aff theory first – it’s a much larger strategic loss because 1min is ¼ of the 1AR vs 1/7 of the 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time.~3~ Nonideal theory is epistemically bankrupt:a) triggers skep – we’d constantly be fixing injustices as a precondition to ethical action so we never get to the bottom of what is actually ethical~4~ Reps focus distracts us from material violence – turns abstract alt and answers reps-focus args.Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct) AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history. Offense 22. Korsgaard affirms – overthinking is bad, which is intrinisic to clash so vote on the ac only.Wikipedia ~Brackets Original. "Analysis Paralysis". Wikipedia. No Date. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonini27s'paradox~~ AND is making a fatal decision based on hasty judgment or a gut reaction. | 11/20/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - Korsgaard v9Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Coppel ER | Judge: Forrest, Jayanne 1AC r2Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~A~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Offense~1~ Put away your turns: strikes are an omission of actionBenjamin 78 Walter Benjamin, On Violence, Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings ~Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist~ AND strike was not "so intended," and take emergency measures. ~2~ A right to strike defends workers to set and pursue their own ends and resist coercion, anything else is a violation of freedom.Gourevitch 18: Gourevitch, Alex. "A Radical Defense of the Right to Strike." Jacobin 2018. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/right-to-strike-freedom-civil-liberties-oppression King CP recut AND for the right to strike is to prioritize democratic freedoms over property rights. ~3~ The humanity principle mandates no exploitation of agents since it’d be a contradiction in conception – if everyone were exploited there’d be no one to exploit.Lofaso 17 Anne Marie Lofaso, Workers’ Rights as Natural Human Rights, 71 U. Miami L. Rev. 565 (2017) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol71/iss3/3 ~Anne Marie Lofaso is Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development and a professor at the West Virginia University College of Law. In 2010, she was named WVU College of Law Professor of the Year.~ King CP recut AND humanity of each person and the effect of our actions on others’ humanity. ~4~ Your kriticism avoids planetary extinction through Mars colonization.Spring 16 (Todd, Writer, "A Case for Capitalism, In Regards to Space Travel – The Policy", Policy, 6-3-2016, https://thepolicy.us/a-case-for-capitalism-in-regards-to-space-travel-d77e50f8116e, DOA: 7-28-2017) Snowball strikethrough on gendered language AND that which it needs, or enough to fix what must be solved. Additionally, this means if the state denies workers this right to strike, the state will unregulate the powerful and create imbalanced bargaining position – thus violating the united will and the omnilateral will. The state must recognize this right to strike.AdvantageStatus Quo policies make the opportunity cost for teacher strikes too highCasey 20 Leo Casey, 12-2-2020, "The Teacher Strike: Conditions for Success," Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online'articles/the-teacher-strike-conditions-for-success AND points, it will become difficult to mount or sustain a successful strike. That causes teachers uproot and quitting.Carpenter 21 Jennifer Carpenter., 05-17-21, "Opinion: Protect local control for schools," Burlington Free Press, https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/opinion/my-turn/2017/05/17/opinion-protect-local-control-schools/101726614/ AND impact on programs and teachers, would have devastating consequences on local communities. Current quality of education is sharply decreasing through teacher shortagesBoyce 19 Paul Boyce, 9-17-2019, "The Teacher Shortage Is Real and about to Get Much Worse. Here's Why," No Publication, https://fee.org/articles/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-and-about-to-get-much-worse-heres-why/ AND more of the difference in educational gains than race and parent education combined. Quality of education is key for innovation to stop climate changeKwauk et al 3/26’ ~Christina Kwauk and Rebecca Winthrop, 3-26-2021, "Unleashing the creativity of teachers and students to combat climate change: An opportunity for global leadership," Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/research/unleashing-the-creativity-of-teachers-and-students-to-combat-climate-change-an-opportunity-for-global-leadership/~~ AND , charting new paths forward for what life can and should be like. Climate change destroys the world.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ Justin AND and perhaps "the end of human global civilization as we know it." Educational innovation solves extinction.Serdyukov 17 Peter Serdyukov, National University, La Jolla, California. 03/27/2017. "Innovation in Education: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What to Do about It?" Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching and Learning, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 4–33. AND one turns in education" (Matthew, 1964, p. v). Even if capitalism has caused environmental degradation, now it’s key to solve – the money is moving away from degradation and towards mitigation.Fitzmaurice 15 ~Matthew, CEO of EcoAlpha Asset Management LLC, an asset management firm that invests in companies that provide solutions to global burdened resources with a specific emphasis on water, agriculture and energy efficiency. EcoAlpha focuses on public securities and seeks to generate superior risk-adjusted returns for investors. 03/23/2015. "Only Capitalism Can Save the Planet." https://ensia.com/voices/only-capitalism-can-save-the-planet/~~ JCH-PF AND have to face the reality of burdened resources, there’s money in it. Advantage 2Global democracy is collapsing now.Freedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ SJVM AND still considered Free, the United States experienced further democratic decline during the final The plan solves:The aff reduces concentrations of power within businesses, strengthens democracyOHCHR 17 "UN Rights Expert: ‘Fundamental Right to Strike Must Be Preserved.’" OHCHR, 9 Mar. 2017, www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21328andamp;LangID=E. SJDA AND and respected across the globe and in all arenas", the expert concluded. Democratic backsliding causes extinction.Kendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy’s Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ Justin AND S. partnerships and erode an important foundation for U.S. cooperation | 11/21/21 |
