Bridgeland Traxler Aff
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| Apple Valley | 2 | OA Independent VD | Lauren McBlain |
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| Apple Valley | 4 | Northview MS | Robert Northwood |
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| Berkeley | 2 | ModernBrain AK | Keshav Dandu |
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| Emory | 1 | Lexington BF | Phoenix Pittman |
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| Emory | 3 | Scarsdale KS | Becca Traber |
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| Emory | 5 | Vestavia Hills GJ | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| Grapevine | 2 | Coppell RM | Holden Bukowsky |
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| Grapevine | 5 | Westlake AK | Blake Andrews |
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| Grapevine | 3 | Marcus JR | Micah Thode |
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| Isidore Newman | 2 | Jonesboro NS | Anthony Berryhill |
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| Isidore Newman | 4 | Durham SA | Phoenix Pittman |
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| Isidore Newman | 5 | West Broward HP | Becca Steiner |
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| Isidore Newman | Octas | Dulles VN | Tajaih Robinson, Amanda Ciocca, J Hammons |
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| Katy Taylor TFA | 2 | Memorial Stanicic | Greg Mayo |
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| Lexington | 2 | BASIS Silicon Valley SK | Brett Cryan |
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| Lexington | 4 | Troy Independent AP | Delon Fuller |
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| Lexington | 5 | Pine View EL | Nathan Frenkel |
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| Lexington | Doubles | Oxford VM | Panel |
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| Memorial | 1 | Northland Christian GF | Dunno |
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| Palm Classic | 2 | Harker GS | Riley Talamantes |
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| Palm Classic | 4 | Harker NS | Derek Ying |
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| Palm Classic | 5 | Harvard-Westlake HM | Jacob Nails |
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| UNLV | 1 | Village RB | Jason Smith |
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| UNLV | 4 | King CP | Yardley Rosas |
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| UNLV | 6 | Marlborough AK | Andrew Torrez |
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| UT | 1 | Plano East AW | Javier Navarette |
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| UT | 6 | Northland Christian AH | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| UT | Triples | American Heritage Broward SS | Joey Georges, Breigh Plat, Isaac Chao |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Apple Valley | 2 | Opponent: OA Independent VD | Judge: Lauren McBlain 1AC - Big Tech |
| Apple Valley | 4 | Opponent: Northview MS | Judge: Robert Northwood 1AC - Kant |
| Berkeley | 2 | Opponent: ModernBrain AK | Judge: Keshav Dandu 1AC - Kant w Trix |
| Emory | 1 | Opponent: Lexington BF | Judge: Phoenix Pittman 1AC - Kant |
| Emory | 3 | Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: Becca Traber 1AC - Kant |
| Emory | 5 | Opponent: Vestavia Hills GJ | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC - Kant |
| Grapevine | 2 | Opponent: Coppell RM | Judge: Holden Bukowsky 1AC - TRIPS Waiver |
| Grapevine | 5 | Opponent: Westlake AK | Judge: Blake Andrews 1AC - TRIPS |
| Grapevine | 3 | Opponent: Marcus JR | Judge: Micah Thode 1AC - TRIPS |
| Isidore Newman | 2 | Opponent: Jonesboro NS | Judge: Anthony Berryhill 1AC - SV |
| Isidore Newman | 4 | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Phoenix Pittman 1AC - Kant Trix |
| Isidore Newman | 5 | Opponent: West Broward HP | Judge: Becca Steiner 1AC - Agriculture |
| Isidore Newman | Octas | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Tajaih Robinson, Amanda Ciocca, J Hammons 1AC - Agriculture |
| Katy Taylor TFA | 2 | Opponent: Memorial Stanicic | Judge: Greg Mayo 1AC1NC - Lay |
| Lexington | 2 | Opponent: BASIS Silicon Valley SK | Judge: Brett Cryan 1AC - Kant |
| Lexington | 4 | Opponent: Troy Independent AP | Judge: Delon Fuller 1AC - Kant |
| Lexington | 5 | Opponent: Pine View EL | Judge: Nathan Frenkel 1AC - Kant |
| Lexington | Doubles | Opponent: Oxford VM | Judge: Panel 1AC - Kant |
| Memorial | 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian GF | Judge: Dunno 1AC - RawlsTrix |
| Palm Classic | 2 | Opponent: Harker GS | Judge: Riley Talamantes 1AC - Kant |
| Palm Classic | 4 | Opponent: Harker NS | Judge: Derek Ying 1AC - Kant |
| Palm Classic | 5 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake HM | Judge: Jacob Nails 1AC - Kant |
| UNLV | 1 | Opponent: Village RB | Judge: Jason Smith 1AC - Kant |
| UNLV | 4 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Yardley Rosas 1AC - Asteroid Mining |
| UNLV | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough AK | Judge: Andrew Torrez 1AC - Kant |
