1ac - racial cap 1nc - T patent buyout psycho k cap good case 1ar - all 2nr - cap good case 2ar - case
penn
4
Opponent: Academy at Palumbo AF | Judge: Patil, Kaustubh
1ac - lay cap aff 1nc - lay nc case 1ar - all 2nr - all 2ar - all
penn
5
Opponent: Harrison MB | Judge: Ritenour, Amelia
1ac - ethnofuturism 1nc - innovation da cap good case 1ar - all 2nr - all 2ar - all
princeton
2
Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Hsu, Jonathan
1ac - US heg 1nc - set col case 1ar - all 2nr - set col 2ar - case k
princeton
4
Opponent: Princeton PE | Judge: Kang, Albert
1ac - whole rez 1nc - police unions pic econ da case 1ar - all 2nr - pic case 2ar - case pic
princeton
5
Opponent: Durham JH | Judge: Frenkel, Nathan
1ac - india 1nc - nebel kant nc case 1ar - all rvi 2nr - rvi nc 2ar - case nc
princeton
Doubles
Opponent: Ardrey Kell RG | Judge: panel
1ac - whole rez 1nc - police unions pic econ da case 1ar - pics bad all 2nr - theory pic 2ar - theory
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
9/6/21
0 - Contact
Tournament: any | Round: Finals | Opponent: any | Judge: any email - akimender@gmail.com fb - Andrew Kim
I prefer email, but facebook works too.
9/4/21
0 - DebateDrills
Tournament: any | Round: Finals | Opponent: any | Judge: any I’m on DebateDrills - the following URL has our roster, conflict, policy, code of conduct, relevant team policies, and harassment/bullying complaint form: https://www.debatedrills.com/debate-club?ld
8/25/21
0 - Wiki Glitches
Tournament: any | Round: Finals | Opponent: any | Judge: any some of my cites aren't uploading, but the open-source is available
if not, please contact me for disclosure
9/5/21
1 - combo shell v1
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sun, Favian Interpretation – the affirmative may not read 1ar theory, drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis, 1ar theory is highest layer, new weighing in 2ar for 1ar shells
9/11/21
1 - framework
Tournament: glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Academy Of Classical Christian Studies JM | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee Interpretation: The affirmative should defend the hypothetical implementation of the resolution
Resolved means a legislative policy Words and Phrases 64 Words and Phrases Permanent Edition. “Resolved”. 1964. ED Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an AND ,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”.
Recognize means to accept as legal Cambridge Dictionary No Date, (Cambridge Dictionary, “Recognize”), https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/recognize MNHS NL to accept that something is legal, true, or important: The international AND . You must recognize the seriousness of the problems we are facing.
not conditional or limited : ABSOLUTE, UNQUALIFIED
A Right to Strike is having protections to engage in collective bargaining and other mutual aid NLRB No Date, (National Labor Relations Board, “NLRA and the Right to Strike”), NLRB, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike MNHS NL The Right to Strike. Section 7 of the Act states in part, “ AND , but also places limitations and qualifications on the exercise of that right.
They violate—they don’t defend member nations of the WTO reducing IP protections for medicines.
Standards:
1 Competitive equity – 3 warrants:
A Ground: they get to pick the topic ex post facto which incentivizes vague argumentation that’s not grounded in a consistent, stable mechanism – they’re playing dodgeball with hand grenades – caselists are concessionary, unpredictable, beaten by perms, and don’t justify their model.
B Limits: their model has no resolutional bound and creates the possibility for literally an infinite number of 1ACs. Not debating the topic allows someone to specialize in one area of the library for 4 years giving them a huge edge over people who switch research focus ever 2 months. Cutting negs to every possible aff is a commitment even large squads can’t handle, let alone small schools like us. Counter-interpretations are arbitrary, unpredictable, and don’t solve the world of neg prep because there’s no grounding in the resolution
C Causality: debating the resolution forces the affirmative to defend a cause and effect relationship, the state doing x results in y. Non topical affs establish their own barometer “I think x is good for me” that aren’t negatable – that independently decks clash cuz there’s no way for me to engage with the affirmative.
D Fairness is an impact – 1 it’s an intrinsic good – some level of competitive equity is necessary to sustain the activity – if it didn’t exist, then there wouldn’t be value to the game since judges could literally vote whatever way they wanted regardless of the competing arguments made 2 probability – your ballot can’t solve their impacts but it can solve mine – debate can’t alter subjectivity, but can rectify skews 3 internal link turns every impact – a limited topic promotes in-depth research and engagement which is necessary to access all of their education 4 comes before substance – deciding any other argument in this debate cannot be disentangled from our inability to prepare for it – any argument you think they’re winning is a link, not a reason to vote for them, since it’s just as likely that they’re winning it because we weren’t able to effectively prepare to defeat it. This means they don’t get to weigh the aff.
E topical version of the aff solves – read offense about disabled workers gaining better working conditions
F Vote negative – A this procedurally evaluates whether their model is good, which is a prior question B they can’t get offense: we don’t exclude them, only persuade you that our methodology is best. Every debate requires a winner and loser, so voting negative doesn’t reject them from debate, it just says they should make a better argument next time.
11/21/21
1 - framework v2
Tournament: college prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Shah, Parth Our interpretation is that the resolution should determine the division of affirmative and negative ground.
Outer space means anything above Earth’s Karman line Dunnett 21 (Oliver Tristan, lecturer in geography at Queen’s University Belfast). Earth, Cosmos and Culture: Geographies of Outer Space in Britain, 1900–2020 (1st ed.). Routledge. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780815356301 EE In such ways, this book argues that Britain became a home to rich discourses AND start of the last century; and the geographical underpinnings of their relationship.
for the use of a single person or group : belonging to one person or group : not public
Appropriation means to take possession Dictionary ND, Dictionary.com, “appropriation”, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/appropriation, DD AG the act of appropriating or taking possession of something, often without permission or consent. Insert standards
Private entity = majority nonstate Warners 20 (Bill, JD Candidate, May 2021, at UIC John Marshall Law School) "Patents 254 Miles up: Jurisdictional Issues Onboard the International Space Station." UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law, vol. 19, no. 4, 2020, p. 365-380. HeinOnline. To satisfy these three necessary requirements for a new patent regime, the ISS IGA AND in outer space have operated in space almostas comprehensively as national organizations. 102
Violation:
Vote neg for predictable limits—post-facto topic adjustment structurally favors the aff by manipulating the balance of prep which is anchored around the resolution as a stasis point. Not debating the topic allows someone to specialize in one area of the library for 4 years giving them a huge edge over people who switch research focus ever 2 months, which means their arguments are presumptively false because they haven’t been subject to well-researched scrutiny
2 impacts:
First is fairness—debate is fundamentally a game which requires both sides to have a relatively equal shot at winning and is necessary for any benefit to the activity. That outweighs:
A decision-making: every argument concedes to the validity of fairness i.e. that the judge will make a fair decision based on the arguments presented. This means if they win fairness bad vote neg on presumption because you have no obligation to fairly evaluate their arguments.
B probability: voting aff can’t solve any of their impacts but it can solve ours. All the ballot does is tell tab who won which can’t stop any violence but can resolve the fairness imbalance in this particular debate.
Second—small schools disad: under-resourced are most adversely effected by a massive, unpredictable caselist which worsens structural disparities
There’s a topical version: antiracism must challenge space colonization
12/18/21
1 - framework v3
Tournament: columbia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stuyvesant HJ | Judge: Erdmann, Ben Our interpretation is that the resolution should determine the division of affirmative and negative ground.
Outer space means anything above Earth’s Karman line Dunnett 21 (Oliver Tristan, lecturer in geography at Queen’s University Belfast). Earth, Cosmos and Culture: Geographies of Outer Space in Britain, 1900–2020 (1st ed.). Routledge. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780815356301 EE In such ways, this book argues that Britain became a home to rich discourses AND start of the last century; and the geographical underpinnings of their relationship.
“Appropriation” means to take as property – prefer our definition since it’s contextual to space Leon 18 (Amanda M., Associate, Caplin and Drysdale, JD UVA Law) "Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources." Virginia Law Review, vol. 104, no. 3, May 2018, p. 497-547. HeinOnline. Appropriation. The term "appropriation" also remains ambiguous. Webster's defines the verb AND extracted through the SREU Act contravenes its international obligations established by the OST.
Private entity = majority nonstate Warners 20 (Bill, JD Candidate, May 2021, at UIC John Marshall Law School) "Patents 254 Miles up: Jurisdictional Issues Onboard the International Space Station." UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law, vol. 19, no. 4, 2020, p. 365-380. HeinOnline. To satisfy these three necessary requirements for a new patent regime, the ISS IGA AND in outer space have operated in space almostas comprehensively as national organizations. 102
Violation: they defend the resolution’s implementation through metaphor and disads don’t link
Vote neg for predictable limits—post-facto topic adjustment structurally favors the aff by manipulating the balance of prep which is anchored around the resolution as a stasis point. Not debating the topic allows someone to specialize in one area of the library for 4 years giving them a huge edge over people who switch research focus ever 2 months, which means their arguments are presumptively false because they haven’t been subject to well-researched scrutiny
2 impacts:
First is fairness—debate is fundamentally a game which requires both sides to have a relatively equal shot at winning and is necessary for any benefit to the activity. That outweighs:
A decision-making: every argument concedes to the validity of fairness i.e. that the judge will make a fair decision based on the arguments presented. This means if they win fairness bad vote neg on presumption because you have no obligation to fairly evaluate their arguments.
B probability: voting aff can’t solve any of their impacts but it can solve ours. All the ballot does is tell tab who won which can’t stop any violence but can resolve the fairness imbalance in this particular debate.
Second—small schools disad: under-resourced are most adversely effected by a massive, unpredictable caselist which worsens structural disparities
There’s a topical version: just defend the aff with implementation, with the internal link that technology is bad
1/29/22
1 - hedge
Tournament: nano nagle | Round: 2 | Opponent: Midlothian AC | Judge: Jones, Dylan Use reasonability on 1ar theory—
Competing interps over-incentivizes reading T which detracts from substantive clash 2. Over-punishing—otherwise you vote on a tiny amount of abuse—kills proportionality which is the definition of unfairness 3. reciprocity – I only have 1 speech to their shell. The aff only needs to win a risk of offense on the shell in the 2ar under competing interps.
Use drop the argument – 1 Real world – we don’t give the death penalty for stealing a pencil – being slightly abusive doesn’t justify a loss since it’s disproportional – key to modeling the judicial process 2 Topic ed – a) drop the debater incentivizes more theory for cheapshot wins which leads to substance crowd out, b) drop the arg allows us to go back to substance which o/w since it’s the only portable benefit, c) kills innovation since debaters don’t want to lose on theory which harms deep research 3 Baiting – they encourage prep outs and RVIs which proliferates abuse – turns deterrence and is more probable since it’s proven by 2Ns scripting the condo and PICs theory debates and 1ARs on T
10/9/21
1 - must spec actor
Tournament: college prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook SJ | Judge: Rosas, Yardley Interp: The affirmative must specify the agent that does the plan. violation – they don’t
The standard is strat skew--1ars can clarify to delink neg offense mooting the 1nc and kills clash by skirting NC discussion e.g. if I read a courts DA, you can you defend congress. Independently links to resolvability--judge can’t know who to vote on if we don’t know what the 1ac advocates and we can’t clash with it or read nuanced arguments absent such knowledge either. Resolvability outweighs, all arguments presume you can resolve them and otherwise Ws or Ls can’t properly happen.
