Opponent: Acton-Boxborough AL | Judge: Brown, Grant
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - innovation da health diplomacy da counterfeit da case 1ar - all 2nr - innovation da counterfeit da case 2ar - case innovation counterfeit
Duke
1
Opponent: Cape Fear KM | Judge: Thomas-McGinnis, Conal
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - innovation da developing countries manufacturing da speed theory case 1ar - all 2nr - speed theory innovation da manufacturing da case 2ar - theory case innovation manufacturing
Duke
6
Opponent: Durham RL | Judge: Vigeant, Jake
1ac - insulin 1nc - innovation da covid da case 1ar - all 2nr - innovation da 2ar - case innovation da
Grapevine
1
Opponent: Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Le, Truman
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - disability k case 1ar - all 2nr - k 2ar - case k
Grapevine
3
Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Andrews, Blake
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - T-reduce set col 1ar - all 2nr - k 2ar - k
Grapevine
5
Opponent: Southlake Carroll CC | Judge: Thode, Micah
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - nebel export cp biotech da case 1ar - condo all 2nr - condo cp da case 2ar - rvi
Grapevine
Doubles
Opponent: Dulles TY | Judge: panel
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - 3 shells truth testing log con determinism 1ar - multiple shells bad case offs in order 2nr - truth testing determinism 1ar shell case 2ar - 1ar shell case
Loyola
3
Opponent: Harvard Westlake OF | Judge: Rao, Abhishek
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - spec states T-medicine china cp innovation da case 1ar - all 2nr - spec states 2ar - shell
Loyola
5
Opponent: Westwood BJ | Judge: Dosch, Danielle
1ac - covid waivers 1nc - T-medicine may not spec both states and medicine china heg da fdi da case 1ar - all 2nr - spec bad 2ar - shell
Loyola
2
Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Navarrete, Javier
1AC - covid waiver 1NC - new affs bad spec jurisdiction TT climate innovation da case 1AR - all 2NR - new affs bad 2AR - shell
apple valley
1
Opponent: Westwood VL | Judge: Kuffour, Julian
1ac - ag workers 1nc - india da essential workers pic case 1ar - all condo pics bad 2nr - all 2ar - case da cp
apple valley
1
Opponent: Westwood VL | Judge: Kuffour, Julian
1ac - ag workers 1nc - india da essential workers pic case 1ar - all condo pics bad 2nr - all 2ar - case da cp
apple valley
3
Opponent: Lexington BF | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix
1ac - ag workers 1nc - T-just must read correct tournament name econ da case 1ar - all 2nr - aff must be only pre-empts spike T-just 2ar - pre-empt spike T-just
apple valley
5
Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Nails, Jacob
1ac - ripstein 1nc - police unions pic util nc case 1ar - condo pics bad all 2nr - pic nc case 2ar - case nc pic
bronx
2
Opponent: American Heritage Broward MR | Judge: Freedman, William
1ac - covid waiver v2 1nc - heg k climate innovation da case 1ar - all 2nr - k da case 2ar - case k da
bronx
3
Opponent: Unionville PW | Judge: Tarnowski, Joey
1ac - covid waiver v2 1nc - cap k case 1ar - case k 2nr - k case 2ar - case k
bronx
6
Opponent: NSU SF | Judge: Morris, Brendon
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - alienation spec util case 1ar - all 2nr - nc 2ar - case nc
bronx
Doubles
Opponent: Lexington BF | Judge: panel
1ac - covid v3 1nc - ilaw da biotech da T-reduce T-country new plans bad case 1ar - all 2nr - T-country ilaw da 2ar - case da T-country
bronx
Octas
Opponent: Prospect ST | Judge: panel
1ac - covid waiver v3 1nc - nebel T-medicine kant nc contracts nc case 1ar - all rvi 2nr - rvi kant nc 2ar - case nc
college prep
2
Opponent: Harker RMu | Judge: Villanueva, Leah
1ac - asteroids 1nc - T-permanence T-nebel set col k case 1ar - all 2nr - k 2ar - case k
college prep
3
Opponent: Loveless Academic Magnet Program RR | Judge: Pandey, Indu
1ac - asteroids 1nc - nebel collaboration cp africa da rem mining da 1ar - all 2nr - rem climate da case 2ar - must meet status voter case da
college prep
5
Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Mork, Alexandra
1ac - asteroids 1nc - horse trading da case 1ar - all 2nr - case da 2ar - case da
columbia
1
Opponent: Harrison JG | Judge: Reier, Andrea
1ac - asteroids 1nc - satellites da resources da case 1ar - all 2nr - both das 2ar - case das
columbia
Semis
Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Gentleman, Jonah Reier, Andrea Winnick, Steven
1ac - asteroids 1nc - T-appropriation US unilateral cp low yield asteroid pic BBB da case 1ar - all 2nr - da case 2ar - case da
glenbrooks
1
Opponent: Loyola SG | Judge: Mizrahi, Lena
1ac - ag workers 1nc - icj cp case 1ar - agent cp bad all 2nr - theory cp case 2ar - case cp
1ac - ag workers 1nc - T-unconditional daoism k cap k case 1ar - all condo bad 2nr - daoism 2ar - condo bad
glenbrooks
6
Opponent: DTHS HV | Judge: Orlowski, Spencer
1ac - ag workers 1nc - nebel cap k case 1ar - all 2nr - nebel case 2ar - case nebel
glenbrooks
7
Opponent: Scarsdale KS | Judge: Wilson, Avery
1ac - ag workers 1nc - can't spec country and worker weheliye k case 1ar - all 2nr - k 2ar - case k
glenbrooks
Doubles
Opponent: Harker RM | Judge: panel
1ac - ag workers 1nc - T-countries T-workers nlrb cp research gmo cp rates da debt ceiling da case 1ar - all 2nr - research gmo cp rates da 2ar - case cp da
glenbrooks
Octas
Opponent: Lexington JB | Judge: panel
1ac - uk 1nc - new affs bad nebel kant nc case 1ar - all 2nr - nc nebel 2ar - nc nebel
harvard
2
Opponent: Randolph CC | Judge: Ritenour, Amelia
1ac - asteroids 1nc - lay nc 1ar - all 2nr - nc case 2ar - case nc
harvard
3
Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AVe | Judge: Hughes, Quinn
1ac - space communism 1nc - extra-T cap good innovation da 1ar - all 2nr - cap good 2ar - case cap good
1ac - asteroids 1nc - lay 1ar - all 2nr - all 2ar - all
nano nagle
1
Opponent: Aragon ZA | Judge: Chaudhary, Vishan
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - chinese leadership da climate innovation da funding cp 1ar - all condo bad 2nr - condo chinese leadership da 2ar - chinese leadership da
nano nagle
3
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Dosch, David
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - nebel T-medicine infrastructure da china distribution cp funding cp case 1ar - all condo bad rvi 2nr - china cp funding cp condo rvi 2ar - rvi
nano nagle
6
Opponent: Brookfield East DJ | Judge: Clark, Quentin
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - spec ip util bad climate innovation da kant nc log con case 1ar - all 2nr - log con kant nc case 2ar - case kant nc log con
nano nagle
Doubles
Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: panel
1ac - covid waiver 1nc - nebel T-medicine psycho k governors cp china da climate patents da case 1ar - all 2nr - china da 2ar - case da
penn
2
Opponent: Lexington CH | Judge: Zaidi, Kumail
1ac - asteroids 1nc - wakanda cp ccp da kant nc case 1ar - all condo bad 2nr - theory nc case 2ar - case nc
penn
3
Opponent: Ardsley ZS | Judge: Talmadge, Jaylin
1ac - asteroids 1nc - kant nc data cp T-just spec case 1ar - all 2nr - T NC case 2ar - case NC T
1ac - asteroids 1nc - lay nc 1ar - all 2nr - all 2ar - all
princeton
1
Opponent: Harrison JP | Judge: Ribera, Claudia
1ac - ag workers 1nc - T-just bargaining power cp strike legitimacy da case 1ar - all 2nr - T cp case 2ar - T case cp
princeton
3
Opponent: Ramsay DF | Judge: Stanley, Abishek
1ac - ag workers 1nc - T-just ballots cp econ da case 1ar - all consult cps bad 2nr - consult cps bad econ da case 2ar - case da
princeton
6
Opponent: Lake Highland Prep YA | Judge: Palmer, Jacob
1ac - ag workers 1nc - cap k case 1ar - all 2nr - k 2ar - case k
princeton
Octas
Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: panel
1ac - ag workers 1nc - T-legal unionization cp reproductive rights da agamben k case 1ar - all condo bad 2nr - theory da cp 2ar - cp da
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
0 - Contact
Tournament: any | Round: Finals | Opponent: any | Judge: any email - akimender@gmail.com fb - Andrew Kim
I prefer email, but facebook works too.