NOVDEC - AC - PetitTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough TZ | Judge: Noah Gallagher 1AC – Normal1AC – FWAny moral valuation presupposes the unconditional worth of humanity because when agents pursue any end, all value placed upon an object is contingent upon the agent for example a pencil is only valuable to me so long as it can write my paper. Agents have unconditional value because they possess the ability to confer value that stems from their reason. That outweighs.All other frameworks collapse—other theories source obligations in extrinsically good objects, but that presupposes the goodness of the rational will.That justifies universalizable ends – A) a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience and B) any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others.There are two models of universal freedom—the non-interference model and the non-domination model. The non-interference holds that someone’s freedom is violated if they are actually interfered with, whereas the non-domination model holds that someone’s freedom is violated if someone has the capacity to arbitrarily interfere. For example, a slave with a benevolent master would be free under non-interference b/c the master let’s them set and pursue whatever ends they want, but unfree under freedom as non-domination b/c their freedom is contingent upon the master who has the capacity to interfere arbitrarily.Prefer the non-domination model:Freedom is good but the non-interference model of freedom allows absolute institutional control—non-domination solves.Pettit 97 Philip Pettit (Laurence Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University). "Freedom with Honor: A Republican Ideal." Spring 1997. http://www.princeton.edu/~~ppettit/papers/FreedomwithHonor'SocialResearch'1997.pdf AND
====Non-domination is the only notion of freedom that can apply to state actors. Prefer: State interference promotes freedom if it ensures non-domination.==== AND prudently framed, are by no means subversive but rather introductive of liberty." Additionally Prefer:~A~ Ethical frameworks are topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified. Prefer on resource disparities—focusing on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep excluding lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debater under my framework can easily be won without any prep since minimal evidence is required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~B~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. ~C~ Willing to abide by their ethical theory presupposes we have freedom in the first place. Thus, making an argument for another standard concedes the authority to mine.Thus, the standard is consistency with universality as non-domination.~1~ Presumption and Permissibility affirm: a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. b~ If anything is permissible, then so is the aff since there is nothing prohibiting us.~2~ Consequences Fail: a~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence so we can’t predict. b~ Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events. c~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify because we commit the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral d~ Yes act/omission distinction – there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral~3~ Contesting offense under the Aff framework is a voting issue. Reciprocity – I have to win my framework and beat the NC before I can access case, whereas you can collapse to either layer or dump on offense for 7 minutes as a no-risk issue so there’s a skew. Key to fairness because it’s definitionally equal access to the ballot.1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize the unconditional right of workers to strike.1AC – OffenseRecognizing the right to strike would transform dominating power structures.Lazar 20 ~Orlando; 10/6/20; St. Edmund Hall and Balliol College, University of Oxford; "Work, Domination, and the False Hope of Universal Basic Income," https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-020-09487-9~~ Justin AND no longer able to monopolise the residual authority described in the previous section. Striking is a fundamental protection of dignity and the right of the worker to resist a dominant relationship.Mason 18 ~Elinor. Elinor Mason is a senior lecturer in philosophy at Edinburgh University. On striking, and the recognition that ethics are a collective affair. "On striking, and the recognition that ethics are a collective affair". 4-1-2018. openDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/on-striking-and-recognition-that-ethics-are-collective-affair/.~~ SJVM AND it. We hugely appreciate the solidarity of our students: thank you. Non-domination requires restriction of the employer’s power to arbitrarily impose their will on employees.Bogg 17 ~Alan. Alan L Bogg is Professor in Law at the University of Bristol Law School. 