Aragon Abraham Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Best Friend | Finals | friend | friend |
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| College Prep Invitational | 1 | Stanford OHS MB | Maxine Adams |
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| Damus Hollywood Invitational | 2 | Marlborough RJ | Sophia Gottfried |
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| Florida Blue Key | 1 | Harker DS | Wyatt Hatfield |
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| Florida Blue Key | 3 | Lexington VM | Spencer Orlowski |
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| Florida Blue Key | 5 | American Heritage Broward NR | Curtis Chang |
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| GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | Finals | GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Lake Highland Prep PS | James Stuckert |
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| Hall of Fame | 1 | Lebron | Flight |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 1 | Loyola IB | Anabelle Long |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 3 | Strake Jesuit KS | Faizaan Dosani |
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| Heart of Texas Invitational | 5 | Marlborough VA | Joshua Martin |
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| Loyola Invitational | 3 | Syosset LG | Nathan Russell |
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| Loyola Invitational | 1 | Sam Barlow EL | Jonah Gentleman |
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| Loyola Invitational | 6 | Marlborough RJ | Ishan Rereddy |
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| Mid America Cup | 3 | Lexington AS | Isabella Nadel |
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| Mid America Cup | 6 | Strake Jesuit MS | Tajjah Robinson |
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| Mid America cup | 2 | Strath Haven AM | Joseph Barquin |
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| NBA Finals | 1 | Lebron | Flight |
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| Nano Nagle | 9 | CITES BOX | Not WORKING |
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| Nano Nagle Classic | 5 | Mountain House ES | David Salizar |
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| Nano Nagle Classic | 4 | McNeil AG | Christopher Perez |
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| Nano Nagle Classic | 2 | Marlborough AW | David Dosch |
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| Peninsula | 1 | Harvard Westlake AW | Truman Le |
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| Tournament Name | 1 | Tournament Names | Tournament Names |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Best Friend | Finals | Opponent: friend | Judge: friend POG |
| College Prep Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Stanford OHS MB | Judge: Maxine Adams 1AC PTD V1 |
| Damus Hollywood Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Marlborough RJ | Judge: Sophia Gottfried 1AC China v3 |
| Florida Blue Key | 1 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield 1AC China v1 |
| Florida Blue Key | 3 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Spencer Orlowski 1AC China v2 |
| Florida Blue Key | 5 | Opponent: American Heritage Broward NR | Judge: Curtis Chang 1AC China V1 |
| GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | Finals | Opponent: GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | Judge: GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: James Stuckert 1AC China v3 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Loyola IB | Judge: Anabelle Long 1AC Evergreening v2 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Faizaan Dosani 1AC Evergreening V2 |
| Heart of Texas Invitational | 5 | Opponent: Marlborough VA | Judge: Joshua Martin 1AC Evergreening V2 |
| Loyola Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Nathan Russell 1AC Cancer V2 |
| Loyola Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Sam Barlow EL | Judge: Jonah Gentleman 1AC Cancer aff V1 |
| Loyola Invitational | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough RJ | Judge: Ishan Rereddy 1AC Cancer V3 |
| Mid America Cup | 3 | Opponent: Lexington AS | Judge: Isabella Nadel 1AC Korsgaard V1 |
| Mid America Cup | 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MS | Judge: Tajjah Robinson 1AC Evergreening V1 |
| Mid America cup | 2 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC Evergreening V1 |
| NBA Finals | 1 | Opponent: Lebron | Judge: Flight Flight is the goat |
| Nano Nagle | 9 | Opponent: CITES BOX | Judge: Not WORKING CITES NOT WORKING |
| Nano Nagle Classic | 5 | Opponent: Mountain House ES | Judge: David Salizar 1AC Evergreening v2 |
| Nano Nagle Classic | 4 | Opponent: McNeil AG | Judge: Christopher Perez 1AC Evergreening V2 |
| Nano Nagle Classic | 2 | Opponent: Marlborough AW | Judge: David Dosch 1AC Evergreening V2 |
| Peninsula | 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AW | Judge: Truman Le 1AC Lunar Heritage |
| Tournament Name | 1 | Opponent: Tournament Names | Judge: Tournament Names Tournament Names |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
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0-BEN THE GOATTournament: Best Friend | Round: Finals | Opponent: friend | Judge: friend | 10/19/21 |
0-Tournament NamesTournament: Tournament Name | Round: 1 | Opponent: Tournament Names | Judge: Tournament Names | 10/29/21 |
Contact infoTournament: NBA Finals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lebron | Judge: Flight | 8/23/21 |
GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKINGTournament: GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | Round: Finals | Opponent: GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | Judge: GLENBROOKS CITES NOT WORKING | 11/20/21 |
