American Heritage Broward Antevy Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | King AT | Saha, Ayush |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Christopher Columbus NG | Forrest, Jayanne |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Shreyas Kapavarapu | Tajaih Robinson |
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| Harvard | 1 | Scripps Ranch AS | Hughes, Quinn |
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| Harvard | 3 | Millburn MM | Kopf, Kyle |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 2 | Montville HB | Maggie Eby |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 3 | Lexington AT | Andrew Shaw |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 6 | Princeton AS | Choi, Jeong-Wan |
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| Sunvite | 1 | Brett Fortier | Becca Traber |
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| Sunvite | 4 | Elizabeth Elliott | Daniel Shatzkin |
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| Valley | 2 | Justin wen | Faizaan Dossani |
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| Valley | 4 | Bishops SR | Nethmin Liyanage |
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| Valley | 5 | jonah sher | tj maher |
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| Yale | 1 | judah jones | conal thomas mcginnis |
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| Yale | 4 | Chris Bao | Nathan Frenkel |
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| Yale | 5 | jaden tepper | some rando lay judge |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: King AT | Judge: Saha, Ayush 1ac - contracts ac disclosure |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus NG | Judge: Forrest, Jayanne 1ac - contracts Cites and opensource same as r 1 from this tournament |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Shreyas Kapavarapu | Judge: Tajaih Robinson 1ac - affect v 2 |
| Harvard | 1 | Opponent: Scripps Ranch AS | Judge: Hughes, Quinn 1ac- kant |
| Harvard | 3 | Opponent: Millburn MM | Judge: Kopf, Kyle 1ac- kant Same as r1 harvard aff |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Montville HB | Judge: Maggie Eby 1ac- opioids |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Lexington AT | Judge: Andrew Shaw 1ac- patent the nc |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Princeton AS | Judge: Choi, Jeong-Wan 1ac - opioids for citesopen source look at r2 of this tournament its same |
| Sunvite | 1 | Opponent: Brett Fortier | Judge: Becca Traber 1ac- kant ac |
| Sunvite | 4 | Opponent: Elizabeth Elliott | Judge: Daniel Shatzkin 1ac- kant ac look r1 sunvite |
| Valley | 2 | Opponent: Justin wen | Judge: Faizaan Dossani 1ac-affect ac |
| Valley | 4 | Opponent: Bishops SR | Judge: Nethmin Liyanage 1ac- kant |
| Valley | 5 | Opponent: jonah sher | Judge: tj maher 1ac- affect |
| Yale | 1 | Opponent: judah jones | Judge: conal thomas mcginnis 1AC- Affect |
| Yale | 4 | Opponent: Chris Bao | Judge: Nathan Frenkel AC- Virtue AFC or FCC |
| Yale | 5 | Opponent: jaden tepper | Judge: some rando lay judge 1ac- mil readiness bio diversity wto cred |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
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0- -Contact InfoTournament: Any | Round: Finals | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any If you need to reach me before u can either Email (pl243271@ahschool.com) or text me (954-817-8974). If you think I should know about any accommodations/content warnings feel free to contact me. Also I’ll be debating from my school for the online tournaments of this year, and the wifi blocks messenger so make sure to email or text. Pronouns- he/him | 9/17/21 |
g - afc or fccTournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chris Bao | Judge: Nathan Frenkel
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g - disclose round reportsTournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: King AT | Judge: Saha, Ayush OVA. Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all previously read positions before the debate on the LD 2021-22 NDCA wiki page under their own name with full citations, tags, and first three/last three words.B. Violation: You didn’t - I have screenshots. You didn’t disclose 2 yale rounds
C. Standards:1. Evidence Quality –2. Quality engagementD. Voter: Fairness first and it’s a voter1~ Fairness is constitutive process of debate since debate is a game with a winner and loser, speech times, etc. - Constitutive Rules means any DA to our interpretation are inevitable and terminally non-unique 2~ Self Defeating- All the 1ar's arguments assume that the judge will evaluate them fairly which concedes it's authority- actively hack against themEducation is a voter because it is the only long term benefit we get out of debate and it is the reason why schools fund debate in the first place. Drop the debater to solve for in round abuse, deter future abusive practices, and because substance is skewed as I have been forced to spend time on theory.Use competing interps because it is the only method that allows us to quantify and weigh the abuse and because reasonability requires intervention by asking the judge to determine the threshold for abuse. RVI’s cause a chilling effect that discourages legit theory, you had a burden to be fair and educational in the first place1AC theory is legit – anything else means infinite incentivized NC abuse – drop the debater – 1AR is too short to make up for the time trade-off, deters future abuse through a loss and set better norms for debate since you are less likely to repeat a practice you can lose for — CI- reasonability is arbitrary and encourages judge intervention since there’s no clear model of debate, we race to the top where we create the best possible norms for debate through offense - no RVIs – 6 min 2NR means they can brute force me every time | 10/30/21 |
g - pic badTournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Christopher Columbus NG | Judge: Forrest, Jayanne 2 Breadth – they force the round to be both about two massively similar issues rather than getting exposed to diverse fields of research on the topic which ow on limited time frame since we only have 2 months. 3 Topic lit -- they force affs to defend minute policy changes, shifting debates from the core of the literature towards its margins. | 10/30/21 |