| UT | 1 | Opponent: Plano East AW | Judge: Javier Navarette 1AC - Kant |
| UT | 6 | Opponent: Northland Christian AH | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC - Kant |
| UT | Triples | Opponent: American Heritage Broward SS | Judge: Joey Georges, Breigh Plat, Isaac Chao 1AC - Agriculture |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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0 - Contact InfoTournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All Email: parker_traxler@hotmail.com NOTE: If you send me an email using your school email there's a good chance it will go to junk mail so I'll miss it. I'm most likely to respond to my phone so try that first. I would rather not have dumb disclosure debates because you wanted a violation. | 12/6/21 |
0 - DebateDrillsTournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All | 8/25/21 |
0 - NavigationTournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All | 9/24/21 |
0 - Note - Content WarningsTournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All | 8/2/21 |
1 - Broken InterpsTournament: Grapevine | Round: 3 | Opponent: Marcus JR | Judge: Micah Thode | 12/5/21 |
JF - Asteroid MiningTournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Yardley Rosas 1AC – PlanPlan: The appropriation of outer space through asteroid mining by private entities should be banned.We'll defend normal means as the signatories of the OST adding an optional protocol under Article II.Tronchetii 7~Fabio Tronchetti is a professor at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2007, https://iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2007.pdf, 12-15-2021 amrita~ 1AC – SatellitesMining creates space debris through volatile sublimation and dust migration.Boley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE Space dust spirals and exponentially accumulates through time, increasing the likelihood of collisions.Intagliata 17 ~Christopher Intagliata, 5-11-2017, "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~//DDPT An increase in space debris and dust from mining collides with key defense satellitesScoles 15 ~Freelance science writer, and a contributing writer at WIRED Science, with articles in places like Popular Science, the New York Times, Scientific American, Vice, Outside, and others.~, 5-27-2015, "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/ DD AG Laundry list of impacts – compromised communication, loss of military capability and moreDivorsky 15 George Divorsky ~George P. Dvorsky (born May 11, 1970) is a Canadian bioethicist, transhumanist and futurist. He is a contributing editor at io9~1~ and producer of the Sentient Developments blog and podcast. He was Chair of the Board for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET)~2~~3~ and is the founder and chair of the IEET's Rights of Non-Human Persons Program~, 6-4-2015, "What Would Happen If All Our Satellites Were Suddenly Destroyed?," Gizmodo https://gizmodo.com/what-would-happen-if-all-our-satellites-were-suddenly-d-1709006681 DD AG Collisions with high-value satellites guarantee nuclear escalation.Egeli 21 ~Sitki Egeli is an assistant professor in the Political Science and International Relations Department of Izmir University of Economics. He was previously a director for foreign affairs in Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) and vice president in charge of the defense and aerospace sectors of an international consulting firm.~ "Space-to-Space Warfare and Proximity Operations: The Impact on Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications and Strategic Stability," Published 25 Jun 2021, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2021.1942681, VM Specifically, early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – that causes miscalc and goes nuclear.Orwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,' January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ ~pT~ 1AC – Space WarsCountries and their companies are making their own rules through patchwork which creates conflict—an international body is keyFoster 16 – Craig, J.D., University of Illinois College of Law, "EXCUSE ME, YOU'RE MINING MY ASTEROID: SPACE PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE U.S. SPACE RESOURCE EXPLORATION AND UTILIZATION ACT OF 2015", JOURNAL OF LAW, TECHNOLOGY and POLICY, No. 2, page 428-430, http://illinoisjltp.