JF- Lunar HeritageTournament: Peninsula | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AW | Judge: Truman Le 1AC: PlanPlan - Private entities ought not appropriate lunar heritage sitesHarrington 19, Andrea J. "Preserving Humanity's Heritage in Space: Fifty Years after Apollo 11 and beyond." J. Air L. and Com. 84 (2019): 299. (Associate Professor and Director of the Schriever Space Scholars at USAF Air Command and Staff College)Elmer AND destruction, loss, or private appropriation of our cultural heritage in space. 1AC: Lunar HeritageThe Advantage is Lunar Heritage:Global Moon Rush by private actors is coming now.Sample 19 Ian Sample 7-19-2019 "Apollo 11 site should be granted heritage status, says space agency boss" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/19/apollo-11-site-heritage-status-space-agency-moon (PhD at Queens Mary College)Elmer AND artefacts that will undoubtedly sell for tremendous amounts of money here on Earth." Corporate development, tourism, and looting will destroy scientifically rich Tranquility base artifacts.Fessl 19 Sophie Fessl 7-10-2019 "Should the Moon Landing Site Be a National Historic Landmark?" https://daily.jstor.org/should-the-moon-landing-site-be-a-national-historic-landmark/ (PhD King’s College London, BA Oxford)Elmer AND that’s on the moon was affected by a decades-long stay there. Private entities are a unique threat to lunar heritage – national governments have active incentives to avoid heritage destruction.Private Key Card – AT: Alt Causes AND , commerce, and the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies. Tranquility base research key to moon dust research.Dovey 19 Ceridwen Dovey "Moondust Could Cloud Our Lunar Ambitions" https://www.wired.com/story/moondust-nasa-lunar-ambitions/ (PhD Candidate, Anthropology at NYU, B.A. Anthropology and Environmental Science at Harvard, National Book Foundation Nominee, Contributor to Wired and The New Yorker)Elmer AND world what he knows about one of the solar system's most baffling substances. Moon Dust Research key to Moon Basing.Smith 19 Belinda Smith 7-18-2019 "Who protects Apollo sites when no-one owns the Moon?" https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-07-19/apollo-11-moon-landing-heritage-preservation-outer-space-treaty/11055458 (Strategic Communications Advisor at Department of Education and Training at University of Victoria)Elmer AND Moon is a testament to what we did and when we did it." Lunar Basing solves Earth Observatory – specifically Super-Volcanoes and Arctic Aviation.Hamill 16, Patrick. "Atmospheric observations from the moon: A lunar earth-observatory." 2016 Ieee International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Igarss). IEEE, 2016. (Department of Physics and Astronomy at San Jose State University)Elmer AND no interference of measurements of the radiation emitted from the surface of Earth. Natural Disasters are an Existential Event – outweighs Nuclear War.Wright 18 Pam Wright 1-19-2018 "Extreme Weather Events Have Greatest Likelihood of Threatening Human Existence, Experts Say" https://weather.com/science/environment/news/2018-01-19-extreme-weather-threatens-human-existence (M.S. in Meteorology, editor for The Weather Channel)Elmer AND with a stronger sense of urgency in order to avoid potential system collapse." Arctic aviation through Alaska solves nuclear wars.Cooper 12 – Kathleen Cooper, Master’s Degrees in Business Administration from the University of Phoenix and Military Operational Art and Science from Air Command and Staff College, ""North To Alaska": The Geostrategic Importance of the Last Frontier", SAASS Thesis, June, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1019442.pdf AND hostile ballistic missiles. Alaska’s significance continues to endure the test of time. Volcano explosions cause Civilizational Collapse – Extinction.Pamlin and Armstrong 15, Dennis, and Stuart Armstrong. "Global challenges: 12 risks that threaten human civilization." Global Challenges Foundation, Stockholm (2015). (Entrepreneur and Founder of 21st Century Frontiers, Senior Associate at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Visiting Research Fellow at the Research Center of Journalism and Social Development at Renmin University)Elmer AND is possible only as a consequence of civilisation collapse and subsequent shocks.387 Lunar Basing key to Ageing Research – solves Ageing Crisis.Green 10, David A. "How the UK can lead the terrestrial translation of biomedical advances arising from lunar exploration activities." Earth, Moon, and Planets 107.1 (2010): 127-146. (Programme Director, Space Physiology and Health MSc at Kings College London)Elmer AND terrestrial returns in terms of knowledge, health and wellbeing and economic development. | 2/12/22 |
ND China V1Tournament: Florida Blue Key | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield 1AC: PlanPlan – A just government of the People's Republic of China ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.That solves worker liberation, labor reforms, and re-establishes credible Collective Bargaining in China – establishing legal protection for Labor Unions reduces overall labor-related discontent.Dongfang 11 Han Dongfang 4-6-2011 "Liberate China's Workers" https://archive.md/7RvDG~~#selection-307.0-316.0 (director of China Labour Bulletin, a nongovernmental organization that defends the rights of workers in China.)Elmer 1AC: Soft Power Advantage ~China Heg Dump~ - WIPLack of Chinese Right to Strike devastates Collective Bargaining – undermines any legal leverage for Strikes.Friedman 17 Eli Friedman 4-20-2017 "Collective Bargaining in China is Dead: The Situation is Excellent" https://www.chinoiresie.info/collective-bargaining-in-china-is-dead-the-situation-is-excellent/ (Assistant Professor of International and Comparative Labour at Cornell University)Elmer Any credible union power is under-cut by detentions of labor activists.Merkley and McGovern 13 Jeff Merkley and James McGovern 12-20-2013 "Detention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges for Collective Bargaining in China" https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/detention-of-labor-representative-highlights-challenges-for (Representative and Co-Chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China)Elmer The Right to Strike re-balances China's Economy.Roberts 10 Dexter Roberts 8-5-2010 "Is the Right