| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Duke Invitational | 1 | Lake Highland Prep SV | Li, Wei |
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| Kansas City Invitational | 2 | Liberty OL | Mitchell, Parker |
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| Kansas City Invitational | 3 | Olathe East ELa | Nyberg, Amy |
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| New York City Invitational | 2 | NSU SF | Ribera, Claudia |
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| Yale Invitational | 2 | Byram Hills EW | Li, Richard |
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| Yale Invitational | 4 | Lake Highland Prep PS | Etienne, Fabrice |
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| x | Finals | x | x |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Duke Invitational | 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep SV | Judge: Li, Wei 1AC - Evergreening |
| Kansas City Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Liberty OL | Judge: Mitchell, Parker 1ac - debris launches militarization |
| Kansas City Invitational | 3 | Opponent: Olathe East ELa | Judge: Nyberg, Amy 1ac- debris space war |
| New York City Invitational | 2 | Opponent: NSU SF | Judge: Ribera, Claudia 1AC - Evergreening |
| Yale Invitational | 2 | Opponent: Byram Hills EW | Judge: Li, Richard 1AC - Evergreening |
| Yale Invitational | 4 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Etienne, Fabrice 1AC - Evergreening |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
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0 - Contact InfoTournament: x | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x | 9/17/21 |
JF - Debris - v1Tournament: Kansas City Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty OL | Judge: Mitchell, Parker DebrisPrivatization of space is unsustainable and increases debris – triggers the Kessler SyndromeThompson 21 ~Clive, 11/17/21, Clive Thompson is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Wired and Smithsonian magazines, and a regular contributor to Mother Jones. He’s the author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, and Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing our Minds for the Better. He’s @pomeranian99 on Twitter and Instagram, "Get Ready for the "Kessler Syndrome" to Wreck Outer Space," OneZero, https://onezero.medium.com/get-ready-for-the-kessler-syndrome-to-wreck-outer-space-7f29cfe62c3e~~ Justin AND orbit but unintentional ones — bits of rocket parts and detritus from launches. Privatization exponentially increases the curve but ending dangerous missions prevents it.Bernat 20 ~Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF~ Justin AND the global level, apart from first-come, first-served. Debris causes nuclear war—-Noko, Iran, and China.Beauchamp 14 – Zack, 4/21/14, Zack Beauchamp is a senior correspondent at Vox, where he covers global politics and ideology, and a host of Worldly, Vox's podcast on foreign policy and international relations. His work focuses on the rise of the populist right across the West, the role of identity in American politics, and how fringe ideologies shape the mainstream. Before coming to Vox, he edited TP Ideas, a section of Think Progress devoted to the ideas shaping our political world. He has an MSc from the London School of Economics in International Relations and grew up in Washington, DC, where he currently lives with his wife, daughter, and two (rescue) dogs ~"How space trash could start a nuclear war," Vox, https://www.vox.com/2014/4/21/5625246/space-war-china-north-korea-iran~~ Justin *Brackets added for ableist language AND war is imminent — an assessment that could have self-fulfilling consequences." Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.Steven Starr 15 ~Director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~ TG AND the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. | 1/29/22 |
JF - Debris - v2Tournament: Kansas City Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Olathe East ELa | Judge: Nyberg, Amy 1ACI affirm resolved: the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.Advantage 1 is DebrisKessler syndrome is REAL and coming soon – space is unusable in practice long before it fully takes hold.Kelvey 22 (Kelvey, Jon. "Kessler Syndrome: How Runaway Space Junk Could Trap Humans on Earth." Inverse, Inverse, 3 Jan. 2022, https://www.inverse.com/science/what-is-kessler-syndrome. ~Jon Kelvey is a science writer covering space, aerospace, and biosciences. His work has appeared in publications such as Air and Space Magazine, Earth and Space News, Slate, and Smithsonian in addition to Inverse. Kelvey studied cognitive neuroscience at UC Berkeley and prior to a career in journalism worked in the California wine industry, in construction as an electrician, and as a motel housekeeper.