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Foster.pdf Current space treaties have zero authority and lack clarity—which creates ineffective regulationsMacWhorter 16 – Kevin, J.D from William and Mary College and Contributor to the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, "Sustainable Mining: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining in the Name of Environmentalism", William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2016, https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1653andcontext=wmelpr Disputes and misperceptions create cascading effects towards space weaponization and an arms race—an international framework solves BUT unilateral action causes escalating space warsMallick and Rajagopalan 19 - Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA, Distinguished Fellow and Head of the Nuclear and Space Policy Initiative at Observer Research Foundation. She is also the Technical Adviser to the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS). (Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Senjuti Mallick, "If Space is 'the Province of Mankind', Who Owns its Resources? The Potential of Space Mining and its Legal Implications", ORF Occasional Paper No. 182, January 2019, Observer Research Foundation., https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/) NAR Inevitable market expansion guarantees wars over property rights—governments get quickly involvedFunnell 18 – Anthony, Writer for Future Tense News Citing Dean of Law at University of Adelaide, "War in space 'inevitable' because there's so much money to be made, expert warns", ABC News, 8/23/2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/conflict-in-space-is-inevitable-expert-warns/10146314 Asteroid mining furthers tensions between the US, China and Russia – that escalates.Jamasmie 21 Cecilia Jamasmie ~Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World's Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia.~, 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/ DD AG Space wars go nuclearGrego 18 – Laura, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf Nuclear war causes extinction.Starr '17 (Steven; director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility, Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, expert in the environmental consequences of nuclear war; 1/9/17; "Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies"; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; Federation of American Scientists; accessed 11/24/18; TV) ~AV~ | 2/6/22 |
JF - KantTournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: BASIS Silicon Valley SK | Judge: Brett Cryan Agents must be practical reasoners –~1~ Regress – we can always ask why we should follow a theory, so they aren't binding because they don't have a starting point. Practical reason solves – When we ask why we should follow reason, we demand a reason, which concedes to the authority of reason itself, so it's the only thing we can follow~2~ Action Theory – every action can be broken into infinite small actions, i.e. me moving my arm can be broken down to the infinite moments of every state my arm is in. Only reason can unify these movements because we use practical reason to achieve our goals, means all actions collapse to reason~3~ Inescapability – the exercise of practical rationality requires that one regards practical rationality as intrinsically good – that justifies a right to freedom.Wood 07 ~Allen W. Wood, (Stanford University, California) "Kantian Ethics" Cambridge University Press, 2007, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/kantian-ethics/769B8CD9FCC74DB6870189AE1645FAC8, DOA:8-12-2020 WWBW rct st~ ~4~ Epistemology – ethics must begin a priori, meaning they can't be derived from our experience.~A~ Uncertainty – everyone has different experiences so we can't have a unified perspective on what is good and bad – even roughly aggregating fails since there'll always be a case when it fails so the framework o/w on probability.~B~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the phenomenal world only tells us what is, not what ought to be. But it's impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises within the noumenal world to make a moral theory.Reason requires that maxims we act upon must be universalizable – A. Any reasoner would know that two plus two equals four because there is no a priori distinction between agents so norms must be universally valid. B. Any non-universalizable norm justifies someone's ability to impede on your ends – it's impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do so would will incompatible ends since it logically entails justifying willing a violation of your own freedom.Only a collective will with power over individuals can guarantee the enforcement of good maxims. Thus, the standard is consistency with the omnilateral will.Impact calc –~1~ Only the omnilateral will can motivate action – it's external to wills of agents so it can obligate them all to follow certain rules – unilateral wills fail since they would involve one person coercing other people under their will and there would be no obligation to follow a person.~2~ Consequences fail – A) Induction Fails – You only believe it works because past experiences have said it has, but that itself is a form of induction which that's circular B) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war a hundred years down – you can't quantify the infinite amount of pain and pleasure to come C) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure, so you can't universalize that and say it's good – it's impossible to measure something that's completely subjective D) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it's impossible to assign obligations since you can't pinpoint a specific actor that caused a consequence.1AC – OffenseI defend "Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust." as a general principle.I'm willing clarify or specify whatever you want me to in CX if it doesn't force me to abandon my maxim. Check all spec interps in CX – I could've met them before the NC and abuse would've been solved. PICs don't negate: a~ General principles don't defend an absolute action, so they tolerate exceptions b~ Fails under my framework because they create arbitrary exceptions, which means it's not universalizable.