Cx doesn’t check-- 1 - Moots AC prep since I have to wait to cx and precludes using cx strategically for substance 2 - You get extra time to prep our interp if we ask in cx and have an incentive to be infinitely abusive and just kick it if we call you out on it
3 - Theres no brightline to what constitutes a check
4 - Its non verifiable since judges don’t flow it
5 - Key to inclusion since novices might forget to ask and get crushed since you shifted
Drop the debater – a) the round is skewed, so you must vote on theory b) key for punishing and teaching a lesson to debaters
Competing interp – reasonability is vague and arbitrary
No rvis – a) logic – you shouldn’t win for being fair b) kills substance education since we always devolve to theory
1nc theory outweighs 1ar theory
a) Or else the aff avoids accountability by reading new shells
b) My abuse was caused by your abuse, so my story comes lexically prior
12/18/21
1 - neg interps are counterinterps, no rvis
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Sinha, Abhinav Interpretation – the affirmative may not read neg interps are counterinterps and no neg rvis
9/4/21
1 - new affs bad
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 4 | Opponent: Solebury LM | Judge: Georges, Joseph Interpretation: Debaters must disclose affirmative frameworks, advocacy texts, and advantage areas thirty minutes before round Violation: They didn’t
Standards: 1 Clash- Not disclosing incentivizes surprise tactics and poorly refined positions that rely on artificial and vague negative engagement to win debates. Their interpretation discourages third- and fourth-line testing by limiting the amount of time we have to prepare and forcing us to enter the debate with zero idea of what the affirmative is. Negatives are forced to rely on generics instead of smart contextual strategies destroying nuanced argumentation. 2 Reciprocity – They get an infinite amount of time to frontline their aff to write the most efficient and effective answers to anything we could say against it while we get only four minutes in round. This gives them a tremendous advantage over us that makes it impossible to win substance.
Fairness matters – debate is a competitive activity, the better debater should win Education matters – it’s the only terminal impact to the activity
Drop the debater a) You skewed the debate, so you should lose b) It’s key to set better norms for the activity
Competing interps – reasonability is vague and arbitrary
No rvis a) Chilling effect – debaters won’t want to read theory if debaters prep out shells b) Illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair
9/5/21
2 - cap good
Tournament: nano nagle | Round: 5 | Opponent: Yerba Buena KN | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha Capitalism’s sustainable—it adjusts and accommodates contradictions Rose ’12 Gideon Rose, Editor of Foreign Affairs, “Making Modernity Work,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136776/gideon-rose/making-modernity-work The central question of modernity has been how to reconcile capitalism and mass democracy, AND in the past, optimism would seem the better long-term bet.
Free market capitalism is vital to preventing extinction and ensuring equality, value to life including individual rights– also solves disease and poverty Rockwell 02 (Llewellyn H., President of the Mises Institute, The Free Market, “Why They Attack Capitalism”, Volume 20, Number 10, October, http://www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=418andsortorder-articledate) If you think about it, this hysteria is astonishing, even terrifying. The AND planning of the type now being urged on American enterprise is perfectly abysmal.
Neoliberalism improves human welfare – best studies Gerring and Thacker 08 – (Professors of Political Science and IR @ Boston University John Gerring, Boston University Department of Political Science and Strom C. Thacker, Boston University Department of International Relations. “Do Neoliberal Economic Policies Kill or Save Lives?”. Bussiness and Politics Volume 10, Issue 3 2008. http://people.bu.edu/jgerring/documents/IMRpolicy.pdf) While far from exhaustive, the robustness tests undertaken in this study suggest that the AND performance, a contentions topic that lies beyond the scope of this study.
None of their impact evidence is unique – they need to prove that a better system will replace cap to access their impacts. Cap is better than any other system – it prevents war and reduces poverty. Weede 2008 Erich, professor at the Institute for Political Science and Sociology, “Globalization and Inequality” Comparative Sociology 7, p. 415-433 Globalization refers to an increasing international division of labor and more trade between economies, AND the two demographic giants of this world seem to prosper under global capitalism.
Empirics outweigh – none of their evidence outlines a realistic alternative to capitalism
Also puts them in a doublebind, either they stop capitalism, which worsens structural violence, or they don’t, in which they can’t solve their impacts since the root cause of the aff is capitalism
10/9/21
2 - heg good
Tournament: nano nagle | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Perez, Christopher Sustained military power key to preserving the liberal world order that prevents catastrophic transition wars with revisionist Russia and China – multiplicity of factors explains their historical grievances and strategic motivations, but ONLY hard power can check their revisionist rise. Kagan ’17 – Stephen and Barbara Friedman Senior Fellow with the Project on International Order and Strategy in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings Robert Kagan, “The Twilight of the Liberal World Order,” Brookings Big Ideas AND world order, with all that entails, may not be far off.
American military force key to prevent genocidal violence – their reactionary “anti-Imperial” ethics sanction authoritarian intervention, locks out globalism, and condemn millions to death Hamid ’16 - senior fellow at the Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World at the Brookings Institution Shadi Hamid, “Is a Better World Possible Without U.S. Military AND U.S. military force could be counted on to stop genocide.
For them to win an impact turn, they need to defend and robustly define their alternative to US primacy Kagan ’18 - Stephen and Barbara Friedman Senior Fellow with the Project on International Order and Strategy in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings Robert Kagan, “The World America Made—and Trump Wants to Unmake,” AND democracy, it is the worst system—except for all the others.
Extinction outweighs -precautionary principle= default Jablonowski 10 (Mark, April, Lecturer in Economics at the University of Hartford, “Implications of Fuzziness for the Practical Management of High-Stakes Risks,” International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol.3, No. 1, JKS) “Danger” is an inherently fuzzy concept. Considerable knowledge imperfections surround both the AND thresholds, this view allows a very workable approach to achieving safe progress.
10/9/21
2 - utilitarianism
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Sinha, Abhinav The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing
1 Actor specificity: A Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. B States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they’re empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action.
2 Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework – Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first and my offense outweighs theirs under their own framework.
3 Weighability – only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deduce why.
4 No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.
5 No intent-foresight distinction – If we’re knowledgeable about the consequence of an action then we calculate that into our intention because we could always decide not to act. Thus means based theories devolve to util.
6 Epistemic modesty - Substantively true since it maximizes the probability of achieving net most moral value—beating a framework acts as mitigation to their impacts but the strength of that mitigation is contingent.
7 Extinction outweighs under any framework Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent AND be acting very wrongly.” (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
9/4/21
2 - utilitarianism v2
Tournament: apple valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Fox, Patrick The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
3 Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.
4 Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason AND explain moral substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons.
5 Psychological evidence proves we don’t identify with our future selves. Opar 14. Alisa Opar (articles editor at Audubon magazine; cites Hal Hershfield, an assistant professor at New York University’s Stern School of Business; and Emily Pronin, a psychologist at Princeton) “Why We Procrastinate” Nautilus January 2014 “The British philosopher Derek Parfit espoused a severely reductionist view of personal identity in AND says Pronin, like we think of others: in the third person.
6 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
7 Use epistemic modesty for evaluating the framework debate:
A Substantively true since it maximizes the probability of achieving net most moral value—beating a framework acts as mitigation to their impacts but the strength of that mitigation is contingent.
B Clash—disincentives debaters from going all in for framework which means we get the ideal balance between topic ed and phil ed—it’s important to talk about contention-level offense
8 Reject calc indicts and util triggers permissibility arguments:
A Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at all
B Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education
11/5/21
3 - berlant k
Tournament: college prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Shah, Parth Embedding hope for liberation to an object like a ballot enacts cruel optimism that the 1AC’s rhetoric sustains. Berlant 06 Lauren, professor of Literature at the University of Chicago. “Cruel Optimism” in Differences, 17.3. 2006. When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a AND of attachment, I will describe the shape of my transference with her thought
This turns the case, is an independent solvency takeout, and serves as a trauma DA—your frame posits revolutionary hope that debate and society might change but ultimately reinstitutes the same system that solidifies and naturalizes divisions within the world. Berlant 2 Lauren, professor of Literature at the University of Chicago. “Cruel Optimism” in Differences, 17.3. 2006. It is striking that these moments of optimism, which mark a possibility that the AND take the measure of the impasse of living in the overwhelmingly present moment.
12/18/21
3 - cap k
Tournament: glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Academy Of Classical Christian Studies JM | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee A politics of affective intervention is complicit within capitalism --- subjectivities are a result of capitalist structures --- biopolitical approaches that operate at the level of subject or community building fails to restructure production relations and only naturalizes capitalism. Alyson ESCALANTE 11. “Gender Nihilism: An Anti-Manifesto.” Selections on Gender Nihilism. Presented at the Crisis Conference. https://viscerapvd.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/gendernihilism.pdf. There is a failure of understanding here in the belief that the absence of an AND search too hard on Google to realize that this is already the situation.
The aff’s pessimism of communicative spaces replicates the left’s compulsive loop of infighting and purification that sacrifices material power and political organization Frost 17 Amber A’Lee Frost (Amber A'Lee Frost is a writer and musician in Brooklyn); June 2017; “All Worked Up and Nowhere to Go”; https://thebaffler.com/outbursts/all-worked-up-nowhere-to-go-frost *brackets in original* BWSWJ Although Fisher’s work demonstrates a sprawling awareness of life deranged by capitalism, he is AND to-day lives better. It suits the ruling class just fine.
Capitalism is the root cause of everything and you started from the wrong place – listing violence isn’t going to get it done – we need to start with a methodology that links violences to capitalism and calls for unified organization against it Sell 15 (Hannah, Socialist Party of England and Wales, sister party of Socialist Alternative, “IDENTITY POLITICS AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSION” http://www.socialistalternative.org/2015/11/02/identity-politics-struggle-oppression/) Over recent years there has been a growth in support for what can broadly be AND of capitalism, will only be achieved by the socialist transformation of society.
The alternative is to affirm the form of the party—against the subjective atomization of contemporary politics, only a vertical form of organization aimed at transformation of constituted structures of power can actualize change Dean and Mertz ‘16 (Jodi and Chuck, Donald R. Harter ’39 Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences @ Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Host at This is Hell!, “The JFRP: For a New Communist Party,” aNtiDoTe Zine 1/23/16, https://antidotezine.com/2016/01/23/for-a-new-communist-party/) CM: Great to have you on the show.¶ Let’s start with Occupy. AND No, we don’t want to live in a society based on exploitation?”¶
11/21/21
3 - cap k v2
Tournament: college prep | Round: 1 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Shah, Parth The aff replicates the left’s compulsive loop of infighting and purification that sacrifices material power and political organization Frost 17 Amber A’Lee Frost (Amber A'Lee Frost is a writer and musician in Brooklyn); June 2017; “All Worked Up and Nowhere to Go”; https://thebaffler.com/outbursts/all-worked-up-nowhere-to-go-frost *brackets in original* BWSWJ Although Fisher’s work demonstrates a sprawling awareness of life deranged by capitalism, he is AND to-day lives better. It suits the ruling class just fine.
The affirmative’s articulation of antiracist politics fails to produce social transformation by weaponizing accusations of past movement failure as a justification for refusing the egalitarian promise of revolutionary transformation Reed 17 (Adolph, Jr, Prof of Political Science @ U of Pennsylvania, “Revolution as ‘National Liberation’ and the Origins of Neoliberal Antiracism,” Socialist Register 2017, ed. Gregory Albo and Leo Panitch, p. 299-322) Whatever it may have been at earlier historical moments, antiracism as a contemporary politics AND is also a case of argument by historical analogy coming home to roost.