nd - contracts acTournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: King AT | Judge: Saha, Ayush FrameworkI value morality. Ethical Internalism is true:1. Epistemology – A) Equality – Externalism incorrectly assumes certain individuals have stronger epistemic access to moral truths which justifies the exclusion of those individuals from the creation of ethics and B) Inaccessibility – There is no universal character of moral judgements that is epistemically accessible since every argument for its existence presumes the correct normative starting point. Markovits 14, Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. Oxford University Press, 2014.Scopa Relatedly, internalism about reasons seems less presumptive than externalism. We should not assume that some of us have special epistemic access to what matters, especially in the absence of any criterion for making such a judgment. It’s better to start from the assumption, as internalism does, that everyone’s ends are equally worthy of pursuit – and correct this assumption only by appealing to standards that are as uncontroversial as possible. According to externalism about reasons, what matters normatively – that is, what we have reason to do or pursue or protect or respect or promote – does not depend in any fundamental way on what in fact matters to us – that is, what we do do and pursue and protect and respect and promote. Some of us happen to be motivated by what actually matters, and some of us are "wrongly" motivated. But externalists can offer no explanation for this supposed difference in how well we respond to reasons – no explanation of why some of us have the right motivations and some of us the wrong ones – that doesn’t itself appeal to the views about what matters that they’re trying to justify. (They can explain why some people have the right motivations by saying, e.g., that they’re good people, but that assumes the truth of the normative views that are at issue.22) A comparison to the epistemic case helps bring out what is unsatisfactory in the externalist position. We sometimes attribute greater epistemic powers to some people than to others despite not being able to explain why they’re more likely to be right in their beliefs about a certain topic. Chicken-sexing is a popular example of this among philosophers. We think some people are more likely to form true beliefs about the sex of chickens than others even though we can’t explain why they are better at judging the sex of chickens. But in the case of chicken-sexing, we have independent means of determining the truth, and so we have independent verification that chicken-sexers usually get things right. Externalism seems to tell~s~ us that some of us are better reasons- sensors than others, but without providing the independent means of determining which of us are in fact more reliably motivated by genuine normative reasons (or even that some of us are).2. Linguistics – To decide about the content of my own mind is to deliberate between reasons – only this can prevent the contents of my own mind from being external to me since I may not be able to control the external definitions of my thoughts but I can control the deliberation between them which solves epistemic skep about my ability to have true beliefs.3. Motivation – A) Externalist notions of ethics collapse to internal since the only reason agents follow external demands is those demands are consistent with their internal account of the good. Motivation is a necessary feature for ethics since normativity only matters insofar as agents follow through on the ethic that’s generated from it B) Empirics – there is no factual account of the good since each agents’ motivations are unique and there has been no conversion of differing beliefs into a unified ethic.4. Open Question – A) There is a gap between my ability to claim the truth of a moral belief and my ability to justify its truth. I can always be asked why I ought to follow an externalist principle, but there is no verifiable evidence to justify my claim in a satisfactory manner B) Goodness cannot be a property of an object because it would make moral claims tautological. Pidgen 07, Pigden, Charles. "Russell’s Moral Philosophy." SEP. 2007. Scopa For any naturalistic or metaphysical ‘X’, if ‘good’ meant ‘X’, then | 10/30/21 |
so - affect acTournament: Yale | Round: 1 | Opponent: judah jones | Judge: conal thomas mcginnis FramingSubjectivity is the basis of ethics – the question of what we should do depends on how we understand the subject is. As time progresses, the subject experiences constant fractures in their identity. For example, the loss of a loved one, a memory, job, etc. These fractures are filled by a new form of identity, like when an amputee get a prosthetic. This implies that:The subject is fundamentally unstable- being is in flux due to things such as time, I am not the same Jordan that I was 10 years ago, which proves personal evolution.Affect is constitutive: it is the capacity to experience and to be experienced. I am experiencing my laptop, my opponent, just as much as you are experiencing me. There is no way any person or thing can escape affection. When you meet a new person, you have experienced them changing the your subjectivity. IE change in thought process, interest, opinion, and physical characteristics.Additionally- Affect is divided into two groups – Active and reactive. Active affect embraces the constitution of difference and fluidity, internal desires drive active affect, allowing the subject to embrace their true selves. While reactive affect embraces transcendence and stability. The state uses reactive affect to strike fear into citizens, maintaining the separation between the powerful and powerless repressing desire.Fluidity determines the subject: because affect and instability ensure that subjects always change, the only intrinsic feature of the subject is that everything remains