~1~ Property is an external right – it is something that we don't innately have a right to by virtue of existing, but acquire once we exercise our freedom. However, this is impossible when there is no state to create property divisions.Stilz 1 (Anna Stilz, Anna Stilz is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Politics and the University Center for Human Values. Her research focuses on questions of political membership, authority and political obligation, nationalism and self-determination, rights to land and territory, and collective agency. , 2009, accessed on 12-18-2021, Muse.jhu, "Project MUSE - Liberal Loyalty", https://muse.jhu.edu/book/30179)//phs st ~2~ In outer space, there is no governing authority and thus claiming property imposes your will over others.Stilz 2 (Anna Stilz, Anna Stilz is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Politics and the University Center for Human Values. Her research focuses on questions of political membership, authority and political obligation, nationalism and self-determination, rights to land and territory, and collective agency. , 2009, accessed on 12-18-2021, Muse.jhu, "Project MUSE - Liberal Loyalty", https://muse.jhu.edu/book/30179)//phs st ~3~ In the state of nature, everyone is an equal arbitrator of justice – that makes rights violations impossible to resolve.Stilz 3 (Anna Stilz, Anna Stilz is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Politics and the University Center for Human Values. Her research focuses on questions of political membership, authority and political obligation, nationalism and self-determination, rights to land and territory, and collective agency. , 2009, accessed on 12-18-2021, Muse.jhu, "Project MUSE - Liberal Loyalty", https://muse.jhu.edu/book/30179)//phs st | 1/15/22 |
ND - AgricultureTournament: UT | Round: Triples | Opponent: American Heritage Broward SS | Judge: Joey Georges, Breigh Plat, Isaac Chao Farmer's yield is nearing an all-time low – government support doesn't help the neediest and isn't a long-term solution.Farm-Aid 20 ~9/14/20, "Understanding the Economic Crisis Family Farms are Facing", 2Farm Aid works with local, regional and national organizations to promote fair farm policies and grassroots organizations coordinating campaigns designed to defend and bolster family farm-centered agriculture. RL: https://www.farmaid.org/blog/fact-sheet/understanding-economic-crisis-family-farms-are-facing/, KR~ The aff is key to increase incentives to farm – increased wages, living conditions, AND helps farmers expand products.Reilly 11 ~Penn State Law, "Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act", Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR~ I'll isolate 3 internal links –1~ Productivity – wage increases boost consumer spending and economic value.Jayachandran 20 ~6/18/2020, New York Times, "How a Raise for Workers Can Be a Win for Everybody", Seema Jayachandran is an economics professor at Northwestern University, html, KR~ The only empirics flow aff.Katovich 18 ~Maia Katovich, 1-4/2018, "The relation between labor productivity and wages in Brazil:", Scielo Brazil, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo. URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/neco/a/QR5hfyMfL9c3gwQSGGcRyHD/?lang=en, KR~ That drives economic confidence – increased productivity drives farm growth which kicks of a chain of investment.Wang et. al, 19 ~"How Farmers Make Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Farmer Survey in China", Sustainability, Shuangjin Wang 1, Yuan Tian 2,*ORCID, Xiaowei Liu 3 and Maggie Foley 4, 1: School of Management, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China, 2: School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China, 3: College of Business, St. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA 52803, USA, 4: Davis Business School, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA, URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=andved=2ahUKEwii17vKue7zAhVdJjQIHUr3D7YQFnoECAUQAQandurl=https3A2F2Fwww.mdpi.com2F2071-10502F122F12F2472Fpdfandusg=AOvVaw1RMvM-hGadn_uoetBxebDi, KR~ 2~ Capital investment – boosted wages creates incentives for investment.Duke 16 ~9/2/2016, "To Raise Productivity, Let's Raise Wages", Center for American Progress, Brendan Duke: Princeton University; MPA in Economic Policy, Macalester; B.A. nin political science, Associate Director for Economic Policy, Senior Policy Analyst for US Congress Joint Economic Committee, URL: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2016/09/02/142040/to-raise-productivity-lets-raise-wages/, KR~ 3~ Working conditions – squo legislation allows for loss of rights but only unions and the right to strike solve.Apha 17 ~11/7/17, "Improving Working Conditions for U.S. Farmworkers and Food Production Workers", American Public Health Association, The American Public Health Association (APHA) is a Washington, D.C.