| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Cal | 2 | Coppell EH | Colton Gilbert |
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| Cal | 4 | Southlake Carroll PK | Vishvak Bandi |
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| Cal | 6 | Mission San Jose | Bennett Dombcik |
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| Cal | Doubles | Isidore Newman EE | Vishvak Bandi, Truman Le, Lindsay Van Luvanee |
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| Cal Round Robin | 3 | Northland Christian LB | Jared Burke, Sam Larson |
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| Cal Round Robin | 6 | Harvard Westlake IC | Gabriel Morbeck, Joshua StPeter |
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| Cal Round Robin | 7 | Strath Haven AM | Aryan Jasani, Chris Theis |
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| Emory | 4 | Harker MK | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| Emory | 6 | Carnegie Vanguard SR | Cyprian Dumas |
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| Emory | 4 | Harker MK | Samantha McLoughlin |
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| Greenhill | 2 | Garland AA | Serena Lu |
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| Greenhill | 4 | Westwood PM | Adam Torson |
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| Harvard Westlake | 2 | Immaculate Heart BC | Claudia Ribera |
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| Harvard Westlake | 4 | Brentwood AR | Lena Mizrahi |
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| Harvard Westlake | 6 | Harker AR | Margaret Strong |
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| Loyola | 1 | Immaculate Heart AW | Nathan Russell |
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| Loyola | 4 | Memorial SC | Neville Tom |
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| Loyola | 6 | Strake Jesuit JW | Tej Gedela |
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| Loyola | Quarters | Diamond Bar NC | Lena Mizrahi, Danielle Dosch, James Stuckert |
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| Loyola | Octas | Ayala AM | Danielle Dosch, Valorie Lam, Ben Cortez |
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| Meadows | 2 | Immaculate Heart AW | Rafael Sanchez |
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| Meadows | 4 | Ardsley LL | Kabir Dubey |
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| Meadows | 6 | Immaculate Heart JL | Jonathan Hsu |
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| Meadows | Doubles | Southlake Carroll PK | Claudia Ribera, Jonathan Hsu, Ben Cortez |
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| Meadows | Octas | Orange Lutheran AZ | Ben Cortez, Kabir Dubey, Aryan Jasani |
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| NDCA | 2 | Immaculate Heart SP | Justin Hsu |
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| NDCA | 4 | Monta Vista KR | Ben Cortez |
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| NDCA | 6 | Strake Jesuit KS | John Sims |
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| NDCA | Quarters | Harker AR | Matt Moorhead, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Daniel Shatzkin |
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| Newark | 2 | Harrison JC | Vishnu Vennelakanti |
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| Newark | 4 | Lexington AG | Anshuman Mishra |
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| Newark | 5 | Catonsville AT | Cyrus Jackson |
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| Newark | Semis | Village RB | Caroline Barry, Kristen Arnold, Chris Randall |
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| Penvitational | Finals | Aaron Zhang | Austin Li |
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| Tournament of Champions | 1 | Arjun Verma | Matt Moorhead |
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| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Harker DS | Tej Gedela |
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| Tournament of Champions | 6 | Oxford VM | Danielle Dosch |
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| Tournament of Champions | Octas | Strath Haven AM | Quentin Clark, Nick Fleming, Allyson Spurlock |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Cal | 2 | Opponent: Coppell EH | Judge: Colton Gilbert 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Cal | 4 | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Vishvak Bandi 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Cal | 6 | Opponent: Mission San Jose | Judge: Bennett Dombcik 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Cal | Doubles | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Vishvak Bandi, Truman Le, Lindsay Van Luvanee 1AC 1NC |
| Cal Round Robin | 3 | Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Jared Burke, Sam Larson 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Cal Round Robin | 6 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IC | Judge: Gabriel Morbeck, Joshua StPeter 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Cal Round Robin | 7 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Aryan Jasani, Chris Theis 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Emory | 4 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Emory | 6 | Opponent: Carnegie Vanguard SR | Judge: Cyprian Dumas 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Emory | 4 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Greenhill | 2 | Opponent: Garland AA | Judge: Serena Lu 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Greenhill | 4 | Opponent: Westwood PM | Judge: Adam Torson 1AC 2NR 2AR |
| Harvard Westlake | 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Claudia Ribera 1AC 1NC 1AR 2NR 2AR |
| Harvard Westlake | 4 | Opponent: Brentwood AR | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Harvard Westlake | 6 | Opponent: Harker AR | Judge: Margaret Strong 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Loyola | 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Nathan Russell 1AC 1NC 1AR 2NR 2AR |
| Loyola | 4 | Opponent: Memorial SC | Judge: Neville Tom 1AC 1NC 1AR 2NR 2AR |
| Loyola | 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JW | Judge: Tej Gedela 1AC 1NC 1AR 2NR 2AR |
| Loyola | Quarters | Opponent: Diamond Bar NC | Judge: Lena Mizrahi, Danielle Dosch, James Stuckert 1AC 1NC 1AR 2NR 2AR |
| Loyola | Octas | Opponent: Ayala AM | Judge: Danielle Dosch, Valorie Lam, Ben Cortez 1AC 1NC 1AR 2NR 2AR |
| Meadows | 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Rafael Sanchez 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Meadows | 4 | Opponent: Ardsley LL | Judge: Kabir Dubey 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Meadows | 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart JL | Judge: Jonathan Hsu 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Meadows | Doubles | Opponent: Southlake Carroll PK | Judge: Claudia Ribera, Jonathan Hsu, Ben Cortez 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| Meadows | Octas | Opponent: Orange Lutheran AZ | Judge: Ben Cortez, Kabir Dubey, Aryan Jasani 1AC - Vaccine Imperialism |