9/4/21
0 - DebateDrills
Tournament: any | Round: Finals | Opponent: any | Judge: any I’m on DebateDrills - the following URL has our roster, conflict, policy, code of conduct, relevant team policies, and harassment/bullying complaint form: https://www.debatedrills.com/debate-club?ld
8/25/21
0 - Wiki Glitches
Tournament: any | Round: Finals | Opponent: any | Judge: any some of my cites aren't uploading, but the open-source is available
if not, please contact me for disclosure
9/5/21
jf - asteroids
Tournament: college prep | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker RMu | Judge: Villanueva, Leah check os
12/18/21
jf - asteroids v2
Tournament: columbia | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harrison JG | Judge: Reier, Andrea check os
1/28/22
jf - asteroids v3
Tournament: columbia | Round: Semis | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Gentleman, Jonah Reier, Andrea Winnick, Steven check os
1/30/22
jf - lay
Tournament: penn | Round: 6 | Opponent: Ridge MK | Judge: Nicoll, Sarah Definitions Appropriation means to take possession Dictionary ND, Dictionary.com, “appropriation”, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/appropriation, DD AG the act of appropriating or taking possession of something, often without permission or consent. According to Merriam-Webster, outer space is the space immediately outside the earth’s atmosphere https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outer20space Framing I value morality, which considers the rightness and wrongness of actions The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing, or utilitarianism
1 Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to bodily security and life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibit the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose – so, util comes first. 2 Default to util if there’s any uncertainty Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 14 American philosopher. He specializes in ethics, epistemology, and more recently in neuroethics, the philosophy of law, and the philosophy of cognitive science, "Consequentialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed), BE Even if consequentialists can accommodate or explain away common moral intuitions, that might seem only to answer objections without yet giving any positive reason to accept consequentialism. However, most people begin with the presumption that we morally ought to make the world better when we can. The question then is only whether any moral constraints or moral options need to be added to the basic consequentialist factor in moral reasoning. (Kagan 1989, 1998) If no objection reveals any need for anything beyond consequences, then consequences alone seem to determine what is morally right or wrong, just as consequentialists claim. 3 Extinction comes first under any framework Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent AND be acting very wrongly.” (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) Contention 1 is asteroid mining Mining creates space debris Boley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE Mining can generate serious operational concerns. Lunar dust is a known challenge to operations AND they demonstrate how easily human actions can change the near-Earth environment. An increase in space debris and dust from mining collides with key defense satellites Scoles 15 Sarah Scoles Freelance science writer, and a contributing writer at WIRED Science, with articles in places like Popular Science, the New York Times, Scientific American, Vice, Outside, and others., 5-27-2015, "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/ DD AG IF THE gold mine is too far from home, why not move it nearby AND worry about cascades of collisions like the one depicted in the movie Gravity. Laundry list of impacts – compromised communication, loss of military capability and more Divorsky 15 George Divorsky George P. Dvorsky (born May 11, 1970) is a Canadian bioethicist, transhumanist and futurist. He is a contributing editor at io91 and producer of the Sentient Developments blog and podcast. He was Chair of the Board for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET)23 and is the founder and chair of the IEET's Rights of Non-Human Persons Program, 6-4-2015, "What Would Happen If All Our Satellites Were Suddenly Destroyed?," Gizmodo https://gizmodo.com/what-would-happen-if-all-our-satellites-were-suddenly-d-1709006681 DD AG Given these grim prospects, it’s fair to ask what might happen to our civilization AND but much of the data we’re currently tracking would suddenly become much spottier. Cascades and increases the effect exponentially+ increases the chance of war Orwig 16 (Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) “Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war,” Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1 pT NASA has already warned that the large amount of space junk around our planet is AND -catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Debris makes space unusable Garcia-Navarro 20, Lulu Garcia-Navarro, 9-27-2020, "Space Debris Buildup Could Threaten Satellites, Space Travel," NPR.org, https://www.npr.org/2020/09/27/917424830/space-debris-buildup-could-threaten-satellites-space-travel Livingston RB This past week, the International Space Station almost came into contact with space junk AND something the size of a grain of sand can destroy an entire spacecraft. Contention 2 is the ozone Ozone is improving in the status quo UN 19, United Nations Report, 9-16-2019, "Ozone on track to heal completely in our lifetime, UN environment agency declares on World Day.," UN News, https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1046452 Livingston RB The phaseout of controlled uses of ozone-depleting substances has not only helped replenish AND carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2010 averted by a strong protective shield. Even getting into space harms the environment by punching holes in the ozone Mortillaro 21, Nicole Mortillaro · Cbc News · Posted, 4-22-2021, "Rocket launches could be affecting our ozone layer, say experts," CBC, https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/rocket-launches-environment-1.5995252 Livingston RB Rocket launches are a breathtaking culmination of human ingenuity as they propel us into the AND good idea of what happens when we're injecting these particles into the stratosphere." Ozone is key to human survival European Commission ND, “Protection of the ozone layer” European Commission Official Website, https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/protection-ozone-layer_en Livingston RB World governments agreed in the late 1980s to protect the Earth’s ozone layer by phasing AND industrial and consumer applications, mainly refrigerators, air conditioners and fire extinguishers. Contention 3 is developing countries Outer space houses tons of valuable resources, it’s about who can get there first Blair 15, Brad Blair, Expert in commercial space law, Winter 2015, "Space Mineral Resources," National Space Society - Working to Create a Spacefaring Civilization, https://space.nss.org/space-mineral-resources/ Livingston RB A recently released study by the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) found that AND robust and sustainable space economy, enabling human expansion into the Solar System. The ability to appropriate space keeps developing nations out of these valuable resources- it’s already happened with satellites Giacomin 19, Nicolas Giacomin, author on space, 12-4-2019, "The Bogotá Declaration and space law," Space Legal Issues, https://www.spacelegalissues.com/the-bogota-declaration-and-space-law/ Livingston RB The practice of developed states is based on free access and priority given to the AND the frequency spectrum depends on International Telecommunications Law and not on space law. This locks in existing global structural violence by perpetuating inequality into space Reinstein 99, Ezra J. Reinstein, Owning Outer Space, 20 Nw. J. Int'l L. and Bus. 59 (1999-2000) https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1500andcontext=njilb Livingston RB The rights of less-developed nations create a concern that is both political and AND global wealth distribution thus would be carried forward into the space age. 38 Global Inequality has severe impacts for all- Kills innovation, education, etc. Doucouliagos 17 Chris Doucouliagos, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Deakin Business School and Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University 8-6-2017, "Don't listen to the rich: inequality is bad for everyone," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/dont-listen-to-the-rich-inequality-is-bad-for-everyone-81952 Livingston RB A world where a few people have most of the wealth AND Reducing trade and innovation will only make everyone poorer.