in flux.Implications: (a) Stable subjectivity makes critique impossible since it takes empirical features and treats it as a model, which provides no place for contestation and (b) every negation is just a reconfiguration of a set of relationships of differences. It doesn’t in truth deny those relations, it just affirms them in a different way. There is a multiplicity of "yes’s" from which we shape a no, which means even if there is no logical conclusion from this, then only affirmation is true.Ethics must be a constant interrogation of static norms. This creation of new lines of flight redefines current concepts of normativity to that of deterritorialization. Thus, the standard is to vote for whoever best embraces active affect. Wallins 14Wallins, Jason. "Deleuze and Guattari, Politics and Education." Bloomsbur Publishing, 2014, Pgs. 119-121 Scarsdale CC AND a necessary violence to those habits of repetition with which thought becomes contracted. Prefer the standard additionally –1.General understandings of the relation between norms, subjects, and the world are insufficient for ethics because there is a gap between discursive regimes and real subjectivity. Only structures of affect distinguish the subject from static concepts of it – it’s cruelly optimistic to think we can fit into stable structures.Schaefer 13 ~Schaefer ’13. Schaefer, D. "The Promise of Affect: The Politics of the Event in Ahmed's The Promise of Happiness and Berlant's Cruel Optimism." Theory and Event 16.2 (2013). Project MUSE. Web. LHP MK~ AND thinking politics, of mapping the enfolding of bodies by power, cannot move Outweighs – (a) Even you win your framework, this outweighs because we cant cohere to that , because systems of power need to be open to change which is not possible through stability. and (b) the statement of affirmation is sufficient to affirm. The nature of affect is such that any singularity of expression must be taken as an individual’s truth, thus my stance is sufficient to affirm. Also you cannot negate and promote individual truth because you staticize the subject.OffenseThus, the advocacy: I’ll defend the resolution as a general principle and am willing to clarify or specify anything in CX to avoid frivolous T debates. Assume I-meet if not asked because I could’ve met in CX and the abuse would’ve been solved. PICs don’t negate because general principles tolerate exceptionsMedical intellectual property protections proliferate the Empire’s parasitic control of subjects by restricting affective communication.Lemmens – Lemmens, P. (n.d.). The conditions of the Common. A Stieglerian critique ON Hardt AND Negri's thesis on Cognitive capitalism as a prefiguration of communism. The'Conditions'of'the'Common'A'Stieglerian'Critique'on'Hardt'and'Negri's'Thesis'on'Cognitive'Capitalism'as'a'Prefiguration'of'Communism, ~https://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/685630/conditions'of'the'common'pl.pdf~~ AND new’ (Hardt and Negri, 2009: 136, 288, 311). Intellectual property regimes biologically regulate affective expression and force the subject into binary, mechanical, categories which staticize creative desires.Lefebvre – Lefebvre, A. (2009). In The image of law: Deleuze, BERGSON, SPINOZA. essay, Stanford University Press. Body extension and the law: Medical devices, intellectual property, prosthetics and marginalisation (again) ~https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=16341~~ AND sufficiently) with the person, and the concepts of identity and integrity. | 9/25/21 |
so - affect ac v2Tournament: Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Justin wen | Judge: Faizaan Dossani FramingSubjectivity is the basis of ethics – the question of what we should do depends on how we understand the subject is. As time progresses, the subject experiences constant fractures in their identity. For example, the loss of a loved one, a memory, job, etc. These fractures are filled by a new form of identity, like when an amputee get a prosthetic. This implies that:The subject is fundamentally unstable- being is in flux due to things such as time, I am not the same Jordan that I was 10 years ago, which proves personal evolution.Affect is constitutive: it is the capacity to experience and to be experienced. I am experiencing my laptop, my opponent, just as much as you are experiencing me. There is no way any person or thing can escape affection. When you meet a new person, you have experienced them changing the your subjectivity. IE change in thought process, interest, opinion, and physical characteristics.Additionally- Affect is divided into two groups – Active and reactive. Active affect embraces the constitution of difference and fluidity, internal desires drive active affect, allowing the subject to embrace their true selves. While reactive affect embraces transcendence and stability. The state uses reactive affect to strike fear into citizens, maintaining the separation between the powerful and powerless repressing desire.Fluidity determines the subject: because affect and instability ensure that subjects always change, the only intrinsic feature of the subject is that everything remains in flux.Implications: (a) Stable subjectivity makes critique impossible since it takes empirical features and treats it as a model, which provides no place for contestation and (b) every negation is just a reconfiguration of a set of relationships of differences. It doesn’t in truth deny those relations, it just affirms them in a different way. There is a multiplicity of "yes’s" from which we shape a no, which means even if there is no logical conclusion from this, then only affirmation is true.Ethics must be a constant interrogation of static norms. This creation of new lines of flight redefines current concepts of normativity to that of deterritorialization. Thus, the standard is to vote for whoever best embraces active affect. Wallins 14Wallins, Jason. "Deleuze and Guattari, Politics and Education." Bloomsbur Publishing, 2014, Pgs. 119-121 Scarsdale CC AND a necessary violence to those habits of repetition with which thought becomes contracted. Prefer the standard additionally –1.General understandings of the relation between norms, subjects, and the world are insufficient for ethics because there is a gap between discursive regimes and real subjectivity. Only structures of affect distinguish the subject from static concepts of it – it’s cruelly optimistic to think we can fit into stable structures.Schaefer 13 ~Schaefer ’13. Schaefer, D. "The Promise of Affect: The Politics of the Event in Ahmed's The Promise of Happiness and Berlant's Cruel Optimism." Theory and Event 16.2 (2013). Project MUSE. Web. LHP MK~ AND thinking politics, of mapping the enfolding of bodies by power, cannot move Outweighs – (a) Even you win your framework, this outweighs because we cant cohere to that , because systems of power need to be open to change which is not possible through stability. and (b) the statement of affirmation is sufficient to affirm. The nature of affect is such that any singularity of expression must be taken as an individual’s truth, thus my stance is sufficient to affirm. Also you cannot negate and promote individual truth because you staticize the subject.~2~ Securitized life is oriented against death – this empty drive to sustain ourselves is violently limiting and destroys the exploration of active potentialities. Robinson ~Andrew Robinson, political theorist and activist based in the UK, "An A to Z of Theory | Jean Baudrillard: The Rise of Capitalism and the Exclusion of Death" Ceasefire Magazine, March 30, 2012, https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/in-theory-baudrillard-2/~~ From LHP AM AND towards spectacles, illusions and scenes is stronger than the desire for survival. OffenseThus, the advocacy: I’ll defend the resolution as a general principle and am willing to clarify or specify anything in CX to avoid frivolous T debates. Assume I-meet if not asked because I could’ve met in CX and the abuse would’ve been solved. PICs don’t negate because general principles tolerate exceptionsMedical intellectual property protections proliferate the Empire’s parasitic control of subjects by restricting affective communication.Lemmens – Lemmens, P. (n.d.). The conditions of the Common. A Stieglerian critique ON Hardt AND Negri's thesis on Cognitive capitalism as a prefiguration of communism. The'Conditions'of'the'Common'A'Stieglerian'Critique'on'Hardt'and'Negri's'Thesis'on'Cognitive'Capitalism'as'a'Prefiguration'of'Communism, ~https://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/685630/conditions'of'the'common'pl.pdf~~ AND new’ (Hardt and Negri, 2009: 136, 288, 311). Intellectual property regimes biologically regulate affective expression and force the subject into binary, mechanical, categories which staticize creative desires.Lefebvre – Lefebvre, A. (2009). In The image of law: Deleuze, BERGSON, SPINOZA. essay, Stanford University Press. Body extension and the law: Medical devices, intellectual property, prosthetics and marginalisation (again) ~https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=16341~~ AND sufficiently) with the person, and the concepts of identity and integrity. | 9/25/21 |
so - lay acTournament: Yale | Round: 5 | Opponent: jaden tepper | Judge: some rando lay judge FwkI affirm the resolution resolved: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Because the resolution questions what we ought do I value morality.My value criterion is utilitarianism, which is to maximize expected well-being for the most amount of people.Prefer my framework.~1~ Moral choices may only be decided by which results in the net-most good.~2~ Real World: Governments predict success of policies by analyzing benefits and harms for all their constituents. Our fwk teaches students the best skills for the real world.This means you should vote affirmative if I prove that reducing intellectual property protections for medicines maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain.Contention 1: Military ReadinessThe opioid crisis devastates national security and readinessXu 2018 - U.S. Air Force officers AND the population, once seduced, struggled for one hundred years to overcome. IP is the main reason for the opioid crisisHemel and Ouellete 20 - Daniel J Hemel, Lisa Larrimore Ouellete, " Innovation institutions and the opioid crisis, June 9th 2020, ~https://academic.oup.com/jlb/article/7/1/lsaa001/5854401~~ Swickle MAK Recut 8/25/21 AND scale far too small relative to the problem that they aim to solve. Readiness is key to effective deterrence – that solves existential great power warsDowd, 2015 (Alan W., Senior fellow with the Sagamore Institute for Policy Research and Senior Fellow at the Fraser Institute, "Shield and Sword: The Case for Military Deterrence", Providence Mag, 12/31/2015, https://providencemag.com/2015/12/shield-sword-the-case-for-military-deterrence/)//JBS AND deter war, a tremendous number of civilians will be killed."~ix~ Contention 2: Biodiversity LossIPR leads to BioDiversity loss~1~ Pamun 18’ (In partnership with United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and THIMUN, 2018). "PAMUN XVIII RESEARCH REPORT— QUESTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND BIODIVERSITY" ~http://asp-edu.net/pamun/pamun2013/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/OK'EDITED'-UNCTAD-biodiversity-and-IP-1.pdf~~ AHSMAK Accessed 8/23/21 Biodiversity loss leads to extinction, two scenarios~a~ Ecosystems are already unstable now, we are on the brink ~b~ Biodiversity loss leads to disease – it’s the single strongest driverMatt and Gebser ’10 – Florian Matt and Ronny Gebser, "Biodiversity decline can increase the spread of infectious diseases like Hantavirus", TEEBcase, February 2011, ~https://www.cbd.int/financial/values/g-valuehealth.pdf~~ Accessed 09/27/21 AHS AP ====That causes extinction ==== Contention 3: WTO CollapseW.T.O. credibility is on the brink now, but Biden and people-centric action is the crucial revival that it needs.Farah Stockman, 12-17-2020, "The W.T.O Is Having a Midlife Crisis," New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/17/opinion/wto-trade-biden.html Specifically, a successful agreement on TRIPS concerning COVID would revitalize the organization.David Meyer, 6-18-2021, "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/ ~LDI 21 – CWK~ WTO collapse goes nuclearHamann 9 – Hamann, J.D. Vanderbilt University Law School, 2009 "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System" http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/hamann-cr'final'final.pdf | 9/26/21 |