| NDCA | 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart SP | Judge: Justin Hsu 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| NDCA | 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Ben Cortez 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| NDCA | 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: John Sims 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| NDCA | Quarters | Opponent: Harker AR | Judge: Matt Moorhead, Madeleine Conrad-Mogin, Daniel Shatzkin 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Newark | 2 | Opponent: Harrison JC | Judge: Vishnu Vennelakanti
1NC |
| Newark | 4 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Anshuman Mishra 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Newark | 5 | Opponent: Catonsville AT | Judge: Cyrus Jackson 1AC 2NR |
| Newark | Semis | Opponent: Village RB | Judge: Caroline Barry, Kristen Arnold, Chris Randall 1AC 1NC 2NR |
| Tournament of Champions | 1 | Opponent: Arjun Verma | Judge: Matt Moorhead 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Tej Gedela 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Tournament of Champions | 6 | Opponent: Oxford VM | Judge: Danielle Dosch 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
| Tournament of Champions | Octas | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Quentin Clark, Nick Fleming, Allyson Spurlock 1AC 1NC 2NR 2AR |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0 -- Contact InformationTournament: Penvitational | Round: Finals | Opponent: Aaron Zhang | Judge: Austin Li FB Messenger *For Disclosure* | 9/4/21 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic ColonialismTournament: Newark | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington AG | Judge: Anshuman Mishra 1AC1AC – Cosmic ColonialismResolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.The Advantage is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Our internal link is reverse causal. The "spatial fix" ensures infinite environmental destruction.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 5-6~ julian AND as a domain made accessible in legal, technical, and economic ways. Corporate colonialism concentrates society around collective effervescence, which effaces safeguards to capital’s negative externalities.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND terrestrial life and feed the desire for excitement and the duty of excitability. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods cause extinction—no defense assumes rampant UV poisoning.Lucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 That causes viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. ====Black carbon locks in widespread and dangerous pollution, which kills millions.==== AND reflecting power of a surface), warming the snow, and hastening melting. Corporate colonialism also locks the Global South out of space, which internal link turns any negative offense because it magnifies interstellar inequality.Stockwell 20 ~Sam Stockwell is a research assistant at RAND Europe working in the area of defence, security and infrastructure. His research interests include terrorism and counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, emerging technologies in conflict environments, and space security. Prior to RAND, Stockwell was a research assistant at The Henry Jackson Society, a security think tank, where he studied the impact of coronavirus on online extremist content. He has also worked with lecturers at the University of East Anglia on Brexit-related projects. Stockwell achieved a Distinction at King's College London in conflict, security and development studies, specialising in far-right terrorism and cyber security. He holds a First Class B.A. (Hons) degree in politics from the University of East Anglia, where he also received The Thomas Paine Prize in Politics for achieving consistently high marks on assignments throughout his course.) "Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies" E-International Relations, July 20, 2020~ RM AND ‘global commons’ is slowly turning into one of a ‘global commodity’. 1AC – FramingExistential threats independently outweigh – all life has infinite value and extinction eliminates the possibility for future generationsGPP 17 (Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance," Global Priorities Project, 2017, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf, AND other cognitive biases are likely to affect the evaluation of existential risks.75 Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being – prefer:1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.2~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. | 1/8/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v2Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Claudia Ribera 1AC1AC – Cosmic ColonialismResolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.The Advantage is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Our internal link is reverse causal. The "spatial fix" ensures infinite environmental destruction.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 5-6~ julian AND as a domain made accessible in legal, technical, and economic ways. Corporate colonialism concentrates society around collective effervescence, which effaces safeguards to capital’s negative externalities.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND terrestrial life and feed the desire for excitement and the duty of excitability. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods cause extinction—no defense assumes rampant UV poisoning.Lucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 That causes viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. ====Black carbon locks in widespread and dangerous pollution, which kills millions.==== AND reflecting power of a surface), warming the snow, and hastening melting. Corporate colonialism also locks the Global South out of space, which internal link turns any negative offense because it magnifies interstellar inequality.Stockwell 20 ~Sam Stockwell is a research assistant at RAND Europe working in the area of defence, security and infrastructure. His research interests include terrorism and counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, emerging technologies in conflict environments, and space security. Prior to RAND, Stockwell was a research assistant at The Henry Jackson Society, a security think tank, where he studied the impact of coronavirus on online extremist content. He has also worked with lecturers at the University of East Anglia on Brexit-related projects. Stockwell achieved a Distinction at King's College London in conflict, security and development studies, specialising in far-right terrorism and cyber security. He holds a First Class B.A. (Hons) degree in politics from the University of East Anglia, where he also received The Thomas Paine Prize in Politics for achieving consistently high marks on assignments throughout his course.) "Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies" E-International Relations, July 20, 2020~ RM AND ‘global commons’ is slowly turning into one of a ‘global commodity’. NewSpace actors engage in historical revisionism that moralistically justifies endless accumulation by displacing neoliberal guilt.