| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 1 | Peninsula SM | Palmer, Jacob |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 4 | Strake Jesuit DA | Pittman, Phoenix |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 6 | Millburn AX | Plat, Breigh |
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| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Doubles | Harrison MB | Davis, Malcolm - Crockett, Isabella - Karavadi, Saianurag |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Strake Jesuit KS | Datel, Amadea |
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| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Strake Jesuit JK | Kotapati, Saketh |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 2 | Coppell HA | Kopf, Kyle |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Bronx Science NK | Pittman, Phoenix |
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| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Strake Jesuit JS | Broussard, Austin |
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| Grapevine Classic | 5 | Plano East AW | Stuckert, James |
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| Grapevine Classic | 1 | Strake Jesuit JWe | McLoughlin, Samantha |
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| Grapevine Classic | Doubles | Strake Jesuit VC | Self, Connor - Broussard, Austin - Sun, Favian |
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| Grapevine Classic | 4 | Dulles VN | Georges, Joseph |
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| Harrison Round Robin | 1 | Jessie Pein | Barquin, Joseph - Levi, Briajia |
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| Harrison Round Robin | 5 | Tommy Yu | Barquin, Joseph - Etienne, Fabrice |
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| Mid America Cup | 1 | Harker NA | Stuckert, James |
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| Mid America Cup | 3 | Strake Jesuit DA | Plat, Breigh |
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| Mid America Cup | 6 | Harrison AA | Radcliffe, Ki |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 1 | Harker KB | McLoughlin, Samantha |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 4 | Notre Dame San Jose AG | Bukowsky, Holden |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 6 | Monta Vista KR | Moorhead, Matt |
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| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Doubles | San Mateo YR | Palmer, Jacob - Stuckert, James - Mork, Alexandra |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 1 | University AP | Joe, Sesh |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 4 | Harrison TB | Cortez, Ben |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 6 | Lake Highland Prep AV | Patel, Vandan |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Octas | Mission San Jose SR | Georges, Joseph - Davenport, Jamie - Harris, Michael |
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| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Doubles | Byram Hills AK | Etienne, Fabrice - Georges, Joseph - Thomas-McGinnis, Conal |
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| Palm Classic | 2 | Harker SY | Nails, Jacob |
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| Palm Classic | 3 | Strake Jesuit JY | Cui, Anthony |
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| Palm Classic | 6 | Harker MK | Castillo, Chris |
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| Princeton Classic | 4 | Walt Whitman EY | Brown, Grant |
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| Princeton Classic | 6 | Harrison MB | Zhou, Michael |
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| Princeton Classic | 2 | Princeton JG | Etienne, Fabrice |
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| Princeton Classic | Semis | Princeton VC | Jeffries, Chasia - Lee, Andrew - Siegel, Zachary |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 2 | Peninsula BD | Frenkel, Nathan |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 4 | Peninsula CS | Randall, Chris |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 5 | Harrison AC | Mishra, Anshuman |
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| The Newark Invitational 2022 | Quarters | Catonsville AT | Jeong, Jonathan - Wyche, Chaz - Ajayi, Victoria |
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| Tournament of Champions | 1 | Harker AR | Evnen, Tom |
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| Tournament of Champions | 3 | BASIS Independent Silicon Valley SK | Kopf, Kyle |
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| Tournament of Champions | 6 | Strake Jesuit JK | Scopa, Stephen |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 2 | King CP | Waldman, Ben |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 3 | Catonsville AT | Fees, Bennett |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 6 | West Des Moines Valley MM | Lakshman, Rohit |
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| Yale University Invitational 2021 | Doubles | American Heritage Broward EM | Sun, Favian - Natchukuri, Ananya - Lakshman, Rohit |
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| ye | Finals | opps | ysn flow |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
|---|---|---|
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 1 | Opponent: Peninsula SM | Judge: Palmer, Jacob 1ac - kant - climate adv |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix 1ac - kant - open source |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Millburn AX | Judge: Plat, Breigh 1ac - kant - open source |
| Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Doubles | Opponent: Harrison MB | Judge: Davis, Malcolm - Crockett, Isabella - Karavadi, Saianurag 1ac - kant - open source |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Datel, Amadea 1ac - kant - afc - Indian democracy adv |
| Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Kotapati, Saketh 1ac - democracy |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 2 | Opponent: Coppell HA | Judge: Kopf, Kyle 1ac - kant |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science NK | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix 1ac - kazakhstan - open source |
| Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Broussard, Austin 1ac - semiotic trivial coherence |
| Grapevine Classic | 5 | Opponent: Plano East AW | Judge: Stuckert, James 1ac - domination democracy adv afc aprioris |
| Grapevine Classic | 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JWe | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha 1ac - kant democracy |
| Grapevine Classic | Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit VC | Judge: Self, Connor - Broussard, Austin - Sun, Favian 1ac - kant tricks |
| Grapevine Classic | 4 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Georges, Joseph 1ac - 21 Savage must give permissibility or presumption |
| Harrison Round Robin | 1 | Opponent: Jessie Pein | Judge: Barquin, Joseph - Levi, Briajia 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| Harrison Round Robin | 5 | Opponent: Tommy Yu | Judge: Barquin, Joseph - Etienne, Fabrice 1ac - semiotic cryptocurrency |
| Mid America Cup | 1 | Opponent: Harker NA | Judge: Stuckert, James 1ac - semiocap tricks democracy adv v2 must grant permissibility |
| Mid America Cup | 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Plat, Breigh 1ac - semiocap tricks round reports |
| Mid America Cup | 6 | Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Radcliffe, Ki 1ac - semiocap and democracy |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 1 | Opponent: Harker KB | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 4 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Bukowsky, Holden 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | 6 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Moorhead, Matt 1ac - kant - disclose cites |
| National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Doubles | Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Palmer, Jacob - Stuckert, James - Mork, Alexandra 1ac - kant - util adv |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 1 | Opponent: University AP | Judge: Joe, Sesh 1ac - kant democracy adv WTO adv |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 4 | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Cortez, Ben 1ac - democracy and WTO credibility |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | 6 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Patel, Vandan 1ac - democracy and WTO |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Octas | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Georges, Joseph - Davenport, Jamie - Harris, Michael 1ac - semiocap - vaccine imperialism |
| New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Doubles | Opponent: Byram Hills AK | Judge: Etienne, Fabrice - Georges, Joseph - Thomas-McGinnis, Conal 1ac - semiocap |
| Palm Classic | 2 | Opponent: Harker SY | Judge: Nails, Jacob 1ac - China v3 |
| Palm Classic | 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JY | Judge: Cui, Anthony 1ac - china |
| Palm Classic | 6 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Castillo, Chris 1ac - kant with china adv |
| Princeton Classic | 4 | Opponent: Walt Whitman EY | Judge: Brown, Grant 1ac - semiotic trivial coherence |
| Princeton Classic | 6 | Opponent: Harrison MB | Judge: Zhou, Michael 1ac - kazakhstan - open source |
| Princeton Classic | 2 | Opponent: Princeton JG | Judge: Etienne, Fabrice 1ac - semiotics |
| Princeton Classic | Semis | Opponent: Princeton VC | Judge: Jeffries, Chasia - Lee, Andrew - Siegel, Zachary 1ac - semiotic trivial coherence |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 2 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Frenkel, Nathan 1ac - china - open source |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 4 | Opponent: Peninsula CS | Judge: Randall, Chris 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | 5 | Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Mishra, Anshuman 1ac - china |
| The Newark Invitational 2022 | Quarters | Opponent: Catonsville AT | Judge: Jeong, Jonathan - Wyche, Chaz - Ajayi, Victoria 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| Tournament of Champions | 1 | Opponent: Harker AR | Judge: Evnen, Tom 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| Tournament of Champions | 3 | Opponent: BASIS Independent Silicon Valley SK | Judge: Kopf, Kyle 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| Tournament of Champions | 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Scopa, Stephen 1ac - semiotic absolutism |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 2 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Waldman, Ben 1ac - domination disclose analytics afc |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 3 | Opponent: Catonsville AT | Judge: Fees, Bennett 1ac - kant afc democracy adv |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley MM | Judge: Lakshman, Rohit 1ac - semiocap open source tricks reps k |
| Yale University Invitational 2021 | Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: Sun, Favian - Natchukuri, Ananya - Lakshman, Rohit 1ac - semiocap tricks must give permissibility |
| ye | Finals | Opponent: opps | Judge: ysn flow rr |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
0 - ContactTournament: ye | Round: Finals | Opponent: opps | Judge: ysn flow | 10/15/21 |
0 - Contact InfoTournament: ye | Round: Finals | Opponent: opps | Judge: ysn flow | 7/7/21 |
0 - NavigationTournament: ye | Round: Finals | Opponent: opps | Judge: ysn flow | 10/15/21 |
1 - AFCTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 5 | Opponent: Plano East AW | Judge: Stuckert, James Interpretation: The negative must concede the affirmative's framework choice if it's theoretically justified.You violate by reading another framing mechanism and/or contesting mine – 6 ways out if you concede AFC – T or theory, counterplans, disads impact turns, kritiks impacted to the aff, and link turns~1~ Strat skew – The NC can adapt to the 1AC – but the 1AC can't adapt to the NC. The 1AC is already behind on strategy because it has to commit to a strategy since they talk first, but AFC levels the playing field.~2~ Contention level debate – We only have the topic for two months, but we can debate FW every single round. That means contention level offense OW and we should commit to deeper substantive clash.~3~ Ground – I can't cut cards and have ground under their framework in 4 minutes of prep time, – ground outweighs because there's no way I can win without making arguments. They can answer the aff though because its disclosed 30 minute before the round and have access to unique positions to Nibs and TFairness is a voter – all args concede the validity, it's a metaconstraint.Education – it's the only reason schools fund debate.No RVIs on AC theory – They have 13 minutes of theory debate while the aff has 7, also it's preemptive so violating was their choice – incentivizes dumping on theory and not engaging in substance.Drop the Negative Debater – They can read infinite 1NC layers. Drop the arg doesn't solve because they'll still win the debate.Competing interps – Reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention | 9/11/21 |
1 - Agent AltsTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science NK | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix Agent CPs are a voting issue –~1~ It distracts from topic education bc it's not the topical actor which outweighs because we only have it for 2 months~2~ Explodes aff research burdens because there are infinite agents to prep for which kills aff engagement — they get state bad turns which are nibs | 11/21/21 |
1 - Cant Ask For 30 SpeaksTournament: Tournament of Champions | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Scopa, Stephen | 4/24/22 |