Capitalism is the root cause of everything and you started from the wrong place – listing violence isn’t going to get it done – we need to start with a methodology that links violences to capitalism and calls for unified organization against it Sell 15 (Hannah, Socialist Party of England and Wales, sister party of Socialist Alternative, “IDENTITY POLITICS AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSION” http://www.socialistalternative.org/2015/11/02/identity-politics-struggle-oppression/) Over recent years there has been a growth in support for what can broadly be AND socialist ideas as the only way to achieve real liberation for all humanity.
The alternative is to affirm the form of the party—against the subjective atomization of contemporary politics, only a vertical form of organization aimed at transformation of constituted structures of power can actualize change Dean and Mertz ‘16 (Jodi and Chuck, Donald R. Harter ’39 Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences @ Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Host at This is Hell!, “The JFRP: For a New Communist Party,” aNtiDoTe Zine 1/23/16, https://antidotezine.com/2016/01/23/for-a-new-communist-party/) CM: Great to have you on the show.¶ Let’s start with Occupy. AND us against them. It produced the proper collectivity: an antagonistic one.
12/18/21
3 - cap k v3
Tournament: columbia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stuyvesant HJ | Judge: Erdmann, Ben The 1AC operates on a register of individual creation that becomes a cover for economic exploitation at the level of subjectivity Gräbner and Wood 10 (Cornelia – Lecturer of European Languages and Cultures at Lancester University, and David – Researcher at the Institute for Aesthetic Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, “Poetics of Resistance: Introduction,” Cosmos and History 6(2):2-19, accessed 2-5-15 Bosley) The title of this special issue, poetics of Resistance, is also the name AND , was being destroyed and another invented by the enormous accumulation of struggles.
Capitalism causes war, violence, environmental destruction and extinction Robinson 14 (William I., Prof. of Sociology, Global and International Studies, and Latin American Studies, @ UC-Santa Barbara, “Global Capitalism: Crisis of Humanity and the Specter of 21st Century Fascism” The World Financial Review) Cyclical, Structural, and Systemic Crises Most commentators on the contemporary crisis refer to AND indeed, generates a fascination with domination that is portrayed even as heroic.
The alternative is to affirm the form of the party—against the subjective atomization of contemporary politics, only a vertical form of organization aimed at transformation of constituted structures of power can actualize change. Dean and Mertz ‘16 (Jodi and Chuck, Donald R. Harter ’39 Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences @ Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Host at This is Hell!, “The JFRP: For a New Communist Party,” aNtiDoTe Zine 1/23/16, https://antidotezine.com/2016/01/23/for-a-new-communist-party/) CM: Great to have you on the show.¶ Let’s start with Occupy. AND them. It produced the proper collectivity: an antagonistic one.
1/29/22
3 - disablism pic
Tournament: glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Academy Of Classical Christian Studies JM | Judge: Malyugina, Emmiee We advocate the entirety of the affirmative without their use of the term “ableism” – Instead, understanding oppression experienced surrounding disability should conceptualize it as “disablism” – breaks the connection between discrimination and ability Chapman 10, Professor of Social Work at York University (Christopher S., Crippling narratives and disabling shame: disability as a metaphor, affective dividing practices, and an ethics that might make a difference, still.my.revolution.tao.ca/node/68) I used to use the term "ablism" to describe oppression against people who AND are the tools that we have to begin building resistance. Let's go.
11/21/21
3 - psychoanalysis k
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Sun, Favian When the subject enters into the Symbolic, the imperfections of the Symbolic prevent the subject from fully articulating their desires. This is the constitutive lack. The subject continues to desire for the lost object, which is the root cause for all violence.
Thus, the role of the ballot is to traverse the fantasy – that means exposing drives. McGowan 13 Todd McGowan, 2013, “Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis,” University of Nebraska Press/Lincoln and London, SJBE The subject as such emerges through the experience of loss. It is the loss AND also experience our distance from the authority and our radical freedom as subjects.
Their deployment of debate is an agential fantasy – the affirmative is an investment into subjectivity as a teleological entity dependent on external recognition to satisfy its goals, which is addicting and causes passivity Lundberg 12 Dr. Christian Lundberg, 2012, “Lacan in Public: Psychoanalysis and the Science of Rhetoric,” The University of Alabama Press, Dr. Lundberg is an associate professor and co-director of the University Program in Cultural Studies at UNC, he has a B.A. from the University of Redlands, a Master of Divinity from Emory University, and a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from Northwestern University, sjbe “Ego,” then,names the economy of compensatory subjectivization driven by the AND a hegemonic order and is therefore a particularly fraught form of political subjectivization.
That destroys politics, ethics, and the value to life Ruti ‘14 (mari, English, Toronto, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society (2014) 19, 297–314) SJBE, recut from Harvard BoSu On the other hand, Lacan – again like Marcuse – recognizes that the symbolic AND of desire that, on the most elementary level, determines our destiny.
Vote negative to embrace the lack – this requires being open to the anxiety that occurs from an encounter with the real of the other and breaks down fantasy and drives. McGowan 13 Todd McGowan, 2013, “Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis,” University of Nebraska Press/Lincoln and London, SJBE The alternative — the ethical path that psychoanalysis identifies — demands an embrace of the AND the liberal’s toler- ance within the conservative’s encounter with the real other.
9/11/21
3 - redaction k
Tournament: Loyola | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JX | Judge: panel The 1ACs opposition to the excesses of modernity through the refusal of academic modes positions the aff as a critical savoir of the negligent other in whose name they speak. This is the professionalism of the academy par excellence, where negligence is appropriated and weaponized in favor of an auto-encylopedic mode of recognizing the litany of abuses – this is the worst form of counter insurgency and the most subtle and damning mode of incorporation and turns the aff. The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, Stefano Harney and Fred Moten Released by Minor Compositions 2013 Wivenhoe / New York / Port Watson Pg 30-34 THERE IS NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY AND PROFESSIONALIZATION. But surely if one AND , as far as it can, unprofessional behavior at its most obvious.
Their investment into philosophical discussion about our relationship towards otherness is a tool of speed-elitism. The move for more transparent discussions about ethics mystifies the reliance on highly exlcusive and unethical technologies of travel and communication. By figuring those technics as the metrics for liberatory theology, that expands Debate’s state of exploitation. Evaluate the debate after the 1NC – take a zoom break key to solve psychic burnout Hoofd 10(Ingrid M. Hoofd is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communications and New Media at the National University of Singapore, "The Accelerated University: Activist-Academic Alliances and the Simulation of Thought." Ephemera: Theory and politics in organisation, Vol. 10, No.1 (September 2010), http://www.ephemerajournal.org/contribution/accelerated-university-activist-academic-alliances-and-simulation-thought)KB+TR Collab Cries announcing the demise of the university abound, in particular in Europe and North AND the emergence of authority as well as (academic and activist) empowerment.
The Conditioning of debate as a sight for liberal discussions about our orientations towards ethics merely engenders a semiotic fantasy of radicalism – paving over very real conditions of pain and death that make this space possible. Its try or die for a semiotic insurrection. www.AnarchistNews.org 10. “The University, Social Death, and the Inside Joke,” https://web.archive.org/web/20171110115921/http://anarchistnews.org/content/university-social-death-and-inside-joke Universities may serve as progressive sites of inquiry in some cases, yet this does AND interpretation and every connotation, no longer denoting anyone or anything."56
Thus The alternative is _Sike You Thought_
Voting neg is a withdrawal from the instrumental game of call-and-response into an aesthetic under-commons of redaction, opacity, and fugitive resonance. The refusal of demands for transparent or professionalized theory of ethics frustrates the professional logistics of academia. And K Turns the Case – we are opposing the aff’s exclusion of non-academics– which comes prior because voting aff can’t result in nations reducing IP protections but it does have an impact of speed-elitism. Moten and Harney 13 – Fred Moten, professor of Performance Studies at New York University and has taught previously at University of California, Riverside, Duke University, Brown University, and the University of Iowa, and Stefano Harney, Professor of Strategic Management Education at Singapore Management University, 2013 (Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, pgs. 28-32) In that undercommons of the university one can see that it is not a matter AND coming for those who refuse to write off or write up the undercommons.
This flow comes before everything:
a. It questions whether the form of which the 1AC was presented in – weighing the case begs the question of whether deliberating about various philosophical thought is good.
b. Any fairness offense relies on winning the game of debate is good – which is why the K comes before any procedurals.
No Permutations
a. The very process of a permutation would include the affirmative’s philosophical project – Grant us a negative ballot to frustrate debates desire for philosophical discussion.
b. Any permutation proves alt solvency – that we have forced them to realize the violence of academia – commodification is inevitable – it’s a question of whether the things you commodify ie. the alternative leave anything productive. More and more negative ballots tell phil debaters about the violence in which their discussions have in this community.
c. Permutations only make sense if there is an alternative – in so far as I win a UQ claim about debate collpases now – any investment into making debate productive risks linking and I don’t need an alternative
d. We have impact turned prag discourse in debate
9/6/21
jf - asteroid mining da
Tournament: college prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook SJ | Judge: Rosas, Yardley Asteroid mining is an unqualified good – it’s essential to advanced asteroid deflection, deep space travel, and fighting climate change Heise 18 -- Jack Heise (Judicial Law Clerk at U.S. Courts of Appeals), Space, the Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework, 40 Mich. J. Int'l L. 189 (2018). https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol40/iss1/5 WJ Asteroid mining has the potential to facilitate space travel, an outcome the OST holds AND countering climate change—would inure substantially to the benefit of all mankind.
Asteroids have no significance beyond their finite resources – property rights for asteroids are necessary for deep space travel and rare metals Myers 16 -- Ross Myers (J.D. candidate at the University of Oregon Law School.), The Doctrine of Appropriation and Asteroid Mining: Incentivizing the Private Exploration and Development of Outer Space, 2016, Oregon Review of International Law, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/19850/Meyers.pdf?sequence=1 WJ Asteroids are “metallic, rocky bodies without atmospheres that orbit the sun and are AND claims by either private or government entities on celestial objects are prohibited.46
Prohibitions on appropriation prevent asteroid mining despite growing space industries Myers 16 -- Ross Myers (J.D. candidate at the University of Oregon Law School.), The Doctrine of Appropriation and Asteroid Mining: Incentivizing the Private Exploration and Development of Outer Space, 2016, Oregon Review of International Law, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/19850/Meyers.pdf?sequence=1 WJ Despite a decrease in national space program funding, corporate space missions are on the AND preventing corporations willing to invest in asteroid mining from having a secure claim.
Warming causes extinction Yangyang Xu 17, Assistant Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas AandM University; and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9/26/17, “Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, No. 39, p. 10315-10323 We are proposing the following extension to the DAI risk categorization: warming greater than AND . Fig. 2 displays these three risk categorizations (vertical dashed lines).
12/18/21
jf - asteroid mining pic
Tournament: college prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook SJ | Judge: Rosas, Yardley Counterplan: Property rights for asteroids should be governed by the doctrine of appropriation. Private appropriation of non-asteroid celestial bodies should be prohibited including orbits
No link turns -- rules of appropriation solve waste and abstract claims and alternative approaches don’t Myers 16 -- Ross Myers (J.D. candidate at the University of Oregon Law School.), The Doctrine of Appropriation and Asteroid Mining: Incentivizing the Private Exploration and Development of Outer Space, 2016, Oregon Review of International Law, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/19850/Meyers.pdf?sequence=1 WJ Like water during the expansion of the American West, the exploration of space can AND of appropriation should replace existing outdated international space law relating to asteroids.’