-based professional organization for public health professionals in the United States., URL: https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/improving-working-conditions, KR~ Empirically proven but not denied – unions work in small capacities but ONLY an upscale from the plan solves.Bivens et al. 17 ~8/24/17, Economic Policy Institute, "How today's unions help working people: Giving workers the power to improve their jobs and unrig the economy", Josh Bivens is the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), Ph.D., Economics, New School for Social Research, B.A., Economics, University of Maryland at College Park, Teresa Kroeger: B.A., Economics and Sociology, Celine McNicholas: J.D., Villanova University School of Law: B.A., Mount Holyoke College, AND MORE, URL: https://www.epi.org/publication/how-todays-unions-help-working-people-giving-workers-the-power-to-improve-their-jobs-and-unrig-the-economy/, KR~ Improved working conditions key for increased yields and output.Tian et al 21 ~Tian, Zhixi ~principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue~, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills)~ Two scenarios for extinction –First, food shortages force mass deforestation and habitat destruction that kills biodiversity.Tian et al 21 ~Tian, Zhixi ~principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue~, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills)~ Biodiversity loss causes extinction.Torres 16 ~Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change" http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/.~~ Second, U.S. agricultural collapse and food insecurity trigger great power wars – multiple hotspots.Castellaw 17 (John – 36-year veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps and the Founder and CEO of Farmspace Systems LLC, "Opinion: Food Security Strategy Is Essential to Our National Security," 5/1/17, https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/9203-opinion-food-security-strategy-is-essential-to-our-national-security) Extinction.Cribb 19 ~Julian Cribb is a distinguished science writer with more than thirty awards for journalism. He was a newspaper editor, founder of the influential ScienceAlert website and author of eight books, including The Coming Famine. Food as Existential Risk. August, 2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/food-or-war/food-as-an-existential-risk/8C45279588CD572FE805B7E240DE7368~~ | 12/5/21 |
ND - BigTech 1ACTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: OA Independent VD | Judge: Lauren McBlain Big tech holds a massive amount of political power, and their "climate change" measures are a façade to hide the actual lobbying that they do.Terstein 21 ~Terstein, Zoya, 1-28-2021, "Big Tech says it wants to solve climate change. Its lobbying dollars say otherwise.," https://grist.org/politics/big-tech-says-it-wants-to-solve-climate-change-its-lobbying-dollars-say-otherwise/~~ DDPT Big tech lobbying is uniquely key to effective climate action – it's the only way to ensure federal policy change.Winston 19 ~Winston, Andrew, Harvard Business Review, 10-15-2019, "Corporate Action on Climate Change Has to Include Lobbying," https://hbr.org/2019/10/corporate-action-on-climate-change-has-to-include-lobbying~~ DDPT US climate action specifically spills over and spurs global climate action.Geman 6/7/21 ~National Journal Energy and Environment Correspondent, reporter for Axios, Ben, "The global stakes of Biden's infrastructure negotiations." https://www.axios.com/biden-infrastructure-bill-climate-change-87b70d16-fdec-4c84-84a6-e7532c592f15.html~~ Warming causes extinction.Xu 17 ~Yangyang Xu 17, Assistant Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas AandM University; and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9/26/17, "Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, No. 39, p. 10315-10323~ 1AC – AIUS companies are on track to develop lethal AI weapons now.Dellinger 19 ~AJ Dellinger, 8-22-2019, "Could advancements in AI eventually lead to 'Terminator'-style killer robots?," Mic, https://www.mic.com/p/microsoft-amazon-other-big-tech-companies-are-putting-us-at-risk-of-a-killer-ai-study-says-18689833~~ PT These companies will sell AI weapons to the US military which will ensure the AI arms race – but workers have empirically caused them to back out of weapons development.Skolnik 3/16 ~Jon Skolnik, 3-16-2021, "Big Tech is fueling an AI "arms race": It could be terrifying — or just a giant scam," Salon, https://www.salon.com/2021/03/16/big-tech-is-fueling-an-ai-arms-race-it-could-be-terrifying—or-just-a-giant-scam/~ PT AI weapon arms racing causes nuclear war – lack of verification methods and uncertainty about technological trajectory ensures racing likely to escalate.Horowitz 19 ~Michael C. Horowitz, Political Science Professor, Director Perry World House, and Perry Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, author of the Diffusion of Power: Causes and