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) AND outer space for peaceful purposes" (Outer Space Treaty 1967, preamble). NewSpace valorizes private property, advances American exceptionalism, and uses the frontier to greenlight exploitation, colonialism, and violence.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) ~Bolded Brackets~ inserted for footnote clarity AND " of history (2001 ~n.d.~, p.35). 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.Existential threats independently outweigh – all life has infinite value and extinction eliminates the possibility for future generationsGPP 17 (Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance," Global Priorities Project, 2017, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf, AND other cognitive biases are likely to affect the evaluation of existential risks.75 Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being – prefer:1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.2~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. | 1/15/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v3Tournament: Harvard Westlake | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker AR | Judge: Margaret Strong 1AC1AC – Cosmic ColonialismResolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.The Advantage is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Our internal link is reverse causal. The "spatial fix" ensures infinite environmental destruction.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 5-6~ julian AND as a domain made accessible in legal, technical, and economic ways. Corporate colonialism concentrates society around collective effervescence, which effaces safeguards to capital’s negative externalities.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND terrestrial life and feed the desire for excitement and the duty of excitability. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods cause extinction—no defense assumes rampant UV poisoning.Lucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 That causes viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. ====Black carbon locks in widespread and dangerous pollution, which kills millions.==== AND reflecting power of a surface), warming the snow, and hastening melting. Corporate colonialism also locks the Global South out of space, which internal link turns any negative offense because it magnifies interstellar inequality.Stockwell 20 ~Sam Stockwell is a research assistant at RAND Europe working in the area of defence, security and infrastructure. His research interests include terrorism and counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, emerging technologies in conflict environments, and space security. Prior to RAND, Stockwell was a research assistant at The Henry Jackson Society, a security think tank, where he studied the impact of coronavirus on online extremist content. He has also worked with lecturers at the University of East Anglia on Brexit-related projects. Stockwell achieved a Distinction at King's College London in conflict, security and development studies, specialising in far-right terrorism and cyber security. He holds a First Class B.A. (Hons) degree in politics from the University of East Anglia, where he also received The Thomas Paine Prize in Politics for achieving consistently high marks on assignments throughout his course.) "Legal ‘Black Holes’ in Outer Space: The Regulation of Private Space Companies" E-International Relations, July 20, 2020~ RM AND ‘global commons’ is slowly turning into one of a ‘global commodity’. It’s terrestrially unsustainable—-underlying market principles, failed economic policy, and income inequality.Jackson 19 (Jackson, Tim—- ecological economist and professor of sustainable development at the University of Surrey. (2019). The Post-growth Challenge: Secular Stagnation, Inequality and the Limits to Growth. Ecological Economics, 156, 236–246. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.10.010, sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.10.010) MWE AND ), that task is precise, de fi nable, pragmatic and achievable. NewSpace actors engage in historical revisionism that moralistically justifies endless accumulation by displacing neoliberal guilt.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) AND outer space for peaceful purposes" (Outer Space Treaty 1967, preamble). NewSpace valorizes private property, advances American exceptionalism, and uses the frontier to greenlight exploitation, colonialism, and violence.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) ~Bolded Brackets~ inserted for footnote clarity AND " of history (2001 ~n.d.~, p.35). 1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.Existential threats independently outweigh – all life has infinite value and extinction eliminates the possibility for future generationsGPP 17 (Global Priorities Project, Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance," Global Priorities Project, 2017, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf, AND other cognitive biases are likely to affect the evaluation of existential risks.75 Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ SJDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being – prefer:1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.2~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation. | 1/16/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v4Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC – Cosmic Colonialism1AC1AC – FramingExtinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being – prefer:1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.2~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.1AC – Cosmic ColonialismAdvantage 1 is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). NewSpace actors engage in historical revisionism that moralistically justifies endless accumulation by displacing neoliberal guilt.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) AND outer space for peaceful purposes" (Outer Space Treaty 1967, preamble). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods supress immune responses and lead to radiationLucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 Viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. 1AC – Space WarAdvantage 2 is Space WarDeep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. It’s existential.Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf AND unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in the future. 