12/18/21
jf - cil cp
Tournament: columbia | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose AA | Judge: Daou, Jack countries ought to:
--Announce that appropriation of outer space by private actors violates the Outer Space Treaty and that this is a settled matter of customary international law
--Announce that this action is taken pursuant to opinio juris (the belief that the action is taken pursuant to a legal obligation) and that non-compliant actors are in violation of international law
--Fully comply, not appropriating outer space in a manner inconsistent with these proclamations
Solves the Aff. Fabio Tronchetti 8. Dr. Fabio Tronchetti works as a Co-Director of the Institute of Space Law and Strategy and as a Zhuoyue Associate Professor at Beihang University, “The Non–Appropriation Principle as a Structural Norm of International Law: A New Way of Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty,” Air and Space Law, Volume 33, No 3, 2008, https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Air+and+Space+Law/33.3/AILA2008021, RJP, DebateDrills. The non–appropriation principle represents the fundamental rule of the space law system. AND of a special character, namely ‘a structural norm’ of international law.
That competes ---
1 Widespread support for OST overhaul means a new treaty is likely---top military leaders are pushing it. Theresa Hitchens 21. Theresa Hitchens is the Space and Air Force reporter at Breaking Defense. The former Defense News editor was a senior research associate at the University of Maryland’s Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM). Before that, she spent six years in Geneva, Switzerland as director of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). “US Should Push New Space Treaty: Atlantic Council,” Breaking Defense, April 12, 2021, https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/us-should-push-new-space-treaty-atlantic-council/, RJP, DebateDrills WASHINGTON: The US should push hard to overhaul the entire international legal framework for AND 193 nations — unless and until something new is there to replace it.
2 Space law is typically treaty-based---Russian and Chinese proposals prove. Stephanie Nebehay 8. Reporter, Reuters, “China, Russia to Offer Treaty to Ban Arms in Space,” Reuters, January 26, 2008, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arms-space/china-russia-to-offer-treaty-to-ban-arms-in-space-idUSL2578979020080125, RJP, DebateDrills GENEVA (Reuters) - China and Russia will submit a joint proposal next month AND But Washington’s plans have stirred concerns about non-nuclear arms in space.
3 Treaties are the foundation of space law. Sophie Goguichvili et. al 21. Program Associate, the Wilson Center, “The Global Legal Landscape of Space: Who Writes the Rules on the Final Frontier?” The Wilson Center, October 1, 2021, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/global-legal-landscape-space-who-writes-rules-final-frontier, RJP, DebateDrills As previously mentioned, a series of treaties adopted by the U.N. AND required to supervise the activities of their national entities (Art. VI).
We solve better, since CIL is far superior to treaties for space AND causes follow-on. Koplow, 9 – Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center. David A. Koplow, “ASAT-isfaction: Customary International Law and the Regulation of Anti-Satellite Weapons,” Michigan Journal of International Law. Volume 30, Summer 2009. http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452andcontext=facpub Finally, the Article concludes with some policy recommendations, suggesting mechanisms for the world AND ) edifice of international regulation of ASATs based simply on what countries do.
1/29/22
jf - horsetrading da
Tournament: columbia | Round: 3 | Opponent: Mission San Jose AA | Judge: Daou, Jack The plan requires clarifying international space law---causes strategic bargaining to extract concessions Alexander William Salter 16, Assistant Professor of Economics, Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University, "SPACE DEBRIS: A LAW AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE ORBITAL COMMONS", 19 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 221 (2016), https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/19-2-2-salter-final_0.pdf V. MITIGATION VS. REMOVAL Relying on international law to create an environment AND secure a global response to a global commons problem are potentially quite high.
The US will use that opportunity to push Artemis Accords and bilateralization – undermines multilateral space law. Wall 20 – Senior Space Writer with Space.com, former herpetologist and wildlife biologist, Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia; citing Boley (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver) and Byers (Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver) Mike Wall, 10-8-2020, “US policy could thwart sustainable AND somewhat careless and chaotic fashion in the not-too-distant future.
That returns space to might-makes-right imperial conflict. O’Brien 20 – member of the International Institute of Space Law and founder of The Space Treaty Project, retired attorney and former member of the NASA-Hastings Law Project Dennis O’Brien, 6-29-2020, “The Artemis Accords: repeating AND for peace and cooperation, is about to be spoiled, perhaps forever.
Goes nuclear – space conflict is uniquely escalatory. Farley 22 – PhD, Senior Lecturer at the Patterson School at the University of Kentucky Robert Farley, 1-9-2022, “Does A Space War Mean A Nuclear War?” 1945, https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/01/does-a-space-war-mean-a-nuclear-war/ DD The recent Russian anti-satellite test didn’t tell the world anything new, but AND warfighters to consider critical military infrastructure off-limits in any particular conflict.
1/29/22
jf - innovation da
Tournament: college prep | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook SJ | Judge: Rosas, Yardley Private sector innovation in the commercial space industry is high now. Smith 18 Matthew Smith, 6-11-2018, "Commercialized Space and You," Science in the News, https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/commercialized-space-and-you///DDPT Step aside, NASA. The 20th century model of space exploration is running out AND of 2018, the commercialized space industry shows no sign of slowing down.
Private space appropriation is uniquely key to ensuring ongoing innovation towards space exploration and colonization. Cheng 20 Dean Cheng, 09-16-2020, "Outer Space and Private Property," Heritage Foundation, https://www.heritage.org/space-policy/commentary/outer-space-and-private-property//DDPT Fully 53 years after the Outer Space Treaty, however, this has begun to AND are not sure that they will be able to profit from their investments.
The private sector is the key internal link to space exploration and colonization. Sharma 9/7 Maanas Sharma, 9-7-2021, "The Space Review: The privatized frontier: the ethical implications and role of private companies in space exploration," The Space Review, https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4238/1//DDPT In recent years, private companies have taken on a larger role in the space AND more difficult, innovative projects which have transformative benefits for life on Earth.
Space exploration solves extinction and endless resource wars. Collins 10 Patrick Collins, professor of economics at Azabu University in Japan, and a Collaborating Researcher with the Institute for Space and Astronautical Science, as well as adviser to a number of companies, Adriano V. Autino is President of the Space Renaissance International; Manager, CEO/CTO, Systems Engineering Consultant / Trainer at Andromeda Systems Engineering LLC; and Supplier of methodological tools and consultancy at Intermarine S.p.A, Acta Astronautica, Volume 66, Issues 11–12, June–July 2010, “What the growth of a space tourism industry could contribute to employment, economic growth, environmental protection, education, culture and world peace”, Pages 1553–1562 7. World peace and preservation of human civilisation The major source of social AND to be achievable only through the development of a vigorous space tourism industry.
12/18/21
jf - kant nc
Tournament: columbia | Round: 5 | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Steadman, Dorien The metaethic is practical reason. Prefer:
First, inescapability – the exercise of practical rationality requires that one regards it as intrinsically good – that justifies a right to freedom. Wood Allen W. Wood, (Stanford University, California) "Kantian Ethics" Cambridge University Press, 2007, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/kantian-ethics/769B8CD9FCC74DB6870189AE1645FAC8, DOA:8-12-2020 WWBWrct st Kant holds that the most basic act through which people exercise their practical rationality is AND is an end in itself whether the person is morally good or bad.
Second, value theory – the existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth. Korsgaard (Christine M., “Two Distinctions in Goodness,” The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS *bracketed for gen lang* rct st The argument shows how Kant's idea of justification works. It can be read as AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end.
Third, practical reason – ethical principles must be derived from the structure of reason:
1 Regress – we can always ask why we should follow a theory, so they aren’t binding because they don’t have a starting point. Practical reason solves – When we ask why we should follow reason, we demand a reason, which concedes to the authority of reason itself, so it’s the only thing we can follow
2 Action Theory – every action can be broken down to infinite amounts of movements, i.e. me moving my arm can be broken down to the infinite moments of every state my arm is in. Only reason can unify these movements because we use practical reason to achieve our goals, means all actions collapse to reason
Practical reason means we all have a unified perspective: What can be justified to me can be justified to everyone who is a practical reasoner. If I can conclude that 2+2 is 4, then I understand not only that I know 2+2 is 4, but that everyone around me can arrive at the same conclusion. These things are temporally consistent: I know that me adding two numbers now and taking that sum will not result in me adding the same two numbers in the future and getting a different sum. Our unified perspective does not change but rather stays consistent.
But, willing an action that violates the freedom of others is a contradiction: If I decide to kill someone, that action is not universalizable because that would justify other people killing me too. If I die, I cannot exercise my freedom to kill someone else. This is a contradiction: I both justify extending my freedom to kill others and limiting my own freedom.
Thus, the standard is respecting freedom.
Impact calc –
1 Ethics are based on intent, but the state does not have intentions and cannot know the intentions of other agents. Instead, the state acts a procedural mechanism to punish those who violate rights claims. Those rights are derived from the structure of intent.
2 The state does not have the authority to act to preempt future rights violations, because consequences of action are contingent and cannot be derived from the structure of the maxim on which one acts. Thus, the state does not have the jurisdiction to take them into account.
3 There is an act-omission distinction –
a Infinite Regress – Ethics cannot hold agents accountable for an infinite number of untaken decisions, otherwise that would impair action because agents would simultaneously have an infinite number of obligations. b Illogical – we wouldn’t hold an agent who chooses a morally repugnant act equally culpable as an agent who chooses not to prevent a morally repugnant act, like saving a drowning baby from a pool. c Omissions aren’t intrinsic to the will because agents don’t proactively choose not to take certain actions, e.g. you don’t wake up and say, “Today is my day to not donate to charity!” – so we shouldn’t hold agents morally accountable for these omissions.
Negate:
Acquisition of property can never be unjust – to create rights violations, there must already be an owner of the property being violated, but that presupposes its appropriation by another entity. Feser 1, (Edward Feser, 1-1-2005, accessed on 12-15-2021, Cambridge University Press, "THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN UNJUST INITIAL ACQUISITION | Social Philosophy and Policy | Cambridge Core", Edward C. Feser is an American philosopher. He is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-unjust-initial-acquisition/5C744D6D5C525E711EC75F75BF7109D1)brackets for gen langphs st There is a serious difficulty with this criticism of Nozick, however. It is AND , then, for there to be any injustices in initial acquisition.7
To own yourself and use your own freedom is to be able to interact with external objects. Anything else makes you unable to exercise your own freedom on other things and creates a contradiction. Feser 2, (Edward Feser, 1-1-2005, accessed on 12-15-2021, Cambridge University Press, "THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN UNJUST INITIAL ACQUISITION | Social Philosophy and Policy | Cambridge Core", Edward C. Feser is an American philosopher. He is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-unjust-initial-acquisition/5C744D6D5C525E711EC75F75BF7109D1)brackets for gen langphs st There is. An alternative, soft-line approach could acknowledge that the initial AND that corkscrew owners who lack bottles are not full owners of their corkscrews.
Thus, self-ownership justifies the appropriation of property – our freedom necessitates being able to set and pursue external things as our ends, including exercising our rights on property. Restricting this arbitrarily limits our freedom which is unjust. Feser 3, (Edward Feser, 1-1-2005, accessed on 12-15-2021, Cambridge University Press, "THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN UNJUST INITIAL ACQUISITION | Social Philosophy and Policy | Cambridge Core", Edward C. Feser is an American philosopher. He is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-unjust-initial-acquisition/5C744D6D5C525E711EC75F75BF7109D1)brackets for gen langphs st V. Some Implications If what I have argued so far is correct, then AND , with all the egalitarian mischief-making the proviso has made possible.