'Republican Non-Domination and Labour Law: New Normativity or Trojan Horse?', (2017), 33, International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Issue 3, pp. 391-417, https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/International+Journal+of+Comparative+Labour+Law+and+Industrial+Relations/33.3/IJCL2017017~~ SJVM AND protect illegal migrant-workers and those employed on fixed term contracts.57 | 11/6/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Covid CredibilityTournament: New York City Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lexington AR | Judge: Fabrice Etienne 1AC r2Advantage 1: Covid AccessOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Advantage 2: CredibilityThe plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.FramingThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.Prefer it:1~ Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose2~ Use epistemic modesty for evaluating the framework debate:A~ Substantively true since it maximizes the probability of achieving net most moral value—beating a framework acts as mitigation to their impacts but the strength of that mitigation is contingent.B~ Clash—disincentives debaters from going all in for framework which means we get the ideal balance between topic ed and phil ed—it’s important to talk about contention-level offense3~ Reject calc indicts and util triggers permissibility arguments:A~ Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at all—links that could have been explored in more detail. | 10/15/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - KorsgaardTournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bergen County Academies AK | Judge: Abhinav Sinha 1AC1AC – FramingEthics must begin a priori:~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~C~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~D~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedomThus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. That hijacks roles of the ballots since the judge is one such practical identity, and other frameworks since implies first valuing ourselves to value other normative judgements~B~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~C~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. ~D~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~E~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~F~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine ~D~ Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Impact calc: ~A~ There’s an act/omission distinction – otherwise we’d be held infinitely culpable for every omission which kills any conception of morality.AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Intellectual property protection violates the formula of autonomy – multiple warrants.Hale 18 Zachary A., 4-4-2018, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection," Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/ JG AND to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life. ~2~ States shouldn’t be forced to submit to a legal framework outside of their own anarchic conditions – that’s a violation of their own choice which is a contradiction in will.~3~ People can invent things at the same time – under IP one person is blocked from their invention which is a violation of their ability to pursue civil rights like expression, and to share in scientific advancements.~4~ IP treats humans as merely a means to an end driving for personal corporate profit which means its intrinsically a violation of the omnilateral will.~5~ Any human should not have the authority to dictate whether someone should lose their life – it’s a contradiction in conception because scientists and WTO officials willing someone to die is incoherent because life would cease to exist. When they allow for patents to be created, they will for marginalized groups to die via lack of access to medicine.AdvantageIndia is in crisis – the recent COVID surge is fundamentally different from that of the past.Khullar 21. ~(Dhruv Khullar is a contributing writer at The New Yorker, where he writes primarily about medicine, health care, and politics. He is also a practicing physician and an assistant professor at Weill Cornell Medical College) "India’s Crisis Marks a New Phase in the Pandemic," The New Yorker, May 13, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical dispatch/indias-crisis-marks-a-new-phase-in-the-pandemic~ TDI AND a great system if you think this is the last pandemic we’ll face." That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20. ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~ TDI AND leadership crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groupsin May. Even a limited Indo-Pak war causes extinction.Menon 19 Prakash Menon, The nuclear cloud hanging over the human race, Nov 15, 2019, ~PhD from Madras University for his thesis "Limited War and Nuclear Deterrence in the Indo-Pak context"~ https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-nuclear-cloud-hanging-over-the-human-race/cid/1719608~~# SM AND for its incredibility and the utter stupidity of the use of nuclear weapons. Underview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished. No 2NR paradigm issues or RVIs because they have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew.~2~ RVI on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible. This means that if either side has any offense under any framing then you default aff.~3~ All neg interps are counter interps since the aff takes an implicit stance on every issue which means you need an RVI to become offensive. You should accept all aff interps and assume I meet neg theory since the aff speaks in the dark and I have to take a stance on something, you can at least react and adapt.~4~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. ~5~ Evolution proves our theory trueJohnson and Thayer 16 – Dominic D. P. Johnson, D.Phil., Ph.D.* and Bradley A. Thayer, Ph.D., "The evolution of offensive realism Survival under anarchy from the Pleistocene to the present," https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56B778004187F70B8E59609BE7FEE7A4/S073093841600006Xa.pdf/div-class-title-the-evolution-of-offensive-realism-div.pdf AND in which human brains and behaviors evolved. But what was that context? | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v2Tournament: Loyola | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Weslake JH | Judge: Sim Guerrero 1AC1AC – FramingEthics must begin a priori – independent of materiality:The meta-ethic is procedural moral realism.This entails that moral facts stem from procedures while substantive realism holds that moral truths exist independently of that in the empirical world. Prefer procedural realism –~1~ Collapses – the only way to verify whether something is a moral fact is by using procedures to warrant it.~2~ Uncertainty – our experiences are inaccessible to others which allows people to say they don’t experience the same, however a priori principles are universally applied to all agents.