2/12/22
nd - ag workers
Tournament: apple valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood VL | Judge: Kuffour, Julian Labor Shortages threaten the ag industry AgAmerica Lending 21 AgAmerica Lending, 3-28-2021, "U.S. Farmers Encounter Ongoing Farm Labor Shortage," https://agamerica.com/blog/farm-labor-shortage///itsnagisatm There are many types of farm workers – part-time, full-time AND the affected farmers to scale back production or get out of farming entirely.
Population Growth Means Food yield must increase Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) The first straightforward strategy for designing future crops that meet sustainable agriculture requirements is to AND to develop high nutrient and water-use efficiency crops without yield penalty.
The aff is key to increase incentives to farm: it increases wages, sets safe living conditions, AND helps farmers expand products Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, “Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act”, Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR The rate of pay agricultural laborers earn in return for their work would increase if AND protections they need against agricultural employers as they become more powerful through associations.
Independently increasing working conditions key for increased yields and output Billikopf, 06, 8/11, UC Berkeley, “Managing People on the Farm”, Gregorio Billikopf worked as a Labor Management Farm Advisor with the University of California from 1981 to 2014 (and is now Emeritus). URL: https://nature.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-labor/7labor/01.htm, KR To effectively manage a labor force, an employer must be concerned about productivity and AND and (3) feelings toward a particular workplace and a particular union.
The plan increases the amount of agricultural workers which boost income and yield Wang et. al, 19, “How Farmers Make Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Farmer Survey in China”, Sustainability, Shuangjin Wang 1, Yuan Tian 2,*ORCID, Xiaowei Liu 3 and Maggie Foley 4, 1: School of Management, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China, 2: School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China, 3: College of Business, St. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA 52803, USA, 4: Davis Business School, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA, URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=andved=2ahUKEwii17vKue7zAhVdJjQIHUr3D7YQFnoECAUQAQandurl=https3A2F2Fwww.mdpi.com2F2071-10502F122F12F2472Fpdfandusg=AOvVaw1RMvM-hGadn_uoetBxebDi, KR A variety of research methods were used in previous research to study farmers’ investment adjustment AND from capital input 33, and differences in adjustment capabilities 34.
U.S. agricultural collapse and food insecurity trigger great power wars—multiple hotspots. Castellaw 17 (John – 36-year veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps and the Founder and CEO of Farmspace Systems LLC, “Opinion: Food Security Strategy Is Essential to Our National Security,” 5/1/17, https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/9203-opinion-food-security-strategy-is-essential-to-our-national-security) The United States faces many threats to our National Security. These threats include continuing AND and agricultural prosperity while materially contributing to our Nation’s and the world’s security.
Food shortages cause extinction Cribb 19 Julian Cribb is a distinguished science writer with more than thirty awards for journalism. He was a newspaper editor, founder of the influential ScienceAlert website and author of eight books, including The Coming Famine. Food as Existential Risk. August, 2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/food-or-war/food-as-an-existential-risk/8C45279588CD572FE805B7E240DE7368 As things stand, the only entities that can afford to own nuclear weapons are AND the preconditions for the use of nuclear weapons, whether limited or unlimited.
Food shortages kill biodiversity Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) From the perspective of human evolution, each period of rapid population growth, such AND 12 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2010).
Biodiversity loss causes extinction Torres 16 Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. “Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change” http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/. According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human AND as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
1AC – Plan
Thus the Plan: The United States ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike for agricultural laborers.
Squo NLRA fails to protect farmer’s rights to strike – plan amends the NLRA to collectively bargain Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, “Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act”, Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR The NLRA gives workers “freedom of association, self-organization, and designation AND rely on others with experience and knowledge of the NLRA and its intricacies.
Union density increases productivity – long-term study proves Ongweso 20 Edward Ongweso Jr, Staff Writer for VICE, Tracks the political economy of Big Tech, B.A. Political Economy from Hampshire College, 29 April 2020, “Study Finds Unions Make Companies More Productive”, https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3bjn9/study-finds-unions-make-companies-more-productive AK Researchers established a correlation between union density, wages, and productivity by first looking AND over wages and this effect is most observable in high-productivity firms.
fw
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
3 Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.
11/5/21
nd - ag workers v2
Tournament: glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola SG | Judge: Mizrahi, Lena Plan text: The United States ought to recognize an unconditional right to strike for agricultural laborers.
The plan extends the definition of ‘employee’ in the National Labor Relations Act to include agricultural laborers. Squo NLRA fails to protect farmer’s rights to strike – plan amends the NLRA to collectively bargain Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, “Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act”, Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR The NLRA gives workers “freedom of association, self-organization, and designation AND rely on others with experience and knowledge of the NLRA and its intricacies.
Advantage 1 - Yield
Farmer’s yield is nearing an all-time low – government support doesn’t help the most needy and isn’t a long term solution Farm-Aid, 20, 9/14/20, “Understanding the Economic Crisis Family Farms are Facing”, 2Farm Aid works with local, regional and national organizations to promote fair farm policies and grassroots organizations coordinating campaigns designed to defend and bolster family farm-centered agriculture. RL: https://www.farmaid.org/blog/fact-sheet/understanding-economic-crisis-family-farms-are-facing/, KR EVEN BEFORE COVID-19, FARM FAMILIES HAD NEGATIVE FARM INCOME Things have AND farmers, as well as other disadvantaged farmers in particular continue to struggle.
The aff is key to increase incentives to farm: it increases wages, sets safe living conditions, AND helps farmers expand products Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, “Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act”, Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/_file/aglaw/Publications_Library/Agricultural_Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR The rate of pay agricultural laborers earn in return for their work would increase if AND protections they need against agricultural employers as they become more powerful through associations.
2 Distinct links:
1 Productivity – Wages increase consumer spending AND create economic value Jayachandran, 20, 6/18/2020, New York Times, “How a Raise for Workers Can Be a Win for Everybody”, Seema Jayachandran is an economics professor at Northwestern University, html, KR Two new studies show that giving pay raises to low-wage workers is good AND account for at most a small portion of the improvements in patient health.