1/29/22
jf - lay nc
Tournament: emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Hunter AI | Judge: Daou, Jack Wrone, David Hu, James Fw
In order to achieve morality, the standard maximizing expected wellbeing. That means my opponent and I must both use consequentialism.
NC
Contention 1: Indian hegemony
Private appropriation for Indian private entities is key for investor confidence. Sen 20 Nilanjan Sen, who is an experienced lawyer, specialising in International Law and Arbitration, 07-26-2020,Business Insider,https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/the-fault-in-our-stars-indias-bid-at-privatizing-space/articleshow/77182064.cms, 12-7-2021 amrita With the creation of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (now ISRO) AND parties will have little to nil returns, far less any substantive protection.
Indian space military heg checks and limits Chinese heg in the Indo-Pacific. Bommakanti 7-15-20Kartik Bommakanti is a Fellow with the Strategic Studies Programme. Kartik specialises in space military issues and his research is primarily centred on the Indo-Pacific region. He also works on emerging technologies as well as nuclear, conventional and sub-conventional coercion, particularly in the context of the Indian subcontinent and the role of great powers in the subcontinent’s strategic dynamics. He has published in peer reviewed journals., The enduring significance of space weapons for India, 7-15-2020,ORF,https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-enduring-significance-of-space-weapons-for-india/, 12-8-2021 amrita Regardless of the Americans protestations about the Russian test, there are important underlying implications AND remains unduly restrained in the testing, integration and deployment of space weapons.
China heg is revisionist and offensive-- in the Indo-Pacific that causes draw-in. Brands 19 Hal Brands is the Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Zack Cooper is a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, an associate at Armitage International, and an adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University, "After the Responsible Stakeholder, What? Debating America’s China Strategy." Texas National Security Review. Volume 2, Issue 2. February 2019k https://tnsr.org/2019/02/after-the-responsible-stakeholder-what-debating-americas-china-strategy-2/ 12-10-2021 amrita The responsible-stakeholder paradigm offered a coherent “theory of victory”: It identified AND policymakers have come to see all three of these interests as being imperiled.
Contention 2: resources
Private sector innovation in the commercial space industry is high now. Smith 18 Matthew Smith, 6-11-2018, "Commercialized Space and You," Science in the News, https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/commercialized-space-and-you///DDPT Step aside, NASA. The 20th century model of space exploration is running out AND of 2018, the commercialized space industry shows no sign of slowing down.
Private space appropriation is uniquely key to ensuring ongoing innovation towards space exploration and colonization. Cheng 20 Dean Cheng, 09-16-2020, "Outer Space and Private Property," Heritage Foundation, https://www.heritage.org/space-policy/commentary/outer-space-and-private-property//DDPT Fully 53 years after the Outer Space Treaty, however, this has begun to AND are not sure that they will be able to profit from their investments.
The private sector is the key internal link to space exploration and colonization. Sharma 9/7 Maanas Sharma, 9-7-2021, "The Space Review: The privatized frontier: the ethical implications and role of private companies in space exploration," The Space Review, https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4238/1//DDPT In recent years, private companies have taken on a larger role in the space AND more difficult, innovative projects which have transformative benefits for life on Earth.
Space exploration solves endless resource wars. Collins 10 Patrick Collins, professor of economics at Azabu University in Japan, and a Collaborating Researcher with the Institute for Space and Astronautical Science, as well as adviser to a number of companies, Adriano V. Autino is President of the Space Renaissance International; Manager, CEO/CTO, Systems Engineering Consultant / Trainer at Andromeda Systems Engineering LLC; and Supplier of methodological tools and consultancy at Intermarine S.p.A, Acta Astronautica, Volume 66, Issues 11–12, June–July 2010, “What the growth of a space tourism industry could contribute to employment, economic growth, environmental protection, education, culture and world peace”, Pages 1553–1562 7. World peace and preservation of human civilisation The major source of social AND travel in space and have the use of all the resources they need!
1/30/22
jf - lay nc v2
Tournament: penn | Round: 4 | Opponent: Academy at Palumbo AF | Judge: Patil, Kaustubh Value morality Value criterion is maximizing expected wellbeing 1) Aspec 2) Lex prereq
Extinction is a distinct phenomenon that requires prior consideration Burke et al 16 Associate Professor of International and Political Studies @ UNSW, Australia, 2016 (Anthony, Stefanie Fishel is Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Race Studies at the University of Alabama, Audra Mitchell is CIGI Chair in Global Governance and Ethics at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, Simon Dalby is CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, and, Daniel J. Levine is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Alabama, “Planet Politics: Manifesto from the End of IR,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 1–25) 8. Global ethics must respond to mass extinction. In late 2014, the AND which undermines the conditions of plurality that enables life on Earth to thrive.
There is a massive flood of investment pouring into the commercial space sector because of a signal of stable large company support AND lack of government interference – plan reverses that Wharton 19 (Wharton Editorial Board of University of Pennsylvania, business analysis journal online run through U Penn, "Why Big Business Is Making a Giant Leap Into Space," 6/4/2019 https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/commercial-space-economy/ DD) For decades, relatively easy access to space and the big profits to go with AND Chinese space program is a big part of their national prestige right now.”
Without that mass investment, all necessary space infrastructure is chilled – technology is all seen as linked to eventual deep space exploration Sommariva 20 (Andrea, Italian Institute for International Political Studies, "The Evolution of Space Economy: The Role of the Private Sector and the Challenges for Europe," 12/11, https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/evolution-space-economy-role-private-sector-and-challenges-europe-28604 DD) The second factor focuses on spacecraft and space-access costs. NASA has moved AND 2, and can give an important contribution to the climate change’s mitigation.
Space exploration solves extinction and endless resource wars. Collins 10 Patrick Collins, professor of economics at Azabu University in Japan, and a Collaborating Researcher with the Institute for Space and Astronautical Science, as well as adviser to a number of companies, Adriano V. Autino is President of the Space Renaissance International; Manager, CEO/CTO, Systems Engineering Consultant / Trainer at Andromeda Systems Engineering LLC; and Supplier of methodological tools and consultancy at Intermarine S.p.A, Acta Astronautica, Volume 66, Issues 11–12, June–July 2010, “What the growth of a space tourism industry could contribute to employment, economic growth, environmental protection, education, culture and world peace”, Pages 1553–1562 7. World peace and preservation of human civilisation The major source of social AND to be achievable only through the development of a vigorous space tourism industry.
2/12/22
nd - T-just
Tournament: glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: James Logan ZW | Judge: Stanley, Abishek Interpretation – A just government is based on the consent of the governed Wild 94 Wild, P. S. (1944). American Diplomacy in Action: A Series of Case Studies. By Richard W. Van Alstyne. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1944. Pp. 760. $5.00. American Journal of International Law, 38(4), 747-749.EL From the fact that justice is intelligible she deduces "the element of consent," which means that a just government is one based on the consent of the governed. The statement that justice is intelligible is an unproved and unprovable presupposition.
Violation – the aff concedes that Israel is unjust, authoritarian, and violent
Standards –
1 limits – there are 195 countries, and the aff can specify any one of them. That explodes neg prep and makes the aff extremely unpredictable, such that the aff will ALWAYS have an advantage since they will have more specific cards than the neg.
2 precision – violating the interp allows the aff to arbitrarily jettison words from the resolution, where they suddenly defend a completely different definition, which destroys neg engagement.
Voters –
Fairness matters – debate is a competitive activity, which requires balanced rules
Education matters – it’s the only terminal impact to the activity
Drop the debater – they skewed the round, so they should lose
Competing interps – it’s not what you do, it’s what you justify, so you need to defend your model of debate
No rvi
a) Chilling effect – debaters won’t read theory if they’re hit with pre-empts
b) Substantive education – it incentivizes debaters to go ALL IN on theory, which skews away from substance
11/20/21
nd - ambulance pic
Tournament: apple valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JW | Judge: panel CP Text- A just government ought to provide an unconditional right to strike except for Ambulance and Paramedic workers
There are large paramedic Shortages right now, this is exacerbated in rural areas where health services are most needed Kate Rogers, FEB 1 2019, “The need for EMTs and paramedics is growing, but finding people to fill the jobs isn’t easy,” CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/01/the-need-for-paramedics-is-growing-but-strong-labor-market-makes-hiring-hard.html | DD JH On any given day, Eric Mailman may transport a baby born into a neonatal AND I can’t imagine doing anything different than what I do,” Mailman said.
Ambulance strikes in countries lead to increased mortality rates and massively delayed response time. The Times ,3-27-2012, "Pensioner’s death linked to ambulance strike," No Publication, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pensioners-death-linked-to-ambulance-strike-m89w3tkcx3t | DD JH An elderly patient died in London while waiting for a delayed ambulance during autumn’s mass AND one quarter. It insists that future strikes must be better dealt with.
11/6/21
nd - econ da
Tournament: apple valley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: panel The global economy is recovering and is set to accelerate this year, but any shocks can devastate growth World Bank 21 - The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. "The Global Economy: on Track for Strong but Uneven Growth as COVID-19 Still Weighs" 06/08/2021 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs VS A year and a half since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, AND and moderate as the country’s focus shifts to reducing financial stability risks.
Strikes deck economy– 2 warrants
1 Stop investment Tenza 20 - Tenza, Mlungisi. . Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal “The Effects of Violent Strikes on the Economy of a Developing Country: A Case of South Africa.” Obiter, Nelson Mandela University, 2020, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandamp;pid=S1682-58532020000300004VS These strikes are not only violent but take long to resolve. Generally, a AND reluctant to invest where there is an unstable or fragile labour relations environment.
2 Strikes negatively impact labor and confidence, causing major economic losses Tenza 20 - Tenza, Mlungisi. . Senior Lecturer, University of KwaZulu-Natal “The Effects of Violent Strikes on the Economy of a Developing Country: A Case of South Africa.” Obiter, Nelson Mandela University, 2020, http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextandamp;pid=S1682-58532020000300004. VS When South Africa obtained democracy in 1994, there was a dream of a better AND enable it to deal with the high levels of unemployment and resultant poverty.
Econ collapse goes nuclear Mann 14 (Eric Mann is a special agent with a United States federal agency, with significant domestic and international counterintelligence and counter-terrorism experience. Worked as a special assistant for a U.S. Senator and served as a presidential appointee for the U.S. Congress. He is currently responsible for an internal security and vulnerability assessment program. Bachelors @ University of South Carolina, Graduate degree in Homeland Security @ Georgetown. “AUSTERITY, ECONOMIC DECLINE, AND FINANCIAL WEAPONS OF WAR: A NEW PARADIGM FOR GLOBAL SECURITY,” May 2014, https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/37262/MANN-THESIS-2014.pdf) The conclusions reached in this thesis demonstrate how economic considerations within states can figure prominently AND dollar for international trade, or engaging financial warfare against the United States.
11/6/21
nd - ilaw k
Tournament: apple valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JW | Judge: panel 1 International law was founded by, and continues to maintain, colonialism Gardner: Gardner 10 David, Graduate student at San Diego State University, “The Colonial Nature of International Law”, E-International Relations Students. 2010. In this paper I will argue that international law is colonial. In order to AND sovereign’ states. Ultimately, I have argued that international law is colonial.
2 Continued reliance on international law will only result in war and inequality -- we must suspend our faith in the neutrality of international law. Schmidt: Schmidt 10 (Patrick, Department of Political Science, Macalester College, “MEETING THE ENEMY: AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW, by Natsu Taylor Saito.” 2010 I do not have to go out on a limb to assume that the substantial AND likely to generate substantial discussion and reflection beginning at the advanced undergraduate level.