~3~ Is/Ought Gap – we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. It’s impossible to derive an ought statement from descriptive facts about the world, which necessitates a priori premises.~4~ Transcendental Idealism – what we see is not what is, but our representations of reality – only a priori knowledge is a lane to truth insofar as a lack of the subject removes material constitution and abstracts sensibility as it is then unknown. Every theory of normativity presupposes this to be true because practical reason is a necessary first step to any ethical deliberation.Next is constitutive authority – I can keep asking "why should I follow this" which results in skep since obligations are predicated on ignorantly accepting rules. Only reason solves since asking "why reason?" requires reason which is self-justified.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Something that is true for me must be true for anyone else i.e. 2+24 must be true for everyone which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. ~B~ Your agency isn’t unique – you can’t make exceptions for yourself. That hijacks roles of the ballots since the judge is one such practical identity, and other frameworks since implies first valuing ourselves to value other normative judgements==== ~B~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~C~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. ~D~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~E~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~F~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Intellectual property protection violates the formula of autonomy – multiple warrants.Hale 18 Zachary A., 4-4-2018, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection," Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/ JG AND to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life. ~2~ States shouldn’t be forced to submit to a legal framework outside of their own anarchic conditions – that’s a violation of their own choice which is a contradiction in will.~3~ People can invent things at the same time – under IP one person is blocked from their invention which is a violation of their ability to pursue civil rights like expression, and to share in scientific advancements.~4~ IP treats humans as merely a means to an end driving for personal corporate profit which means its intrinsically a violation of the omnilateral will.~5~ Any human should not have the authority to dictate whether someone should lose their life – it’s a contradiction in conception because scientists and WTO officials willing someone to die is incoherent because life would cease to exist. When they allow for patents to be created, they will for marginalized groups to die via lack of access to medicine.AdvantageOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.Compares two models of HARs and LARs AND study strongly supports that ethical position showing that stockpiling will undermine global health." Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Nuclear detonations cause nuclear winter and extinction, and the rainout effect is wrong – self-lofting means soot goes above the cloudsStarr 15 Steven Starr, 10-14-2015, "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation Of American Scientists, ~Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.~, https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/, SJBE AND engage in an unwinnable academic debate as to whether any humans will survive. | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v3Tournament: Loyola | Round: 5 | Opponent: Taft EL | Judge: James Stuckert 1AC – FramingEthics must begin a priori:~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~C~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~D~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedom.~E~ Darkness Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. That hijacks roles of the ballots since the judge is one such practical identity, and other frameworks since implies first valuing ourselves to value other normative judgements~B~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~C~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ Every action is infinitely divisible, only intents unify action because we intend the end point of an action – but consequences cannot determine what step of action is moral or not. ~D~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~E~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~F~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Intellectual property protection violates the formula of autonomy – multiple warrants.Hale 18 Zachary A., 4-4-2018, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection," Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/ JG AND to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life. ~2~ States shouldn’t be forced to submit to a legal framework outside of their own anarchic conditions – that’s a violation of their own choice which is a contradiction in will.~3~ People can invent things at the same time – under IP one person is blocked from their invention which is a violation of their ability to pursue civil rights like expression, and to share in scientific advancements.~4~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. AdvantageOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND manufacturing capacities, which could also produce COVID-19 vaccines after repurposing. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.Compares two models of HARs and LARs AND study strongly supports that ethical position showing that stockpiling will undermine global health." Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Nuclear detonations cause nuclear winter and extinction, and the rainout effect is wrong – self-lofting means soot goes above the cloudsStarr 15 Steven Starr, 10-14-2015, "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation Of American Scientists, ~Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.