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ AND "Maybe if people get alarmed enough that something will actually be done." 2 internal links:1~ Megaconstellations make management impossibleBoley/Byers, 5/20/2021 – University of British Columbia Professors AND to evaluating the effects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation. Starlink is responsible for HALF of all dangerous space near-collisions – full megaconstellation can make collisions ten times more likely and debris avoidance software doesn’t checkPultarova, 8/18/2021 – journalist, quoting Europe’s leading space debris expert AND be and what it is going to do in the next few days." 2~ Mining – masses of dust, sublimation, and other causesBoley and Byers 20 (Arron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia; Michael, Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia) U.S. policy puts the safe development of space at risk, SCIENCE, 9 Oct 2020, Vol 370, Issue 6513, pp. 174-175 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3402 EE AND they demonstrate how easily human actions can change the near-Earth environment. 2 impacts1~ Access to LEOs through research satellites are uniquely key to fight climate change – monitoring, enforcement, and mitigation all require Satellite techBender and Custodio 21 (Bender, Bryan, and Jonathan Custodio. "'It Is a Game Changer': Waging War on Climate Change from Space." POLITICO, POLITICO, 4 Nov. 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/31/climate-change-space-satellites-517773. ~Bryan Bender is a senior national correspondent for POLITICO, where he focuses on the Pentagon, NASA, and the defense and aerospace industries. He was previously the national security reporter for the Boston Globe, where he covered U.S. military operations in the Middle East, Asia, Latin America, and the Balkans. He also writes about terrorism and government secrecy. He is an adjunct professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University and the author of "You Are Not Forgotten," the story of an Iraq War veteran’s search for a missing World War II fighter pilot in the South Pacific. Jonathan Custodio is a POLITICO fellow currently reporting for the energy team. Past POLITICO experience includes a three-month rotation on World and National Security and an internship in the New York office, where he contributed regularly to New York Playbook and the New York Real Estate newsletter and covered city campaigns.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ AND the feedback loop so that we know whether we're making progress or not." Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ AND now convinced that global warming poses a clear and present danger to civilization." 2~ Space junk guts astronomy – makes discoveries and detection impossibleTurner 21 (Turner, Ben. "Space Junk Is Blocking Our View of the Stars, Scientists Say." LiveScience, Purch, 29 Apr. 2021, https://www.livescience.com/space-junk-blocks-view-of-cosmos.html. ~Ben Turner is a U.K. based staff writer at Live Science. He covers physics and astronomy, among other topics like weird animals and climate change. He graduated from University College London with a degree in particle physics before training as a journalist.~)LK ~Accessed 1/27/22~ AND Ben enjoys reading literature, playing the guitar and embarrassing himself with chess. Asteroids cause extinction and without top-notch astronomical detection capabilities, a hit is inevitableDreier 21, Casey Dreier is Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, an independent nonprofit organization based in California. "Why an Asteroid Strike Is Like a Pandemic", July 25, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-an-asteroid-strike-is-like-a-pandemic/, accessed 12/3/21, sb AND by small investments now. Let’s not be caught off-guard again. | 1/29/22 |
JF - Space Militarization - v1Tournament: Kansas City Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty OL | Judge: Mitchell, Parker Space MilitarizationDesire to protect profitable LEO constellations leads states to militarize outer space—specifically with ASATs.Bernat 19 "The Inevitability of Militarization of Outer Space" Pawel Bernat ~Assistant Professor, Polish Air Force University~ Safety and Defense 5(1) (2019) 49–54 https://philarchive.org/archive/BERTIO-52 SM AND , will gain have access to them (Bernat, Posluszna, 2018). China, Russia, and the US are developing dual use co-orbital ASATs that can stalk and attack other satellites using rendezvous and proximity operations – they make miscalculation highly likelyChow ’17 - independent policy analyst with over 25 years as a senior physical scientist specializing in space and national security. He holds a PhD in physics from Case Western