1AC – DebrisAdvantage 3 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~~~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~~~~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping point. AND private companies are impossible to control – only space decolonization solvesThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND as how a Mars colony might exist without becoming a human rights nightmare. Private space companies vastly outpace the public sector and avoid regulation which makes it a uniquely dangerous industryRauenzahn et al, 20 (The Regulatory Review, 6-6-2020, accessed on 1-14-2022, The Regulatory Review, "Regulating Commercial Space Activity | The Regulatory Review", https://www.theregreview.org/2020/06/06/saturday-seminar-regulating-commercial-space-activity/)azhang AND Seminar focuses on possible legal frameworks for governing commercial activity in outer space. Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~~~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~~~~~ TDI Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~~~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~~~~~ TDI Anti-Satellite Weapons and Space Debris Collisions Lead to Arms Race and WarBlatt 20 Talia M. Blatt ~I am a rising sophomore at Harvard, considering a joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology with a citation in Chinese. I specialize in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~., 26.MAY.2020, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~~~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~~~ TDI 1AC – AdvocacyThus, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. | 1/29/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v5Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Samantha McLoughlin 1AC – Cosmic Colonialism1AC1AC – FramingExtinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well-being – prefer:1~ Actor specificity – Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.2~ No act-omission distinction—governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is implicit authorization of action: they have to yes/no bills, which means everything collapse to aggregation.1AC – Cosmic ColonialismAdvantage 1 is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). NewSpace actors engage in historical revisionism that moralistically justifies endless accumulation by displacing neoliberal guilt.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) AND outer space for peaceful purposes" (Outer Space Treaty 1967, preamble). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods supress immune responses and lead to radiationLucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 Viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. 1AC – Space WarAdvantage 2 is Space WarDeep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. It’s existential.Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf AND unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in the future. 1AC – DebrisAdvantage 3 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~~~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~~~~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping point. AND private companies are impossible to control – only space decolonization solvesThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND as how a Mars colony might exist without becoming a human rights nightmare. Private space companies vastly outpace the public sector and avoid regulation which makes it a uniquely dangerous industryRauenzahn et al, 20 (The Regulatory Review, 6-6-2020, accessed on 1-14-2022, The Regulatory Review, "Regulating Commercial Space Activity | The Regulatory Review", https://www.theregreview.org/2020/06/06/saturday-seminar-regulating-commercial-space-activity/)azhang AND Seminar focuses on possible legal frameworks for governing commercial activity in outer space. Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~~~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~~~~~ TDI Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~~~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~~~~~ TDI Anti-Satellite Weapons and Space Debris Collisions Lead to Arms Race and WarBlatt 20 Talia M. Blatt ~I am a rising sophomore at Harvard, considering a joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology with a citation in Chinese. I specialize in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~., 26.MAY.2020, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~~~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~~~ TDI 1AC – AdvocacyThus, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. | 2/19/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v6Tournament: Cal | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mission San Jose | Judge: Bennett Dombcik 1AC – Cosmic Colonialism1AC1AC – FramingExtinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 1AC – Cosmic ColonialismAdvantage 1 is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). NewSpace actors engage in historical revisionism that moralistically justifies endless accumulation by displacing neoliberal guilt.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) AND outer space for peaceful purposes" (Outer Space Treaty 1967, preamble). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods supress immune responses and lead to radiationLucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 Viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. 1AC – Space WarAdvantage 2 is Space WarDeep space exploration is a shared goal that prevents escalation of US-Russia tensions. But privatization threatens it independent of our other internal linksCSIS 18 ~(Center for Strategic and International Studies), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," August 21, 2018 https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/space-cooperation~~ TDI AND a phase out date of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by 2022. It’s make or break for the relationship—Ukraine, decline of US moral authority on international affairs puts us at the brink of the end of Russian diplomacy and even warWeir 21 ~(Fred Weir has been the Monitor's Moscow correspondent, covering Russia and the former Soviet Union, since 1998. He's traveled over much of that vast territory, reporting on stories ranging from Russia's financial crash to the war in Chechnya, creeping Islamization in central Asia, Russia's demographic crisis, the rise of Vladimir Putin and his repeated returns to the Kremlin, and the ups and downs of US-Russia relations). "Worse than the Cold War? US-Russia relations hit new low." Christian Science Monitor 4-20-2021 https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0420/Worse-than-the-Cold-War-US-Russia-relations-hit-new-low~~ TDI AND .S. activities and policies that are harmful to our two countries." Space weapons heighten potential for escalation and make perceptions of US-Russia space conflict key.Alexey Arbatov et al, head of the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, a principal researcher at the Center for International Security at the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations and Peter Topychkanov, fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center’s Nonproliferation Program, ‘17 "Russian And Chinese Perspectives On Non-Nuclear Weapons And Nuclear Risks" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications, https://www.russiamatters.org/sites/default/files/media/files/Entanglement'interior'FNL.pdf AND discusses how new and emerging military technologies might contribute to such an escalation. It’s existential.Owen Cotton-Barratt 17. PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute. 2-3-2017. "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance." https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf AND unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in the future. 