This is a voting issue – question the scholarship of the 1AC before the passage of the plan – they do not get to weigh the case
Fiat is illusory – when you sign your ballot Congress isn’t spurred to action. However, the things we endorse as people do make a difference, since those don’t rely on some action that has to be taken
Effective policymaking assumes we have good mindsets to start Blum: Blum, Andrew J. Managing Partner, The Triumph Group. “Managing Mindset to Break the Cycle of Reactive Decision-Making.” March 31, 2012. DD Mindset refers to is the underlying beliefs and assumptions that we AND joins the multitude of esoteric buzzwords that are thrown around without clear definition.
11/6/21
nd - kant nc
Tournament: princeton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Durham JH | Judge: Frenkel, Nathan The metaethic is practical reason. Prefer:
First, inescapability – the exercise of practical rationality requires that one regards it as intrinsically good – that justifies a right to freedom. Wood Allen W. Wood, (Stanford University, California) "Kantian Ethics" Cambridge University Press, 2007, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/kantian-ethics/769B8CD9FCC74DB6870189AE1645FAC8, DOA:8-12-2020 WWBWrct st Kant holds that the most basic act through which people exercise their practical rationality is AND is an end in itself whether the person is morally good or bad.
Second, value theory – the existence of extrinsic goodness requires unconditional human worth. Korsgaard (Christine M., “Two Distinctions in Goodness,” The Philosophical Review Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 169-195, JSTOR) OS *bracketed for gen lang* rct st The argument shows how Kant's idea of justification works. It can be read as AND -and, in general, to make the highest good our end.
Third, practical reason – ethical principles must be derived from the structure of reason:
1 Regress – we can always ask why we should follow a theory, so they aren’t binding because they don’t have a starting point. Practical reason solves – When we ask why we should follow reason, we demand a reason, which concedes to the authority of reason itself, so it’s the only thing we can follow
2 Action Theory – every action can be broken down to infinite amounts of movements, i.e. me moving my arm can be broken down to the infinite moments of every state my arm is in. Only reason can unify these movements because we use practical reason to achieve our goals, means all actions collapse to reason
Practical reason means we all have a unified perspective: What can be justified to me can be justified to everyone who is a practical reasoner. If I can conclude that 2+2 is 4, then I understand not only that I know 2+2 is 4, but that everyone around me can arrive at the same conclusion. These things are temporally consistent: I know that me adding two numbers now and taking that sum will not result in me adding the same two numbers in the future and getting a different sum. Our unified perspective does not change but rather stays consistent.
But, willing an action that violates the freedom of others is a contradiction: If I decide to kill someone, that action is not universalizable because that would justify other people killing me too. If I die, I cannot exercise my freedom to kill someone else. This is a contradiction: I both justify extending my freedom to kill others and limiting my own freedom.
Thus, the standard is respecting freedom.
Impact calc –
1 Ethics are based on intent, but the state does not have intentions and cannot know the intentions of other agents. Instead, the state acts a procedural mechanism to punish those who violate rights claims. Those rights are derived from the structure of intent.
2 The state does not have the authority to act to preempt future rights violations, because consequences of action are contingent and cannot be derived from the structure of the maxim on which one acts. Thus, the state does not have the jurisdiction to take them into account.
3 There is an act-omission distinction –
a Infinite Regress – Ethics cannot hold agents accountable for an infinite number of untaken decisions, otherwise that would impair action because agents would simultaneously have an infinite number of obligations. b Illogical – we wouldn’t hold an agent who chooses a morally repugnant act equally culpable as an agent who chooses not to prevent a morally repugnant act, like saving a drowning baby from a pool. c Omissions aren’t intrinsic to the will because agents don’t proactively choose not to take certain actions, e.g. you don’t wake up and say, “Today is my day to not donate to charity!” – so we shouldn’t hold agents morally accountable for these omissions.
Negate:
1 Strikes fail to fulfill duty Fourie 17 Johan Fourie 11-30-2017 "Ethicality of Labor-Strike Demonstrates by Social Workers" https://www.otherpapers.com/essay/Ethicality-of-Labor-Strike-Demonstrates-by-Social-Workers/62694.html (Johan Fourie is professor of Economics and History at Stellenbosch University.) JG bergen ak re-cut Kantian Ethics Kantian ethics suggest that actions are morally permissible based on whether it fulfils AND and demonstrating labor strike action is not adhering to duty or morally permissible.
2 Uses others as a mere means to an end Fourie 17 Johan Fourie 11-30-2017 "Ethicality of Labor-Strike Demonstrates by Social Workers" https://www.otherpapers.com/essay/Ethicality-of-Labor-Strike-Demonstrates-by-Social-Workers/62694.html (Johan Fourie is professor of Economics and History at Stellenbosch University.) JG bergen ak re-cut A further formula of the Categorical Imperative is "so, act as to treat AND the social work training process and is enshrined in the professional ethical codes.
3 Violates the commitment to not cause harm Fourie 17 Johan Fourie 11-30-2017 "Ethicality of Labor-Strike Demonstrates by Social Workers" https://www.otherpapers.com/essay/Ethicality-of-Labor-Strike-Demonstrates-by-Social-Workers/62694.html (Johan Fourie is professor of Economics and History at Stellenbosch University.) JG bergen ak re-cut In addition to the above, engaging in a labor strike demonstration is a gross AND , and the most vulnerable members of society will be impacted the most.
12/4/21
nd - nebel
Tournament: apple valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JW | Judge: panel Interp - The letter “A” is an indefinite article that modifies “just government” – the resolution must be proven true in all instances, not one particular instance CCC Capital Community College a nonprofit 501 c-3 organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and curriculum innovation, “Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers”, http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm#articles AG The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective AND the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class
Violation – They spec the united states
Standards:
1 Limits – they can spec 123 different governments - that’s supercharged by the ability to spec combinations of types of strikes. This takes out functional limits – it’s impossible for me to research every possible combination of the 195 countries and worker types ITUC 20, (International Trade Union Confederation, “World’s Worst Countries for Workers”), ITUC, 2020, https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ituc_globalrightsindex_2020_en.pdf MNHS NL recut DD AG In 2020, strikes have been severely restricted or banned in 123 out of 144 countries. In a significant number of these countries, industrial actions were brutally repressed by the authorities and workers exercising their right to strike often faced criminal prosecution and summary dismissals.
2 Prep hazard – the negative is forced into generic Kant NCs each round – their model encourages random country of the week affs that make it impossible for the negative to cut stable neg links to the affirmative. Generics like the econ DA don’t check bc each country has various economic situations
3 TVA solves – just read your aff as an advantage to a whole rez aff – we don’t stop them from reading new FWs, mechanisms or advantages. PICs aren’t aff offense – a it’s ridiculous to say that neg potential abuse justifies the aff being non-T b There’s only a small number of pics on this topic c PICs incentivize them to write better affs that can generate solvency deficits to PICs Fairness – intrinsic
Drop the debater – the skew has already occurred, which means you vote neg
Competing interps – reasonability is vague and arbitrary
No rvi a) debaters go all in on theory, which kills substantive education b) chilling effect – debaters won’t want to read theory if they get hit with pre-empts
11/6/21
nd - police unions pic
Tournament: apple valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Park City NL | Judge: Fox, Patrick Counterplan Text: A just government should recognize an unconditional right for workers, except police officers, to strike. Police unions are Roufa 19 The Balance. “The Benefits of Joining a Police Union and Why They Exist.” The Balance Careers, 2015, www.thebalancecareers.com/what-are-police-unions-for-and-should-you-join-one-974885. Accessed 21 Oct. 2021. DN Police unions that work with law enforcement leaders and rank-and- AND protect rank and file police officers from false accusations and potential political abuses.
Police unions with the right to strike incites violence towards citizens and delegitimizes labor unions Greenhouse 20 Greenhouse, Steven. “How Police Unions Enable and Conceal Abuses of Power.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 18 June 2020, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-police-union-power-helped-increase-abuses. Accessed 21 Oct. 2021. DN Police unions have long had a singular—and divisive—place in American labor AND
acknowledge and address racism in law enforcement or risk being kicked out.
Excessive police union bargaining from strikes destroys accountability for police misconduct Greenhouse, 20, The New Yorker, “How Police Unions Enable and Conceal Abuses of Power”, Steven Greenhouse is an American labor and workplace journalist and writer. He covered labor for The New York Times for 31 years, 2010 Society of Professional Journalists Deadline Club Award: Beat reporting for newspapers and wire services, for "World of Hurt" with N.R. Kleinfield; 2010 New York Press Club Award: Outstanding enterprise or investigative reporting, for "World of Hurt" with N.R. Kleinfield; 2009 The Hillman Prize for The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American WorkerURL: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-police-union-power-helped-increase-abuses, KR Police unions have long had a singular—and divisive—place in American labor AND of Republicans,” he said. “That’s given them a big advantage.”
Its competitive – A worker is Ministry of Labour, Training and Skills Development 15 “‘Worker’ as Defined in OHSA | Ministry of Labour.” Gov.on.ca, 2015, www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/worker_defn.php. Accessed 20 Oct. 2021. DN Under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA), a “worker” is AND program; a volunteer who works for no monetary payment of any kind.
Police work for monetary compensation, and you can’t give an unconditional right to strike to all workers without giving the right to strike to police so the counterplan competes.
PICs are the best thing to ever happen to debate. Branson 07 Josh Branson, CSIS and graduated from Harvard Law. “Reflections about debate and policymaking” 2007. IB Well, thats not the way it worked at all, at least for me AND But in debate we certainly cry foul a lot. Maybe too much.
11/5/21
nd - set col k
Tournament: princeton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Hsu, Jonathan Settler colonialism is not a one-off event but an ongoing structure of dispossession that requires the elimination of Indigenous life. This is marked by ontological violence reasserted each day of occupation. Tuck and Yang 14 Eve Tuck, Unangax, State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40 JJ Our intention in this descriptive exercise is not be exhaustive, or even inarguable; AND p. 36). Settler colonialism and its decolonization implicates and unsettles everyone.”
International law attempts to uphold the ideology of colonial saviorism – it attempts to justify ongoing genocide and serves as a scheme to remake native cultures into a Eurocentric image Mutua 1 – Distinguished Professor and the Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst Faculty Scholar at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law (Makau, “Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights”, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 201-245, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1525547, 2001)CProst The idea that the human rights corpus is concerned with ordering the lives of non AND it frames as permitting or promoting despotism and disrespect for human rights itself.
The foundational assumptions in every facet of IR are complicit in the destructive of Native life and governance. IR attempts to ignore the long history of genocide of Indigenuous peoples as well as cast them aside domestic, primitive, and landless. King 17 Hayden King, Gchi'mnissing Anishinaabe writer and educator based in the Faculty of Arts at Ryerson University in Toronto., 7-31-17, The erasure of Indigenous thought in foreign policy, https://www.opencanada.org/features/erasure-indigenous-thought-foreign-policy/, JKS, Recut VM This type of arrangement between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians might be conceptualized as AND Canadian foreign policy is a foreign policy that normalizes and affirms settler colonialism.”
Positioning other countries as “dependent” on the US’ aid reinforces settler colonial hierarchies and imperialism under the guise of rationality Westwood 6 (Robert Westwood, University of,Western Sydney. (2006). International business and management studies as an orientalist discourse: A postcolonial critique. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 2(2), 91-113. 1108/17422040610661280)bc(rcut AHS ZA) Postcolonialism has provided a trenchant critique of colonialism, neo-colonialism and imperialism and AND 2001; Chakravartty, 2004; Mirchandani, 2004; Prasad, 1997).