Prefer the only empirical study from a country Katovich, Maia, 18, 1-4/2018, “The relation between labor productivity and wages in Brazil:”, Scielo Brazil, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo. URL: https://www.scielo.br/j/neco/a/QR5hfyMfL9c3gwQSGGcRyHD/?lang=en, KR In Brazil, real wages grew significantly more than did labor productivity between 1996 and AND on positive interplays between market-driven productivity gains and continued institutional interventions.
That drives economic confidence – Increased productivity drives farm growth which creates a chain of investment. Wang et. al, 19, “How Farmers Make Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Farmer Survey in China”, Sustainability, Shuangjin Wang 1, Yuan Tian 2,*ORCID, Xiaowei Liu 3 and Maggie Foley 4, 1: School of Management, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China, 2: School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China, 3: College of Business, St. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA 52803, USA, 4: Davis Business School, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA, URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=andved=2ahUKEwii17vKue7zAhVdJjQIHUr3D7YQFnoECAUQAQandurl=https3A2F2Fwww.mdpi.com2F2071-10502F122F12F2472Fpdfandusg=AOvVaw1RMvM-hGadn_uoetBxebDi, KR A variety of research methods were used in previous research to study farmers’ investment adjustment AND from capital input 33, and differences in adjustment capabilities 34.
Independently, union density increases productivity – long-term study proves Ongweso 20 Edward Ongweso Jr, Staff Writer for VICE, Tracks the political economy of Big Tech, B.A. Political Economy from Hampshire College, 29 April 2020, “Study Finds Unions Make Companies More Productive”, https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3bjn9/study-finds-unions-make-companies-more-productive AK Researchers established a correlation between union density, wages, and productivity by first looking AND over wages and this effect is most observable in high-productivity firms.
2 Capital Investment; Boosting wages creates incentive to invest Duke, 16, 9/2/2016, “To Raise Productivity, Let’s Raise Wages”, Center for American Progress, Brendan Duke: Princeton University; MPA in Economic Policy, Macalester; B.A. nin political science, Associate Director for Economic Policy, Senior Policy Analyst for US Congress Joint Economic Committee, URL: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2016/09/02/142040/to-raise-productivity-lets-raise-wages/, KR Gordon argues that a key reason productivity surged during this period was that rising real AND an increase in the overtime threshold to $47,000 per year.
Increasing yield prevents food shortages and nutrient deficiencies Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) The first straightforward strategy for designing future crops that meet sustainable agriculture requirements is to AND to develop high nutrient and water-use efficiency crops without yield penalty.
Food shortages cause messed up interventions that destroy biodiversity Tian et al 21-- Tian, Zhixi principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills) From the perspective of human evolution, each period of rapid population growth, such AND 12 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2010).
Biodiversity loss causes extinction Torres 16 Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. “Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change” http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/. According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human AND as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Fw
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
3 Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.
4 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
5 Use epistemic modesty for evaluating the framework debate:
A Substantively true since it maximizes the probability of achieving net most moral value—beating a framework acts as mitigation to their impacts but the strength of that mitigation is contingent.
B Clash—disincentives debaters from going all in for framework which means we get the ideal balance between topic ed and phil ed—it’s important to talk about contention-level offense
11/20/21
nd - ripstein
Tournament: apple valley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Monta Vista RD | Judge: Nails, Jacob Agents must be practical reasoners –
Practical reason constrains everything:
1 Postulation – reason is a prior question to evaluation of ethics since anything else collapses on itself as we can infinitely question our foundations otherwise but raising the question of reason proves itself valuable as it necessitates reason.
2 Epistemology – rational deliberation of educational concepts is necessary to interpret other arguments since it's a prerequisite to interpreting epistemological concepts and it's the terminal impact of debate as education is the only portable impact.
3 Procedure – reason is a side constraint on debate since otherwise we can't refute – responding to this concedes the authority of reason since you're reasoning via logical deliberation.
We have a unified perspective – If I say that 2+2=4, I understand not only that I know that 2+2=4, but that everyone around can arrive at the same conclusion too because they create practical syllogisms to justify their conclusion. But, willing a maxim that violates the freedom of others is a contradiction – that’s bad. Engstrom, Stephen (Professor of Ethics at UPitt). “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge.” http://www.philosophie.uni-hd.de/md/philsem/engstrom_vortrag.pdf rct st Given the preceding considerations, it’s a straightforward matter to see how a maxim of AND both the extension and the limitation of both their own and others’ freedom.
Only a collective will that can have power over individuals can guarantee the enforcement of good maxims. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative.
To clarify, the framework does not value the ability to set any end, but rather the ability to decide which ends to pursue. Ripstein 1, (Arthur Ripstein, Arthur Ripstein is Professor of Law and Philosophy and University Professor. He was appointed to the Department of Philosophy in 1987, promoted to Full Professor in 1996, appointed to the Faculty of Law in 1999, and appointed to the rank of University Professor in 2016. He received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Pittsburgh, a master’s degree in law from Yale, and an undergraduate degree from the University of Manitoba. He was Chair of the Philosophy Department 2011-14 and Acting Chair 2019-20., 2009, accessed on 8-18-2020, Harvard University Press, "Force and Freedom",) NP 8/4/16. rct st Independence is the basic principle of right. It guarantees equal free- dom, AND to accept or decline your invita- tions is simply their right to independence
Impact calc –
1 Only the categorical imperative can motivate action – it’s external to wills of agents so it can obligate them all to follow certain rules – unilateral wills fail since they would involve one person coercing other people under their will and there would be no obligation to follow a person.
2 Consequences fail – A) Induction Fails – You only know induction works because past experiences have told you it has, but that is in itself a form of induction, so you use induction to prove induction – that’s circular B) Butterfly Effect – Every action has an infinite number of consequences that stem from it – me picking up a pen could cause nuclear war a hundred years down – you can’t quantify the infinite amount of pain and pleasure to come C) Aggregation fails – everyone has different feelings of pain and pleasure, so you can’t universalize that and say it’s good – it’s impossible to measure something that’s completely subjective D) Culpability – any consequence can lead to another consequence so it’s impossible to assign obligations since you can’t pinpoint a specific actor that caused a consequence.
Offense
I defend “Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.”
I’m willing clarify or specify whatever you want me to in CX if it doesn’t force me to abandon my maxim. Check all interps in CX – I could’ve met them before the NC and abuse would’ve been solved. PICs don’t negate: a General principles don’t defend an absolute action, so they tolerate exceptions b Fails under my framework because they create arbitrary exceptions, which means it’s not universalizable.
Not recognizing the right to strike is not universalizable – affirm:
1 Respecting agents – the right to strike gives workers more power over their freedom and forces companies to respect their dignity. Gourevitch, 16 (Alex Gourevitch, Norman E. Bowie is professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota. Until his retirement in 2009 he was Elmer L Andersen Chair of Corporate Responsibility and served in the departments of strategic management and of philosophy., June 2016, accessed on 10-4-2021, American Political Science Association, "Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike", doi:10.1017/S1537592716000049)st *brackets for grammar* On top of which, as Smith noted, “masters are always and every AND notably in the 1935 law granting American workers the right to strike.55
2 Coercion – coercion in the workplace treats agents as a means to an ends by overriding suitable working conditions. Chima, 1 (Sylvester C Chima, 1Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine and School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, 12-19-2013, accessed on 10-4-2021, PubMed Central (PMC), "Global medicine: Is it ethical or morally justifiable for doctors and other healthcare workers to go on strike?", https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878318/#B64) One can also argue that denial of such striking rights may also be considered unfair AND against in the quest for equal rights for all in a democratic society.