so - opioids acTournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Montville HB | Judge: Maggie Eby PlanThe United States ought to reduce intellectual property protections for opioids. For enforcement, I’ll defend a patent buyout system that reduces IPRs on opioids.Hemel et al 20 - Daniel J Hemel, Assistant Professor of Law at U Chicago and Visiting Professor of Law, Stanford and Lisa Larrimore Ouellete, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford Journal of Law and the Biosciences, June 9th 2020 " Innovation institutions and the opioid crisis" ~https://academic.oup.com/jlb/article/7/1/lsaa001/5854401~~ SAO/emi 9/17/21 AND the government has shown reluctance to embrace this authority in other contexts.298 Patents are undeniably the cause of the epidemic– removing them solves.Hemel 2 - Daniel J Hemel, Assistant Professor of Law at U Chicago and Visiting Professor of Law, Stanford and Lisa Larrimore Ouellete, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford Journal of Law and the Biosciences, June 9th 2020 " Innovation institutions and the opioid crisis" ~https://academic.oup.com/jlb/article/7/1/lsaa001/5854401~~ SAO/emi 9/17/21 AND of the opioid crisis. Policymakers will need to look elsewhere for solutions. AdvsADV –Opioid induced Labor shortage leads to US economic downturns. The impact is manufacturing production disturbance.Callaway and Shi, 18 ~Jennifer Callaway is the Vice President of Research at the MAPI Foundation and Yubing Shi is a Research Analyst at the MAPI Foundation, 2-22-18, "Ignorance Isn’t Bliss. The Impact of Opioids on Manufacturing", https://mapifoundation.org/economic/2018/2/22/ignorance-isnt-bliss-the-impact-of-opioids-on-manufacturing, BP~ AND suffer a risk of addiction and overdose death higher than the national average. Slow growth deteriorates the international order and causes extinctionHaas 17 ~Richard Haas, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department (2001-2003), and was President George W. Bush's special envoy to Northern Ireland and Coordinator for the Future of Afghanistan.~ "A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order" published January 10, 2017, (Print) – Mzhu AND than what it is doing and, more important, not doing.4 Yes transition wars—-both sides miscalculate.Min-hyung Kim 20. Department of Political Science and International Relations, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. "A real driver of US–China trade conflict: The Sino–US competition for global hegemony and its implications for the future" Emerald Insight. 02-04-2019. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-02-2019-003/full/html Re-Cut Justin AND its hegemony such as reducing its commitments abroad and appeasing a rising challenger. US military influence solves every threat—-satellite and tech leadership sustain military overmatch, but decline emboldens rivals and causes miscalc and arms races that escalate.Hal Brands 18. Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments and the Foreign Policy Research Institute, Ph.D. in history from Yale University. "Chapter 6: Does America Have Enough Hard Power?" American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump; pp. 129-133. AND to its military dominance than it has for at least a quarter century. ADV – Black Market====The opioid epidemic is causing other drug prices to skyrocket. ==== AND leading to the confiscation of non-opioid, medically necessary prescription drugs. ====Inflated opioid drug prices lead patients to turn to the black market for affordable medication. ==== Counterfeit Drugs cause Anti-Biotic Resistance.Jahnke 19 Art Jahnke 1-14-2019 "How Bad Drugs Turn Treatable Diseases Deadly" https://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/how-bad-drugs-turn-treatable-diseases-deadly/ (Senior editor Art Jahnke began his career at the Real Paper, a Boston area alternative weekly. He has worked as a writer and editor at Boston Magazine, web editorial director at CXO Media, and executive editor in Marketing and Communications at Boston University, where his work was honored with many awards. Art has served on the editorial board of the Boston Review and has taught at Harvard University summer school and Emerson College.)Elmer AND , only a handful of federal inspectors monitor the quality of drug manufacturing. Extinction - generic defense doesn’t apply.Srivatsa 17 Kadiyali Srivatsa 1-12-2017 "Superbug Pandemics and How to Prevent Them" https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/12/superbug-pandemics-and-how-to-prevent-them/ (doctor, inventor, and publisher. He worked in acute and intensive pediatric care in British hospitals)Elmer AND like disease could kill more than 33 million people in 250 days.3 | 10/16/21 |
so - patent the ncTournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Lexington AT | Judge: Andrew Shaw Referential Ownership ACNixon’s proclamation that "Gold is dead" marked the end of material labor relations. With no anchor to production the financialization of capitalism has made revolution impossible. Only the exacerbation of viral reactions solves through catastrophic collapse.Baldwin 15 - Dr. Jon Baldwin, London Metropolitan University, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, July 2015 "Baudrillard and Neoliberalism" ~https://baudrillardstudies.ubishops.ca/baudrillard-and-neoliberalism/~~ Accessed 10/5/20 SAO AND the socio-economic present that we are most likely to find out. Capitalism is the root of all impacts. It’s try or die for the alt to avoid global extinctionFoster 19 - John Bellamy Foster, Monthly Review, February 1st, 2019 "Capitalism Has Failed—What Next?" ~https://monthlyreview.org/2019/02/01/capitalism-has-failed-what-next/~~ Accessed 11/19/19 SAO AND rift in the social and environmental conditions governing human