The desire for US hegemony is settler nationalism – this ethnocentric viewpoint is the exact logic that has justified violence against all immigrants and the systematic elimination of Indigenous peoples Pringle 12 – Master’s Degree in International Relations at New York University and former Senior Editor at World Press Review (Joshua, “Hegemony: What Is It Good For?”, World Press Review, http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3904.cfm, April 16, 2012)CProst(rcut AHS ZA) Even before the collapse of 2008 brought the Western economic model to its knees, AND of all others relies on it is to egregiously misrepresent the hegemonic order.
Settler colonialism explains the aff’s violence and is constitutive of the global. The U.S. serves as the foundational architect for global violence, which makes the alternative a prior question. Cornellier and Griffiths 16 Bruno Cornellier, Department of English, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Michael R. Griffiths, School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, (2016) Globalizing unsettlement: an introduction, Settler Colonial Studies, 6:4, 305-316, DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2015.1090522, JKS Recut VM This issue of Settler Colonial Studies marks the attempt to think the global adjacent to AND liberal logics are used to conceal new and incipient modes of dispossession globally.”
The role of the ballot is to center indigenous scholarship and resistance-- Any ethical commitment requires that the aff place themselves in the center of Native scholarship and demands. Carlson 16 (Elizabeth Carlson, PhD, is an Aamitigoozhi, Wemistigosi, and Wasicu (settler Canadian and American), whose Swedish, Saami, German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestors have settled on lands of the Anishinaabe and Omaha Nations which were unethically obtained by the US government. Elizabeth lives on Treaty 1 territory, the traditional lands of the Anishinaabe, Nehiyawak, Dakota, Nakota, and Red River Metis peoples currently occupied by the city of Winnipeg, the province of Manitoba, (2016): Anti-colonial methodologies and practices for settler colonial studies, Settler Colonial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/2201473X.2016.1241213, JKS) Arlo Kempf says that ‘where anticolonialism is a tool used to invoke resistance for AND I believe our contributions to settler colonial studies are even more deeply problematic.
Thus, the only alternative is one of decolonization. Tuck and Yang 12 (Eve Tuck, Unangax, State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40, JKS) Conclusion An ethic of incommensurability, which guides moves that unsettle innocence, stands in AND one. Decolonization is not an “and”. It is an elsewhere.
12/4/21
nd - ubi cp
Tournament: apple valley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: panel Counterplan text: Just governments should implement a $1000 per month universal basic income Worstall 15 Tim Worstall, Studied at London School of Economics. Senior Fellow of the Adam Smith Institute., 18 September 2015, “The Real Value Of A Universal Basic Income Is That It Raises The Reservation Wage”, https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/09/18/the-real-value-of-a-universal-basic-income-is-that-it-raises-the-reservation-wage/?sh=56b3995a7ca1 AK The usual answer to this is that we must therefore rebuild union power. Although AND aids in overturning the power imbalances that they see in the current society.
11/6/21
so - T-patent buyout
Tournament: nano nagle | Round: 5 | Opponent: Yerba Buena KN | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha Interpretation – the affirmative must defend the reduction of intellectual property protections for medicines
Violation – they don’t
Intellectual property rights guarantee protections for pharma companies WTO https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm AK Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time.
their aff doesn’t reduce IP protections but only purchases it, which still preserves the existence of IP protections
Vote neg – Limits – expanding the topic to any form of implementation allows the aff to dodge any neg link. Destroys core generics like innovation which are exclusive to structural reduction of IP protection. A big case list with no unifying generics destroys neg prep – disincentivizes in depth topic research and leaves the neg behind.
Precision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution.
Drop the debater – the round is skewed, so you should vote neg
Competing interps – reasonability is vague and arbitrary
No rvis
a) Chilling effect – debaters won’t read theory if others read pre-empts
b) You shouldn’t win for being topical
10/9/21
so - cap k
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Plano East NG | Judge: Le, Truman The aff’s positioning of competition as intrinsic good acts to maintain the stability of capital accumulation. - AT: Capitalism is when monopoly Christophers 16 Brett Christophers, Professor in the Department of Social and Economic Geography at Uppsala University, “The Great Leveler: Capitalism and Competition in the Court of Law,” 2016, Harvard University Press, pp. 8-15, EA The aforementioned argument that capitalism has historically migrated from a state of competitiveness to a AND the law as the primary, necessarily mutable, instrument of such maintenance.
The aff is co-opted by an agenda of “health diplomacy” that only further expands capitalist imperialism Andrea Patanè 21. Marxist, Published: 15 May 2021. “COVID-19 pandemic: patents and profits” https://www.marxist.com/covid-19-pandemic-patents-and-profits.htm brett Far from an act of ‘international solidarity', this latest move from the US AND ‘America First’, just by somewhat more calculated means than his predecessor.
Capitalism causes massive violence and inevitable extinction – the fundamental task is developing tools for organization and tactics to bring about revolution. Escalante 19 Alyson Escalante, M.A., Department of Philosophy @ University of Oregon, “Truth and Practice: The Marxist Theory of Knowledge,” 09/08/19, tinyurl.com/8jksnexs pat The world we live in today is in a dire state. Climate destruction continues AND scientific status of Marxism, and must insist on the possibility of victory.
Vote neg to join the party – dual power organizing is the only path to revolutionary change. Escalante ‘18 Alyson, philosophy at U of Oregon. 08/24/2018. “Against Electoralism, For Dual Power!” https://theforgenews.org/2018/08/24/against-electoralism-for-dual-power/ pat I am sure that at this point, the opportunists reading this have already begun AND to the soviets” will be heard again. Lets make it happen.
We allow for innovation but better—our Marxist dictatorship still provides the incentive for innovating without the profit and productivity based mindset that pushes us to overconsumption and death Nieto 20 Nieto, Maxi and Mateo Tomé, Juan. Maxi Nieto is a doctoral candidate at Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. Juan Mateo Tome is a professor at Complutense University of Madrid (2020). Dynamic Efficiency in a Planned Economy: Innovation and Entrepreneurship Without Markets. Science and Society. 84. 42-66. 10.1521/siso.2020.84.1.42. 8-28-2021 amrita 4. Innovation and Entrepreneurship in a Planned Economy 4.1. Innovation and AND entrepreneurship — something that the Austrian School considers impossible — would ostensibly work.
9/18/21
so - cap k v2
Tournament: bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep NP | Judge: Eby, Maggie Marxist critique must center around the act of production which lies at the core of the capitalist project. It is only by re-politicizing it that we can resist its further normalization and lay bare the logic of capitalism. Weeks 11 Weeks, Kathi, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries. Duke University Press, Durham (2011); DOI: https://doi-org.ezproxy2.williams.edu/10.1215/9780822394723; CE By altering the focus of the study in this way, Marx promises, ‘‘ AND privatize, individualize, ontologize, and also, thereby, depoliticize it.
The affirmative invests within capitalism in two way. First, is false liberalism. The plan is representative of the idea that capitalism can be saved- eliminating “intellectual property protections” is a scheme that aims to increase market competition for the purpose of profit. Gilbert 19 Geoff Gilbert is a Professor of Law in the School of Law and Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex. He was Head of Department between 2000-2003 and 2011-13. In 2012, he was appointed a Professorial Visiting Fellow at the University of New South Wales in Sydney. He was Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Refugee Law from 2002-15 and is co-Editor-in-Chief as of September 2019; he also sits on the Advisory Board., “Free trade” is today’s imperialism by the 1 percent, 1-13-2019,No Publication,https://www.bilaterals.org/?free-trade-is-today-s-imperialism, 8-21-2021 amrita As Lawrence Summers, economic adviser to the Clinton and Obama administrations, points out AND control a disproportionate amount of the most profitable industries in the global economy.
Second is WTO legitimacy. The plan is a colonialist revision that re-packages the WTO as a legitimate organization that can overcome its insidious past towards a future of equal free trade—that decks class consciousness. Gilbert 19 Geoff Gilbert is a Professor of Law in the School of Law and Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex. He was Head of Department between 2000-2003 and 2011-13. In 2012, he was appointed a Professorial Visiting Fellow at the University of New South Wales in Sydney. He was Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Refugee Law from 2002-15 and is co-Editor-in-Chief as of September 2019; he also sits on the Advisory Board., “Free trade” is today’s imperialism by the 1 percent, 1-13-2019,No Publication,https://www.bilaterals.org/?free-trade-is-today-s-imperialism, 8-21-2021 amrita Free Trade Imperialism: Continuing the Unequal Trade of Colonialism With mass global South resistance AND profits from today’s advanced industries which they can invest in research and development.
Capitalism will, without a doubt, cause us to die by climate change—this card is amazing and also preempts all their “cap solves climate change” answers. Foster 18 John Bellamy Foster, John Bellamy Foster is a professor of sociology at the University of Oregon and also editor of Monthly Review. He writes about political economy of capitalism and economic crisis, ecology and ecological crisis, and Marxist theory. “Making War on the Planet.” Monthly Review. September 1, 2018. https://monthlyreview.org/2018/09/01/making-war-on-the-planet/ recut 8-22-2021 amrita A short fuse is burning. At the present rate of global emissions, the AND beings as both natural and social beings: what is now called ecosocialism.
Endorse a dictatorship of the proletariat. Global capitalism’s inequities can only be fully purged once its intrinsic contradictions expose themselves and allow for the collapse of the bourgeoisie state. A dictatorship is required to solidify our transition to communism and is why you should reject any perm that attempts to preserve the state apparatus. The role of the ballot is to reject capitalism. Revolution 73 Proletarian Dictatorship Vs. Bourgeois “Democracy”; Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line; Revolution; May 1973; Edited by Paul Saba; https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/pd-v-bd.htm; CE This situation can only be reversed by socialist revolution to overthrow capitalist rule. The AND there will no longer be any need for the dictatorship of the proletariat.
10/15/21
so - consult natives cp
Tournament: bronx | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep NP | Judge: Eby, Maggie Counterplan text: The member nations of the WTO should consult indigenous communities to enact the plan
Resolved implies certainty Merriam webster resolve verb : to find an answer or solution to (something) : to settle or solve (something) : to make a definite and serious decision to do something : to make a formal decision about something usually by a vote
10/15/21
so - econ da
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Sinha, Abhinav Economy’s recovering now – Delta and inflation are challenges but surmountable Sully 8/19 - Evan Sully, 8/19/21, Reuters, U.S. leading indicator points to further economic recovery in July, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-leading-indicator-points-further-economic-recovery-july-2021-08-19/ WJ (Reuters) -A gauge of future U.S. economic activity increased in July, suggesting the economy continued to expand from the recession caused by the coronavirus pandemic even in the face of a resurgence in cases fueled by the Delta variant. The Conference Board on Thursday said its index of leading economic indicators (LEI) AND ," said Mahir Rasheed, U.S. economist at Oxford Economics.
Biotech is resilient and fundamentals are strong – but this trend relies on innovation and investment Cancherini et al 21 -- Laura Cancherini is a consultant in McKinsey’s Brussels office; Joseph Lydon is an associate partner in the Zurich office, where Jorge Santos da Silva is a senior partner and Alexandra Zemp is a partner, McKinsey, What’s ahead for biotech: Another wave or low tide?, April 30, 2021, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/pharmaceuticals-and-medical-products/our-insights/whats-ahead-for-biotech-another-wave-or-low-tide WJ As the pandemic spread across the globe in early 2020, biotech leaders were initially AND andA, the prospects for further financing and deal making look promising.