1 - CondoTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JWe | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha Conditionality's a voting issue:1~ Strat skew – splits the 1ar by forcing me to argue against multiple worlds with different uniqueness conditions which precludes taking advantage of strategic interactions and contradictions2~ Clash – incentivizes reading many short advocacies and going for the least covered which moots 1ar responses and prevents going in-depth on their position's nuances. Outweighs because external education and multiple rounds solve their education impacts but clash only occurs in-round | 9/11/21 |
1 - Consult CPsTournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix | 11/6/21 |
1 - Disclose AnalyticsTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 2 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Waldman, Ben Interpretation: Debaters should disclose the warrants to all analytic arguments unrelated to personal narratives made in their constructive speeches without evidence on the NDCA LD wiki page. Analytics disclose the entire argument read with warrants.Violation: I've inserted screenshots.1~ Accessibility – Debaters with ADHD or dysgraphia would have a difficult time mind sweeping through warrants of tons of tricks especially when you suddenly surprise them. Accessibility is an independent voting issue and outweighs other argument since it controls the internal link to being able to engage in the first place – it's the terminal impact to fairness and it's an impact multiplier on everything since people quit when excluded. Asking them doesn't solve – all our arguments show that disclosing millions of analytics 10 minutes before round is impossible, inaccessible, and doesn't solve stealing good. | 9/17/21 |
1 - Disclose In Cite BoxTournament: National Debate Coaches Association National Championships | Round: 6 | Opponent: Monta Vista KR | Judge: Moorhead, Matt Interpretation – Debaters must disclose all constructive positions in cite boxes on the 2021-22 NDCA LD wiki. To clarify, they can't say check open source, and if cites don't work, they should type a basic summary of the position.Violation – they don't have any cites for JanFeb1~ Wiki rules and accessibility – inclusion is a voter because you can't debate if you can't participateWiki Admin ~Administrator, "NDCA LD 2021-2022," No Publication, https://hsld.debatecoaches.org/Main JB~ 2~ Wiki also warns you before you disclose which means no reasonability on this shellI'll preempt "wiki doesn't work" – 1~ The interp solves, yes the wiki sometimes doesn't post wikify versions but you can still post a summary of arguments which is what the wiki asks you to do 2~ Asking doesn't solve because it's a question of the norm you posit and some people don't know you 3~ Verifiability flows neg – you know they didn't disclose but you don't know if they're lying. Either way, most debaters follow my interp which means risk of offense negates.A summary is not regressive or arbitrary – inserted a ss of a TVA that meets the shell | 4/10/22 |
1 - Must Give PermissibilityTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: Sun, Favian - Natchukuri, Ananya - Lakshman, Rohit Interp – The neg must give the aff permissibility – a) you get presumption which is reciprocal b) deters trick NCs that bank on no offense which kills substance | 2/8/22 |
1 - New 2NR ResponsesTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Broussard, Austin | 2/8/22 |
1 - Open SourceTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley MM | Judge: Lakshman, Rohit Interpretation: Debaters must disclose all constructive positions on open source with highlighting on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD wiki after the round in which they read them.Violation – they don't for every round1~ Debate resource inequities—you'll say people will steal cards, but that's good—it's the only way to truly level the playing field for students such as novices in under-privileged programs who can't bypass paywalled articles.2~ Evidence ethics – open source is the only way to verify pre-round that cards aren't miscut or highlighted or bracketed unethically. That's a voter – maintaining ethical ev practices is key to being good academics and we should be able to verify you didn't cheat | 2/8/22 |
1 - PICsTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JWe | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha | 9/11/21 |
1 - Permissibility or PresumptionTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Georges, Joseph Interpretation – The negative must grant the aff presumption or permissibility. A violation would be reading both or contesting one ~1~ Strat skew – otherwise it incentivizes the 1n to read multiple NIBs and frontload the 1n with presumption and permissibility offense which is particularly bad since there isn't a substantive truth to either side | 2/8/22 |
1 - ROTB SpecTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science NK | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix Interpretation: The NC must explicitly specify a comprehensive role of the ballot in the form of a text in the 1NC where they clarify how offense links back to the role of the ballot, such as whether post-fiat offense or pre-fiat offense matters and what constitutes that offense with implications on how to weighViolation – they don'tVote Affirmative for Critical Engagement – Absent specification it makes it impossible for the 1AR to know what a legitimate advocacy is and how to link a possible countermethodology, or how to engage in the K. Even if I do, the 2NR can shift and say "oh my framework only cares about post-fiat" or something that moots the 1AR – that has a couple impacts~1~ Education – when two ships pass in the night we don't learn anything, education is derived from analyzing and comparing each other's arguments. This also guts novice inclusion because now they can never learn arguments in round.~2~ Link turns your role of the ballot – your impacts are premised on actually having a debate and engaging with issues of oppression. Almost impossible to engage roles of the ballot are uniquely bad since no one will take seriously a position that can't be clashed with, so you harm any progress your position can create. | 11/21/21 |
1 - Round ReportsTournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Plat, Breigh Interp: Debaters must disclose round reports on the 2020-2021 NDCA LD wiki for every round they have debated this season. Round reports disclose which positions (AC, NC, K, T, Theory, etc.) were read/gone for in every speech 30 min before the roundViolation: screenshot in the doc – they didn't disclose all for yale, nsd,Standards:1~ Level Playing Field – big schools can go around and scout and collect flows but independents are left in the dark so round reports are key for them to prep- they give you an idea of overall what layers debaters like going for so you can best prepare your strategy when you hit them. Accessibility first and independent voter – it's an impact multiplier.2~ Strategy Education – round reports help novices understand the context in which positions are read by good debaters and help with brainstorming potential 1NCs vs affs – helps compensate for kids who can't afford coaches to prep out affs.3~ Pre-round prep –1ARs gives especially give an idea of what type of debater someone is – they could go for 1AR theory every round– otherwise I enter every round unknowing whereas you have an idea of what you want to go for from the start. | 9/25/21 |
1 - Spec StatusTournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit DA | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix Interp: The neg must specify the status of all advocacies in the 1NC during the 1NC. To clarify, you must say if advocacies are condo, uncondo, or dispo in the 1NC.Violation – they didn't~1~ Strat Skew – waiting till CX means I lose 7 minutes to prep answers and determine strategies like reading case outweighs or theory. Irreciprocal since you know the aff is uncondo and have the whole 36 minutes to prep so I need the ability to prep during the NC too.Key to education since I'll have less time to think of quality arguments for clash. Also key to inclusion since newer debaters are less likely to ask about the status in CX, so debaters are incentivized to not tell novices the status and shift after encouraging a strategic error. Inclusion is an independent voter – you can't debate if you can't participate. | 11/6/21 |
2 - 1AC - Semiotic Trivial CoherenceTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JS | Judge: Broussard, Austin 1AC —- Trivial Semiotic Coherence1AC – FootnoteTW – Nongraphic mentions of suicide, depression, and drug use 1AC – ThesisDebate is structured as a marketplace for information where we fetishize notions of "pedagogy" and is an extension of semiocapitalist logic through immaterial manors. Communication within the university isn't one that develops subjectivities and psychic identity rather a system geared towards fragmentation and futuristic productivity.Berardi 12 ~David Hugill and Elise Thorburn, 9-26-2012, "Interview with 'Bifo': Reactivating the Social Body in Insurrectionary Times," Critical Legal Thinking, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2012/09/26/interview-with-bifo-reactivating-the-social-body-in-insurrectionary-times JB~ The new dawn of capitalism has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus debate should disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in the infosphere.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ The topic's call for unionization and strikes might have worked a century ago, but post digital infosphere, the affirmative bites into a cycle of production of fragmentation and facing the impossibility of the 1NC's TVA argument.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ Thus, the vote affirmative to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. It's a reimagination of the status quo through the lens of a radically passive Wu Wei society. T-Framework is just uniqueness and a move towards passivity – the only way to escape the infosphere which proves contradictions affirm because it confuses productivity in debate.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ 1AC – Cohering Logic~1~ Logic structures debate through speech acts and is the basis for agency – one cannot opt out of logic because it requires logic to do so~2~ That means rational agents can uniquely use their logic to perform speech acts. They use logic to pursue ends.Kabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf bathing ape JB~ ~3~ Contradicting statements do not mean that both are wrong. For example, the statements "the next statement is a lie", and "the previous statement is true" contradict each other, but that does not mean that both are false. This results in Trivialism, a logical theory that all propositions and statements are true. Thus, the standard is consistency with true statements through trivialism. To clarify, consequences don't linkKabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ A~ Authority – The theory is constitutive and impossible to deny – everything collapsesKabay 08 Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB B~ Inescapability – Non-trivialism is impossible, everyone is a trivialist by default because the statement "everyone is a trivialist" is already true before even getting the chance to deny. Thus, the role of the negative is to lose.Kabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ C~ More warrants – Even if you negate, you still affirmKabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ Prefer additionally~1~ Math – trivialism is the only logical theory that is consistent with math, which is the one universal truth – 2 warrants. That outweighs insofar as wherever we go, there is a concept of trivialism which proves it's universal validity.Rayo 09 ~Agustin Rayo, MIT, March 12, 2009, "Towards a Trivialist Account of Mathematics", http://web.mit.edu/arayo/www/km.pdf LEX JB~ ~2~ Quantum Physics – proves contradictions which justifies the 1ACMIT '19 (Emerging Technology from the arXiv archive page; Covers latest ideas from blog post about arXiv; 03/12/2019; "Emerging Technology from the arXiv archive page"; https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/12/136684/a-quantum-experiment-suggests-theres-no-such-thing-as-objective-reality/; MIT Technology Review; accessed: 11/19/2020; MohulA) ~3~ Innovation – anything else means that we don't further logic and philosophyParsons 90 ~Terence Parsons, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Sep., 1990, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Sep., 1990), pp. 335- 353 Published by: Cambridge University Press, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40231701 LEX JB~ 1AC – OffenseI affirm – A just government ought to recognize a worker's unconditional right to strike – the resolution is trueWalkout strikes, but will change within reason Presumption and permissibility affirm –A~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me.B~ Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason.C~ Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can't say things like P and ~P are both wrong.D~ Presuming obligations is logically safer since it's better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation.E~ Presuming statements false is impossible since we can't operate in a world where we don't trust anything.F~ To negate means to deny the truth of, which means if there isn't offense to deny the truth of you should affirm.G~ Otherwise we'd have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water.H~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it | 2/8/22 |