Consequences for International Politics and co-author of Why Leaders Fight, "When Speed Skills: Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, deterrence and stability, https://sci-hub.st/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402390.2019.1621174?src=recsysandjournalCode=fjss20~~ Nuclear war causes extinction – ozone layer loss, firestorms, and agricultural disruption.Starr 17 (Steven; Steven Starr is the director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the Strategic Arms Reduction (STAR) website of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; Jan 09, 2017; "Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies"; Federation of American Scientists; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; DOA December 8, 2019; JPark) The detonation of an atomic bomb with this explosive power will instantly ignite 1AC – SolvencyPlan: The United States ought to recognize the unconditional right of big tech workers to strike.Tech worker strikes lead to quick, concrete, climate action from policymakers and tech leaders.Baca and Greene '19 ~Amazon, Google, other tech employees protest in support of climate action, Marie Baca and Jay Greene, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/20/amazon-google-other-tech-employees-protest-support-climate-action/, September 20 2019, Education: Stanford University, BA in Human Biology; Stanford University, MA in Communications, Graduate Program in Journalism Marie C. Baca was a breaking news technology and business reporter in San Francisco. She left The Post in December 2019, Education: Macalester College, BA in English; Columbia University, MS in Journalism Jay Greene is a reporter for The Washington Post who is focused on technology coverage in the Pacific Northwest.~ ~SS~ Strikes are key to preventing companies from developing lethal AI.Tiku 18 ~Nitasha Tiku, 10-4-2018, "The Year Tech Workers Realized They Were Workers," Wired, https://www.wired.com/story/why-hotel-workers-strike-reverberated-through-tech/~~ Only the unconditional right to strike solves – the Trump administration rolled back union and worker rights guaranteed by the NLRB.McNicholas et al. 19 ~Celine McNicholas, Margaret Poydock, Lynn Rhinehart, 10-16-2019, "Unprecedented: The Trump NLRB's attack on workers' rights," Economic Policy Institute, https://www.epi.org/publication/unprecedented-the-trump-nlrbs-attack-on-workers-rights/~~ | 11/5/21 |
ND - KantTournament: Apple Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northview MS | Judge: Robert Northwood 1AC – Framing (1)Ethics must begin a priori –A~ Unity of Action – evaluating action through reason is the only way to unify action as intent explains the entirety of an action – for example if I do my homework, I could infinitely divide that action into multiple smaller actions but only the intention to do my homework unifies the actions since anything else couldn't classify actions as moral or not since we could just infinitely divide them.B~ Is-ought gap – empiricism can only observe what is since that's the only thing in our perception, not what ought to be, but it's impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises which requires a priori premises to form morality.C~ Empirical uncertainty– evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know other's experiences makes empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don't experience the same.D~ Infallibility – practical reason is the only unescapable authority because to ask why we should be reasoners is to concede authority to reason since the question itself uses reason – anything else is nonbinding and arbitrary.Reason requires that maxims we act upon must be universalizable – A. Any reasoner would know that two plus two equals four because there is no a priori distinction between agents so norms must be universally valid. B. Any non-universalizable norm justifies someone's ability to impede on your ends – it's impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do so would will incompatible ends since it logically entails justifying willing a violation of your own freedom.Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative. Prefer:1~ Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others.2~ Consequences fail – A. Every action has infinite stemming consequences because every consequence can cause another consequence B. Induction is circular because it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observation of past events C. Aggregation fails – suffering is not additive – you can't compare between 1 migraine and 10 headache3~ Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate. Any standard is an interpretation of the word ought – thus, framework is a topicality debate about how to define terms of ther resolution. Prefer this definition –A~ Resource disparities – a focus on evidence and statistics privileges debaters with the most preround prep which excludes lone-wolfs who lack huge evidence files. A debate under my framework can easily be won without any prep since only analytic arguments are required. Key to fairness so all people can engage.B~ Resolvability – clarity of weighing under