life on earth.43 Capitalist literature production is strongly incentivized, and politically agenda basedMorley 15 - Louise Morley, Center for Higher Education and Equity Research @ University of Sussex, in Journal of Education Policy (2016), Published online: 13 Jul 2015 ~"Troubling intra-actions: gender, neo-liberalism and research in the global academy", http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02680939.2015.1062919, 10-4-2017~ AR Recut SAO 9/29/21 AND What foundations are current practices, exclusions and disqualifications laying for future knowledge? Originality is impossible under a system of signs. Everything was always already a copy of a copy.Burk 16 - Dan L. Burk, University of California, Irvine School of Law, posted: 30 May 2015, last revised: 24 Jun 2016 "Copyright and the new materialism" ~https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract'id=2611166~~ Accessed 8/26/21 SAO AND human attributes, more creations would be pushed outside the canon of authorship. Thus, the plan: I preemptively own all intellectual work of the negative. I am patenting the AC and the NC. I did it first so it’s mine. There is a doublebind – Either you think intellectual ownership is good and we own the entirety of the NC so you vote aff, or you think preemptive ownership of the commons is bad and you vote aff because the resolution is true.Froomkin 13 - David Froomkin, The Morningside Review, Published in Partnership with Columbia University Libraries, Columbia Undergrad Student, May 1st, 2013 "Plagiarism as Revolution, Concept as Content: Apotheosizing the Author under the Aegis of Appropriation" ~https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/TMR/article/view/5441~~ Accessed 9/29/21 SAO AND once by recognizing the significance of appropriation and again by extending Foucault’s discursivity. The affirmative rejects the imperative for productivity in the academy and instead takes a detour through the strategy of the worst scenario. The upsetting force of such a fatal attitude reveals the university as the marvelously absurd outgrowth of the enlightenment that it is. The content of our strategy will never change the equation, but the reversibility of the forms of the system can accelerate them to the point of their vacuity and collapse.Hoofd 17 - Ingrid Hoofd, Utrecht University, 2017 "Higher Education and Technological Acceleration" ~https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-137-51409-7~~ Accessed 8/24/19 SAO AND down that alluring crystal ball, so that we all may rest too. Productivism has hidden colonialist imperatives reversibility undermines oppressionHolliday-Karre 15 - Dr. Erin Amann Holliday-Karre, Assistant Professor of Literature at Qatar University, in the Journal Feminist Theory, March 24th, 2015 "The seduction of feminist Theory" ~https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464700114562530~~ Accessed 1/29/20 SAO AND seduction and the work of feminism, productive reading practices must be abandoned. The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater with the best strategy to rupture the intellectual property simulation in medicine.Prefer~1~ Revolutionary Skills: The debate should be evaluated through the flow but every argument must stop bolstering the reserve labor force of corporate societyHoofd 07 - Ingrid M. Hoofd, National University of Singapore, December 2007 "The Neoliberal Consolidation of Play and Speed: Ethical Issues in Serious Gaming" in "CRITICAL LITERACY: Theories and Practices Volume 1: 2" p. 6-14, 2007 ~http://www.criticalliteracyjournal.org/cljournalissue2volume1.pdf~~ KZaidi Recut 9/27/21 SAO AND that these statements spell out exactly the function and logic of serious gaming. ~2~ Cede the Political: Intellectual property is an abstraction. Only Interdisciplinary analysis can explain medicinal patent structuresMcGillivray 17 - James McGillivray, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University PhD Dissertations, January 17th, 2017 "'Pyrates' of the Lyceum: Big Pharma, Patents, and Academic Freedom in Neoliberal Times" ~https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030andcontext=phd~~ Accessed 9/29/21 SAO AND seldom question the domination exerted by the constitutive framing of intellectual property regimes. And: Theory is violent and should be rejected.~1~ We can cross apply the aff to theory. Solves ideological dogmatism and turns every standardKoh 13 - Ben Koh, NSD Update, October 1st, 2013 "Breaking Down Borders: Rethinking the Interaction Between Theory and Ethics" ~http://nsdupdate.com/2013/breaking-down-borders-rethinking-the-interaction-between-theory-and-ethics/~~ Accessed 8/14/20 SAO AND sets creates worse citizens, worse people, and ultimately a worse world." | 10/16/21 |
so - virtue acTournament: Yale | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chris Bao | Judge: Nathan Frenkel FwkThe meta-ethic is consistency with transcendental form of subjects.Moral Realism is true – there is an ethical truth that exists metaphysically: a) otherwise we could not make moral claims since we would merely claim disagreement rather than an absolute wrong, justifying any ethical statement b) regressive moral debates always terminate in an endpoint of agreement, we just compare different values in an attempt to find the ultimate one.And, that’s only accessible through procedural transcendental idealism – a) Is/ought gap – appeals to the empirical world merely explain how the world is rather than what it ought to be b) Motivation – empirical circumstances change based one each individual, only transcendent moral truths can motivate all agents absent those features. Jindal 99, Jindal, Bobby. Louisiana Law Review, 1999. Web. http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5780andcontext=lalrev.