2 - 1AC - Semiotic Trivial Coherence v2Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Princeton JG | Judge: Etienne, Fabrice 1AC – FootnoteTW – Nongraphic mentions of suicide, depression, and drug use 1AC – ThesisDebate is structured as a marketplace for information where we fetishize notions of "pedagogy" and is an extension of semiocapitalist logic through immaterial manors. Communication within the university isn't one that develops subjectivities and psychic identity rather a system geared towards fragmentation and futuristic productivity.Berardi 12 ~David Hugill and Elise Thorburn, 9-26-2012, "Interview with 'Bifo': Reactivating the Social Body in Insurrectionary Times," Critical Legal Thinking, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2012/09/26/interview-with-bifo-reactivating-the-social-body-in-insurrectionary-times JB~ The new dawn of capitalism has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus debate should disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in the infosphere.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ The topic's call for unionization and strikes might have worked a century ago, but post digital infosphere, the affirmative bites into a cycle of production of fragmentation and facing the impossibility of the 1NC's TVA argument.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ The impact is the destruction of the subject—info overload impedes memory retention. This produces a depersonalized subject that gets molded by structures of homogeneity and distorts our ability to engage in affective enjoyment – reducing us to cold automatons that react to stimuli with non-reflective action. This is the internal link to panic, chaos, depression, and conflict.Berardi 09 "Precarious Rhapsody: Semiocapitalism and the pathologies of the post-alpha generation" by Franco Berardi 2009 LHPDD Thus, the vote affirmative to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. It's a reimagination of the status quo through the lens of a radically passive Wu Wei society. T-Framework is just uniqueness and a move towards passivity – the only way to escape the infosphere which proves contradictions affirm because it confuses productivity in debate.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ 1AC – Cohering LogicContradicting statements do not mean that both are wrong. For example, the statements "the next statement is a lie", and "the previous statement is true" contradict each other, but that does not mean that both are false. This results in Trivialism, a logical theory that all propositions and statements are true. Thus, the standard is consistency with true statements through trivialism. To clarify, consequences don't linkKabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ A~ Authority – The theory is constitutive and impossible to deny – everything collapsesKabay 08 Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB B~ More warrants – Even if you negate, you still affirmKabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ 1AC – OffenseI affirm – A just government ought to recognize a worker's unconditional right to strike – the resolution is true1AC – UVTheory is incoherent:1~ The ballot is always determined off inequalities2~ Theory is evaluating off the flow rather than making the better norm3~ Things get proven true in debate rounds all the time that aren't true in the real world4~ No competitive activity would establish rules in the middle of a competition.5~ It sets bad norms because we vote for interps that are marginally better rather than the best version6~ It's paradoxical because it limits arguments but uses arguments to do thatDisability as ontological doesn't stand up to scrutiny – it marginalizes individuals with severe or chronic impairments and essentializes disabilityBeaudry '16 (Jonas-Sébastien -Assistant Professor, joint appointment with McGill's Institute for Health and Social Policy. Teaches and researches in disability and health law, disability studies, legal theory and human rights. "Beyond (Models of) Disability?." April 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886464/)-JJN | 2/8/22 |
2 - 1AC - Semiotic Trivial Coherence v3Tournament: Princeton Classic | Round: Semis | Opponent: Princeton VC | Judge: Jeffries, Chasia - Lee, Andrew - Siegel, Zachary 1AC —- Trivial Semiotic Coherence1AC – FootnoteTW – Nongraphic mentions of suicide, depression, and drug use 1AC – ThesisDebate is structured as a marketplace for information where we fetishize notions of "pedagogy" and is an extension of semiocapitalist logic through immaterial manors. Communication within the university isn't one that develops subjectivities and psychic identity rather a system geared towards fragmentation and futuristic productivity.Berardi 12 ~David Hugill and Elise Thorburn, 9-26-2012, "Interview with 'Bifo': Reactivating the Social Body in Insurrectionary Times," Critical Legal Thinking, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2012/09/26/interview-with-bifo-reactivating-the-social-body-in-insurrectionary-times JB~ The new dawn of capitalism has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus debate should disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in the infosphere.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ The topic's call for unionization and strikes might have worked a century ago, but post digital infosphere, the affirmative bites into a cycle of production of fragmentation and facing the impossibility of the 1NC's TVA argument.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ The impact is the destruction of the subject—info overload impedes memory retention. This produces a depersonalized subject that gets molded by structures of homogeneity and distorts our ability to engage in affective enjoyment – reducing us to cold automatons that react to stimuli with non-reflective action. This is the internal link to panic, chaos, depression, and conflict.Berardi 09 "Precarious Rhapsody: Semiocapitalism and the pathologies of the post-alpha generation" by Franco Berardi 2009 LHPDD Thus, the vote affirmative to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. It's a reimagination of the status quo through the lens of a radically passive Wu Wei society. T-Framework is just uniqueness and a move towards passivity – the only way to escape the infosphere which proves contradictions affirm because it confuses productivity in debate.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ 1AC – Cohering LogicContradicting statements do not mean that both are wrong. For example, the statements "the next statement is a lie", and "the previous statement is true" contradict each other, but that does not mean that both are false. This results in Trivialism, a logical theory that all propositions and statements are true. Thus, the standard is consistency with true statements through trivialism. To clarify, consequences don't linkKabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ A~ Authority – The theory is constitutive and impossible to deny – everything collapsesKabay 08 Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB B~ More warrants – Even if you negate, you still affirm. Thus, the role of the negative is to lose.Kabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf LEX JB~ 1AC – OffenseThe negative and I affirm – A just government ought to recognize a worker's unconditional right to strike – the resolution is true1AC – UV1~ Presumption and permissibility affirm –A~ Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me.B~ Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason.C~ Illogical – presuming statements false is illogical since you can't say things like P and ~P are both wrong.D~ Presuming obligations is logically safer since it's better to be supererogatory than fail to meet an obligation.E~ Presuming statements false is impossible since we can't operate in a world where we don't trust anything.F~ To negate means to deny the truth of, which means if there isn't offense to deny the truth of you should affirm.G~ Otherwise we'd have to have a proactive justification to do things like drink water.H~ If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it2~ Theory is incoherent:A~ The ballot is always determined off inequalitiesB~ Theory is evaluating off the flow rather than making the better normC~ Things get proven true in debate rounds all the time that aren't true in the real worldD~ No competitive activity would establish rules in the middle of a competition.E~ It sets bad norms because we vote for interps that are marginally better rather than the best versionF~ It's paradoxical because it limits arguments but uses arguments to do that3~ Affect theory of subjectivity causes scattered violence and a façade of hope ¬–subjectivity stems from resistance and a determination validates and justifies semiocapitalism.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Pages 113-115 "After the Future", by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ | 2/8/22 |
2 - Reps - BaudrillardTournament: Harrison Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Tommy Yu | Judge: Barquin, Joseph - Etienne, Fabrice Baudrillard is a sexist who advocates for SACRIFICING WOMEN – don't let them get away with reading repugnant scholarshipBrodribb 92, Somer Brodribb 1992 teaches feminist theory/politics and women's social and political thought at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. She studied in the Feminist focus of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, NOTHING MAT(T)ERS: A Feminist Critique of Postmodernism, First published by Spinifex Press) | 4/2/22 |
2 - Reps - CurryTournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harrison MB | Judge: Davis, Malcolm - Crockett, Isabella - Karavadi, Saianurag He scapegoats Black women as the ones who wanted Black men to be the patriarch – in response to Black hypermasculinity, Curry would blame Black women.Curry 17 — Tommy J. Curry, Professor of Philosophy at Texas AandM University, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, 2017 ("Conclusion: Not MAN but Not Some Nothing," The Man-Not: Race, Class, Genre, and the Dilemmas of Black Manhood, Published by Temple University Press, ISBN 9781439914878, p. kindle 4854-4996) AND He argues that women have privilege in the court system, and they actively use and exploit it in assault cases.Curry 17 — Tommy J. Curry, Professor of Philosophy at Texas AandM University, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, 2017 ("Introduction: Toward a Genre Study of Black Male Death and Dying," The Man-Not: Race, Class, Genre, and the Dilemmas of Black Manhood, Published by Temple University Press, ISBN 9781439914878, p. kindle 705-823) AND He Misgenders queer folxAND Says Black Trans folx are too small of a category to analyze the intersections between transness and violenceAnd Elitist –AND Silences Black WomenThat's a reason to DTD: 1.~ DTA makes it a no risk option – they can always read the argument and then go for it if a team doesn't call them out but if they are they kick out of it. Only rejecting them sets a norm of violent authros to read. 2.~ Risk of reading this author causes trauma to other debaters in the future is proof of why you should err on the side of dropping the team 3.~ Even if they cited a different portion of curry, we shouldn't let him gain academic hegemony that invisiblizes his violent tendencies. | 11/9/21 |
2 - Reps - Non-Indigenous SettlercolonialismTournament: Mid America Cup | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harrison AA | Judge: Radcliffe, Ki Non indigenous setcol is violent – this should function as an independent reps KBrough '17 Taylor Brough https://resistanceanddebate.wordpress.com/2017/03/23/open-letter-to-non-black-native-people-in-debate/ (won CEDA in 2016, debated for Vermont)Elmer | 10/3/21 |
2 - Reps - StupidTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley MM | Judge: Lakshman, Rohit The word "stupid" is ableist and normalizes violence against disabled people.Nersesyan 18, Mihran. "'Stupid' Is an Ableist Slur: Breaking Down Defenses Around Ableist Language and Liberating Our Words." The Body Is Not An Apology, 28 Aug. 2018, thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/stupid-is-an-ableist-slur-breaking-down-defenses-around-ableist-language-liberating-our-words/. SJCPJG | 2/8/22 |
3 - Theoretical PermissibilityTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Georges, Joseph I'll concede no 1AR theory – If I don't get 1AR theory to check back for abuse that means the 1NC can theoretically do anything which means any theoretical thing is permissible which means it triggers permissibility – this is not a substantive trigger rather a trigger on the theoretical layer of the debate. This implicates your ballot in 2 ways – a) vote aff because permissibility affirms – b) takes out NC theory because even if I violated something, anyone can violate anything. That means it comes before NC theory because it determines how theory works. | 2/8/22 |