to Strike Coming to China" https://archive.md/hjNI7 (Editor at Bloomberg)Elmer Enhanced Unions and Labor Reforms key to sustained Chinese Economic Growth.Haack 21 Michael Haack 2-13-2021 "Could Biden Make US-China Trade Better for Workers?" https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/could-biden-make-us-china-trade-better-for-workers/ (Michael Haack currently a contractor with the China Labor Translation Project, a project of the Chinese Progressive Association. He previously worked with industrial workers in southern China. Michael holds master's degrees from SOAS, University of London and American University)Elmer China's Economy is hosed and threatened by rampant Inequality gaps that devastate consumption.Bloomberg 21 1-19-2021 "China's Wide Income Gap Undercut Spending as Growth Recovers" https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/china-s-strong-growth-masks-unbalanced-recovery-as-incomes-lag Elmer That's critical for Soft Power Projection BUT authoritarianism regarding activists puts efforts on the brink – re-establishing credibility of governance is important.Albert 18 Eleanor Albert 2-9-2018 "China's Big Bet on Soft Power" https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-big-bet-soft-power (a third-year PhD student concentrating in international relations and comparative politics)Elmer Chinese leadership solves existential threats.Yamei 18 Shen Yamei 18, Deputy Director and Associate Research Fellow of Department for American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, 1-9-2018, "Probing into the "Chinese Solution" for the Transformation of Global Governance," CAIFC, http://www.caifc.org.cn/en/content.aspx?id=4491 1~ Affs get 1ar theory, its key to checking infinite nc abuse that o/w on magnitude, anything else incentivizes negs to purposely read silly positions that deter from substantive engagement, its drop the debater with no rvis, and competing interps, dtd is key to rectifying abuse because the 1ar is time crunched, reasonability is arbitrary and triggers judge intervention, and rvis make affirming impossible because they can collapse for 6 minutes to an rvi on a 1ar shell, 1ar theory o/w because the 1ar is 4 minues and the 1nc is 7 so theres more abuse if im willing to dedicate that time to theory, eval the theory debate after the 1ar because we both had 1 speech to read theory which is reciprocal. No 1NC contestation of paradigm issues because I would need to win 2 things, which is irreciprocal. Evaluate theory after the 1ar is a paradigm issue because it dictates how the judge evaluates theory.2~ No 2NR "I meet" arguments A~ Skews theory ground because they're each a NIB for me to winning theory which kills my ability to check abuse.3~ No new 2n arguments, weighing, and paradigm issues. A~ overloads the 2AR with a massive clarification burden B~ it becomes impossible to check NC abuse if you can dump on reasons the shell doesn't matter in the 2nr | 10/29/21 |
ND China v2Tournament: Florida Blue Key | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Spencer Orlowski 1AC: PlanPlan Text: A just government of the People's Republic of China ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.That solves worker liberation, labor reforms, and re-establishes credible Collective Bargaining in China – establishing legal protection for Labor Unions reduces overall labor-related discontent.Dongfang 11 Han Dongfang 4-6-2011 "Liberate China's Workers" https://archive.md/7RvDG~~#selection-307.0-316.0 (director of China Labour Bulletin, a nongovernmental organization that defends the rights of workers in China.)Elmer 1AC: Soft Power Advantage ~China Heg Dump~ - WIPLack of Chinese Right to Strike devastates Collective Bargaining – undermines any legal leverage for Strikes.Friedman 17 Eli Friedman 4-20-2017 "Collective Bargaining in China is Dead: The Situation is Excellent" https://www.chinoiresie.info/collective-bargaining-in-china-is-dead-the-situation-is-excellent/ (Assistant Professor of International and Comparative Labour at Cornell University)Elmer Any credible union power is under-cut by detentions of labor activists.Merkley and McGovern 13 Jeff Merkley and James McGovern 12-20-2013 "Detention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges for Collective Bargaining in China" https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/detention-of-labor-representative-highlights-challenges-for (Representative and Co-Chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China)Elmer The Right to Strike re-balances China's Economy.Roberts 10 Dexter Roberts 8-5-2010 "Is the Right to Strike Coming to China" https://archive.md/hjNI7 (Editor at Bloomberg)Elmer Enhanced Unions and Labor Reforms key to sustained Chinese Economic Growth.Haack 21 Michael Haack 2-13-2021 "Could Biden Make US-China Trade Better for Workers?" https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/could-biden-make-us-china-trade-better-for-workers/ (Michael Haack currently a contractor with the China Labor Translation Project, a project of the Chinese Progressive Association. He previously worked with industrial workers in southern China. Michael holds master's degrees from SOAS, University of London and American University)Elmer China's Economy is hosed and threatened by rampant Inequality gaps that devastate consumption.Bloomberg 21 1-19-2021 "China's Wide Income Gap Undercut Spending as Growth Recovers" https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/china-s-strong-growth-masks-unbalanced-recovery-as-incomes-lag Elmer That's critical for Soft Power Projection BUT authoritarianism regarding activists puts efforts on the brink – re-establishing credibility of governance is important.Albert 18 Eleanor Albert 2-9-2018 "China's Big Bet on Soft Power" https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-big-bet-soft-power (a third-year PhD student concentrating in international relations and comparative politics)Elmer Chinese leadership solves existential threats.Yamei 18 Shen Yamei 18, Deputy Director and Associate Research Fellow of Department for American Studies, China Institute of International Studies, 1-9-2018, "Probing into the "Chinese Solution" for the Transformation of Global Governance," CAIFC, http://www.caifc.org.cn/en/content.aspx?id=4491 Chinese Economic Decline leads to all-out War – specifically over Taiwan.Joske 18 Stephen Joske 10-23-2018 "China's Coming Financial Crisis And The National Security Connection" https://warontherocks.com/2018/10/chinas-coming-financial-crisis-and-the-national-security-connection/ (senior adviser to the Australian Treasurer during the 1997–98 Asian crisis)re-cut by Elmer Taiwan goes Nuclear.Talmadge 18 ~Caitlin, Associate Professor of Security Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, "Beijing's Nuclear Option: Why a U.S.