Reserve University and an MBA with distinction and PhD in finance from the University of Michigan. Brian G Chow, "Stalkers in Space: Defeating the Threat," Strategic Studies Quarterly 11, no. 2 (Summer 2017): 82-116, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-11'Issue-2/Chow.pdf. AND measures for US response are essentially the same for both China and Russia. Unknown legal thresholds for escalation make inadvertent escalation highly likelyMacDonald ’18 – senior director of the Nonproliferation and Arms Control Project with the Center for Conflict Analysis and Prevention, Adjunct Lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Bruce MacDonald, "Chapter 2. Space and Escalation" in Outer Space; Earthly Escalation? Chinese Perspectives on Space Operations and Escalation, A Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) Periodic Publication, August 2018, https://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/SMA-White-Paper'Chinese-Persepectives-on-Space'-Aug-2018.pdf AND potentially hostile acts—or in fact be used to commit hostile acts. | 1/29/22 |
JF - Space War - v1Tournament: Kansas City Invitational | Round: 3 | Opponent: Olathe East ELa | Judge: Nyberg, Amy Advantage 2 is Space WarDisputes and misperceptions create cascading effects towards space weaponization and an arms race—an international framework solves BUT unilateral action causes escalating space warsMallick and Rajagopalan 19 - Law Researcher at the High Court of Delhi from 2016 to 2018 and is currently pursuing LL.M in International Law at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, USA, Distinguished Fellow and Head of the Nuclear and Space Policy Initiative at Observer Research Foundation. She is also the Technical Adviser to the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS). (Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Senjuti Mallick, "If Space is ‘the Province of Mankind’, Who Owns its Resources? The Potential of Space Mining and its Legal Implications", ORF Occasional Paper No. 182, January 2019, Observer Research Foundation., https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/) NAR AND instead of earning admiration and exultation, will only be enmeshed in litigation. Asteroid mining furthers tensions between the US, China and Russia and escalatesJamasmie 21 Cecilia Jamasmie ~Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World’s Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia.~, 2-2-2021, "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia," MINING, https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/ DD AG AND 2020, more than 50 years after the US reached the lunar surface. US asteroid mining pushes Russia to do the same despite it violating international law- increases the likelihood for tensions to escalate.Mallick and Rajagopalan 19 ~Senjuti Mallick and Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, If space is ‘the province of mankind’, who owns its resources?, 1-24-2019,ORF,https://www.orfonline.org/research/if-space-is-the-province-of-mankind-who-owns-its-resources-47561/, 12-16-2021 amrita~ AND have a permanent base in the Moon by 2015 is yet to happen. Space wars go nuclearGrego 18 – Laura, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf AND same value to a given target or same escalatory nature to different weapons. Nuclear war causes extinction.Starr ’17 (Steven; director of the University of Missouri’s Clinical Laboratory Science Program, senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility, Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, expert in the environmental consequences of nuclear war; 1/9/17; "Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies"; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; Federation of American Scientists; accessed 11/24/18; TV) ~AV~ AND predicted by the 1983 studies and described this as a "nuclear autumn." Framing – ShortThe standard is maximizing expecting well being.1~ Util is a lexical pre-requisite to any other framework: Threats to life preclude the ability for moral actors to effectively utilize and act upon other moral theories since they are in a constant state of crisis – that inhibits the ideal moral conditions which other theories presuppose.2~ Extinction matters under any framework:—-A~ It precludes the possibility of any kind of moral value – we can’t confer value onto anything if we’re not alive.—-B~ Future generations means infinite magnitude – we have to look towards future lives too—-C~ Moral uncertainty means you should err towards preserving your ability to decide what is moral – that means preventing extinction3~ Only pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable – all other frameworks collapse.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. | 1/29/22 |