JF - 1AC - China v1Tournament: The Newark Invitational 2022 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Peninsula BD | Judge: Frenkel, Nathan 1AC – PlanPlan: The Peoples Republic of China ought to prohibit appropriation of space by private entities.1AC – AdvThe Advantage is Primacy.The US is in the lead now but China's set to surpass – space becomes a new frontier for war, influence, and property.Kharpal 21 ~Arjun Kharpal, 5-29-2021, "China once said it couldn't put a potato in space. Now it's eyeing Mars," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html JB~ Appropriation is key to meet China's goals through space resources and techCampo 21 ~Jose A. Martin del Campo, J.D. Candidate at Texas AandM University School of Law, 3-23-2021, "Finders K Finders Keepers: Who Has Say Over Private Property in Space," Texas AandM Journal of Property Law, https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155andcontext=journal-of-property-law~~/Kankee It's exponential – more and more companies will followJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What's Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ Space becomes a new domain where China establishes primacy and appropriation is their golden ticketJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What's Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ Scenario 1 is Primacy –Primacy solves arms races, land grabs, rogue states, and great power war.Brands 18 ~Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments." American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump." Page 129-133~ Chinese leadership in technology causes extinction.Kroenig 18 ~Matthew, Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council, and Bharath Gopalaswamy, Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council, holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin, Nov 2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war~~ Reject heg bad arguments – their evidence is epistemologically suspectGilsinan 20 ~(Kathy, a St. Louis-based contributing writer at The Atlantic. Her book, The Helpers: Profiles From the Front Lines of the Pandemic, comes out in March 2022. She was previously an editor at World Politics Review.) "How China Is Planning to Win Back the World" The Atlantic, 5/28/2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/05/china-disinformation-propaganda-united-states-xi-jinping/612085/~~ BC Scenario 2 is Space War –Sino-Russian space alliance undermines existing treaties and greenlights space militarizationBowman and Thompson 3/31 ~(Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies) (Jared Thompson, a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) "Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space" Foreign Policy 3/31/2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/~~ BC Extinction – destruction of satellites, diminished future use of near space, and terrestrial warGilliard 19 ~(Alexandra, a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) "What Are The Consequences Of Militarizing Outer Space?" Global Security Review, 6/10/2019. https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/~~ BC | 1/8/22 |
JF - 1AC - China v2Tournament: The Newark Invitational 2022 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harrison AC | Judge: Mishra, Anshuman Plan: The Peoples Republic of China ought to prohibit appropriation of space by private entities.1AC – AdvThe Advantage is Primacy.The US is in the lead now but China's set to surpass – space becomes a new frontier for war, influence, and property.Kharpal 21 ~Arjun Kharpal, 5-29-2021, "China once said it couldn't put a potato in space. Now it's eyeing Mars," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html JB~ Appropriation is key to meet China's goals through space resources and techCampo 21 ~Jose A. Martin del Campo, J.D. Candidate at Texas AandM University School of Law, 3-23-2021, "Finders K Finders Keepers: Who Has Say Over Private Property in Space," Texas AandM Journal of Property Law, https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155andcontext=journal-of-property-law~~/Kankee It's exponential – more and more companies will followJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What's Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ Space becomes a new domain where China establishes primacy and appropriation is their golden ticketJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What's Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ Scenario 1 is Primacy –Primacy solves arms races, land grabs, rogue states, and great power war.Brands 18 ~Hal, Henry Kissinger Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments." American Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump." Page 129-133~ Chinese leadership in technology causes extinction.Kroenig 18 ~Matthew, Associate Professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University and Deputy Director for Strategy in the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council, and Bharath Gopalaswamy, Director of the South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council, holds a PhD in mechanical engineering with a specialization in numerical acoustics from Trinity College, Dublin, Nov 2018, "Will disruptive technology cause nuclear war?", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, https://thebulletin.org/2018/11/will-disruptive-technology-cause-nuclear-war~~ Reject heg bad arguments – their evidence is epistemologically suspectGilsinan 20 ~(Kathy, a St. Louis-based contributing writer at The Atlantic. Her book, The Helpers: Profiles From the Front Lines of the Pandemic, comes out in March 2022. She was previously an editor at World Politics Review.) "How China Is Planning to Win Back the World" The Atlantic, 5/28/2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/05/china-disinformation-propaganda-united-states-xi-jinping/612085/~~ BC Scenario 2 is Space War –Sino-Russian space alliance undermines existing treaties and greenlights space militarizationBowman and Thompson 3/31 ~(Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies) (Jared Thompson, a U.S. Air Force major and visiting military analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.) "Russia and China Seek to Tie America's Hands in Space" Foreign Policy 3/31/2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/31/russia-china-space-war-treaty-demilitarization-satellites/~~ BC Extinction – destruction of satellites, diminished future use of near space, and terrestrial warGilliard 19 ~(Alexandra, a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) "What Are The Consequences Of Militarizing Outer Space?" Global Security Review, 6/10/2019. https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/~~ BC 1AC – Framing ~Policy~I value morality.The metaethic is naturalism.The standard is act hedonistic util.~1~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they're our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. ~2~ Extinction is bad and outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ Prefer –~1~ Actor Specificity – Util is the best in the context of governments which is the actor in the resolutionA~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.C~ No act-omission distinction governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is an implicit authorization of actionD~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they're empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action1AC – UV~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Biological death is the worst evilPaterson 03 – Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island. (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com) ~3~ Reject monocausal analyses.David Martin Jones 15, Visiting Professor in the Department of War Studies, King's College London and Associate Professor, School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Queensland; and M.L.R. Smith, Professor of Strategic Theory in the Department of War Studies, King's College London, September 2015, "Return to reason: reviving political realism in western foreign policy," International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, p. 933-952 | 1/8/22 |
JF - 1AC - China v3Tournament: Palm Classic | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harker SY | Judge: Nails, Jacob 1AC – PlanPlan: The Peoples Republic of China ought to prohibit appropriation of space by private entities.1AC – AdvThe Advantage is Space War.1~ The US is in the lead now but China's set to surpass – space becomes a new frontier for war, influence, and property.Kharpal 21 ~Arjun Kharpal, 5-29-2021, "China once said it couldn't put a potato in space. Now it's eyeing Mars," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/china-space-goals-ccp-100th-anniversary.html JB~ 2~ Appropriation is key to meet China's goals through space resources and techCampo 21 ~Jose A. Martin del Campo, J.D. Candidate at Texas AandM University School of Law, 3-23-2021, "Finders K Finders Keepers: Who Has Say Over Private Property in Space," Texas AandM Journal of Property Law, https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155andcontext=journal-of-property-law~~/Kankee 3~ It's exponential – more and more companies will followJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What's Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ 4~ Space becomes a new domain where China establishes primacy and appropriation is their golden ticketJiang Zhao 18 ~Shengli Jiang and Yun Zhao (2018) "The Aftermath of the US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: What's Left for China?" https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c3a4/fb6e0f91f4d8a13ddac4b0f949f6c3afa5c0.pdf JB~ 5~ Mining basing competition causes warJamasmie 21 — (Cecilia Jamasmie, Cecilia has covered mining for more than a decade. She is particularly interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Diamonds and Latin America. Cecilia has been interviewed by BBC News and CBC among others and has been a guest speaker at mining conventions, including MINExpo 2016 and the World's Copper Conference 2018. She is also member of the expert panel on Social License to Operate (SLO) at the European project MIREU (Mining and Metallurgic Regions EU). She holds a Master of Journalism from the University of British Columbia, and is based in Nova Scotia., "Experts warn of brewing space mining war among US, China and Russia", MINING, 4-29-21, Available Online at https://www.mining.com/experts-warn-of-brewing-space-mining-war-among-us-china-and-russia/, accessed 1-11-2022, HKR-AR) 6~ That goes nuclear – space is fragile and offense dominant, so even small incidents escalateLaura Grego 18, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf 7~ China space commercialization uniquely risks cascades – they ignore norms and don't register satellites which prevents trackingSwinhoe 21 – Editor at Datacenter Dynamics. Previously he was at IDG in roles including UK Editor at CSO Online and Senior Staff Writer at IDG Connect. ~Dan, "China's moves into mega satellite constellations could add to space debris problem," 4/20/2021, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/chinas-moves-into-mega-satellite-constelations-could-add-to-space-debris-problem/~~ 8~ Debris cascades – early warning is an independent impact as wellBlatt 20 ~Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~ "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ TG 9~ Development of Chinese Anti-Satellite Weapons emboldens China to invade Taiwan – US draw in from alliance commitments and nuclear war.Chow and Kelley 21 ~(Brian G., policy analyst for the Institute of World Politics, Ph.D in physics from Case Western Reserve University, MBA and Ph.D in finance from the University of Michigan, and Brandon, graduate of Georgetown's School of Foreign Service) "China's Anti-Satellite Weapons Could Conquer Taiwan—Or Start a War," National Interest, 8/21/2021~ JL 10~ Nuclear war causes extinction – famine and climate changeStarr 15 ~(Steven, Director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program and a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility) "Nuclear War, Nuclear Winter, and Human Extinction," Federation of American Scientists, 10/14/2015~ DD While it is impossible to precisely predict all the human impacts that would result 1AC – Framing ~Policy~I value morality.The standard is act hedonistic util.~1~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they're our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. ~2~ Extinction is bad and outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ Prefer –~1~ Actor Specificity – Util is the best in the context of governments which is the actor in the resolutionA~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.C~ No act-omission distinction governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is an implicit authorization of actionD~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they're empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action1AC – UV~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Permissibility and presumption substantively affirm: a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me b) Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason. c) If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it | 2/12/22 |
JF - 1AC - KantTournament: Palm Classic | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker MK | Judge: Castillo, Chris | 2/13/22 |