~, https://fas.org/pir-pubs/nuclear-war-nuclear-winter-and-human-extinction/, SJBE AND engage in an unwinnable academic debate as to whether any humans will survive. | 2/5/22 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v4Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Chris Castillo 1AC – FramingEthics must begin a priori:~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~C~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~D~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedomThus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~B~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~D~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~E~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine AND is incoherent since we can’t presume -P and P are both false. Impact calc: ~A~ There’s an act/omission distinction – otherwise we’d be held infinitely culpable for every omission which kills any conception of morality.AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Intellectual property protection violates the formula of autonomy – multiple warrants.Hale 18 Zachary A., 4-4-2018, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection," Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/ JG AND to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life. ~2~ States shouldn’t be forced to submit to a legal framework outside of their own anarchic conditions – that’s a violation of their own choice which is a contradiction in will.~3~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. ~4~ IPR is nonuniversalizable and interferes with the freedom of people who need medicine.Merges 11 ~(Robert, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati Professor of Law and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law) "Justifying Intellectual Property," Harvard University Press, 2011~ JL recut Lex VM AND to cut off or restrain the freedom of those who might be treated? AdvantageIndia is in crisis – the recent COVID surge is fundamentally different from that of the past.Khullar 21. ~(Dhruv Khullar is a contributing writer at The New Yorker, where he writes primarily about medicine, health care, and politics. He is also a practicing physician and an assistant professor at Weill Cornell Medical College) "India’s Crisis Marks a New Phase in the Pandemic," The New Yorker, May 13, 2021. https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical dispatch/indias-crisis-marks-a-new-phase-in-the-pandemic~ TDI AND a great system if you think this is the last pandemic we’ll face." That causes Indo-Pak conflict escalation.Somos 20. ~Christy Somos is a CTVNews.ca Writer) "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," CTV News, December 17, 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738~ TDI AND leadership crisis, which saw an increase of attacks by Taliban groupsin May. Even a limited Indo-Pak war causes extinction.Menon 19 Prakash Menon, The nuclear cloud hanging over the human race, Nov 15, 2019, ~PhD from Madras University for his thesis "Limited War and Nuclear Deterrence in the Indo-Pak context"~ https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-nuclear-cloud-hanging-over-the-human-race/cid/1719608~~# SM AND for its incredibility and the utter stupidity of the use of nuclear weapons. The plan bolsters the number of vaccines—-arguments about supply and logistics are empirically disproven.Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, "What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines," Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18 Underview1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished. No 2NR paradigm issues or RVIs because they have 6 minutes to go for them whereas I only have a 3 minute 2AR to respond so I get crushed on time skew.2~ RVI and reasonability on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate and weighing is structurally unfair since the 7-4-6-3 time skew means that the neg can just dump on weighing and the 2ar becomes impossible. This means that if either side has any offense under any framing then you default aff. | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v5Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Logan AD | Judge: Jason Yang I read your paradigm please give me 30 speaks to reify screws agianst me – my favorite thing about your paradigm is that ur tech over truth1AC – FramingEthics must begin a priori:~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~C~ Action theory – only evaluating action through reason solves since reason is key to evaluate intent, otherwise we could infinitely divide actions. For example: If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention, to brew tea unifies these actions if we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral since those actions would be infinitely divisible~D~ Constitutive Authority – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedomThus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:~A~ Practical identities – we find our lives worth living under practical identities such as student but that presupposes agency.Korsgaard 92 CHRISTINE M. Korsgaard 92 ~I am a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where I have taught since 1991. From July 1996 through June 2002, I was Chair of the Department of Philosophy. (The current chair is Sean Kelly.) From 2004-2012, I was Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy. (The current DGS is Mark Richard.) Before coming here, I held positions at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago, as well as visiting positions at Berkeley and UCLA. I served as President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2008-2009, and held a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award from 2006-2009. I work on moral philosophy and its history, practical reason, the nature of agency, personal identity, normativity, and the ethical relations between human beings and the other animals~, "The Sources of Normativity", THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES Delivered at Clare Hall, Cambridge University 16-17 Nov 1992, BE AND identity, your nature; your obligations spring from what that identity forbids. That hijacks roles of the ballots since the judge is one such practical identity, and other frameworks since implies first valuing ourselves to value other normative judgements~B~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~C~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes. ~C~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~D~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~E~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine AdvocacyPlan text: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines during pandemics. CPs, Ks, and PICs affirm because they do not disprove my general thesis.Offense~1~ IPR is nonuniversalizable and interferes with the freedom of people who need medicine.Merges 11 ~(Robert, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati Professor of Law and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law) "Justifying Intellectual Property," Harvard University Press, 2011~ JL recut Lex VM AND to cut off or restrain the freedom of those who might be treated? ~2~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP AND use of tangible objects which we acquired fully in line with market rules. ~3~ IPP unjustifiably restricts agents from setting and pursuing ends in healthcare because patents prevent people from taking part in scientific advancements in medicine – that violates freedom in multiple waysHale 18 (Zachary Hale, 4-4-2018, accessed on 8-22-2021, The Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection - The Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service", https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/) BHHS AK AND to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life. ~4~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. AdvantageOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND prevents generic competition and results in an extension of their market monopoly.Footnote34 Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND COVID-19 case numbers and increase the potential emergence of novel variants, | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v6Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus NG | Judge: Matt Contreras ACEthics must begin apriori –~A~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~B~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~C~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~D~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedomThus, the standard is Consistency with the Categorical Imperative. Prefer:~1~ Performativity – freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place.~2~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. All frameworks are functionally topicality interpretations of the word ought so they must be theoretically justified: prefer on resource disparities—a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytical arguments are required. That controls the internal link to other voters because a pre-req to debating is access to the activity.~3~ Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~D~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~E~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraineAdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. ~2~ An exclusive and unconditional right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative – only conditional use is universalizable.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND universal laws suffices only to justify the permissibility of that set of rights. ~3~ That implies that intellectual property is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). ~4~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP AND use of tangible objects which we acquired fully in line with market rules. AdvantageOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.Compares two models of HARs and LARs AND that increased vaccine-sharing resulted in reduced case numbers in LARs. " Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. 1AR theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished.~2~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND cannot simply satisfy my desires without considering the rightness or wrongness of my actions | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v7Tournament: Jack Howe | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dougherty Valley TM | Judge: Victoria Yonter 1AC R6 vs DVFramingPresumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Objectivity is true –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Empirical Circularity – in order to see empirical reality we must first be sure our senses don’t deceive us but that’s based in materiality which proves all attempts to prove empiricism are circular.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.~E~ Infinite Arbitrariness – conceptions of reality are subjective, i.e my conception of a tree will be different from yours which proves only objective truth allows for unified understanding.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.~1~ Performativity – Freedom is the key to the justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.~2~ Degrees of wrongness – only korsgaard allows for weighing between morality i.e perfect and imperfect duties, util can’t explain how to weigh between competing infinite obligations like extinction. That justifies the double bind – either we can weigh and extinction first logic is incoherent or we can’t and util is incoherent.~3~ Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~D~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~E~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraine. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. ~2~ An exclusive and unconditional right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative – only conditional use is universalizable.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND universal laws suffices only to justify the permissibility of that set of rights. ~3~ That implies that intellectual property is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). ~4~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP AND use of tangible objects which we acquired fully in line with market rules. AdvantageOnly the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Independently strategic patenting harms innovation incentives during pandemics – encourages reproduction of generics and decrease breakthroughs.Gurgula 20 ~Olga; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at Brunel Law School, Brunel University London. She is also a Visiting Fellow at the Oxford Martin Programme on Affordable Medicines, University of Oxford; "Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene?" Springer Link; 10/28/20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0~~#Sec4~~ Justin AND at blocking follow-on innovation by competitors should raise competition law concerns. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Studies show that vaccine distribution solve COVID. Reject any ev that don’t assume vaccine nationalism.Compares two models of HARs and LARs AND that increased vaccine-sharing resulted in reduced case numbers in LARs. " Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished, | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v8Tournament: Nano Nagle | Round: 2 | Opponent: Marlborough LF | Judge: Ben Cortez 1AC r2Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.~C~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others~b~ Degrees of wrongness – only apriori allows for weighing between morality i.e perfect and imperfect duties, positive and negative obligations, while util can’t explain how to weigh between competing infinite obligations like extinction. That justifies the doublebind – either we can weigh and extinction first logic is incoherent or we can’t and util is incoherent.~c~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. ~2~ An exclusive and unconditional right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative – only conditional use is universalizable.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND universal laws suffices only to justify the permissibility of that set of rights. ~3~ That implies that intellectual property is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). ~4~ Property rights minimize the opportunity of innovation which limits individual freedom through creating monopolies. They also limit the use of tangible objects such as medicines for good purposes.Cernea and Uszkai 12 Cernea, Mihail-Valentin, and Radu Uszkai. The Clash between Global Justice and Pharmaceutical Patents: A Critical Analysis. 2012, the-clash-between-global-justice-and-drug-patents-a-critical-analysis.pdf. SJEP AND use of tangible objects which we acquired fully in line with market rules. AdvantageThe plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 Advantage 2Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Underview~1~ Aff gets 1AR theory – otherwise the neg can be infinitely abusive and there’s no way to check against this. Aff theory is drop the debater, competing interps, and the highest layer of the round – the 1ARs too short to be able to rectify abuse and adequately cover substance – you must be punished,~2~ Nonideal theory is epistemically bankrupt:a) triggers skep – we’d constantly be fixing injustices as a precondition to ethical action so we never get to the bottom of what is actually ethical b) relevance - every society has different injustices that occur – the resolution is a universal values statement which means you cannot universalize any theory under nonideal theory c) every ethical theory can be misused – but that isn’t a problem with ethical principles, that is a problem with us – also means we should reclaim the true function of these ethical concepts in places like debate to challenge the way they are misunderstood d) real world injustices need universal ideal principles to ground them and explain why they are wrong. You can’t measure something with a ruler constantly changing length.~c~ Consequences fail: ~A~ They only judge actions after they occur, which fails action guidance ~B~ Every action has infinite stemming consequences, because every consequence can cause another consequence. Probability doesn’t solve because 1) Probability is improvable, as it relies on inductive knowledge, but induction from past events can’t lead to deduction of future events and 2) Probability assumes causation, we can’t assume every act was actually the cause of tangible outcomes ~C~ If you’re held responsible for things other than an intention ethics aren’t binding because there are infinite events occurring over which you have no control, so you can never be moral as you are permitting just action. ~D~ There’s no objective arbiter to evaluate consequences ~E~ You can’t aggregate consequences, happiness and sadness are immutable – ten headaches don’t make a migraineOffense 2~1~ Exploitation of patents is anti-ethical to the intrinsic nature of medical duty – that affirms.McHenry 6, Leemon. "Ethical issues in psychopharmacology." Journal of Medical Ethics 32.7 (2006): 405-410. AND their consumers. Despite appearances, nothing of this sort is true in the | 10/9/21 |
SEPTOCT - AC - Korsgaard v9Tournament: Nano Nagle | Round: 4 | Opponent: Marlborough VA | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC r2Presumption and permissibility affirm – ~a~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you’d believe me. ~b~ Epistemics – we wouldn’t be able to start a strand of reasoning since we’d have to question that reason. ~c~ Otherwise we’d have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water. ~d~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it.Ethics must begin apriori –~A~ Apriori Aposteriori Paradox – big bang proves our theory true – independent of material conditions there was some existence which necessitates objective truth absent material reality.~B~ Action theory – infinite division logically concludes from empiricism. i.e If I was brewing tea, I could break up that one big action into multiple small actions. Only our intention unifies these actions. If we were never able to unify action, we could never classify certain actions as moral or immoral.~C~ Constitutive Authority – reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask for why we should be reasoners concedes its authority since it uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.~D~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be.