-China War Could Spiral Out of Control," accessible online at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-10-15/beijings-nuclear-option, published Nov/Dec 2018~re-cut by Elmer Nuke war causes extinction AND outweighs other existential risksChecked FwkThe standard is maximizing expected well being or act util, Prefer additionally:1~ Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Link turns calc indites because the alt would be no action.3~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.4~ No intent-foresight distinction— If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.Extinction Outweighs – it's irreversible while you can reverse low value to life – means we're a sequencing question. Independent, war outweighs and turns structural violence – forces populations into poverty and causes mass atrocities against innocent bystanders and marginalized groups.1~ Affs get 1ar theory, its key to checking infinite nc abuse that o/w on magnitude, anything else incentivizes negs to purposely read silly positions that deter from substantive engagement, its drop the debater with no rvis, and competing interps, dtd is key to rectifying abuse because the 1ar is time crunched, reasonability is arbitrary and triggers judge intervention, and rvis make affirming impossible because they can collapse for 6 minutes to an rvi on a 1ar shell, 1ar theory o/w because the 1ar is 4 minues and the 1nc is 7 so theres more abuse if im willing to dedicate that time to theory, eval the theory debate after the 1ar because we both had 1 speech to read theory which is reciprocal. | 10/30/21 |
Nano Nagle-CITES NOT WORKING CHECK OSTournament: Nano Nagle | Round: 9 | Opponent: CITES BOX | Judge: Not WORKING | 10/9/21 |
NavigationTournament: NBA Finals | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lebron | Judge: Flight | 8/23/21 |
SO 1AC Korsgaard V1Tournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AS | Judge: Isabella Nadel 1AC FrameworkEthics must begin a priori:~A~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be. But it’s impossible to derive an ought from descriptive premises, so there needs to be additional a priori premises to make a moral theory.~B~ Empirical uncertainty – evil demon could deceive us, dreaming, simulation, and inability to know others’ experience make empiricism an unreliable basis for universal ethics. Outweighs since it would be escapable since people could say they don’t experience the same.Next, the relevant feature of reason is universality – any non-universalizable norm justifies someone’s ability to impede on your ends i.e. if I want to eat ice cream, I must recognize that others may affect my pursuit of that end and demand the value of my end be recognized by others which also means universalizability acts as a side constraint on all other frameworks. It’s impossible to will a violation of freedom since deciding to do would will incompatible ends since it logically entails willing a violation of your own freedomThus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative1AC Offense~1~ Intellectual property protection violates the formula of autonomy – multiple warrants.Hale 18 Zachary A., 4-4-2018, "Patently Unfair: The Tensions Between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection," Arkansas Journal of Social Change and Public Service, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2018/04/04/patently-unfair/ JGBefore entering discussion of more recent institutional developments, it is germane to the object of this paper to examine the role of intellectual property in the United Nations preceding the incorporation of the WIPO. As noted above, intellectual property rights were included in the UDHR. Article 27 of the UDHR states that: 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.~17~ This should not be interpreted as a consensus amongst the international community on how intellectual property should be regulated, or even on how to define the "moral and material" interests that deserved protection. As with many aspects of the UDHR, the inclusion of intellectual property was highly contested.~18~ While a large number of states disagreed with Article 27, they were overpowered by states convinced of the material value of intellectual property protection. As Paul Torremans notes: ~T~he initial strong criticism that ~intellectual property~ was not properly speaking a Human Right or that it already attracted sufficient protection under the regime of protection afforded to property rights in general was eventually defeated by a coalition of those who primarily voted in favour because they felt that the moral rights deserved and needed protection and met the Human Rights standard and those who felt the ongoing internationalization of copyright needed a boost and that this could be a tool in this respect.~19~ This shift from discussion of intellectual property as a matter of trade law to discussion of intellectual property as a matter of human rights was furthered by the inclusion of intellectual property rights in Article 15 of the ICESCR, which took force in January of 1976. Article 15 states: 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life; (b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications; (c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture. 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. 4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields.~20~ The sub-clauses of 15.1 are essentially a reiteration of Article 27, but the mention of "development and diffusion" in 15.2 and "co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields" in 15.4 represent a radical shift in intellectual property interpretation. The conception of innovation in terms of market value and incentive systems was being challenged by ideas about human development, as is reflected in the suggestion that "the full realization" of the human rights aspect of intellectual property requires "the diffusion of science and culture," a suggestion that was not present in the UDHR.~21~ The Patents Cooperation Treaty (PCT),~22~ arguably the most important development in international intellectual property law between the ICESCR (1976) and the TRIPs (1995), serves as an example of the continued dominance of traditional intellectual property notions, even within the diverse arena of the United Nations. The PCT came into effect under the authority of the United Nations in 1978, four years after the incorporation of the WIPO. This treaty, certainly the most consequential undertaking of the international intellectual property community since the 19th century, was engineered by a group of neoliberal economists led by Edward Brenner (US Commissioner of Patents) and Arpad Bogsch (Deputy Director of BIRPI and first Director General of WIPO) in response to the concerns of multinational corporations about international patent applicability.~23~ The PCT set out to ensure that corporations with patents enjoyed equal protection in every country. This meant that a large pharmaceutical company could prosecute pharmaceutical actors around the world for using patented formulas as a starting point for generic drugs development. This protection provides a particular advantage to companies that already hold a large number of patents, as they can use patent-extending strategies to maintain a monopoly over formulas and technologies beyond the standard twenty-year limit.~24~ Thus, twelve years after United Nations member states affirmed the value of diffusing scientific and cultural knowledge in the ICESCR, the WIPO became responsible for overseeing the regulation of such knowledge through the PCT. This protection, which largely favors companies with pre-existing patents,~25~ set the tone for the most controversial institutionalization of intellectual property thus far, the TRIPs.~26~ The TRIPs, established in the 1994 Uruguay Round of the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, was the first attempt to put forth comprehensive protection for intellectual property through the World Trade Organization (WTO).~27~ This agreement represented a monumental change in the field of international intellectual property law, pushing the protection of intellectual property into the center of international trade law.~28~ It forced a minimum standard of copyright and patent protection on all 162 WTO members, severely hindering the distribution and development of agricultural and pharmaceutical innovations.~29~ Though there have been subsequent agreements aimed at increasing access to "essential drugs,"~30~ the TRIPs and its restrictive prescriptions continue to dominate the institutional framework of international intellectual property.~31~ III. Conflict Between Intellectual Property Protection and Human Rights Although the right to the protection of "moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary, or artistic production,"~32~ is a human right as defined in the UDHR and the ICESCR, the current system of intellectual property protection conflicts with and even violates rights that are considered to be fundamental to human life. Although intellectual property instruments are certainly used to violate essential civil and political freedoms like the freedom of expression, and economic and social freedoms like the freedom to share in the scientific advancements of society, the most blatant violations of human rights caused by intellectual property protection occur in the fields of nutrition, healthcare, and culture.~33~ Of these essential entitlements, the rights to food and health are made even more significant by their relationship to the most fundamental of all human rights: the right to life.1AC Advantage1AC: InnovationThe Advantage is Innovation -We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration.Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer AND look for new things, not to recycle existing drugs for minimal benefit. We control Uniqueness – 78 of New Drugs aren’t innovative.PFAD 21 Patients for Affordable Drugs 2-3-2021 "BIG PHARMA’S BIG LIE: THE TRUTH ABOUT INNOVATION and DRUG PRICES" https://patientsforaffordabledrugs.org/2021/02/03/innovation-report/ (a patient advocacy and lobbying organisation based in Washington, D.C. founded by David Mitchell who suffers from multiple myeloma. Ben Wakana is the executive director. It focuses on policies to lower drug prices.)Elmer AND that delivers meaningful clinical benefit to patients — instead of repurposing old drugs. The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopoliesArnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer AND billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs." Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe’s key.Sobti 19 ~Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv 1AC: PlanI affirm resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent and exclusivity protection.Resolved is defined as firm in purpose or intent; determined and I’m determined.Affirm means to express agreement and you already know I do.The Plan solves Evergreening.Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer 1AC Underview~~1~ 1AR theory is legit – anything else means infinite abuse – drop the debater, competing interps, no rvis– 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off – no RVIs or 2NR theory and paradigm issues– 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time.a). The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolution is a true or false statement – anything else moots 6 minutes of the 1AC– their framing collapses since you must say it is true that a world is better than another before you adopt it.They justify substantive skews since there will always be a more correct side of the issue but we compensate for flaws in the lit.2). Liar’s Paradox – the resolution is always trueCamus ~Albert Camus (existentialist). "The Myth of Sisyphus." Penguin Books. 