JF - 1AC - Non-Fungible TokensTournament: Harrison Round Robin | Round: 5 | Opponent: Tommy Yu | Judge: Barquin, Joseph - Etienne, Fabrice ~1~ Debate is structured as a marketplace for information where we fetishize notions of "pedagogy" and is an extension of semiocapitalist logic through immaterial manors. Communication within the university isn't one that develops subjectivities and psychic identity rather a system geared towards fragmentation and futuristic productivity.Berardi 12 ~David Hugill and Elise Thorburn, 9-26-2012, "Interview with 'Bifo': Reactivating the Social Body in Insurrectionary Times," Critical Legal Thinking, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2012/09/26/interview-with-bifo-reactivating-the-social-body-in-insurrectionary-times JB~ ~2~ The new dawn of capitalism has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus debate should disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 JB~ ~3~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in the infosphere.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ ~4~ Space creates a new domain for crypto with private investment and innovation. The 1AC is a disruption of a project of conservation – the future is here and it's ridden with crypto.Greene 21 Greene, Tristan. Tristan covers human-centric artificial intelligence advances, quantum computing, STEM, Spiderman, physics, and space stuff. As far as I can tell his highest level of education was that he was in the Navy for a while. "What happens to Bitcoin when billionaires build cryptocurrency miners on the Moon?" TNW | Hardfork, 8 June 2021, thenextweb.com/news/bitcoin-billionaires-build-cryptocurrency-miners-on-moon-bitcoin. ~5~ Bitcoin is privateRule and LeClair 21 ~Dylan LeClair And Sam Rule Bitcoin Magazine. "Bitcoin's Private Property Rights." https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/bitcoins-private-property-rights-2021-09-28~~ ~6~ The 1AC is a collection of data – appropriation is no longer within the physical but has entered the crypto era of art. Their politicizing of geopolitics is outdated, behold the theory of art and ontology of the NFT. Our performance is one of resistance and a reason to vote affirmative – we've submitted the 1AC as an NFT to the judge and we get paid with the ballot.Aesthetics for Birds, 3-18 ~"BEEPLE AND NOTHINGNESS: PHILOSOPHY AND NFTS" https://aestheticsforbirds.com/2021/03/18/beeple-and-nothingness-philosophy-and-nfts/, accessed 4-18-21, TAP~ ~7~ Financial absolutism is framed by accelerationism – appropriation of resources becomes the end goal of desire. Extinction has already happened but the race for space through appropriation allows that semiotic cycle of wealth to survive.Berardi 18 ~Excerpted from Breathing: Chaos and Poetry by Franco "Bifo" Berardi, published by Semiotext(e) © Franco "Bifo" Berardi, 2018. All Rights Reserved, https://courtauld.ac.uk/research/events-archive/vital-exhaustion/expiration-the-last-breath-franco-bifo-berardi-2018 JB~ ~8~ Post digital infosphere, the notion of "private entities" appropriating is overdetermined by capitalist desire – the network economy means that privatization is static and collapses to the semiotic economy.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 59-60 JB~ ~9~ The impact is the destruction of the subject—info overload impedes memory retention. This produces a depersonalized subject that gets molded by structures of homogeneity and distorts our ability to engage in affective enjoyment – reducing us to cold automatons that react to stimuli with non-reflective action. This is the internal link to panic, chaos, depression, and conflict.Berardi 09 ~Precarious Rhapsody: Semiocapitalism and the pathologies of the post-alpha generation" by Franco Berardi 2009 LHPDD JB~ Thus, appropriation of space by private entities is unjust.~10~ The standard is to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. It's a reimagination of the status quo through the lens of a radically passive Wu Wei society. T-Framework is just uniqueness and a move towards passivity – the only way to escape the infosphere which proves contradictions affirm because it confuses productivity in debate.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ | 4/2/22 |
JF - 1AC - Semiotic AbsolutismTournament: The Newark Invitational 2022 | Round: 4 | Opponent: Peninsula CS | Judge: Randall, Chris Debate is structured as a marketplace for information where we fetishize notions of "pedagogy" and is an extension of semiocapitalist logic through immaterial manors. Communication within the university isn't one that develops subjectivities and psychic identity rather a system geared towards fragmentation and futuristic productivity.Berardi 12 ~David Hugill and Elise Thorburn, 9-26-2012, "Interview with 'Bifo': Reactivating the Social Body in Insurrectionary Times," Critical Legal Thinking, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2012/09/26/interview-with-bifo-reactivating-the-social-body-in-insurrectionary-times JB~ The new dawn of capitalism has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus debate should disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in the infosphere.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ Thus, the standard is to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. It's a reimagination of the status quo through the lens of a radically passive Wu Wei society. T-Framework is just uniqueness and a move towards passivity – the only way to escape the infosphere which proves contradictions affirm because it confuses productivity in debate.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ Politics of space appropriation and colonization are inextricably tied to semiotic notions of unlimited enterprise which bites into a fragmented reality of information and surplus value facing the impossibility of the 1NC's TVA argument.Nagypal 15 ~Nagypal, Tamas (2015) "The Non-Place between Sacred and Profane: Utopian Gestures in the Apparatus of Semiocapitalism in Laurent Cantet's L'emploi du temps," Journal of Religion and Film: Vol. 19 : Iss. 1 , Article 43. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol19/iss1/43 JB~ Financial absolutism is framed by accelerationism – appropriation of resources becomes the end goal of desire. Extinction has already happened but the race for space through appropriation allows that semiotic cycle of wealth to survive.Berardi 18 ~Excerpted from Breathing: Chaos and Poetry by Franco "Bifo" Berardi, published by Semiotext(e) © Franco "Bifo" Berardi, 2018. All Rights Reserved, https://courtauld.ac.uk/research/events-archive/vital-exhaustion/expiration-the-last-breath-franco-bifo-berardi-2018 JB~ Post digital infosphere, the notion of "private entities" appropriating is overdetermined by capitalist desire – the network economy means that privatization is static and collapses to the semiotic economy.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 59-60 JB~ Thus, appropriation of space by private entities is unjust.The impact is the destruction of the subject—info overload impedes memory retention. This produces a depersonalized subject that gets molded by structures of homogeneity and distorts our ability to engage in affective enjoyment – reducing us to cold automatons that react to stimuli with non-reflective action. This is the internal link to panic, chaos, depression, and conflict.Berardi 09 ~Precarious Rhapsody: Semiocapitalism and the pathologies of the post-alpha generation" by Franco Berardi 2009 LHPDD~ Neg arguments are uniqueness for the affirmative.Bifo 12 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism, "After the Future", Published: 2012, DOA: 7/5/19 JB~ 1AC – Cohering Logic~1~ Logic structures debate through speech acts and is the basis for agency – one cannot opt out of logic because it requires logic to do so~2~ That means rational agents can uniquely use their logic to perform speech acts. They use logic to pursue ends.Kabay 08 ~Paul Douglas Kabay "A Defense of Trivialism" Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Anthropology, and Social Inquiry The University of Melbourne https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6714/93693da32d0b9c38aad857672021a950486a.pdf bathing ape JB~ | 1/8/22 |
ND - 1AC - Democracy v1Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JK | Judge: Kotapati, Saketh 1AC – Adv 1The Advantage is Democracy.Global democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ Indian journalist strikes get arrested now.Guardian 20 ~Guardian, 7-31-2020, "India arrests dozens of journalists in clampdown on critics of Covid-19 response," https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/31/india-arrests-50-journalists-in-clampdown-on-critics-of-covid-19-response JB~ A broader system of democratic backsliding hit India the hardest – COVID's second wave was caused through governmental failure and lack of democracy.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an 'electoral autocracy.' Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ That's prompted by lack of journalistic freedom which causes IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ Extinction – first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI The plan solves:First, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ Second, electoral legitimacy – striking is critical to political influence which can check electoral illegitimacy and broader fascism.Luce 20 ~Stephanie; Professor, received her B.A. in economics from the University of California, Davis and both her Ph.D in Sociology and her M.A. in Industrial Relations from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Her research focuses on low-wage work, globalization and labor standards, and labor-community coalitions. She is the author of Labor Movements: Global Perspectives. Well-known for her research on living wage campaigns and movements, she is also the author of Fighting for a Living Wage and co-author (with Robert Pollin) of The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy. She is co-author of A Measure of Fairness; and co-editor of What Works for Workers?: Public Policies and Innovative Strategies for Low-Wage Workers. She has published numerous reports on labor and wages in the New York City area, including the annual "State of the Unions" report co-authored with Ruth Milkman; "Strike for Democracy!" 10/26/20; OrgUP; https://www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/~~ Strong democracy is key to preventing nuclear war – collapse is worse and turns every impactKendall-Taylor 16 ~Andrea; Deputy national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council, Senior associate in the Human Rights Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; "How Democracy's Decline Would Undermine the International Order," CSIS; 7/15/16; https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-democracyE28099s-decline-would-undermine-international-order/~~ Third, civic engagement – strikes increase democratic participation which reinvigorates democracy.McElwee 15 ~Sean; Research Associate at Demos; "How Unions Boost Democratic Participation," The American Prospect; 9/16/15; https://prospect.org/labor/unions-boost-democratic-participation/~~ Climate change.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ Climate change causes extinction.Specktor 19 ~Brandon; writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years; "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, 6/4/19; https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html~~ 1AC – AdvocacyThus the advocacy – Resolved: A just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Findlaw 17 ~Created By Findlaw'S, 5-2-2017, "Labor Strike FAQs," Findlaw, https://www.findlaw.com/employment/wages-and-benefits/labor-strike-faqs.html LEX JB~ Enforcement through IFAs is normal means – that solves credibility concerns and legal loopholes which encourages striking.Neill 12 ~Emily CM; "The Right to Strike: How the United States Reduces it to the Freedom to Strike and How International Framework Agreements can Redeem it," 1/1/12; Labor and Employment Law Forum Volume 2 Issue 2 Article 6; https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1047andcontext=lelb~~ 1AC – FrameworkI value morality.The metaethic is naturalism.The standard is act hedonistic util.~1~ Pleasure and pain are the starting point for moral reasoning—they're our most baseline desires and the only things that explain the intrinsic value of objects or actionsMoen 16, Ole Martin (PhD, Research Fellow in Philosophy at University of Oslo). "An Argument for Hedonism." Journal of Value Inquiry 50.2 (2016): 267. ~2~ Extinction is bad and outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ Prefer –~1~ Actor Specificity – Util is the best in the context of governments which is the actor in the resolutionA~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.C~ No act-omission distinction governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is an implicit authorization of actionD~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they're empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action~2~ Extinction outweighsA) Reversibility – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible which proves moral uncertaintyB) Prerequisite – you can't do the NC if you're dead, threats to bodily security preclude actionC) Resolvability – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical anything else means judge interventionD) Reciprocity – you can weigh your impacts under different frameworks, I should be able to as well1AC – Underview1ar theory because the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check – its dtd because the 1ar too short to win both thtoery and substance no rvi because the 6 minute 2nr dump and competing interps because reasonability is arbitrary and bites judge intervention. | 10/30/21 |
ND - 1AC - Kant v1Tournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Datel, Amadea | 10/30/21 |