1AC – DebrisAdvantage 3 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~~~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~~~~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping point. AND private companies are impossible to control – only space decolonization solvesThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND as how a Mars colony might exist without becoming a human rights nightmare. Private space companies vastly outpace the public sector and avoid regulation which makes it a uniquely dangerous industryRauenzahn et al, 20 (The Regulatory Review, 6-6-2020, accessed on 1-14-2022, The Regulatory Review, "Regulating Commercial Space Activity | The Regulatory Review", https://www.theregreview.org/2020/06/06/saturday-seminar-regulating-commercial-space-activity/)azhang AND Seminar focuses on possible legal frameworks for governing commercial activity in outer space. Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~~~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~~~~~ TDI Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~~~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~~~~~ TDI Anti-Satellite Weapons and Space Debris Collisions Lead to Arms Race and WarBlatt 20 Talia M. Blatt ~I am a rising sophomore at Harvard, considering a joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology with a citation in Chinese. I specialize in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~., 26.MAY.2020, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~~~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~~~ TDI 1AC – AdvocacyThus, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. | 2/20/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v7Tournament: Cal | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Isidore Newman EE | Judge: Vishvak Bandi, Truman Le, Lindsay Van Luvanee 1AC – Cosmic Colonialism1AC1AC – FramingExtinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 1AC – Cosmic ColonialismAdvantage 1 is Cosmic Colonialism.Private appropriation of outer space expands corporate colonialism.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 3-5~ TDI AND space, or ‘astrosociologists' (Dickens and Ormrod, 2007a, 2007b). NewSpace actors engage in historical revisionism that moralistically justifies endless accumulation by displacing neoliberal guilt.Johnson ‘20 (Johnson, Matthew Robert. "Mining the high frontier: sovereignty, property and humankind’s common heritage in outer space." PhD diss., University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2020-08-26; JPark) AND outer space for peaceful purposes" (Outer Space Treaty 1967, preamble). The insistence on outer space as corporate capital’s spatial fix accelerates environmental degradation.Shammas and Holen 19 ~(Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "One giant leap for capitalistkind: private enterprise in outer space," 1-29-2019, pg. 6-8~ julian AND capital itself that must outlive Earth—even into the darkness of space. Environmental degradation causes extinction.Dr. Peter Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in Ecology and Applied Mathematics from Cornell University, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al., September 2018, "Existential Risk Due To Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back", Futures, Volume 102, p. 39-50 AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change. Corporate colonialism necessitates mass launch.Shammas and Holen 19 ~Victor L, a sociologist working at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo; Tomas B., independent scholar in Oslo, Norway) "Capitalism and Outer Space: Replies to an Interlocutor" Dr. Victor Lund Shammas Blog, https://www.victorshammas.com/blog/2019/12/17/capitalism-and-outer-space, 12/18/2019~ RM AND rockets into space—precisely in order to preserve life here on Earth. That depletes the ozone layer, open the floodgates for existential UV floods, and leaves residual black carbon.Grush 17 ~Loren Grush, Loren Grush is a science reporter for The Verge, the technology and culture brand from Vox Media, where she specializes in all things space—from distant stars and planets to human space flight and the commercial space race. The daughter of two NASA engineers, she grew up surrounded by space shuttles and rocket scientists—literally. She is also the host of Space Craft, an original online video series that examines what it takes to send people to space. Before joining The Verge, Loren published stories in Popular Science, The New York Times, Nautilus Magazine, Digital Trends, Fox News, and ABC News.) "Why it’s time to study how rocket emissions change the atmosphere: Get the data now before the problem gets worse" The Verge, May 31, 2018~ RM AND . ====Ozone collapse causes extinction.==== AND occur again, dangerously exposing surface and shallow sea life to harmful radiation. UV floods supress immune responses and lead to radiationLucas et al 14 (R. M. Lucas (National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, Australia), M. Norval (Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK), R. E. Neale (QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia), A. R. Young (King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK), F. R. de Gruijl (Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. (Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Akita Prefecture, Japan, National Institute for Minamata Diseases, Minamata-sh, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and J. C. van der Leun (iEcofys, Kanaalweg 16G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht, The Netherlands), "The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors", November 10th, 2014, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90033b) CS AND in preventing the development of skin cancers and actinic keratoses.212–214 Viruses to human bacterial genome to damage will ensure the next pandemic is existentialSupriya 4/19 ~Lakshmi Supriya got her BSc in Industrial Chemistry from IIT Kharagpur (India) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Engineering from Virginia Tech (USA). She has more than a decade of global industry experience working in the USA, Europe, and India. After her Ph.D., she worked as part of the RandD group in diverse industries starting with semiconductor packaging at Intel, Arizona, where she developed a new elastomeric thermal solution, which has now been commercialized and is used in the core i3 and i5 processors. From there she went on to work at two startups, one managing the microfluidics chip manufacturing lab at a biotechnology company and the other developing polymer formulations for oil extraction from oil sands. She also worked at Saint Gobain North America, developing various material solutions for photovoltaics and processing techniques and new applications for fluoropolymers. Most recently, she managed the Indian RandD team of Enthone (now part of MacDermid) developing electroplating technologies for precious metals.) "Humans versus viruses - Can we avoid extinction in near future?" News Medical Life Sciences, 4/19/21, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210419/Humans-versus-viruses-Can-we-avoid-extinction-in-near-future.aspx~~ RM AND the consequences may be and the next pandemic could lead us to extinction. 