1975(originally published 1942). Accessed 12/11/19. Pg 22. Copy on hand. Houston Memorial DX~ ~3~ The rules of logic claim that the only time a statement is invalid is if the antecedent is true, but the consequent is false.SEP ~Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.~ "An Introduction to Philosophy." Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~~bobonich/dictionary/dictionary.html TG Massa If the aff is winning, they get the ballot is a tacit ballot conditional which means denying the premise proves the conclusion that I should get the ballot.4). Affirm because either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because it turns us into Fake News people OR it’s not meaning it’s a lie that you can’t vote on for ethics5). Decision Making Paradox- in order to judge we need a decision-making procedure to determine it is a good decision. But to chose a decision-making procedure requires another meta level decision making procedure leading to infinite regress so just vote aff to break the paradox.6). GCB- I am the greatest conceivable being so vote for me because I am infinitely good. To prove this, I will make them contest the aff and say they are not under my control.7). Negative arguments presuppose the aff being true since they begin with a descriptive premise about the affirmative such as the aff does x, and then justify why x is bad. However, if the aff does not have truth value, that entails the descriptive premise would also not have truth value, which is contradictory.8~ No neg analytics - I don’t have time to cover 100 blippy arguments in the NC since you can read 7 min of analytics and extend any of them to win.9). No neg arguments – skews me to answer those. Answering this triggers a contradiction since it relies on an analytic argument and those affirm since I spoke first and they were your fault for creating. Reject 1NC responses– you’re psychologically skewed to believe them because the 1NC is longer10). No new 2N framing issues or responses. a) Destroys aff ability to frame the round, k2 recourse because the neg can uplayer in the 1N unchecked, makes the 4 minute 1AR impossible because either I have to respond to every layer or I have to make a weaker uplayering that is stomped by the 6 min 2N b) Reciprocity – I can’t make new 2AR responses because there’s no 3N, so you shouldn’t be able to pin the aff to defense. c) Implications are clear out of the AC per arguments – you can respond to the new parts of extended interps like violations and voters, but not the arguments themselves.11). Reject theory on arguments in the 1ac – it’s infinitely regressive and never resolves abuse. Action under one framework doesn’t preclude action under another. This means other framing or offense doesn’t exclude mine. | 9/25/21 |
SO Cancer aff V1Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Sam Barlow EL | Judge: Jonah Gentleman 1AC—-CancerLMICs stands for Low and Middle-Income Countries. Plan Text: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for cancer medications.1AC—-AdvantageLack of access to essential medicines ensures cancer will ravage developing countries—-imperiling economic development AND burdening public health resources. The plan solves by compelling licensing of cancer medicines via TRIPs.Ragavan and Vanni 20. *Srividya Ragavan is a professor of Law at the University of Oklahoma, College of Law with a focus on intellectual property, trade, and development. Dr. Amika Vanni is a lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds, where she is affiliated with the Centre for Business Law and Practice (CBLP), and Centre for Law and Social Justice. Her work lies at the intersection of international economic law, development, and global governance. Her research and teaching are on intellectual property law, international trade law, philianthropy, critical legal theory and history. February 2020. "Can International Patent Law Help Mitigate Cancer Inequity in LMICs?" https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32048580/. AND compulsory licenses to increase access by lowering the cost of cancer medications.20 Cancer medications are uniquely expensive. That either drains developing countries public health resources OR forces them to forego treatment altogether.Brittany L. Bychkovsky 16. Oncologist, teaches at Harvard Medical School. 2016. "Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications?" https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jgo.2016.005363. AND this problem, especially in resource-conscious or resource-constrained settings. Numerous case studies evince solvency.Brittany L. Bychkovsky 16. Oncologist, teaches at Harvard Medical School. 2016. "Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications?" https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jgo.2016.005363. AND is only a need to permit their use in the Indian market.40 Unchecked, cancer decimates achievement of sustainable development goals across the board—-even if not now, cancer in developing states will accelerate. Cost-effective treatment is key—-otherwise, cancer drains disease response resources across the board.UICC 17. The Union for International Cancer Control. 2017. International NGO in every country founded in the 1930w. "Cancer and SDGs." https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/advocacy/global-commitment/cancer-and-sdgs. AND sustainable development but, equally, sustainable development relies on a healthy population. That’s key to head off a laundry list of interacting catastrophic risks including pandemics and environmental collapse, the combination of which risks extinction AND amplifies every other threat.Tom Cernev and Richard Fenner 20, Australian National University; Centre for Sustainable Development, Cambridge University Engineering Department, "The importance of achieving foundational Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global risk," Futures, Vol. 115, January 2020, Elsevier. AND assumption that technological innovation alone may create improvements in many of the goals. Weak states are existential. Err AFF to account for non-linearity and unpredictable cascades.