ND - 1AC - KazakhstanTournament: Glenbrooks Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bronx Science NK | Judge: Pittman, Phoenix 1ACNotesCSA – PlanResolved: The government of the Republic of Kazakhstan ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Legalization, legal strikes 1AC – AdvRestrictions on striking cause spontaneous action instead of collective bargaining.Rittmann, 7-22 ~Mihra Rittmann, leads Human Rights Watch's work on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, 7-22-2021, accessed on 10-31-2021, Foreign Policy Centre, "A sustained crackdown on independent worker organising – Kazakhstan, a case study", https://fpc.org.uk/a-sustained-crackdown-on-independent-worker-organising-kazakhstan-a-case-study/) *brackets in original D.Ying~ The restrictions deck union power.Akhmetzharov and Orazgaliyev, 8-31 (Slyamzhar Akhmetzharov and Serik Orazgaliyev, *Senior Research fellow of the Social and Political Studies Department at Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies, Assistant Professor at Nazarbayev University's Graduate School of Public Policy, 8-31-2021, accessed on 10-31-2021, Journal of Eurasian Studies, "Labor unions and institutional corruption: The case of Kazakhstan", https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/18793665211041198) D.Ying That undermines public trust and creates labor violence.Akhmetzharov and Orazgaliyev, 8-31 (Slyamzhar Akhmetzharov and Serik Orazgaliyev, *Senior Research fellow of the Social and Political Studies Department at Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies, Assistant Professor at Nazarbayev University's Graduate School of Public Policy, 8-31-2021, accessed on 10-31-2021, Journal of Eurasian Studies, "Labor unions and institutional corruption: The case of Kazakhstan", https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/18793665211041198) D.Ying Labor conflict causes state fragility – Kazakhstan's on the brink now and is still declining BUT relaxing restrictions solves.Akhmetzharov and Orazgaliyev, 8-31 (Slyamzhar Akhmetzharov and Serik Orazgaliyev, *Senior Research fellow of the Social and Political Studies Department at Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies, Assistant Professor at Nazarbayev University's Graduate School of Public Policy, 8-31-2021, accessed on 10-31-2021, Journal of Eurasian Studies, "Labor unions and institutional corruption: The case of Kazakhstan", https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/18793665211041198) D.Ying State fragility causes Russian intervention – no deterrence.Stronski, 18 (Paul Stronski, senior fellow in Carnegie's Russia and Eurasia Program, January 2018, accessed on 11-1-2021, American Enterprise Institute, "A Troubling Scenario for Kazakhstan", https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/A-Troubling-Scenario-for-Kazakhstan.pdf) D.Ying Draws in China.Žuvela, 2-10 (Daniela Žuvela, undertaking the Master of International Relations and National Security programme at Curtin University, 2-10-2021, accessed on 11-1-2021, Future Directions International, "China-Kazakhstan Relations: Setting a Standard for Central Asian States - Future Directions International", https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/china-kazakhstan-relations-setting-a-standard-for-central-asian-states/) D.Ying Goes nuclear.Hughes, 6 (Mark W. Hughes, writer for Infoshop, 2-15-2006, accessed on 11-1-2021, Infoshop News, "Is China Preparing for War?", https://web.archive.org/web/20081026071351/http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20060215180623912) D.Ying Extinction, nuclear winter erases humanityStarr '17 (Steven; director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility, Associate member of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, expert in the environmental consequences of nuclear war; 1/9/17; "Turning a Blind Eye Towards Armageddon — U.S. Leaders Reject Nuclear Winter Studies"; https://fas.org/2017/01/turning-a-blind-eye-towards-armageddon-u-s-leaders-reject-nuclear-winter-studies/; Federation of American Scientists; accessed 11/24/18; TV) | 11/21/21 |
ND - Adv - ClimateTournament: Apple Valley MinneApple Debate Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Peninsula SM | Judge: Palmer, Jacob Climate strike participants get arrested now.Scanlan 19 ~Quinn. Quinn Scanlan. Voting, campaigns and elections for @ABC. "Jane Fonda arrested in climate change strike outside Capitol". 10-11-2019. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jane-fonda-arrested-climate-change-strike-capitol/story?id=66209415.~~ Strikes incentivize companies to take climate action seriously.Ivanova 19 ~Irin. Work, tech, climate and data for @CBSNews. Priors: @HuffPost, @CrainsNewYork, @newmarkjschool. "These businesses are closing for Friday's climate strike". 9-20-2019. No Publication. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/global-climate-strike-businesses-close-their-doors-in-time-for-climate-strike-2019/.~~ ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin | 11/5/21 |
ND - Adv - India DemocracyTournament: Florida Blue Key Speech and Debate Tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit KS | Judge: Datel, Amadea The Advantage is India.Indian journalist strikes get arrested now.Guardian 20 ~Guardian, 7-31-2020, "India arrests dozens of journalists in clampdown on critics of Covid-19 response," https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/31/india-arrests-50-journalists-in-clampdown-on-critics-of-covid-19-response JB~ A broader system of democratic backsliding hit India the hardest – COVID's second wave was caused through governmental failure and lack of democracy.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an 'electoral autocracy.' Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ That's prompted by lack of journalistic freedom which causes IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ Extinction – first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI The plan solves:First, corruption reduction – the right to strike fights concentration of power while reducing inequality.IER 17 ~Institute of Employment Rights. The IER exists to inform the debate around trade union rights and labour law by providing information, critical analysis, and policy ideas through our network of academics, researchers and lawyers. "UN Rights Expert: Right to strike is essential to democracy". 3-10-2017. . https://www.ier.org.uk/news/un-rights-expert-right-strike-essential-democracy/.~~ Second, electoral legitimacy – striking is critical to political influence which can check electoral illegitimacy and broader fascism.Luce 20 ~Stephanie; Professor, received her B.A. in economics from the University of California, Davis and both her Ph.D in Sociology and her M.A. in Industrial Relations from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. Her research focuses on low-wage work, globalization and labor standards, and labor-community coalitions. She is the author of Labor Movements: Global Perspectives. Well-known for her research on living wage campaigns and movements, she is also the author of Fighting for a Living Wage and co-author (with Robert Pollin) of The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy. She is co-author of A Measure of Fairness; and co-editor of What Works for Workers?: Public Policies and Innovative Strategies for Low-Wage Workers. She has published numerous reports on labor and wages in the New York City area, including the annual "State of the Unions" report co-authored with Ruth Milkman; "Strike for Democracy!" 10/26/20; OrgUP; https://www.organizingupgrade.com/strike-for-democracy/~~ | 10/30/21 |
SO - 1AC - 21 SavageTournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 4 | Opponent: Dulles VN | Judge: Georges, Joseph FootnoteHere is a link to 21 Savage songs – check it out and feel free to add any 21 savage songs that you think deserves to be on UNDERVIEW AT BOTTOM1AC – ThesisThe date is February 3, 2019. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement raided 21 Savage and took custody as a reaction to his live performance of his song a lot ft. J. Cole. He performed the song and freestyled as a strategy to speak up against the elitist system that continues an unjust border patrol.Ahmad 20 ~Ahmad, Nadia, Climate Cages: Connecting Migration, the Carceral State, Extinction Rebellion, and the Coronavirus through Cicero and 21 Savage (July 21, 2020). Loyola Law Review, New Orleans, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3657096 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3657096 LEX JB~ The arrest of 21 Savage is something greater than an ICE investigation. It is an operation by corporatist capitalism to silence immigrants who historically speak up against it, like issues of environmentalism. The way that capitalism structures a system of corporatism proactively excludes immigrants who have their lives destroyedAhmad 20 ~Ahmad, Nadia, Climate Cages: Connecting Migration, the Carceral State, Extinction Rebellion, and the Coronavirus through Cicero and 21 Savage (July 21, 2020). Loyola Law Review, New Orleans, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3657096 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3657096 LEX JB~ These systems are tortureLenders 18, Mark Lenders, 2018, The Effects of Deportation on Families and Communities, Community Psychology: Social Justice Through Collaborative Research and Action, https://www.communitypsychology.com/effects-of-deportation-on-families-communities/ SJ||DH Thus, the only ethical demand is to endorse a politics of Pan-Africanism through the embodiment of 21 SavageAsante 16 ~Asante, Godfried; Sekimoto, Sachi; Brown, Christopher (2016). Becoming "Black": Exploring the Racialized Experiences of African Immigrants in the United States. Howard Journal of Communications, 27(4), 367–384. doi:10.1080/10646175.2016.1206047 LEX JB~ 1AC – Framework~1~ Sheyaa's lyricism can redefine subjectivities and break down borders, enhancing cultural range and changing political narratives – the aff controls the internal link to movement buildingMorgan Bennett 11 ~Marcyliena Morgan and Dionne Bennett "Hip-Hop and the Global Imprint of a Black Cultural Form" Daedalus , Spring 2011, Vol. 140, No. 2, Race, Inequality and Culture, volume 2 (Spring 2011), pp. 176-196 The MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts and Sciences https://www.jstor.org/stable/23047460 LEX JB~ Thus, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best methodologically breaks down borders. The status quo is predicated on the selective law enforcement that targeted 21 Savage, but we say these borders and enforcement shouldn't exist. Independently vote me up for breaking the border of 21 Savage literature in debate. Fiat is illusory, but the k has material impact on us as there are existing borders in debate.Giroux 05 (Giroux is an American and Canadian scholar and cultural critic and received his doctorate from Carnegie Melon. "Border Crossing: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education" Second Edition 2005 Taylor and Francis Group https://www.amazon.com/Border-Crossings-Cultural-Politics-Education/dp/0415951496) SJ 1AC – AdvocacyThus, the advocacy – The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines – spec in cross to avoid friv theoryEvery IP 1AC – ContentionImperialist countries are blocking WTO access to medicines.Doctors Without Borders 3/9 ~Doctors Without Borders - USA, 3-9-2021, "US must stop blocking WTO waiver on COVID-19 medical tools," https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/us-must-stop-blocking-wto-waiver-covid-19-medical-tools JB~ The plan solves – Doctors Without Borders is an organization that allows refugees at the border to countergaze and realize consciousness. This reaffirms breaking down borders through access of medical supply.Doctors Without Borders ~Doctors Without Borders - USA, No Date, "Global migration and refugee crisis," https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/refugees JB~ | 2/8/22 |
SO - 1AC - Democracy and WTO CredibilityTournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harrison TB | Judge: Cortez, Ben 1AC – Adv 1Advantage One is Global DemocracyGlobal democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ India is in a democracy crisis now which has caused the second wave.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an 'electoral autocracy.' Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ The second wave and lack of journalistic freedom revives IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ Extinction – first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI Democracies are key to solving climate change – data, empirics, metastudies, etc.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin 1AC – Adv 2Advantage 1 is WTO Credibility.The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a 'Hectic' Agenda to Fix World Trade's Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO's credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune's European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3171196/~~ TDI Independently, WTO cred solves nuclear war – allows an off-track for nuclear weapons.Hamann 09 ~(Georgia Hamann is a J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," 2009.~ TDI 1AC – SolvencyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. The neg should also have an advocacy text else it's irresolvable and impossible to know what they defend.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine upholds democratic ideals, counteracts neoliberalism, and supports the Global SouthHanna 20 ~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis 1AC – FrameworkThe standard is act hedonistic util.~1~ Extinction is bad and outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ Prefer –~1~ Actor Specificity – Util is the best in the context of governments which is the actor in the resolutionA~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.C~ No act-omission distinction governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is an implicit authorization of actionD~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they're empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action~3~ Extinction first –A~ Turns suffering – mass death causes suffering because people can't get access to resources and basic necessitiesB~ Objectivity – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical1AC – Underview~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Permissibility and presumption substantively affirm: a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me b) Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason. c) If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it~3~ Reject monocausal analyses.David Martin Jones 15, Visiting Professor in the Department of War Studies, King's College London and Associate Professor, School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Queensland; and M.L.R. Smith, Professor of Strategic Theory in the Department of War Studies, King's College London, September 2015, "Return to reason: reviving political realism in western foreign policy," International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, p. 933-952 ~4~ The foreign policy establishment solves great power war and self corrects – any alternative strategy is substantially worse – the alternative's retreat from foreign policy expertise and lack of a coherent foreign policy vision turns all their offenseBrands et. al 20 ~HAL BRANDS, the Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor of Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, served as Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense in 2015-2016. PETER FEAVER, Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at Duke University, served as special adviser for strategic planning and institutional reform at the National Security Council staff in 2005-2007 and as director for defense policy and arms control in 1993-1994. WILLIAM INBODEN, William Powers, Jr., Executive Director of the Clements Center for National Security and an Associate Professor at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, served at the State Department in 2002-2005 and as senior director for strategic planning on the National Security Council staff in 2005-2007, "In Defense of the Blob", April 29th, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-29/defense-blob~~ | 10/16/21 |