interpretation of my framework: perfect duties and imperfect duties. Duties in right. Explicit categories that supersede other categories. All other frameworks are consequentialist that use unquantifiable probability, magnitude, or probability x magnitude. Resolvability is an independent voter otherwise the judge cant' make a decision.Workers are coerced into working if they do not have the power to strike – without the ability to strike, workers are treated as a mere means to an end which violates the categorical imperative.Chima '13 (Sylvester C Chima, 1Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine and School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, 12-19-2013, accessed on 6-22-2021, PubMed Central (PMC), "Global medicine: Is it ethical or morally justifiable for doctors and other healthcare workers to go on strike?", https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878318/~~#B64) VandegriftDD | 11/6/21 |
ND - LayTournament: Katy Taylor TFA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Memorial Stanicic | Judge: Greg Mayo Recognizing the right to strike strengthens the power that unions have by creating unconditional leverage against companies.Hennebert and Faulkner write in 2020: ~Hennebert, Marc-Antonin, and Marcel Faulkner. "Are Strikes Still a Tool for Union Action? A Qualitative Investigation into the Private Sector in Quebec, Canada." Economic and Industrial Democracy, vol. 41, no. 1, Feb. 2020, pp. 73–97, doi:10.1177/0143831X16684963.~ Unions disproportionately help those most in need, and therefore are a tool to help close the racial wealth gap.Weller and Madland write in 2018: Union leaders have both ideological and pragmatic reasons to support across racial lines. Increasing union power allows for them to better influence the workplace to protect all members.Frymer and Grumbach write this year: ~Paul Frymer is a professor in the Department of Politics at Princeton University, Jacob M. Grumbach is an Assitant Professor of Political Science at the University of Washington, Published: January 2021, "Labor Unions and White Racial Politics", American Journal of Political Science, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VJUOOV~~ Strikes can push back against monopsony power to ensure workers see the benefits of productionKate Bahn says in 2019: Strikes and collective bargaining have produced successes across multiple employers, instead of just isolated businessesLynn Rhinehart and Celine McNicholas write in 2020: Workers in the status quo are being punished for striking – but an unconditional right to strike ensures that they can strike unpunished.Alexia Campbell writes in 2019: ~Campbell, Alexia. "5 Questions About Labor Strikes That You Were Too Embarrassed To Ask." Vox. September 20, 2019. Web. October 13, 2021.~ Black workers are overrepresented at the lowest paid jobs, and their ability to unionize has been aggressively challenged by companies such as Amazon.Perry and others at the Metropolitan Policy program write: Black labor leaders have been successful in the past, but need stronger ability to strike and make demands of corporations in order to reduce racial wealth inequalities.This will require actions by their government in order to succeed.Perry and others continue: | 11/12/21 |
ND - Lay v2Tournament: Isidore Newman | Round: 2 | Opponent: Jonesboro NS | Judge: Anthony Berryhill Contention 1 is Inequality.Income inequality is rising in the status quo.Chad Stone, chief economist at the center of budgest and policy priorities, shows in 2020: Income Inequality leads to higher mortality rates and poverty.Diane McLaughlin, department of population research institute, writes in 2002: Strikes are an effective tool to increase power for the working class.According to Kate Bahn, chief economist at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, writing in 2019:Kate Bahn 19 (Kate Bahn, Director of labor market policy and interim chief economist at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, Bahn received her Ph.D. in economics from the New School for Social Research and her B.A. from Hampshire College.) The once and future role of strikes in ensuring U.S. worker power 8-29-2019 Equitable Growth https://equitablegrowth.org/the-once-and-future-role-of-strikes-in-ensuring-u-s-worker-power/ DebateDrills TJ Collective bargaining solves economic inequality and racial wage gaps.Gordon Lafer, Professor at the University of Oregon's Labor Education, writes in 2020: 1AC – Contention 2Contention 2 is Unions.Recognizing the right to strike strengthens the power that unions have by creating unconditional leverage against companies.Hennebert and Faulkner write in 2020: ~Hennebert, Marc-Antonin, and Marcel Faulkner. "Are Strikes Still a Tool for Union Action? A Qualitative Investigation into the Private Sector in Quebec, Canada." Economic and Industrial Democracy, vol. 41, no. 1, Feb. 2020, pp. 73–97, doi:10.1177/0143831X16684963.~ Unions disproportionately help those most in need, and therefore are a tool to help close the racial wealth gap.Weller and Madland write in 2018: Union leaders have both ideological and pragmatic reasons to support across racial lines. Increasing union power allows for them to better influence the workplace to protect all members.Frymer and Grumbach write this year: ~Paul Frymer is a professor in the Department of Politics at Princeton University, Jacob M. Grumbach is an Assitant Professor of Political Science at the University of Washington, Published: January 2021, "Labor Unions and White Racial Politics", American Journal of Political Science, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VJUOOV~~ Strikes can push back against monopsony power to ensure workers see the benefits of productionKate Bahn says in 2019: | 12/11/21 |