1AC – DebrisAdvantage 2 is DebrisAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~~~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~~~~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping point. AND private companies are impossible to control – only space decolonization solvesThompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND as how a Mars colony might exist without becoming a human rights nightmare. Private space companies vastly outpace the public sector and avoid regulation which makes it a uniquely dangerous industryRauenzahn et al, 20 (The Regulatory Review, 6-6-2020, accessed on 1-14-2022, The Regulatory Review, "Regulating Commercial Space Activity | The Regulatory Review", https://www.theregreview.org/2020/06/06/saturday-seminar-regulating-commercial-space-activity/)azhang AND Seminar focuses on possible legal frameworks for governing commercial activity in outer space. Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~~~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~~~~~ TDI Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~~~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~~~~~ TDI Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~~~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~~~ TDI Satellite internet constellations accelerate collision risks – more close encounters and less transparency means bad decisions are inevitable.Pultarova 21 "SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says" Tereza Pultarova ~Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency.~, August 18, 2021 https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise SM LEO collisions due to constellations take out ISR and other military assets – debris cascades into different altitudes and triggers Kessler Syndrome.Wong 19 "Congested Outer Space: Increased Deployment of Small Satellite Constellations Could Hamper Military Space Operations" 2019 Arthur Wong ~Strategic Development of Forces Division, SHAPE. Prior to working at SHAPE he has worked at NATO HQ, within the Defence Investment Division on interoperability for NATO’s multinational battlegroups.~ https://www.japcc.org/congested-outer-space/ SM Collisions with early warning satellites causes miscalc and goes nuclear – magnified by the Kessler effectBlatt 20 ~Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~ "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ TG Independently causes cyberwar and satellite hacking which escalates.Falco 19 "Opinion: Our satellites are prime targets for a cyberattack. And things could get worse." Gregory Falco ~Gregory Falco is a cyber research fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center and a postdoctoral security researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is the founder and chief executive of NeuroMesh, a tech security company.~ May 7, 2019 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/our-satellites-are-prime-targets-for-a-cyberattack-and-things-could-get-worse/2019/05/07/31c85438-7041-11e9-8be0-ca575670e91c'story.html SM Empirics prove it’s possible and likely by state and nonstate actors – especially true given private sector cost cutting.Akoto 20 "Hackers could shut down satellites — or turn them into weapons" February 13, 2020 William Akoto ~a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Denver.~ https://www.upi.com/Top'News/Voices/2020/02/13/Hackers-could-shut-down-satellites-or-turn-them-into-weapons/4091581597502/ SM 1AC – AdvocacyThus, resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust. | 2/21/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v8Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart SP | Judge: Justin Hsu | 4/9/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v8Tournament: NDCA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart SP | Judge: Justin Hsu | 4/9/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Cosmic Colonialism v9Tournament: NDCA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Ben Cortez | 4/10/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - MonopoliesTournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harker DS | Judge: Tej Gedela R1 TOC1AC – FramingThe standard is maximizing expected well-being—1~ Extinction first —- moral uncertainty.Bostrom 12 ~(Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford) "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy, 2012~ TDI AND of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. 2~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsically valuable.Moen 16 ~Ole Martin Moen, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo "An Argument for Hedonism" Journal of Value Inquiry (Springer), 50 (2) 2016: 267–281~ TDI AND places where we reach the end of the line in matters of value. 3~ No act-omission distinction – choosing to omit is an act itself – governments actively decide not to act so there is no omission. Also, If we foresee a consequence, then it is intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen1AC – MonopoliesThe Advantage is MonopoliesThe status quo of space commercialization is a permissionless system that threatens private sector innovation due to ambiguity and foreign hostility. Schaefer 17Schaefer, Matthew. "The contours of permissionless innovation in the outer space domain." U. Pa. J. Int'l L. 39 (2017): 103. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1953andcontext=jil** AND achieving the benefits, and retaining the essence, of permissionless innovation thinking. Private appropriation results in arbitrary valuation of businesses in the space industry and monopolization, which decks innovation and causes armed conflict. Sterns and Tennen 03P.M. Sterns, L.I. Tennen, Privateering and profiteering on the moon and other celestial bodies: Debunking the myth of property rights in space, Advances in Space Research, Volume 31, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 2433-2440, ISSN 0273-1177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00567-2. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117703005672)** AND corpus juris spatialis has made in maintaining outer space exclusively for peaceful purposes. Commercial rocket launches produce space clutter—increased debris could reach a tipping point. Private sector is dramatically unregulated.Thompson 20 ~(Clive, author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, a columnist for Wired magazine, and a contributing writer to The New York Times Magazine) "Monetizing the Final Frontier The strange new push for space privatization," December 3, 2020 https://newrepublic.com/article/160303/monetizing-final-frontier~~ TDI AND as how a Mars colony might exist without becoming a human rights nightmare. Private space companies vastly outpace the public sector and avoid regulation which makes it a uniquely dangerous industryRauenzahn et al, 20 (The Regulatory Review, 6-6-2020, accessed on 1-14-2022, The Regulatory Review, "Regulating Commercial Space Activity | The Regulatory Review", https://www.theregreview.org/2020/06/06/saturday-seminar-regulating-commercial-space-activity/)azhang AND Seminar focuses on possible legal frameworks for governing commercial activity in outer space. Early warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~~~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~~~~~ TDI AND -catalogued objects will grow exponentially in mutual collisions," the researchers reported. Nuke war causes extinction – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~~~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~~~ TDI AND two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. Collisions with early warning satellites causes miscalc and goes nuclear – magnified by the Kessler effectBlatt 20 ~Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~ "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ TG AND and its allies do not want China to successfully close off the region. Independently causes cyberwar and satellite hacking which escalates.Falco 19 "Opinion: Our satellites are prime targets for a cyberattack. And things could get worse." Gregory Falco ~Gregory Falco is a cyber research fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center and a postdoctoral security researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is the founder and chief executive of NeuroMesh, a tech security company.~ May 7, 2019 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/our-satellites-are-prime-targets-for-a-cyberattack-and-things-could-get-worse/2019/05/07/31c85438-7041-11e9-8be0-ca575670e91c'story.html SM AND Russia to take over SpaceX’s satellites and wreak havoc on our space assets. The tragedy of the commons can only be avoided via one type of P3: public ownership creates accountability and private partnership generates innovation.Scott Shackelford6, 1-10-2019, "The "global commons" of outer space is turning into a battlefield," Fast Company, https://www.fastcompany.com/90290871/outer-space-new-space-race-competition-cooperation** AND the development of science, the economy and the betterment of international relations. Space monopolies are uniquely dangerous – collisions, weaponized data, and consolidation all threaten effective commercialization of space. Goldstein 21Luke Goldstein, 11-7-2021, "Why Are We Letting Monopolists Corner Space?," Washington Monthly, https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/11/07/why-are-we-letting-monopolists-corner-space/** AND of competition so space junk and monopolization don’t ruin the final frontier forever. The use of contracts and awards via public-private partnerships are robust incentivizes to foster greater innovation. Roumboustos et al 14Roumboutsos, Athena, and Stéphane Saussier. "Public-private partnerships and investments in innovation: the influence of the contractual arrangement." Construction management and economics 32.4 (2014): 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.895849** AND the policy issue of market concentration versus innovation would need to be balanced. Strong commercial space catalyzes tech innovation – progress at the margins and spinoff tech change global information networksJoshua Hampson 2017, Security Studies Fellow at the Niskanen Center, 1-25-2017, "The Future of Space Commercialization", Niskanen Center, https://republicans-science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/TheFutureofSpaceCommercializationFinal.pdf AND to global networks, and new opportunities could lead to wider economic growth. Tech innovation solves every existential threat – cumulative extinction events outweigh the affDylan Matthews 18. Co-founder of Vox, citing Nick Beckstead @ Rutgers University. 10-26-2018. "How to help people millions of years from now." Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/26/18023366/far-future-effective-altruism-existential-risk-doing-good AND far future, then effective altruism just becomes plain ol’ do-goodery.* 1AC – PlanResolved: Private entities ought to restrict the appropriation of outer space.To clarify, we will defend links to disads, but "restrict" means pics don’t compete. The plan treats outer space as a commons, a shared public good. That’s the only effective anti-trust measure to safeguard and promote innovation. Rhimbassen 21Maria Rhimbassen, 6-6-2021, "An Introduction to Space Antitrust," Open Lunar, https://www.openlunar.org/library/an-introduction-to-space-antitrust~~#anti-monopoly-law** AND through initial allocations) by enforcing principles such as open access and transparency. | 4/23/22 |
JANFEB - 1AC - Space MiningTournament: Newark | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harrison JC | Judge: Vishnu Vennelakanti AC – Stock AdvocacyI defend the resolution as a general principle.Resolved: The appropriation of outer space by private entities in unjust.AC – InherencycotPrivate space mining and ownership allowed nowWilliams 20 ~(Matt Williams, Reporter) "Trump signs an executive order allowing mining the moon and asteroids," Phys Org, April 13, 2020, https://phys.org/news/2020-04-trump-moon-asteroids.html~~ TDI AND debate that began with the signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967. New investments coming and companies are launching – economic incentives make it alluringTosar 20 ~(Borja Tosar, reporter) "Asteroid Mining: A New Space Race," OpenMind BBVA, May 18, 2020, https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/physics/asteroid-mining-a-new-space-race/~~ TDI AND deGrasse argues that the planet’s first trillionaire will undoubtedly be a space miner. AC – Debris AdvantageAsteroid mining spikes the risk of satellite-dust collisionsScoles 15 ~(Sarah Scoles, freelance science writer, contributor at Wired and Popular Science, author of the books Making Contact and They Are Already Here) "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, May 27, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/~~ TDI AND 30 per cent (arxiv.org/abs/1505.03800). Space dust wrecks satellites and debris exponentially spiralsIntagliata 17 ~(Christopher Intagliata, MA Journalism from NYU, Editor for NPRs All Things Considered, Reporter/Host for Scientific American’s 60 Second Science) "The Sneaky Danger of Space Dust," Scientific American, May 11, 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/the-sneaky-danger-of-space-dust/~~ TDI Scenario 1 is ClimateEarth observation satellites key to warming adaptationMonitoring deforestation/ice caps Warming causes extinctionKlein 14~(Naomi Klein, award-winning journalist, syndicated columnist, former Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics, member of the board of directors of 350.org), This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, pp. 12-14~ Scenario 2 is MiscalcEarly warning satellites going dark signals attacks – causes miscalc and goes nuclearOrwig 16 ~(Jessica, MS in science and tech journalism from Texas AandM, BS in astronomy and physics from Ohio State) "Russia says a growing problem in space could be enough to spark a war," Insider,’ January 26, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-says-space-junk-could-spark-war-2016-1~~ TDI Nuke war could be existential – it won’t stay limitedEdwards 17 ~(Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky/card is only parts of the interview directly from Paul Edwards.) "How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate," EarthSky, September 8, 2017, earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~ TDI | 1/8/22 |