~E~ Korsgaards Wager – Korsgaard is or korsgaard is not – inconsistency with perfect duties means infinite badness, that means a 1 chance of apriori ethics being true means you affirm since anything else risks infinite immorality which outweighs any chance of it being wrong.That means we must universally will maxims— any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.Prefer the standard:~a~ freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify the neg arguments/standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others~b~ Degrees of wrongness – only apriori allows for weighing between morality i.e perfect and imperfect duties, positive and negative obligations, while util can’t explain how to weigh between competing infinite obligations like extinction. That justifies the doublebind – either we can weigh and extinction first logic is incoherent or we can’t and util is incoherent.~c~ Only universalizable reason can effectively explain the perspectives of agents – that’s the best method for combatting oppression.Farr 02 Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). "Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?" JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. AND choosing my maxims I attempt to include the perspective of other moral agents. AdvocacyPlan Text – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Offense~1~ Patents attempt to assert ownership over nature and impede individuals’ abilities to pursue their own ends.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM AND the idea on his own, will be forbidden to market his invention. ~2~ An exclusive and unconditional right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative – only conditional use is universalizable.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND universal laws suffices only to justify the permissibility of that set of rights. ~3~ That implies that intellectual property is unjust.Westphal 97 ~(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) "Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?" Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.~ RE AND thing, regardless of subsequent disuse (cf. §3.10). ~4~ The categorical imperative rejects the idea of intellectual property as it suppresses freedom by preventing others from innovating and suppressing speech in the name of a copyright.Pievatolo 10 Pievatolo, Maria. "Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?" Freedom, Ownership and Copyright: Why Does Kant Reject the Concept of Intellectual Property?, 7 Feb. 2010, bfp.sp.unipi.it/chiara/lm/kantpisa1.html. SJEP AND to the Roman Law tradition because of conservatism, but because of Enlightenment. AdvantageThe plan is critical to boosting WTO legitimacy.Navnit 21 ~Brajendra; Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to WTO; "Science has delivered, will the WTO deliver?" Helsinki Times; 1/18/21; https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/viewpoint/18561-science-has-delivered-will-the-wto-deliver.html~~ Justin AND A rating" for Availability only. Our future generations deserve nothing less. WTO cred solves wars that go nuclear.Hamann 09 ~Georgia; 2009; J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School; "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW, http://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/duqJ53.pdf~~ Justin AND keenly aware of the responsibility they have to uphold the organization’s credibility.108 Advantage 2Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development – neg objections miss the boat.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin AND , from trade-offs to pressurising, to make the waiver happen. Yes scale-up for covid.Erfani et al 21 ~Parsa; Lawrence Gostin; Vanessa Kerry; Parsa Erfani is a Fogarty Global Health Scholar at Harvard Medical School and the University of Global Health Equity. Lawrence Gostin is a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, director of the school’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, and director of the World Health Organization Center on National and Global Health Law. Vanessa Kerry is a critical care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Program for Global Public Policy at Harvard Medical School, and CEO of Seed Global Health, a nonprofit that trains health workers in countries with critical shortages; "Beyond a symbolic gesture: What’s needed to turn the IP waiver into Covid-19 vaccines," STAT; 5/19/21; https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/19/beyond-a-symbolic-gesture-whats-needed-to-turn-the-ip-waiver-into-covid-19-vaccines/~~ Justin AND to acquire the IP necessary for mRNA technologies— which is currently missing. Corona escalates security threats that cause extinction – cooperation thesis is wrong.Recna 21 ~Research Center for Nuclear Weapon Abolition; Nagasaki, Japan; "Pandemic Futures and Nuclear Weapon Risks: The Nagasaki 75th Anniversary pandemic-nuclear nexus scenarios final report," Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament; 5/28/21; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1890867~~ Justin AND by nuclear threat, with cascading effects on the risk of nuclear war. Underview~1~ Nonideal theory is epistemically bankrupt:a) triggers skep – we’d constantly be fixing injustices as a precondition to ethical action so we never get to the bottom of what is actually ethical b) relevance - every society has different injustices that occur – the resolution is a universal values statement which means you cannot universalize any theory under nonideal theory c) every ethical theory can be misused – but that isn’t a problem with ethical principles, that is a problem with us – also means we should reclaim the true function of these ethical concepts in places like debate to challenge the way they are misunderstood d) real world injustices need universal ideal principles to ground them and explain why they are wrong. You can’t measure something with a ruler constantly changing length.Offense 2~1~ IP interferes with freedom of speech and expression.Moore and Hinma 18 ~Moore, Adam and Ken Himma, "Intellectual Property", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/intellectual-property/.~~/ lm AND troublesome because, unlike patents and copyrights, they do not require disclosure. ~2~ Evergreening – exploitation of patents is anti-ethical to the intrinsic nature of medical duty – that affirms.McHenry 6, Leemon. "Ethical issues in psychopharmacology." Journal of Medical Ethics 32.7 (2006): 405-410. AND public outcry about the moral concerns of the sort raised in this paper. | 10/9/21 |
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