Strikes allow workers to protest against unfair working conditions. Chima, 2 (Sylvester C Chima, 1Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine and School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, 12-19-2013, accessed on 10-4-2021, PubMed Central (PMC), "Global medicine: Is it ethical or morally justifiable for doctors and other healthcare workers to go on strike?", https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878318/#B64) It has been suggested that doctor and HCW strikes can create a tension between the AND ) or employees of public health services 2,34-36.
3 Bargaining Rights – because employees are dependent upon their employer, employees are subject to a severe power imbalance that constitutes coercion. Bowie 98: Norman E., professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota "A Kantian Theory of Meaningful Work." Springer, 01 July 1998. LADI rct st The overwhelming number of people need to work to survive, at least for a AND addressed. Otherwise, industrial relations rests on an unethical foundation.
The right to strike via unions corrects this power imbalance by ensuring an opportunity for organization and collective bargaining. Bowie 99: Norman E., professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota “Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective” Wiley Blackwell. http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-063121173X.html LADI rct st Although I emphasize meaningful work as a means to gain respect and grow as a AND none of this requires a revision in my original account of meaningful work.
Underview
1 1ar theory
a) aff gets it – or else the neg can be infinitely abuse
b) it’s drop the debater, competing interps, and no rvis – the aff has a time crunched 4 minute speech, which means I will always be behind
2 The role of the ballot is to the vote for the debater who best proves the truth or falsity of the resolution.
a affirm and negate are defined as to prove true and to deny the truth of by multiple dictionaries. It’s a jurisdictional feature of the ballot because the ballot says “affirmative” or “negative” meaning truth testing is a rule of debate. Outweighs fairness and education because constitutive features of debate must be followed.
b inclusion - other ROBs open the door for personal lives of debaters to factor into decisions and compare who is more oppressed which causes violence in a space where some people go to escape.
more contention!
Farmworkers have been historically prevented from unionizing – recent developments are short in scope but lack further protections key for unions Wozniacka, 19, 5/7/2019, “Less than 1 Percent of US Farmworkers Belong to a Union. Here’s Why.”, CivilEats, Gosia Wozniacka is a senior reporter at Civil Eats. A multilingual journalist with more than fifteen years of experience, Gosia is currently based in Oregon. Wozniacka worked for five years as a staff reporter for The Associated Press in Fresno, California, and then in Portland, Oregon. She wrote extensively about agriculture, water, and other environmental issues, farmworkers and immigration policy, URL: https://civileats.com/2019/05/07/less-than-1-percent-of-us-farmworkers-belong-to-a-union-heres-why/ , KR Historically Excluded and Unprotected Federal and state laws have long excluded farmworker from labor AND historically have been dedicated enough to run a farmworker union,” added Flores.
Unions are key for sustainable agriculture – only collective bargaining rights and unionization checks – international union of agriculture proves Hurst et. al, 07, “Agricultural Workers and Their Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development”, ILO, Peter Hurst is the IUF's Occupational Health and Safety Specialist, Paola Termine is the FAO's Rural Institutions and Rural Workers Officer, Marilee Karl is a consultant with the FAO's Rural Institutions and Participation Service.URL: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/~-~~-~-ed_dialogue/~-~~-~-actrav/documents/publication/wcms_113732.pdf, KR To address the problem of unilateral codes, the IUF, working with affiliates and AND also designed for use by small farmers and non- governmental organizations.126
Sustainable agriculture, emphasized by farmers and unions, is key for biodiversity FP, 20, “Biodiversity and Agriculture: Industrial agriculture places consistency and productivity over biodiversity, but preserving the immense variety of life on earth is vital to the health of our planet and helps us safeguard our own food supply.”, Food Print: a non-profit organization dedicated to research and education on food production practices., URL: https://foodprint.org/issues/biodiversity-and-agriculture/, 20+ since some citations are from 2020, KR Given that agriculture’s expanding footprint is responsible for so much habitat loss, preventing wild AND on the farm and making a varied, rich habitat for wildlife.42
Biod loss causes extinction – outweighs neg disads and is a threat multiplier Torres 16 Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. “Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change” http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/. According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human AND as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Plan – The United Kingdom ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.
That boosts union participation, solves worker liberation, and re-establishes credible Collective Bargaining in the UK Cammaerts 15 Bart Cammaerts is Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Communications at the LSE. He has recently written an academic article on the discursive war of position between neoliberalism and its alternatives, entitled: ‘Neoliberalism and the post-hegemonic war of position: The dialectic between invisibility and visibilities’. This article has been published in the European Journal of Communication. September 14th, 2015, “The efforts to restrict the freedom to strike and to deny a right to strike should be resisted fiercely,” https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-efforts-to-restrict-the-freedom-to-strike-and-to-deny-a-right-to-strike-should-be-resisted-fiercely/#Author VM The announcement of the current Tory-led government to make the anti-strike AND this country compared to other EU countries (see also this blog article)}.”
Fundamental to any credible union power is the right to strike. Oates 18 Oates serves as a freelance writer at European Public Service Union who specializes in health and safety and other workplace issues as well as current affairs from a trade union perspective. Summary of report from the European Trade Union Institute, “The right to strike in the public sector in Europe,” https://www.epsu.org/article/right-strike-public-sector-europe, VM “The right to strike is fundamental for trade unions in underpinning their ability to AND workforce, their number fell short of the required 50 turnout threshold.”
1AC - Political Mistrust Advantage
The pandemic has exacerbated a growing government-worker ideological war, leaving millions of workers to abuse by employers or unemployment while the government does nothing – only recognizing the right to strike and sustaining flourishing trade unions switches the tide. Davies 21 Ben Davies holds a Masters in History from Oxford. Some of his interests include housing, the environment, foreign policy and Chelsea Football Club. January 18th, 2021, openDemocracy, “ The state of trade unions in the UK,” https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/state-trade-unions-uk/ VM “2021 will be the most important year for British trade unions in nearly a AND union organising can support members in their struggle for decent pay and conditions.”
Post-Pandemic Britain is having a trust crisis – economic and social repercussions are being felt by all – aff is try-or-die El-Bar 20 Karim El-Bar is a dual Egyptian-British citizen with six years of journalism experience, including a year in Turkey, and a masters in Russian politics. Former Director of Strategic Communications at GEO Strategic Partners, a strategic communications company. LLB in Laws from LSE, MA Russian and Post-Soviet Studies from UCL. “ Public trust in UK government crashes in new poll,” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/public-trust-in-uk-government-crashes-in-new-poll/1861361 VM “Trust in the British government has crashed in recent weeks according to a new AND the political center, and 21 drop for those on the right.”