SEPTOCT - 1AC - Vaccine ImperialismTournament: Loyola | Round: 1 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart AW | Judge: Nathan Russell 1AC Round 11AC – FramingPrioritize probability.Kessler 08 (Oliver; April 2008; PhD in IR, professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, and professor of history and theory of IR at the Faculty of Arts; Alternatives, Vol. 33, "From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" p. 211-232) AND prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty. Structural violence is the most important impact – ignoring them actively exacerbates exclusionWinter and Leighton 99 |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 AND a moral equivalent to war, in order to build lasting peace. Particularity is the best standardPrice 98 ~(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)~~ AND violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself. Center the debate on research strategies that minimize oppressionMedina 11 Medina, J. (2011). Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism. Foucault Studies, 1(12), 9–35. AND of those whose marginalized lives have become the silent scars of forgotten struggles. Racism is the biggest impact – it makes all violence structurally inevitable and is the basis for all morality. Memmi 2kAlbert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165 AND . True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible. Large scale extinction impacts are impossible to predict or simulate and will almost always be wrong – prefer impacts we know are happeningMatheson 15 (Calum Matheson – This is his PhD dissertation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Desired Ground Zeros: Nuclear Imagination and the Death Drive", https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:4bbcb13b-0b5f-43a1-884c-fcd6e6411fd6, pgs. 77 – 86,) AND case simply: "People get emotionally involved in games" (20). 1AC – AdvantageThe status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin of North-South health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes, accelerating disease spread.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND at the expense of others continues to reproduce extreme inequality with human costs. The TRIPS IP regime is at the heart of that imbalance. It creates a privileged class of elites with access to medicine and locks in data exclusivity and evergreening practices that delay the entrance of generic medicines into the market, which would decrease prices.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND rising, making essential medicines inaccessible for millions of people around the world. Vaccine imperialism inevitably commodifies medicine and results in vaccine nationalism that magnifies North-South health disparities.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 2-4) julian AND , and thus consolidating a denial of their obligations to employ TRIPS flexibilities. Status quo distribution results in disparities between nations. That results in colonial hierarchies of health.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4) julian AND depleted health systems, are forced to divert additional funds to servicing debt. It also results in inequalities within nations. Politicians create a hierarchy of access, which feeds racism, classism, and corruption.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa; Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4-5) julian AND population from exercising their right to freedom of movement on an equal basis. This means COVID and future pandemics will reproduce untenable working conditions and racialized and classed life outcomes.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 152-153) julian AND death’ (McNamara and Newman 2020: 11; Sell and Williams 2019). The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian AND countries in the global south, but also produces asymmetries that perpetuate inequalities. 1AC – PlanPlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to eliminate patent protections for medicines.Adler 21 – Paul Adler is assistant professor of 20th Century U.S. in the World History at Colorado College and author of "No Globalization Without Representation: U.S. Activists and World Inequality," with University of Pennsylvania Press. ("Activism is the key to getting vaccines to the world," 4-23-2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/04/23/activism-is-key-getting-vaccines-world/) julian AND international governance that serve the interests of the world’s most impoverished and marginalized. Prioritize our impacts. Intellectual monopoly capitalism prioritizes profitability over health, which blurs the lines between life and death.Sell 20 – Susan K. Sell is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. ("What COVID 19 Reveals About Twenty First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity," pg. 151-152) julian AND as reflected in their request for TRIPs waivers in COVID-19 time. Status quo medical innovation results in inequality, which the aff corrects.Parthasarathy 20 – Shobita Parthasarathy is Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at University of Michigan. ("Innovation Policy, Structural Inequality, and COVID-19," 2020, pg. 105-107) julian AND civic duty as it determines pricing for this promising COVID-19 drug. Flexibilities are insufficient.Seklala et al 21 – Sharifah Sekalala, Warwick Law School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Lisa Forman, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Timothy Hodgson, International Commission of Jurists, Johannesburg, South Africa,;Moses Mulumba, Center for Health, Human Rights and Development, Kampala, Uganda; Hadijah Namyalo-Ganafa, School of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Benjamin Mason Meier, Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA ("Decolonising human rights: how intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine," 2021, pg. 4) julian AND Property Regime (IPR) system to sustain and deepen global health inequities. | 9/4/21 |
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