SO - Evergreening - v1Tournament: Yale Invitational | Round: 2 | Opponent: Byram Hills EW | Judge: Li, Richard 1AC - Evergreening
| 9/18/21 |
SO - Evergreening - v1Tournament: Yale Invitational | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep PS | Judge: Etienne, Fabrice 1AC - Evergreening
| 9/18/21 |
SO - Evergreening - v2Tournament: Duke Invitational | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep SV | Judge: Li, Wei I affirm: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Framing —- UtilI value morality as implied by "ought" in the resolution. The Advantage is EvergreeningPatent evergreening is a crucial factor in the Opioid epidemic, AIDS epidemic, and cost of even basic allergy drugs – the fix is easy and improves market innovationAV 20 ("‘Evergreening’ Stunts Competition, Costs Consumers and Taxpayers." Arnold Ventures, Arnold Foundation, 24 Sept. 2020, www.arnoldventures.org/stories/evergreening-stunts-competition-costs-consumers-and-taxpayers/.)LK ~Accessed 8/23/2021~ AND billions of dollars while increasing the incentives for pharmaceutical companies to achieve breakthroughs." A – patent evergreening guts access to insulinKaplan 17 (Kaplan, W.A., Beall, R.F. The global intellectual property ecosystem for insulin and its public health implications: an observational study. J of Pharm Policy and Pract 10, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-016-0072-8 ~Affiliations. Warren A. Kaplan: Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health; Reed F. Beall: Population Health Program, Faculties of Medicine and of Law, University of Ottawa~)LK ~Accessed 8/22/21~ AND manufactures globally to consider this opportunity to enter other, far smaller markets. Outweighs – it’s the 3rd largest cause of deathUPenn 17 (University of Pennsylvania. "Diabetes accounts for more US deaths than previously thought, study shows." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 January 2017. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170125145848.htm)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ AND . It's not an issue that's confined to certain subsets of the population." B – Patent evergreening causes AIDS backsliding – kills almost a million people EACH YEARFrontline AIDS ("How Patents Affect Access to Hiv Treatment." Frontline AIDS, 2 October 2019, frontlineaids.org/how-patents-affect-access-to-hiv-treatment/)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ *pppy = per person per year AND put into practice we risk undermining the commitments made to the HIV response. C – Evergreen patents increase costs and stifle drug innovation – almost 80 of new patents were not for new drugsRobin 18 (Robin Feldman, May your drug price be evergreen, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2018, Pages 590–647, https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy022 ~Robin Feldman, Hastings College of the Law, University of California~)LK ~Accessed 8/23/21~ AND exclusivity, but also other significant changes such as adding a use code.) Innovation solves disease, bioterror, antimicrobial resistance, and a host of existential threats. Innovation may to be high for Covid, but Covid is the exception - many impactful diseases do not share the same media attention and scope as CovidMarjanovic and Feijao 20 (Marjanovic, Sonja and Carolina Feijao, Pharmaceutical Innovation for Infectious Disease Management: From Troubleshooting to Sustainable Models of Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA407-1.html)//LK ~Accessed 8/30/31~ AND different types of infectious disease threats and phases in framing incentives and regulation. Disease and bioweapons cause extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.Millett and Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. "Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity," Health Security, 15(4), PubMed AND still ought to invest more in preventing the most extreme possible biosecurity catastrophes. AdvocacyThus, the plan: the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines by limiting drug innovators to one market exclusivity of their choice for their drug.Solves better than any counterplan – only the aff tackles incentivesFeldman 19 (Feldman, Robin. "Drug Patent Protection: It's Time for a 'One-and-Done' Approach." STAT, 11 Feb. 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/02/11/drug-patent-protection-one-done/. ~Robin Feldman is professor of law and director of the Institute for Innovation Law at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco and author of "Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes" (Cambridge University Press, March 2019).~)LK ~Accessed 8/25/2021~ AND right now, the incentives for creating patent walls are just too great. | 10/2/21 |
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