Unemployment and socioeconomic inequality are the root causes of this political mistrust – empirics prove Muro and Vidal 17 Dr Diego Muro is Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in International Relations at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) at the University of St Andrews. He previously held positions at King’s College London (2003-2009) and the Pompeu Fabra University (2009-2016). He has also been Max Weber postdoctoral fellow at the European University Institute (2008-09) and Senior Fellow at the University of Oxford (2011-12). Guillem Vidal is a postdoctoral researcher at the chair for comparative politics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and at the Center for Civil Society Research at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center. He obtained his Ph.D. in the Department of Social and Political Sciences at the European University Institute, where he was involved in the ERC-POLCON project. With a background in economics and international relations, he has a multidisciplinary approach to his areas of interest, which span across the fields of comparative politics, politi cal economy and political sociology. “Is Unemployment the Worst Enemy of Democracy? Political Mistrust and the Economic Crisis in Southern Europe”; pg. 16-20; https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/59773/Muro_Vidal_Political_Mistrust_post-print_version.pdf?sequence=1 As+ Recut VM Our second hypothesis (H2) is that political mistrust may be caused by changes AND is unclear that a causal mechanism connects employment growth and decline of mistrust.
A British populist surge driven by socioeconomic insecurity and political mistrust is inevitable absent the plan—robust studies prove Martin Wolf (2017), Chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, London. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 2000 “for services to financial journalism”, The economic origins of the populist surge, Financial Times, 6-27-2017 CHS PK Recut VM Why has the appeal of populist ideas grown in western countries? Is this a AND been less so, though the latter two have contained it relatively successfully.
Prosperous and flourishing British trade unions solve –
1 -- Wage Boosts and Restoration of Worker-Employer Power Dynamics Chu 18 Ben Chu is economics editor of The Independent. In 2019 he spent a year as economics editor of BBC Newsnight. Previously he was the Independent's chief leader writer. He is also the author of ‘Chinese Whispers: Why Everything You’ve Heard About China is Wrong’, published in 2013 “Weakening of trade union power has hit workers' pay, says Bank of England chief economist Andy Haldane,” https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/trade-union-pay-bank-england-andy-haldane-chief-economist-a8577696.html, VM “The historic decline of the role of trade unions in the UK economy has AND said he will roll out “sectoral collective bargaining” across the economy.”
2 -- Mitigation of Job Insecurity and Employer Abuse TUC 17 The Trades Union Congress is a national trade union centre, a federation of trade unions in England and Wales, representing the majority of trade unions. There are 48 affiliated unions, with a total of about 5.5 million members. The current General Secretary is Frances O'Grady. 2017, “The Gig is Up” https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/the-gig-is-up.pdf VM “Over three million people – one in ten of the UK workforce – now AND but the lack of rights, protection and power they experience at work.”
Aff spills over – workplace democracy offsets authoritarian populism Spiegelaere 18 Stan De Spiegelaere is a researcher at the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI). "An Unlikely Cure For Populism: Workplace Democracy." https://socialeurope.eu/an-unlikely-cure-for-populism-workplace-democracy Recut VM Trump in the White House, Orban in Hungary, the Law and Justice party AND Orban government has limited the right to strike and made organizing more difficult.
Only an unconditional right to strike is key – movements are prevalent in every sector Pope 18 James Gray Pope is a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO. He can be reached at jpope@law.rutgers.edu. "Labor’s right to strike is essential." https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential Recut VM The recent teacher strikes underscore another, equally vital function of the strike: political AND follow Cuomo, de Blasio and the Republicans down the path of suppression?
British populism causes nuclear war von der Heyden 17 Karl von der Heyden, Co-Chairman of the American Academy in Berlin, was awarded the Duke University Medal for Distinguished Meritorious Service, recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence, M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, “I Survived World War II. Nationalism Is a Path to War”, 2017, https://time.com/4815170/wwii-nationalism-donald-trump-america-first/ Recut VM This collective tendency to forget is not a new phenomenon. After the horrors of the Napoleonic Wars, Europe was given a new order of nation states under the Treaty of Vienna, signed in 1815. The new order lasted relatively well, surviving the revolutions of 1848 and the subsequent Crimean and Franco-Prussian wars. By the time World War I began in 1914, institutional and personal memories of the post-Napoleonic order had been weakened or forgotten. Similarly, seventy years after World War II, millions of people in the U.S. and Europe have forgotten the lessons learned from that war and from the peace that followed. Nascent nationalist and popular movements converged in Britain to produce a vote to leave the European Union. Similar coalitions heavily influence the American political scene today, as they do in Poland, Hungary and even the Netherlands. White House communications that appear to realign foreign policy put in place over the last half-century are beginning to concern America’s allies. I understand why the “America First” movement propagated by Donald Trump sounds patriotic to many voters, as do other movements that favor isolationism. It is natural to blame others for our failure to adjust to new technologies, to immigration and to competition from countries whose growth rates are higher than our own. But the truth is that the “America First” movement runs the risk that it could trigger a global decline in productivity. Free trade has benefitted the U.S, Europe and much of the rest of the world. Many new businesses, particularly in information technology, can now start with a global footprint on Day One instead of being confined to a local market. NATO has preserved the freedom of the Western World from Communism. It has recently become more relevant again in view of the Russia’s efforts to disrupt it. Perhaps most worrisome is the apparent cooling of relations between European NATO allies and the United States, which has compelled German Chancellor Angela Merkel to say, “The times when we could fully rely on others are to some extent over… We Europeans must really take our fate into our own hands.” Problems arise when we start classifying our own and other countries as “winners” or “losers.” Free trade, immigration and the treatment of refugees will never be perfect — far from it. But the alternatives of walling off people, as well as trade, are worse. Appealing to ultra-nationalist and xenophobic feelings is playing with fire. With easy access to weapons of mass destruction, the danger is greater than ever. Growing up in Germany, I saw the dangers of fascism and nationalism. I saw leaders who only made matters worse by appealing to the majority of voters who feared minorities and foreigners. Anyone who appreciates history would know better than to make even casual references to the possibility of nuclear war.
Tensions on the brink between Britain and Russia – populist rhetoric risks nuclear war Ali 21 Taz Ali; Researching and producing in-depth and data-led stories covering Norfolk, east Suffolk and east Cambridgeshire for the Eastern Daily Press, Norwich Evening News “Belarus border crisis: UK talk of war with Russia ‘unhelpful’, says expert as Britain sends military to region,” https://inews.co.uk/news/world/belarus-border-crisis-poland-migrants-uk-war-with-russia-britain-military-region-1300758, VM “Britain’s suggestion of a possible war with Russia over the tensions in eastern Europe AND with Russia than at any time since the Cold War, he added.”
Fw
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
3 Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.
4 Phenomenal introspection --- it’s the most epistemically reliable --- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics --- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it --- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
11/22/21
so - covid waiver
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 2 | Opponent: Memorial BD | Judge: Navarrete, Javier Contention 1: Pandemics
We got lucky with COVID – future pandemics will be much worse and existing provisions in TRIPs are not used -~-- the status quo can’t solve. Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, “What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines,” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. A proponent of IP protections may insist TRIPS already includes built-in exceptions adequate AND analysis, a temporary waiver of IP protections is the world’s best bet.
Developing countries need assistance – it’s time for the U.S. to step up to the plate and do its job Stone 21 – Judy Stone is an Infectious Disease specialist; “Covid Vaccine Equity - Developing Countries Need Our Help”; Forbes, May 11, 2021; https://www.forbes.com/sites/judystone/2021/05/11/vaccine-equitydeveloping-countries-need-our-help/?sh=10939a363ec8advay A few months ago India was doing relatively well and the U.S. AND who are donating supplies while the US has been sitting on the sidelines.