SO - 1AC - Democracy and WTO Credibility v2Tournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep AV | Judge: Patel, Vandan 1AC – Adv 1Advantage One is Global DemocracyGlobal democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ India is in a democracy crisis now which has caused the second wave.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an 'electoral autocracy.' Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ The second wave and lack of journalistic freedom revives IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ Extinction – first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI 1AC – Adv 2Advantage 1 is WTO Credibility.The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a 'Hectic' Agenda to Fix World Trade's Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO's credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune's European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3171196/~~ TDI Independently, WTO cred solves nuclear war – allows an off-track for nuclear weapons.Hamann 09 ~(Georgia Hamann is a J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," 2009.~ TDI 1AC – SolvencyThus, the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine upholds democratic ideals, counteracts neoliberalism, and supports the Global SouthHanna 20 ~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ Only the plan can solve covid access – inequalities heighten the risk of mutations and uneven development.Kumar 21 ~Rajeesh; Associate Fellow at the Institute, currently working on a project titled "Emerging Powers and the Future of Global Governance: India and International Institutions." He has PhD in International Organization from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Prior to joining MP-IDSA in 2016, he taught at JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi (2010-11and 2015-16) and University of Calicut, Kerala (2007-08). His areas of research interest are International Organizations, India and Multilateralism, Global Governance, and International Humanitarian Law. He is the co-editor of two books;Eurozone Crisis and the Future of Europe: Political Economy of Further Integration and Governance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Islam, Islamist Movements and Democracy in the Middle East: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses (Delhi: Global Vision Publishing, 2013); "WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 Vaccine Equity," IDSA Issue Briefs; https://idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721~~ Justin That escalates security threats – extinction.—-AT: Cooperation Thesis 1AC – FrameworkI value morality.The metaethic is naturalism.The standard is act hedonistic util.~1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. ~2~ Extinction is bad and outweighsMacAskill 14 ~William, Oxford Philosopher and youngest tenured philosopher in the world, Normative Uncertainty, 2014~ Prefer –~1~ Actor Specificity – Util is the best in the context of governments which is the actor in the resolutionA~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.B~ No intent-foresight distinction – the actions we take are inevitably informed by predictions from certain mental states, meaning consequences are a collective part of the will.C~ No act-omission distinction governments are responsible for everything in the public sphere so inaction is an implicit authorization of actionD~ Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings. Takes out util calc indicts since they're empirically denied and link turns them because the alt would be no action~2~ Extinction outweighsA) Reversibility – we can never improve society because our impact is irreversible which proves moral uncertaintyB) Prerequisite – you can't do the NC if you're dead, threats to bodily security preclude actionC) Resolvability – body count is the most objective way to calculate impacts because comparing suffering is unethical anything else means judge interventionD) Reciprocity – you can weigh your impacts under different frameworks, I should be able to as well1AC – Underview~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Permissibility and presumption substantively affirm: a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me b) Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason. c) If anything is permissible, then definitionally so is the aff since there is nothing that prevents us from doing it d) Vote aff on optimism – act in optimistic ways because that's happy~3~ No omissions: All neg theory violations and kritik links must come from the text of the AC, not the absence of specification a) I have a limited time to speak so it's an infinite aff burden b) Race to bottom – incentivizes people to not engage the aff and make a bunch spec argument to preclude~4~ No neg fiat a) The resolution is a question of ought-reading a more desirable advocacy doesn't prove that the negative is a good idea b) Aff has to indict the squo, but they don't defend that, nullifying any possible reason to do the aff – that's half my speech time and all my offense~5~ Negative may not read more than 1 off case position as the affirmative can only read 1 position, K2 reciprocity~6~ RVI on NC theory – you can read arguments such as T that are exclusively neg so I need them to compensate~7~ The neg may not read nibs a) you can uplayer for 7 minutes that I have to answer before I even have access to offense b) inf neg abuse since you would just read 7 mins of auto-negate arguments. | 10/16/21 |
SO - 1AC - Domination v1Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 5 | Opponent: Plano East AW | Judge: Stuckert, James 1AC – FrameworkThe meta ethic is practical reason-~1~ Ethics must be derived a priori – moral truths exist independently of the empirical world. Prefer –A~ Uncertainty – our experiences are inaccessible to others which allows people to say they don't experience the same, however a priori principles are universally applied to all agents which makes it action guidingB~ Naturalistic fallacy – experience only tells us what is since we can only perceive what is, not what ought to be, this means experience may be generally useful but should not be the basis for ethical action.~2~ Agents have a constitutive right to freedom –A~ Inescapability – to deny agency is self-contradictory because questioning your agency is exercising that same agency. Thus, exercising free agency – justifying judgements and freely taking actions – is constitutive of subjectivityB~ Principle of Generic Consistency – freedom is constitutive of agency and is necessary good. Denying freedom in general in contradictory since it justifies interference in your ability to take actions and make judgements in the first place~3~ Freedom is not just the absence of interference – a slaveowner who does not interfere in the affairs of their slaves has not made them "freer," because they are still subject to domination, a regime of potential arbitrary intervention. Prefer freedom as nondomination – better corrects noninterfering forms of subjugation through institutional restraints.Pettit '96 ~Philip Pettit, "Freedom as Antipower," Ethics, Vol. 106, No. 3 (Apr. 1996), pp. 576-604. Pettit is the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of University Center for Human Values at Princeton University and also Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University.~ CHSTM ~Recut JB~ Thus, the standard is establishing checks against domination. To clarify, domination is an intrinsic wrong.Prefer additionally –1~ Analytical philosophy means anyone can generate offense under the framework with analytics without evidence – couple impactsa) Accessibility – util disproportionately favors evidence-based debate which is what big schools with coaching staffs have which kills small school engagementb) Ground – it ensures that there's always offense on both sides whereas util might skew against an uninherent aff because of what countries doc) Critical thinking – ensures that you engage and contest offense instead of running to cards for argumentation2~ Actor spec – nondomination is the only notion of freedom that can be deployed by the state because all bodies exist in communities3~ Motivation – it's the only motivating factor for action because you require reason and nondomination to take action1AC – Offense~1~ Rich countries use IP to block access to medicines from developing countries – vaccine access IS an issue and this perpetuates a global regime of domination. Also solves COVID.Meredith 4/15 ~Sam Meredith, 4-15-2021, "Rich countries are refusing to waive the rights on Covid vaccines as global cases hit record levels," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html JB~ ~2~ CPs don't solve and no NC offense – IP for medicine is racist and has historically been used to target black and brown folk.
| 9/11/21 |
SO - 1AC - Domination v2Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 2 | Opponent: King CP | Judge: Waldman, Ben 1AC – Domination1AC – FrameworkThe meta ethic is practical reason-~1~ Ethics must be derived a prioriA~ Uncertainty – if we base ethics on a postieri knowledge, our experiences are subjective and unverifiable, but principles created with the bases if a priori in the noumenal world are universally the same with all agents. That outweighs because if ethics are subjective that allows people to justify atrocities by saying they don't experience the sameB~ Is/Ought Gap – experience in the physical world only descriptively tells us what is, not what ought to because we won't know the best course of action, only what we can perceive. Thus it's not possible to create an ought statement through descriptive premises which means there must be a premises created in the noumenal a priori world to make a moral theory so we can see if an action is good in a vacuum and in all situations.~2~ Agents have a constitutive right to freedom –A~ Inescapability – to deny agency is self-contradictory because questioning your agency is exercising that same agency. Thus, exercising free agency – justifying judgements and freely taking actions – is constitutive of subjectivityB~ Principle of Generic Consistency – freedom is constitutive of agency and is necessary good. Denying freedom in general in contradictory since it justifies interference in your ability to take actions and make judgements in the first place – also justifies phenomenal ontological statusGewirth 84 ~Gewirth, A. (1984). The Ontological Basis of Natural Law: A Critique and an Alternative. The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 29(1), 95–121. doi:10.1093/ajj/29.1.95 JB (brackets for gendered language)~ ~3~ Freedom is not just the absence of interference – a slaveowner who does not interfere in the affairs of their slaves has not made them "freer," because they are still subject to domination, a regime of potential arbitrary intervention. Prefer freedom as nondomination – better corrects noninterfering forms of subjugation through institutional restraints.Pettit '96 ~Philip Pettit, "Freedom as Antipower," Ethics, Vol. 106, No. 3 (Apr. 1996), pp. 576-604. Pettit is the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of University Center for Human Values at Princeton University and also Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University.~ CHSTM ~Recut JB~ ~4~ Non-domination requires specific interventions by the state to protect the polity from subjugation – laws do not infringe on freedoms but enable them. Only when interrelations are mutually governed by a system of non-arbitrary communal public rules is it possible for citizens to enjoy independence from arbitrary rule.Pettit '05 ~Philip Pettit, "The Domination Complaint", Nomos, Vol. 46, POLITICAL EXCLUSION AND DOMINATION (2005), pp. 87-117.~ CHSTM ~Recut JB~ Thus, the standard is establishing checks against domination.Prefer additionally –1~ Performativity – debate as an institution is defined not just how we perform as individuals but how we interact as a community, ensuring the community is free of domination by removing subjugating regimes so everyone is equally respected and everyone's voices can be heard is a pre-requisite to being able to debate.2~ Actor-specificity – non-domination is the only notion of freedom that can apply to state actors since individuals always exist in communities and communal governance always involves restrictions3~ Inclusion – analytical philosophy allows for anyone to make responses to it with no carded evidence1AC – AdvocacyThus the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.Patents, jurisdiction in every country 1AC – Offense~1~ Rich countries use IP to block access to medicines from developing countries – vaccine access IS an issue and this perpetuates a global regime of domination.Meredith 4/15 ~Sam Meredith, 4-15-2021, "Rich countries are refusing to waive the rights on Covid vaccines as global cases hit record levels," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/covid-rich-countries-are-refusing-to-waive-ip-rights-on-vaccines.html JB~ ~2~ IP for medicine is racist and has historically been used to target black and brown folk.