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. AND their theories (Kassab and Wu 2014) must take these matters seriously. Prefer a model of risk calculus that prioritizes non-linear existential risks over one-shot linear scenarios.Liu et al. 18. Hin-Yan Liu, Associate Professor, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen; Kristian Cedervall Lauta, Associate Professor, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen; Matthijs Michiel Maas, PhD Fellow, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen. 09/2018. "Governing Boring Apocalypses: A New Typology of Existential Vulnerabilities and Exposures for Existential Risk Research." Futures, vol. 102, pp. 6–19. AND taxonomy can recalibrate the calculus and reduce the prospect of an existential outcome. FwkThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1). Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Link turns calc indites because the alt would be no action.3~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.UV1AR theory – a) AFF gets it because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) reject the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time, e) no 2NR theory – 2-to-1 time tradeoff makes it devastating for the 2AR, f) comes first – it’s a bigger percentage of the 1AR than 1NC which means there’s more abuse if I’m devoting a larger fraction of time and only the 2N has time to win multiple layers, g) voters – fairness because debate’s a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education since it gives us portable skills for life like research and thinking. | 10/22/21 |
SO Cancer aff V2Tournament: Loyola Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Syosset LG | Judge: Nathan Russell Cancer medications are uniquely expensive. That either drains developing countries public health resources OR forces them to forego treatment altogether.Brittany L. Bychkovsky 16. Oncologist, teaches at Harvard Medical School. 2016. "Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications?" https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jgo.2016.005363. AND this problem, especially in resource-conscious or resource-constrained settings. Numerous case studies evince solvency.Brittany L. Bychkovsky 16. Oncologist, teaches at Harvard Medical School. 2016. "Compulsory Licenses for Cancer Drugs: Does Circumventing Patent Rights Improve Access to Oncology Medications?" https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jgo.2016.005363. AND is only a need to permit their use in the Indian market.40 Unchecked, cancer decimates achievement of sustainable development goals across the board—-even if not now, cancer in developing states will accelerate. Cost-effective treatment is key—-otherwise, cancer drains disease response resources across the board.UICC 17. The Union for International Cancer Control. 2017. International NGO in every country founded in the 1930w. "Cancer and SDGs." https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/advocacy/global-commitment/cancer-and-sdgs. AND sustainable development but, equally, sustainable development relies on a healthy population. That’s key to head off a laundry list of interacting catastrophic risks including pandemics and environmental collapse, the combination of which risks extinction AND amplifies every other threat.Tom Cernev and Richard Fenner 20, Australian National University; Centre for Sustainable Development, Cambridge University Engineering Department, "The importance of achieving foundational Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global risk," Futures, Vol. 115, January 2020, Elsevier. AND assumption that technological innovation alone may create improvements in many of the goals. Weak states are existential. Err AFF to account for non-linearity and unpredictable cascades.Hanna Samir Kassab 17. Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Northern Michigan University, Prioritization Theory and Defensive Foreign Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. CrossRef, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48018-3. AND their theories (Kassab and Wu 2014) must take these matters seriously. Methodological pluralism is a necessary aspect of critique.Bleiker ’14 ~Roland, professor of international relations at the university of Queensland. "International Theory Between Reification and Self-Reflective Critique" International Studies Review, Volume 16, Issue 2. June 17, 2014~ AND and complexity theory—links that could have been explored in more detail. FwkThe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.1). Actor specificity:A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Link turns calc indites because the alt would be no action.3~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.4). Extinction outweighs: 1~ It’s irreversible – we can’t bring someone back from death 2~ Timeframe – you only die once so if we win the Aff solves extinction now, live to fight another day5). Weighability – only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deduce why. | 10/22/21 |