It’s not too late-~--COVID will continue across the developing worlds for years to come. Plus, the plan helps for black swan future pandemics. Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, “Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix,” Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. Although focusing on these immediate constraints is vital, we cannot confine our attention to AND crisis should be viewed from the perspective of getting ready for next time.
A temporary waiver is sufficient-~--it creates momentum for America to repeat against harsher future pandemics which spills over Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, “What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines,” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. The extraordinary circumstances of a global pandemic demand more than minimal or even moderate social AND contribute to the fill-and-finish stage of vaccine production.28
Future pandemics are 10x more deadly – absent a solution we’re all going to die Ceballos 5/27 Gerardo Ceballos PhD, Dr Gerardo Ceballos is an ecologist and conservationist at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. He is particularly recognized for his influential work on global patterns of distribution of diversity, endemism, and extinction risk in vertebrates. He is also well-known for his contribution to understanding the magnitude and impacts of the sixth mass extinction., 5/27/21, “THE SIXTH MASS EXTINCTION AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY”, Population Matters, https://populationmatters.org/news/2021/05/sixth-mass-extinction-and-future-humanity DD AG Somewhere, sometime in late 2019, a coronavirus from a wild species, perhaps AND and civilization. What it is at stake is the future of mankind.
Solvency/Plan
The patent system for pandemic-related drugs is currently out of balance-~--there’s spurious over-patenting under the guise of innovation, which paradoxically hurts innovation by juicing profits. A temporary waiver in the U.S. for pandemics rebalance the system. Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, “Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix,” Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. When we take the longer view, we can see a fundamental mismatch between the AND RandD, prizes for targeted inventions, and direct government support.
The plan seamlessly shifts to a direct support model during pandemics, which allows pharma companies to profit and innovate while speeding up the process-~--that solves but avoids the innovation DA. Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, “Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix,” Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES AND DIRECT GOVERNMENT SUPPORT For pandemics and other public health emergencies AND , predetermined quantities at prices set high enough to guarantee a healthy return.
Thus the plan: The United States of America ought to reduce intellectual property protections for the COVID-19 vaccine. The plan’s implemented through a TRIPS waiver for the U.S. -- that’s Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson and Johnson/Janssen
The plan bolsters the number of vaccines-~--arguments about supply and logistics are empirically disproven. Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, “What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines,” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. Since consequentialist justifications treat the value of IP as purely instrumental, they are also AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18
Fw
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity:
A Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
B No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments decide not to act which means being presented with the aff creates a choice between two actions, neither of which is an omission
C No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen
2 Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
3 Only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.
4 Phenomenal introspection -~-- it’s the most epistemically reliable -~-- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics -~-- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it -~-- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
5 Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers. Sinnott-Armstrong 92 Walter, professor of practical ethics. “An Argument for Consequentialism” Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992. A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason AND explain moral substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons.
6 Reject calc indicts and util triggers permissibility arguments:
A Empirically denied—both individuals and policymakers carry out effective cost-benefit analysis which means even if decisions aren’t always perfect it’s still better than not acting at all
B Theory—they’re functionally NIBs that everyone knows are silly but skew the aff and move the debate away from the topic and actual philosophical debate, killing valuable education
9/11/21
so - covid waiver v2
Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 3 | Opponent: Perry JA | Judge: Andrews, Blake Contention
US primacy is hurt by blocking the vaccine PC 5-3 – Public Citizen is a non-profit, progressive consumer rights advocacy group and think tank based in Washington, D.C., United States) “Don’t Buy Pharma’s Latest Distraction: A Temporary WTO IP Waiver for COVID Meds Would Not Hand “U.S. mRNA Technology” to China,” May 3, 2021. https://www.citizen.org/article/dont-buy-pharmas-latest-distraction-a-temporary-wto-ip-waiver-for-covid-meds-would-not-hand-u-s-mrna-technology-to-china/advay Real Geopolitical Threat for U.S. Is in Blocking 100+ Countries’ WTO AND a waiver these countries consider necessary for their populations to also obtain vaccines.
Western vaccine diplomacy and lack of distribution destroys U.S. heg – the plan flips the script on threats and securitization of vaccines! Borjas 21 – Andres Borjas is a Staff Writer at The Tufts Daily. Andres is a senior studying international relations and can be reached at andres.borjas@tufts.edu; “In response to crises, the US has chosen to weaponize its vaccine policy as a diplomatic tool”; April 7, 2021; https://tuftsdaily.com/opinion/2021/04/07/in-response-to-crises-the-us-has-chosen-to-weaponize-its-vaccine-policy-as-a-diplomatic-tool/ advay Possessing one of the largest stockpiles of COVID-19 vaccines, the United States AND United States feels safe, the rest of the world will not be.
Absent the plan we risk great power war with China – transition to multipolarity is unstable and collapses deterrence Forsyth 19 Jim Forsyth currently serves as dean of Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned his PhD from the University of Denver, Josef Korbel School of International Studies. He has written and published extensively on great power war, intervention, and nuclear issues. “Through the Glass—Darker”, Strategic Studies Quarterly , Vol. 13, No. 4 (WINTER 2019), pp. 18-36, JSTORrecut SLC PK As the article argued in 2007, “technological shifts have continuously altered the methods AND could be dragged into a conflict involving one or more of their allies.
US-China war goes nuclear. Caitlin Talmadge (10-15-2018), PhD in Political Science from MIT, BA in Government from Harvard, Professor of Security Studies at Georgetown University, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option,” Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option//recut SLC PK As China’s power has grown in recent years, so, too, has the AND and military tensions that might lead to a conflict in the first place.
Extinction Snydera and Ruyle 17 (Brian F.Snydera and Leslie E. Ruyle, 12-15-2017, Brian F. Snyder. Department of Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, United States. Leslie E. Ruyle. Center on Conflict and Development, Texas AandM University, United States"The abolition of war as a goal of environmental policy," No Publication, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717316431?via3Dihub)//SLC PK While the precise impacts of a hypothetical nuclear war are difficult to predict, the AND in Asia are typically around 0.3 to 1 mg/m3 .
Solvency
The plan seamlessly shifts to a direct support model during pandemics, which allows pharma companies to profit and innovate while speeding up the process---that solves but avoids the innovation DA. Brink Lindsey 21. Vice President, Niskanen Center; Writes for Brookings, “Why Intellectual Property and Pandemics Don’t Mix,” Brookings, June 3, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/, RJP, DebateDrills. PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES AND DIRECT GOVERNMENT SUPPORT For pandemics and other public health emergencies AND , predetermined quantities at prices set high enough to guarantee a healthy return.