Pharma collapses without strong IP protections Buckland 17 - Danny Buckland (award-winning journalist who writes about health, general features and news, shortlisted for the prestigious Mind Media Awards for his work covering mental health issues), April 26, 2017, “Patents are lifeblood of pharmas”, https://www.raconteur.net/legal/intellectual-property/patents-are-lifeblood-of-pharmas/ WJ Pharmaceutical companies are staffed by ranks of attorneys, and the intellectual property (IP AND and innovation. Quite frankly, it would all collapse without good IP.”
Biopharmaceutical research is the bedrock of our economy – even minor reductions in income result in mass unemployment and butterfly effects Sullivan 11 – Thomas Sullivan (Thomas Sullivan is Editor of Policy and Medicine, President of Rockpointe Corporation, founded in 1995 to provide continuing medical education to healthcare professionals around the world. Prior to founding Rockpointe, Thomas worked as a political consultant), July 12, 2011, Study Shows Importance of Biopharmaceutical Jobs For US Economy,” Policy and Medicine, http://www.policymed.com/2011/07/study-shows-importance-of-biopharmaceutical-jobs-for-us-economy-for-every-20-billion-loss-in-revenue.html WJ Biopharmaceutical research companies produce the highest-value jobs, the types of jobs Americans AND the biopharmaceutical sector is a key foundation of the life sciences innovation ecosystem.
Bipoharma collapse causes economic meltdown – it’s far worse than previous recessions Howrigon 17 -- Ron Howrigon “(President and Founder of Fulcrum Strategies. He earned a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Western Michigan University and a Master's in Economics from North Carolina State University, focusing in the area of Health Economics) http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2017/01/health-care-crash-u-s-economy.html, January 19 2017, WJ In recent history, the U.S. economy has experienced the near catastrophic AND resulting fallout could be could be much worse than even the housing crisis.
Extinction Tønnesson 15 Stein Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University, 2015, “Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace,” International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311 Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to AND each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
9/4/21
so - kant nc
Tournament: Duke | Round: 5 | Opponent: Durham SA | Judge: Lamberson, Eva I value morality as ought implies a moral obligation
1 Practical Reason is the starting point for ethics
a Every framework relies on logic or else it becomes incoherent
b A priori reason is the only verifiable truth since a posteriori relies on empirics, which may be unreliable
c Premises are infinitely regressive, and we can continue asking why? But disproving this cedes to practical reason because you are using reasoning to do so, so prefer practical reason
2 A practical reasoner constitutively sets and pursues ends. That entails universalizability – you can’t will a violation of another’s freedom for your own because it logically entails a violation of your own freedom, so there must be side constraints to determine universal actions.
a absent universal ethics morality becomes arbitrary and fails to guide action, making ethics useless
b a priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience
Thus, the standard is respecting freedom.
Contention
1) Property rights – putting limits on the economic uses of intellectual property creates a contradiction – the concept of property is violated if you aren't allowed to control how you use it. Pozzo, 6 (Riccardo Pozzo, Riccardo Pozzo is an Italian philosopher and historian of philosophy., 11-18-2006, accessed on 8-12-2021, Scielo, "IMMANUEL KANT ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY", https://www.scielo.br/j/trans/a/rLfb3yPN3p4KPsYpxp8LQCp/?format=pdfandlang=en)*bracketed for gen lang*st The error consists in mistaking one of these rights for the other” (Kant AND 18, 2006 13 that contains them and put it into our library.
2) Reducing IP protections arbitrarily coerces pharmaceutical firms and it’s not their obligation to solve the AC’s harms. Sonderholm 09 Jorn Sonderholm (Professor with Specific Responsibilities at Aalborg University, Denmark, PhD in Philosophy from the University of St Andrews, UK, director of the Centre for Philosophy and Public Policy (C3P)), “Paying a high price for low costs: why there should be no legal constraints on the profits that can be made on drugs for tropical diseases”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 2009; 35: 315–319, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/35/5/315.full.pdf?casa_token=b8TNX5kGB_wAAAAA:zRKPmCqJ-kr3DVtwY2o0SLrIkohVq871eo2UO6mHs3pxLy_kODqFnzdfqUI3XUnjnXjWKP0vmQj- SG It is, however, difficult to see why these people are supposed to take AND of those countries that are affected by tropical diseases pay for the drugs.
10/2/21
so - midterms da
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: Tays KM | Judge: Clough, Zac Dems win the Senate now, but it’s close-~--it determines the Biden presidency. Shane Goldmacher 7/17. Reporter, New York Times, “Democrats See Edge in Early Senate Map as Trump Casts Big Shadow,” The New York Times, July 17, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/17/us/politics/midterm-elections.html, RJP, DebateDrills. Six months into the Biden administration, Senate Democrats are expressing a cautious optimism that AND through President Biden’s expansive agenda on the economy, the pandemic and infrastructure.
The plan is unpopular-~--it’s seen as soft on China. Cynthia Hicks 21. Director of Public Affairs at PhRMA focusing on polling and opinion research that supports advocacy communications and strategy. “New polling shows Americans are sounding the alarm on the TRIPS IP waiver,” PhRMA, May 14, 2021, https://catalyst.phrma.org/new-polling-shows-americans-are-sounding-the-alarm-on-the-trips-ip-waiver, RJP, DebateDrills *NOTE – the stuff after “include the following” is a picture that AND – expressed by more than six in ten voters – include the following:
China is the key for the midterms-~--Senate control hinges on it. Sarah Mucha 21. Politics reporter at Axios, covering the Biden administration and Congress. “Parties pounce on China as midterm issue,” Axios, June 23, 2021, https://www.axios.com/democrat-republicans-china-2022-midterms-6c242c54-b51b-444e-b9b2-65ff0afb906a.html, RJP, DebateDrills Democrats and Republicans in purple states are already leaning into U.S. competition AND by (President) Xi (Jinping) and the Chinese Communist Party.
GOP control of the Senate will be used to usher in a new wave of Trumpism, crushing democracy. Morton Kondracke 21. Retired executive editor of Roll Call, a former "McLaughlin Group" and Fox News commentator and co-author, with Fred Barnes, of Jack Kemp: The Bleeding Heart Conservative Who Changed America. “Why Democrats Must Retain Control of Congress in 2022,” RealClearPolitics, August 4, 2021, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2021/08/04/why_democrats_must_retain_control_of_congress_in_2022_146189.html, RJP, DebateDrills The 2020 election demonstrated how fragile our democracy is. As Donald Trump tried, AND for election results and the rule of law would again be in peril.
Extinction Kasparov 17 Garry Kasparov, Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation, former World Chess Champion, “Democracy and Human Rights: The Case for U.S. Leadership,” Testimony Before The Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights, and Global Women's Issues of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, February 16th, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/021617_Kasparov_20Testimony.pdf As one of the countless millions of people who were freed or protected from totalitarianism AND having the exceptional courage to always try to be better. Thank you.
9/5/21
so - nebel t
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake CC | Judge: Park, Felicity Interpretation – the affirmative may not specify a subset of medicines
Medicines is a generic bare plural Nebel 20 Jake Nebel is an assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California and executive director of Victory Briefs. He writes a lot of this stuff lol – duh. “Indefinite Singular Generics in Debate” Victory Briefs, 19 August 2020. no url AG I agree that if “a democracy” in the resolution just meant “one AND This suggests that “a democracy” in the resolution is not existential.
It applies to this topic – a the noun “medicines” in the topic has no determiner preceding it to justify speccing a subset of medicines. that means medicines is an existential bare plural b it fails the upward entailment test bc “member nations ought to reduce ip protections for medicines” does not entail that “member nations ought to reduce ip protections for pharmaceuticals” even though all medicines are pharmaceuticals.
Violation – they only defend medicines for COVID-19
Standards:
1 Limits: There’s an infinite number of medicines – hundreds of vaccines (Influenza, Coronavirus, Diptheria, Yellow Fever, etc.) and thousands of pharmaceutical drugs (Metformin, Lisinopril, Atorvastatin, and many more) – the negative could spec AND choose combinations – that’s supercharged by the fact that they can also spec countries. Kills neg burdens – it’s impossible for me to research every possible combination of medicines. Functional limits don’t check – each individual weapon has implications and articles as to why it is bad
2 Prep hazard – there are an infinite number of medicines they could possibly spec exploding neg prep – generics and functional limits don’t apply because each medicine has different effects, capabilities, and implications which makes there infinite arguments for each weapon being bad
3 TVA Solves – just read your aff as an advantage to a whole rez aff. We aren’t stopping them from reading new FWs, mechanisms, or advantages. PICs don’t solve – it’s ridiculous to say that neg potential abuse justifies the aff making it impossible for me to win
Fairness and education are voters – debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking.
Precision o/w – anything else justifies the aff arbitrarily jettisoning words in the resolution at their whim which decks negative ground and preparation because the aff is no longer bounded by the resolution.
Drop the debater – a) they have a 7-6 rebuttal advantage and the 2ar to make args I can’t respond to, b) it deters future abuse and sets a positive norm.
Use competing interps – a) reasonability invites arbitrary judge intervention since we don’t know your bs meter, b) collapses to competing interps – we justify 2 brightlines under an offense defense paradigm just like 2 interps.
No RVIs – a) illogical – you shouldn’t win for being fair – it’s a litmus test for engaging in substance, b) norming – I can’t concede the counterinterp if I realize I’m wrong which forces me to argue for bad norms, c) chilling effect – forces you to split your 2AR so you can’t collapse and misconstrue the 2NR, d) topic ed – prevents 1AR blipstorm scripts and allows us to get back to substance after resolving theory
Evaluate T before 1AR theory – a) norms – we only have a couple months to set T norms but can set 1AR theory norms anytime, b) magnitude – T affects a larger portion of the debate since the aff advocacy determines every speech after it
9/18/21
so - spec ip
Tournament: nano nagle | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lynbrook SY | Judge: Perez, Christopher Interpretation: affirmative debaters must delineate what intellectual property they reduce in the 1AC.
There are four distinct types of IP Ackerman 17 Peter; Founder and CEO, Innovation Asset Group, Inc; “The 4 Main Types of Intellectual Property and Related Costs,” Decipher; 1/6/17; https://www.innovation-asset.com/blog/the-4-main-types-of-intellectual-property-and-related-costs AK re-cut Intellectual property protection isn’t as simple as declaring ownership of a particular product or asset AND weigh the competitive significance of your secrets against the cost of protecting them.
Violation: they don’t
Negate:
1 Shiftiness- they can redefine what intellectual properties the 1ac defends in the 1ar which decks strategy and allows them to wriggle out of negative positions which strips the neg of specific IP DAs, IP PICs, and case answers. They will always win on specificity weighing.
CX can’t resolve this and is bad because A Not flowed B Skews 6 min of prep C They can lie and no way to check D Debaters can be shady.
2 Real World- policy makers will always specify what the object of change is. That outweighs since debate has no value without portable application. It also means zero solvency since the WTO, absent spec, can circumvent aff’s policy since they can say they didn’t know what was affected.
This spec shell isn’t regressive- it literally determines what the affirmative implements and who it affects
Voters –
Fairness matters – debate is a competitive activity which requires equal rules
Education matters – it’s the only terminal impact to debate
Drop the debater –
a) They skewed the round so they should lose
b) it’s key to deter future abuse
use competing interps – reasonability is vague and arbitrary
no rvi
a) chilling effect – debaters won’t read theory if others read pre-empts