SO Evergreening V1Tournament: Mid America cup | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Joseph Barquin 1AC Larp V11AC: EvergreeningThe Advantage is Evergreening:We are in an innovation crisis – new drugs are not being developed in favor of re-purposing old drugs to infinitely extend patent expiration.Feldman 1 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer AND look for new things, not to recycle existing drugs for minimal benefit. We control Uniqueness – 78 of New Drugs aren’t innovative.PFAD 21 Patients for Affordable Drugs 2-3-2021 "BIG PHARMA’S BIG LIE: THE TRUTH ABOUT INNOVATION and DRUG PRICES" https://patientsforaffordabledrugs.org/2021/02/03/innovation-report/ (a patient advocacy and lobbying organisation based in Washington, D.C. founded by David Mitchell who suffers from multiple myeloma. Ben Wakana is the executive director. It focuses on policies to lower drug prices.)Elmer AND that delivers meaningful clinical benefit to patients — instead of repurposing old drugs. The only major study confirms our Internal Link – Evergreening decimates competition by resulting in functional monopoliesArnold Ventures 20 9-24-2020 "'Evergreening' Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers" https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/ (Arnold Ventures is focused on evidence-based giving in a wide range of categories including: criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance)Elmer AND billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs." Reject Negative Turns – they’re pharmaceutical lies – the Plan isn’t anti-Patent, just pro-innovation – breaking down secondary patents is key.- AT Advantage CPs to solve Drug Prices AND are unmerited and that unjustly prolong companies’ market power and prevent legitimate competition. Only innovation now solves AMR super-bugs — timeframe’s key.Sobti 19 ~Dr. Navjot Kaur Sobti is an internal medicine resident physician at Dartmouth-Hitchcock-Medical Center/Dartmouth School of Medicine and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. May 1, 2019. "Amid superbug crisis, scientists urge innovation". https://abcnews.go.com/Health/amidst-superbug-crisis-scientists-urge-innovation/story?id=62763415~~ Dhruv Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply.Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer Evergreening restricts access to necessary life-saving HIV/Aids Medication.Mellouk and Cassolato 19 Othoman Mellouk and Matteo Cassolato 10-2-2019 "HOW PATENTS AFFECT ACCESS TO HIV TREATMENT" https://frontlineaids.org/how-patents-affect-access-to-hiv-treatment/ (International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC))Elmer AIDS spread leads to great power nuclear warKoblentz 10, Deputy Director of the Biodefense Program @ GMU, Assistant Professor in Public and International Affairs, March, "Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses." International Security Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 96-132 Re-cut by Elmer Pharma Innovation solves Bioterror.Gillis 1 Justin Gillis 11-8-2001 "Scientists Race for Vaccines" www.vaccinationnews.org/DailyNews/November2001/ScisRaceForVax.htm (Writer at Washington Post)Elmer Bioterrorism causes Extinction – overcomes any conventional defense.Walsh 19, Bryan. End Times: A Brief Guide to the End of the World. Hachette Books, 2019. (Future Correspondent for Axios, Editor of the Science and Technology Publication OneZero, Former Senior and International Editor at Time Magazine, BA from Princeton University)Elmer Evergreening restricts Generic Patents by artificially extending Patent Cliffs.Moir and Gleeson 14 Hazel Moir and Deborah Gleeson 11-5-2014 "Explainer: evergreening and how big pharma keeps drug prices high" https://theconversation.com/explainer-evergreening-and-how-big-pharma-keeps-drug-prices-high-33623 (Adjunct Associate Professor; economics of patents, copyright and other "IP", Australian National University AND Lecturer in Public Health, La Trobe University)Elmer That inhibits India’s Pharma Industry – exports of Generics is key to revitalize India Pharma Leadership.Neelakantan 14 Murali Neelakantan 11-11-2014 "Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: Affordable Access to Healthcare for all" https://web.archive.org/web/20150315092713/https://abcmundial.com/en/news/brics/technology/3838-indian-pharmaceutical-industry-affordable-access-healthcare-all/ (consejero general global de Cipla Limited)Elmer Indian pharma strength is key to their soft powerJha 16 Prem Shankar Jha 11-5-2016 "Let India unleash its soft power" https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Let-India-unleash-its-soft-power/article13292272.ece (Writer at the Hindu)Elmer Successful India Soft Power solves ExtinctionKamdar 7, Mira. Planet India: How the fastest growing democracy is transforming America and the world. Simon and Schuster, 2007. (Bernard Schwartz Fellow at the Asia Society in 2008)Elmer 1AC: PlanPlan – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by implementing a one-and-done approach for patent and exclusivity protection.The Plan solves Evergreening.Feldman 3 Robin Feldman 2-11-2019 "‘One-and-done’ for new drugs could cut patent thickets and boost generic competition" https://www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/ (Arthur J. Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Law, Albert Abramson ’54 Distinguished Professor of Law Chair, and Director of the Center for Innovation)SidK + Elmer Reforming the Patent Process would lower Drug Prices and incentivize Pharma Innovation by revitalizing the Market.Stanbrook 13, Matthew B. "Limiting "evergreening" for a better balance of drug innovation incentives." (2013): 939-939. (MD (University of Toronto) PhD (University of Toronto))Elmer FrameworkThus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being or act util. Prefer additionally –1~ Actor spec—governments must use util because they don’t have intentions and are constantly dealing with tradeoffs—outweighs since different agents have different obligations—takes out calc indicts since they are empirically denied.Underview1~ a) AFF gets 1AR theory because otherwise the neg can engage in infinite abuse, making debate impossible, b) drop the debater – the 1AR is too short for theory and substance so ballot implications are key to check abuse, c) no RVIs – they can stick me with 6min of answers to a short arg and make the 2AR impossible, no 2nr theory or paradigm issues otherwise the neg gets 6 minutes to dump on this layer which is impossible for a 3 minutes 2ar. d) competing interps – 1AR interps aren’t bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time1AR | 9/25/21 |
SO Evergreening V2Tournament: Nano Nagle Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Marlborough AW | Judge: David Dosch | 10/22/21 |
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