Thus the plan: The United States of America ought to reduce intellectual property protections for the COVID-19 vaccine. The plan’s implemented through a TRIPS waiver for the U.S. -- that’s Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, Johnson and Johnson/Janssen
The plan bolsters the number of vaccines---arguments about supply and logistics are empirically disproven. Nancy S. Jecker and Caesar A. Atuire 21. *Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa, “What’s yours is ours: waiving intellectual property protections for COVID-19 vaccines,” Journal of Medical Ethics, July 6, 2021, https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2021/07/06/medethics-2021-107555.full.pdf., RJP, DebateDrills. Since consequentialist justifications treat the value of IP as purely instrumental, they are also AND will be African—continue to import 99 of its vaccine?’18
Put your critiques away – the plan solves global vaccine shortages that are killing BIPOC the most Public Citizen 21 – Public Citizen is a nonprofit consumer advocacy organization that champions the public interest in the halls of power. We defend democracy, resist corporate power and work to ensure that government works for the people – not for big corporations. Founded in 1971, we now have 500,000 members and supporters throughout the country; “Waiver of WTO Protections for Big Pharma Will Help U.S. Economic Recovery and Boost U.S. Employment”; APRIL 12, 2021; https://www.citizen.org/article/waiver-of-wto-protections-for-big-pharma-will-help-u-s-economic-recovery-and-boost-u-s-employment/advay The Biden administration is rightly focused on helping communities here most at risk of infection AND to the COVID-19 vaccines and treatments that can now protect Americans.
FW
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Prefer it:
1 Actor specificity – Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.
2 Lexical pre-requisite: threats to bodily security preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose
3 Psychological evidence proves we don’t identify with our future selves. Opar 14. Alisa Opar (articles editor at Audubon magazine; cites Hal Hershfield, an assistant professor at New York University’s Stern School of Business; and Emily Pronin, a psychologist at Princeton) “Why We Procrastinate” Nautilus January 2014 “The British philosopher Derek Parfit espoused a severely reductionist view of personal identity in AND says Pronin, like we think of others: in the third person.
4 Use epistemic modesty for evaluating the framework debate:
A Substantively true since it maximizes the probability of achieving net most moral value—beating a framework acts as mitigation to their impacts but the strength of that mitigation is contingent.
B Clash—disincentives debaters from going all in for framework which means we get the ideal balance between topic ed and phil ed—it’s important to talk about contention-level offense
5 Extinction comes first! Pummer 15 Theron, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford. “Moral Agreement on Saving the World” Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. May 18, 2015 AT There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent AND be acting very wrongly.” (From chapter 36 of On What Matters)
Tournament: Duke | Round: 6 | Opponent: Durham RL | Judge: Vigeant, Jake I affirm.
fwk
I value morality. My value criterion is preventing structural violence.
You should oppose everyday violence for two reasons- A) social bias underrepresents its effects B) its effects are exponential, not linear which means even if the only causes a small amount of structural violence, its terminal impacts are huge Nixon ’11 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 2-3) Three primary concerns animate this book, chief among them my conviction that we urgently AND in situations where the conditions for sustaining life become increasingly but gradually degraded.
You should use probability weighing – any other model of risk calculus collapses in on itself. Kessler 08 (Oliver; April 2008; PhD in IR, professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, and professor of history and theory of IR at the Faculty of Arts; Alternatives, Vol. 33, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” p. 211-232) The problem of the second method is that it is very difficult to "calculate AND prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.
contention 1
The sole contention is insulin. The thesis of the aff is that current IP protections prevent the access of insulin to the most disenfranchised, a form of structural violence that is preventable. Member nations of the WTO ought to reduce IP protections for insulin and save lives.
Insulin is prohibitively expensive – new insulin analogues move the needle from human insulin to a lower quality, more expensive drug Peccoud et al 18 Jenna E. Gallegos ,1 Christopher Boyer,2 Eleanore Pauwels,3 Warren A. Kaplan,4 and Jean Peccoud Prof. Jean Peccoud joined the department in January 2016 as the Abell chair in synthetic biology1,*, December 18, “The Open Insulin Project: A Case Study for ‘Biohacked’ Medicines””, Trends in Biotechnology Vol 36 No. 12, https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(18)30200-2.pdf DD AG Since its discovery in 1921, insulin has revolutionized the quality and quantity of life AND regulatory hurdles in order to develop a more affordable model for insulin production.
IP perpetuates evergreening, specifically for insulin – that prevents the creation of cheap, generic medicine Greene 15 Jeremy A. Greene, M.D., Ph.D I received an MA in medical anthropology from Harvard in 2004, the MD and PhD degrees in the history of science from Harvard in 2005., and Kevin R. Riggs, M.D., M.P.H., March 19, 2015, “Why Is There No Generic Insulin? Historical Origins of a Modern Problem”, New England Journal of Medicine 372:1171-1175, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1411398 DD AG Reducing the problem of generic insulin to the contemporary debate over biosimilarity ignores the historical AND a steep price for the continued rejuvenation of this oldest of modern medicines.
This has been happening for the last century—think about how many lives could have been saved. Peccoud 18 Jean Peccoud Prof. Jean Peccoud joined the department in January 2016 as the Abell chair in synthetic biology., 9-13-2018, "After a century, insulin is still expensive – could DIYers change that?," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/after-a-century-insulin-is-still-expensive-could-diyers-change-that-99822 DD AG Soon after Federick Banting discovered that insulin could be used to treat diabetes in 1921 AND worse because they tried to ration their insulin are all-too common.
IP stands in the way of innovative, biohacked insulin that solves diabetes and is cheaper than existing medicines – only the plan allow for a new wave of biohacked innovation – turns the innovation DA Peccoud et al 18 Jenna E. Gallegos ,1 Christopher Boyer,2 Eleanore Pauwels,3 Warren A. Kaplan,4 and Jean Peccoud Prof. Jean Peccoud joined the department in January 2016 as the Abell chair in synthetic biology1,*, December 18, “The Open Insulin Project: A Case Study for ‘Biohacked’ Medicines””, Trends in Biotechnology Vol 36 No. 12, https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(18)30200-2.pdf DD AG Biohacked insulin will face different intellectual property barriers depending on the distribution model. If AND , can independently uncover or stumble upon and ‘acquire’ a trade secret.
The plan would be implemented through the Affordable Drug Manufacturing Act – precedent makes it normal means Scott 18 Dylan Scott grew up in Ohio, lived in Las Vegas for a year and moved to Washington in 2011. I cover health care and other domestic policy., 12-20-2018, "Elizabeth Warren’s ambitious new bill to lower generic drug prices, explained," Vox, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/12/20/18146993/elizabeth-warren-2020-election-drug-prices-bill DD AG The two lawmakers are targeting generic drugs — knockoff versions of brand-name medications that have lost their patent protections — specifically in their legislation. Generic drugs are supposed to lower drug prices by introducing cheaper alternatives to the brand-name version. But the generic drug industry has come under a lot of scrutiny in recent years, both for hiking generic prices and becoming the target of a historic lawsuit for anti-competitive practices. The system is often not working as intended. Here’s what Warren and Schakowsky would propose to do: Under limited circumstances, the AND federal government to contract with private companies to do the actual drug producing.
Prioritize structural impacts – worst-case scenario predictions are based on threat exaggeration – distorts rational decision-making and justify preemptive warfare Mueller and Stewart ’11 John, Woody Hayes National Security Studies and Professor of Political Science @ Ohio State University, Mark, Professor of Civil Engineering and Director of the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, “Terror, Security, and Money”, page numbers below Focusing on Worst-Case Scenarios Cass Sunstein, who seems to have invented the AND of public monies in a responsible manner. page 14-17