//Scopa Modem political philosophers ranging from Robert Nozick to John Rawls have attempted to discern the principles of justice that should guide societal arrangements. This project is of vital importance since it informs society of its obligations to its weakest and most vulnerable members. Yet, the question of why one should be just is an intelligible one to ask and deserves some response. This paper argues that the political-legal obligation to be just is derivative from man's more general duty to be moral, a commitment grounded in intuitions which are themselves based on transcendental values, i.e., values that exist apart from a particular society. Those political theories that lack a transcendental notion of morality lack binding force; the theorist who persuades without asserting truth is helpless to convince or judge those committed to different principles. Modem liberalism, with its explicit commitment to neutrality, has nothing to say to individuals who do not share its values; similarly, communitarianism, with its cultural relativism, cannot critique an unjust society from the outside. Many liberals and communitarians underpin principles of justice, which require an individual to sacrifice his interests to secure the welfare of others, with that justification available to convince one that his preference for vanilla ice cream is mistaken; yet, justice, unlike ice cream, is not merely a matter of taste. Principles of justice not based on objective moral principles are arbitrary at best and prejudicial at worst, without binding authority or persuasive moral force. Though Rawls claims the "conception of justice is a practical social task rather than an epistemological or metaphysical problem,"1 there must be some a priori, non-subjective commitment to justice, as well as positive laws, that compels individuals to sacrifice their self-interest. Transcendental morality alone provides a substantial answer to those-anarchists, narcissists, libertarians, individualists, racists, isolationists, and others-who question the obligation to serve the common good, i.e., sacrifice one's interests for others. Merely discerning the claims of justice is not enough; these claims must be legitimized. The gap between "is" and "ought" reflects the distance between factual claims and moral ones, between truth and motivation, between description and obligation.That transcendental truth is the forms – they are the essence of the world that transcend space and time. The material world inherently lacks a capability to manifest the form and cannot generate true reality, only the forms themselves understood by reason allow for true moral and epistemic knowledge. Heyüman 15, http://ftp.oxfordphilsoc.org/Documents/StudentPrize/2015'H1b.pdf scopaForms can be thought of as abstract entities or qualities that are the essence of sensible things. Take, for example, an apple: Roundness, color and weight of the apple are all the properties that make up that apple, each of which is a separate form in itself. According to Plato, two apples are "round" because they both partake in the form of "roundness". This "partaking" in any form is what makes things share similar attributes. All material objects owe their existence to these forms; whereas each form exists by itself, independently of the object that exemplifies the particular form. In Phaedo, which is widely agreed to be the first dialogue Plato introduced the forms, forms are "marked as auto kath auto beings, beings that are what they are in virtue of themselves1 ." Forms are transcendent to our material world in that they exist beyond space and time, whereas material objects occupy a specific place at a specific time. Atemporal and aspatial features of forms have very important implications. First, this explains why the form of F does not change, and remains stable beyond a spatio-temporal world while particulars are subject to continuous change. Second, since F does not exist in space, it can be instantiated in many particulars at once or need not even be instantiated to exist. The forms are also pure. The roundness of an apple is one of its properties and roundness is only "roundness" in its pure and perfect form. Unlike forms, material objects are impure, imperfect, and are complex combinations of several forms. Being is the ontological relation that ties the form of F to its essence, and each form of F is of one essence (monoeides). It follows from these principles that each form self-predicates; each form of F is itself F. The form of beauty is itself beautiful, and Helen would not be beautiful if the form of Beauty were not beautiful itself. The forms are real, sublime entities that belong to an intelligible realm that can only be grasped by reason. They are not subject to change; are stable and enduring, while particulars/material objects belong to this material world of change, becoming and perishing in a Heraclitean flux. The Idea Behind Platonic Forms As can be seen from his early and middle period dialogues, Plato both explored ethical concepts such as "virtue" and "justice" just like his mentor, Socrates, and he also elaborated upon the essence of the 1 Silverman, A., Fall 2014 Edition, ‘Plato’s Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, p. 10 1 Hilary 2015 Joint 1st Prize: Sinem Hümeydan universe by questioning what there really is in this world of appearances. Plato’s theory of forms, then, can be thought to explicate basically two vital concerns of philosophical inquiry. First, the theory explores the question of how everything seems both to be changing and permanent at the same time. We know that the physical world we perceive through our senses is exposed to continuous change by "becoming" and "ceasing to be2 ". Nonetheless, there is also permanence beyond what seems to be changing and that can only be grasped by reasoning. Second, the theory of forms is an attempt to find the answer to the question of how people can live a happy and fulfilling life in a world that is ultimately defined with beginnings and endings, and is exposed to change in every possible respect. In the Republic, Plato poses questions about moral concepts in an effort to demonstrate that the life committed to knowledge and virtue will result in happiness and self-fulfillment. To achieve happiness, one should render himself immune to changes in the material world and strive to gain the knowledge of the eternal, immutable forms that reside in the intelligible realm. Indeed, Plato splits the existence