SO - Rawls 1ACTournament: Memorial | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northland Christian GF | Judge: Dunno The problems faced by political institutions must be resolved politically; an appropriate framework must provide a basis for justifying certain social structures within a pluralistic societyRawls 85: John Rawls Harvard Philosophy Professor Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1985. Finding a fair social structure is most important since the organization of society has a profound impact on an individual's life path; the primary concern of justice must be to structure institutions such that arbitrary matters do not shape the entirety of someone's lifeRawls 85: John Rawls Harvard Philosophy Professor Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1985. 176-77. This necessitates that within an original position, we choose principles behind a veil of ignorance so we may achieve justice as fairness.Rawls 71 ~Rawls, John. John Rawls (b. 1921, d. 2002) was an American political philosopher in the liberal tradition. His theory of justice as fairness describes a society of free citizens holding equal basic rights and cooperating within an egalitarian economic system. A Theory of Justice. 1971, giuseppecapograssi.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/rawls99.pdf~ ... ~2~ Rawlsian justice requires that there be a reduction in IP law to avoid severe injustice.Yanisky 17 ~Shlomit Yanisky Ravid, The Hidden Though Flourishing Justification of Intellectual Property Laws: Distributive Justice, National Versus International Approaches, 21 Lewis and Clark L. Rev. 1 (2017)~ DD PT ~3~ Primary goods are given priority in any political system – intellectual property rights aren't primary goods.Merges 11 ~MERGES, ROBERT P. Justifying Intellectual Property. Harvard University Press, 2011, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hgdd.~~ DD PT ~4~ Intellectual property protections are incompatible with distributive justice.Murphy 12 ~Murphy, D. J. (2012). Are intellectual property rights compatible with Rawlsian principles of justice? Ethics and Information Technology, 14(2), 109–121. doi:10.1007/s10676-012-9288-8~ DD PT | 10/8/21 |
SO - TRIPS 1ACTournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Coppell RM | Judge: Holden Bukowsky 1AC – EconVaccines will not cover LMICs until at least 2023—fortunately there is massive room for supply increaseNancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines," Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. Unequal vaccine distribution has massive economic costs even with conservative estimates that don't account for the Delta variantÇakmakli 21— Çakmakli, Cem ~Assistant Professor at Koç University. PhD: Pennsylvania State University~ et al. The economic case for global vaccinations: An epidemiological model with international production networks. No. w28395. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. (AG DebateDrills) Economic loss and slow supply recovery causes inflation deanchoring and econ collapse in advanced economies as well as extreme poverty in EMDEsWorld Bank 6-21 – World Bank Prospects Group; June 2021 Global Economic Prospects; https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35647/9781464816659.pdf (AG DebateDrills) ... India and South Africa have signaled ability to increase vaccine production after a TRIPS waiver—this is also our solvency advocateNancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, "What's yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines," Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., AG, DebateDrills. The plan is also a prerequisite to starting the WHO technology transfer hub.WHO 4/21—WHO, 4-21-2021, "Establishment of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine technology transfer hub to scale up global manufacturing," https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/establishment-of-a-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-technology-transfer-hub-to-scale-up-global-manufacturing. (AG DebateDrills) There are many countries including Canada, Bangladesh, Denmark, and African nations that have capacity to produce millions of dosesMeldrum and Cheng 21— ANDREW MELDRUM and MARIA CHENG, AP News, "Vaccine technology transfer center to open in South Africa," 6/21/2021, https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-south-africa-africa-technology-coronavirus-vaccine-3cbdee395502802b55db2b5c81e6becd. (AG, DebateDrills) | 9/11/21 |
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