into two realms: the visible realm and the transcendent realm (intelligible realm) of forms. The visible realm is the physical world that is perceived through senses, and is susceptible to "becoming" and "ceasing to be". On the contrary, the intelligible realm represents the ultimate reality, is enduring, and is accessible only via reasoning or intellect. Furthermore, Plato believes that this visible world is an imperfect model of the transcendent realm of forms. As is depicted in his famous Allegory of Cave, he thinks that everything perceptible through senses is like the shadows on the Cave Wall, or merely imperfect representations of the reality. Since what we perceive through our deceptive senses in this world of appearence are merely shadows of reality, one cannot have any genuine knowledge of these things, but can only have beliefs/opinions about these objects. In other words, Plato thinks that one can only have "knowledge of forms and of Forms one can only have knowledge3 ." Because forms are the only objects of knowledge, individuals should endeavour to reach the intelligible realm and endow themselves with the knowledge of forms in order to achieve a happy and fulfilling life. Plato employs the Sun metaphor, which represents the form of "Good" to compare intelligible and visible realms. As the Sun provides the light to see the physical world, the "Good" provides the power to "know", and is not only the ultimate cause of knowledge, but it is also the object of truth and knowledge. Being virtuous or pursuing good relies on having the knowledge of the Good, and because forms are the only objects of knowledge, one can only live a fulfilling life and pursue good if one knows the Form of Good. Plato’s Arguments for the Forms and Concluding Remarks According to Plato, reality is very much associated with objectivity. His argument from objectivity asserts that the more objective concepts are of higher reality, and that because what we perceive via our senses is usually deceitful, the objects of experience cannot be real entities. Besides, it is possible to form different subjective views of the same objects; depending on the perceptual or mental states of the observer. However, forms represent a higher objectivity, and thereby reality through a dialectic process, which is illustrated in the hierarchical system of forms and physical objects, "good" being first among others. Plato appeals to mathematical examples to further his arguments and states that the most definite knowledge is the knowledge of mathematics, and that this knowledge cannot be gained via senses or experience, but only by reasoning. For example, we know for certain that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, yet we also acknowledge that no such perfect triangle exists in the world. Then, he concludes, if these abstract entities do not reside in this world, there must a different realm of such perfect forms outside this world of experience that is ultimately real. Prefer –1. Infinite regress – any question of empirical morality begs the question of a higher understanding which is the form of that object, otherwise we could always ask how to measure the good infinitely. At worst form is always a prior question since it’s what we refer a good material object to when we attempt to articulate its goodness.2. Performativity - thoughts and ideas can only exist insofar as the theory of the form is true since it is what defines our ability to generate those thoughts in the first place.Next, ethics are split between the deontic and the aretaic. Deontic theories guide ethics by looking at the actions of moral actors, whereas aretaic theories guide ethics by looking at the character of moral actors themselves.Prefer the aretaic:~1~ Descriptively – The aretaic provides an infinitely richer vocabulary for evaluating actions that extends beyond goodness and badness. For example, deontic fwks can’t distinguish admirable vs praise worthy actions.~2~ Deontic theories collapse – If agents were conditioned properly, they would independently take the right actions, which proves there cannot be a net benefit to deontic theories.Next, the only ethics consistent with the aretaic is a virtue paradigm: This does not presuppose descriptive normative claims; we rather focus on developing agents to make them virtuous. Reader.~Reader 2k (Reader, Soren. Late Professor of Philosophy, Durham University "New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2000.)~ SHS ZS Solipsism is true - We can only verify that our consciousness exists. Only virtue solves because even if only one subject exists, only virtue resolves the problem of acting for another because it’s a question of developing the self to be good, otherwise we couldn’t generate obligations.Thus, the standard is promoting virtue.Impact Calc: 1) The framing evaluates offense based on whether or not an action allows for the procedural cultivation of virtues— takes out calc indicts since we don’t need to know what a virtue is, we just need to have humans making decisions.OffenseI defend that the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.~1~ IP rights structurally prevent all people from accessing the same intellectual virtues and violates the virtue of empathy by not giving life-saving medication to poorer nations.Morabito 15 - "Essay: Pharmaceuticals and Global Justice: Balancing Public Health and Intellectual Property Rights" by Marisa Morabito ~https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1808andcontext=student'scholarship~~ ahs emi AND a person can do and be as a result of continued poverty.33 ~2~ Communitarian open-source platforms for developing biotechnology cultivate charity-based virtues and intellectual virtues aimed at healing the world of ailmentsOpderbeck 07, David W. Opderbeck, Maine Law Review Vol. 59 No.2 (2007) "A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)" ~https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/~~ Accessed 8/11/21 NPR AND some suggestions for how those perspectives could relate to biotechnology intellectual property policy. | 9/26/21 |
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