~3~ No NC offense and CPs don't solve – Patents are arbitrary and assert ownership over nature and doesn't meet a priori truth.Long 95 ~(Roderick T., professor of philosophy at Auburn University, editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, director and president of the Molinari Institute and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a Stateless Society) "The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights," Free Nation Foundation, 1995~ JL recut Lex VM | 9/17/21 |
SO - 1AC - Kant v1Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JWe | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha | 9/11/21 |
SO - 1AC - Kant v2Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Strake Jesuit VC | Judge: Self, Connor - Broussard, Austin - Sun, Favian | 9/18/21 |
SO - 1AC - SemiocapitalismTournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: 6 | Opponent: West Des Moines Valley MM | Judge: Lakshman, Rohit 1AC – FrameworkTHE DIGITAL AGE IS HERE – Technology has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus the role of the ballot is to disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in a world of semiocapitalism because of how information interacts with us.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ Thus, the standard is to adopt a Wu Wei ethic. Symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. We do this through radical passivity – only radical passivity can escape the infosphereBerardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ 1AC – Offense~1~ IP is a regime of signifiers that is required for capital to flourish – biopolitics such as medicine theorization requires production which is inherently tied to IP.Lemmens 17 ~Pieter Lemmens, January 2017 , "The conditions of the common: a Stieglerian critique of Hardt and Negri's thesis on cognitive capitalism as a prefiguration of communism", DOI:10.5040/9781350221741.ch-005 JB~ ~2~ IP is the driving factor of semiocapitalism – the 1NC's innovation DA will prove uniqueness for this.MÃguez 18 ~MÃguez, Pablo (2018). Intellectual property and the forced commodification of knowledge. Universitas, 29, pp. 41-62, https://universitas.ups.edu.ec/index.php/universitas/article/view/29.2018.02 JB~ | 2/8/22 |
SO - 1AC - Semiocapitalism v2Tournament: Yale University Invitational 2021 | Round: Doubles | Opponent: American Heritage Broward EM | Judge: Sun, Favian - Natchukuri, Ananya - Lakshman, Rohit NotesCSA – 1AC – FrameworkTHE DIGITAL AGE IS HERE – Technology has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus the role of the ballot is to disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in a world of semiocapitalism because of how information interacts with us.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ Thus, the standard is to adopt a Wu Wei ethic. Symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. We do this through radical passivity – only radical passivity can escape the infosphereBerardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ 1AC – AdvocacyThus the advocacy – Resolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicinesPatents 1AC – Offense~1~ IP is a regime of signifiers that is required for capital to flourish – biopolitics such as medicine theorization requires production which is inherently tied to IP.Lemmens 17 ~Pieter Lemmens, January 2017 , "The conditions of the common: a Stieglerian critique of Hardt and Negri's thesis on cognitive capitalism as a prefiguration of communism", DOI:10.5040/9781350221741.ch-005 JB~ ~2~ IP is the driving factor of semiocapitalism – the 1NC's innovation DA will prove uniqueness for this.MÃguez 18 ~MÃguez, Pablo (2018). Intellectual property and the forced commodification of knowledge. Universitas, 29, pp. 41-62, https://universitas.ups.edu.ec/index.php/universitas/article/view/29.2018.02 JB~ | 2/8/22 |
SO - 1AC - Semiocapitalism v3Tournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Byram Hills AK | Judge: Etienne, Fabrice - Georges, Joseph - Thomas-McGinnis, Conal 1AC1ACNotesCSA – 1AC – FrameworkTHE DIGITAL AGE IS HERE – Technology has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus the value and role of the ballot is to disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in a world of semiocapitalism because of how information interacts with us.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ Thus, the standard is to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. We do this through radical passivity and a method of the Wu Wei – only radical passivity can escape the infosphereBerardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ Impact calc –Signifiers of capitalism must be evaluatedWeigh in terms of a better method of evaluation1AC – AdvocacyResolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicine.Patents, jurisdiction in every country, covid patent waiver, all other spec in cx 1AC – Offense~1~ IP is a regime of signifiers that is required for capital to flourish – biopolitics such as medicine theorization requires production which is inherently tied to IP.Lemmens 17 ~Pieter Lemmens, January 2017 , "The conditions of the common: a Stieglerian critique of Hardt and Negri's thesis on cognitive capitalism as a prefiguration of communism", DOI:10.5040/9781350221741.ch-005 JB~ ~2~ IP is the driving factor of semiocapitalism – the 1NC's innovation DA will prove uniqueness for this.MÃguez 18 ~MÃguez, Pablo (2018). Intellectual property and the forced commodification of knowledge. Universitas, 29, pp. 41-62, https://universitas.ups.edu.ec/index.php/universitas/article/view/29.2018.02 JB~ 1AC – Method1~ Contradictions affirm – they make people unsure of what people mean which confuses productivity in debate2~ I've hypnotized them – to prove this, I'll make them contest the 1AC in the next speech and ask questions about the aff in 3 minutes after the aff. Vote aff because I'll control you otherwise.3~ Reject 1NC theory and IVIs- it destroys any engagement with the aff and is what allows debaters to up-layer issues of oppression1AC – UV~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Permissibility and presumption substantively affirm: a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me b) Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason. c) interp – the neg must grant the aff permissibility and neg gets presumption for recirpcority for equal routes to the ballot and deters tricks NCs that bank on no offense~3~ No omissions: All neg theory violations and kritik links must come from the text of the AC, not the absence of specification. (A) I have a limited time to speak so it's an infinite aff burden (B) Race to bottom – incentivizes people to not engage the aff and make a bunch frivolous spec argument to preclude~4~ Neg may only read 1 T or theory shell. Multiple shells spread out the 1AR and allow the 2NR to collapse to whichever shell was under covered, meaning I wasn't given a fair shot at justifying my practice. Multiple rounds solve your offense since we can check lots of abusive practices over time. Theory on spikes are incoherent a) they are paradoxical because they both indict each other but mine are lexically prior b) we can infinitely debate about framing which never gets resolved which means default aff~5~ Aff gets RVIs a) time skew: theory moots all aff offense and the 1ar isn't enough time to win on both substance and theory so the 2n collapse makes it impossible, and given bidirectional interps, theory is always a 2nd off strategy for you1AC – UV 2~1~ Reject white philosophy. Abstraction from the manifestations of racialized violence absolves white philosophers of their contributions to America's apathy towards black death which prevents effective mobilization against white supremacy. Curry and Curry 18~Tommy, PhD, Prof. of Philosophy @ TAMU, Gwenetta, PhD, Ass. Prof. of Gender and Race Studies @ Alabama~, "On the Perils of Race Neutrality and Anti-Blackness: Philosophy as an Irreconcilable Obstacle to (Black) Thought," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 77, Nos. 3-4 (May-September 2018). DOI: 10.1111/ajes.12244~ JJ ~2~ IP protections create one-sided contracts in which corporations have full control over prices for drugs that patients in necessity desire – these are by definition unequal contracts since corporations have complete leverage insofar as patients desire health and that's what medicine is for. Even if companies don't do this it proves the concept of a medicine patent is intrinsically bad.~3~ IPP is a form of the government creating and enforcing a contract between the producer and the rest of society without being agreed on by BOTH sides – it is by definition a bad contract since there's not mutual consent and an equal footingShaffer 13 (Butler Shaffer, 2013, Mises Institute, "A Libertarian Critique of Intellectual Property", https://cdn.mises.org/Libertarian20Critique20of20Intellectual20Property.pdf) ~4~ Reject procedural offense about the violation of current contracts - 1. Logic – It doesn't matter if it's a violation of the process of the framework if the conclusion of the framework itself disagrees since the point of ethics is to make the right decision 2. Instrumental value – The value in ethical frameworks are only instrumental insofar as we come to the correct conclusion, which means only the conclusion can generate inherent ethical value.1AC – UV 3The DA is uniqueness for the affirmative – semiocapitalism is the root causeBifo 12 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism, "After the Future", Published: 2012, DOA: 7/5/19 JB~ 1AC – UV 4~1~ The neg may not read nibs a) you can uplayer for 7 minutes that I have to answer before I even have access to offense b) inf neg abuse since you would just read 7 mins of auto-negate arguments~2~ Skep affirms – moral ought statements are evaluations of actions. Having an obligation means that we have the best reason. Skeptical beliefs mean we don't have any reason for action which means strength of reason to the aff is sufficient. | 2/8/22 |
SO - 1AC - Semiotic Vaccine ImperialismTournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: Octas | Opponent: Mission San Jose SR | Judge: Georges, Joseph - Davenport, Jamie - Harris, Michael 1AC1ACNotesCSA – 1AC – FrameworkTHE DIGITAL AGE IS HERE – Technology has created an age of constant information and signifiers floating through our phones and computers as media. This creates a dyslexia – reduced attention spans, no time for true human interaction – this leads to information overload, which is too fast for our organic minds to keep up with – that causes depression and drug use. It's no coincidence that the rise of tech in the 80s was complimented with a drug epidemic. These signifiers come prior to action, thus the value and role of the ballot is to disrupt semiocapitalism.Berardi 09 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2009. P. 40-42 LEX JB~ Questions regarding ethics are irrelevant in the world of the infosphere. All information gets coopted by the inescapability of capitalism – it's search is cruelly optimistic in a world of semiocapitalism because of how information interacts with us.Berardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "0. Bifurications." Precarious Rhapsody, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 14-15 LEX JB~ Thus, the standard is to symbolically take the system hostage through it's own method of exhaustion. We do this through radical passivity and a method of the Wu Wei – only radical passivity can escape the infosphereBerardi 11 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism "Chapter 4 Exhastion and Subjectivity." After the Future, by Franco Bifo Berardi et al., AK Press, 2011. P. 107-108 LEX JB~ Impact calc –Signifiers of capitalism must be evaluatedWeigh in terms of a better method of evaluation1AC – AdvocacyResolved: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicine.Patents, jurisdiction in every country, covid patent waiver 2021, all other spec in cx 1AC – Offense~1~ IP is a regime of signifiers that is required for capital to flourish – biopolitics such as medicine theorization requires production which is inherently tied to IP.Lemmens 17 ~Pieter Lemmens, January 2017 , "The conditions of the common: a Stieglerian critique of Hardt and Negri's thesis on cognitive capitalism as a prefiguration of communism", DOI:10.5040/9781350221741.ch-005 JB~ ~2~ IP is the driving factor of semiocapitalism – the 1NC's innovation DA will prove uniqueness for this.MÃguez 18 ~MÃguez, Pablo (2018). Intellectual property and the forced commodification of knowledge. Universitas, 29, pp. 41-62, https://universitas.ups.edu.ec/index.php/universitas/article/view/29.2018.02 JB~ 1AC – Method1~ Contradictions affirm – they make people unsure of what people mean which confuses productivity in debate2~ I've hypnotized them – to prove this, I'll make them contest the 1AC in the next speech and ask questions about the aff in 3 minutes after the aff. Vote aff because I'll control you otherwise.3~ Reject 1NC theory and IVIs- it destroys any engagement with the aff and is what allows debaters to up-layer issues of oppression.1AC – UV~1~ 1ar theory since the neg can do infinite bad things and I can't check. It's drop the debater since the 1ar is too short to win both layers. No RVI since they'd dump on it for 6 minutes. CI since reasonability is arbitrary and bites intervention.~2~ Permissibility and presumption substantively affirm: a) Statements are true before false since if I told you my name, you'd believe me b) Epistemics – we wouldn't be able to start a strand of reasoning since we'd have to question that reason. c) interp – the neg must grant the aff permissibility and neg gets presumption for recirpcority for equal routes to the ballot and deters tricks NCs that bank on no offense~3~ No omissions: All neg theory violations and kritik links must come from the text of the AC, not the absence of specification. (A) I have a limited time to speak so it's an infinite aff burden (B) Race to bottom – incentivizes people to not engage the aff and make a bunch frivolous spec argument to preclude~4~ Neg may only read 1 T or theory shell. Multiple shells spread out the 1AR and allow the 2NR to collapse to whichever shell was under covered, meaning I wasn't given a fair shot at justifying my practice. Multiple rounds solve your offense since we can check lots of abusive practices over time. Theory on spikes are incoherent a) they are paradoxical because they both indict each other but mine are lexically prior b) we can infinitely debate about framing which never gets resolved which means default aff~5~ Aff gets RVIs a) time skew: theory moots all aff offense and the 1ar isn't enough time to win on both substance and theory so the 2n collapse makes it impossible, and given bidirectional interps, theory is always a 2nd off strategy for you1AC – UV 2The status quo ensures vaccine imperialism. Intellectual property law is the lynchpin of North-South health inequality and has empirically resulted in disparate life outcomes.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian The plan reverse casually ensures the reduction of vaccine imperialism.Vanni 21 – Dr. Amaka Vanni is Lecturer in Law at the University of Leeds. ("On Intellectual Property Rights, Access to Medicines and Vaccine Imperialism," 3-23-2021, https://twailr.com/on-intellectual-property-rights-access-to-medicines-and-vaccine-imperialism/) julian Patents on medicine create a hierarchy of cultural practicesCurbishley 15 - Liddy Scarlet Curbishley student Masters of Humanities in Gender Studies August 2015 "Destabilizing the Colonization of Indigenous Knowledge In the Case of Biopiracy" ~https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/319612/Liddy20Thesis.pdf~~ Accessed 8/13/21 SAO 1AC – UV 3The DA is uniqueness for the affirmative – semiocapitalism is the root causeBifo 12 ~Franco Berardi, Italian communist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism, "After the Future", Published: 2012, DOA: 7/5/19 JB~ 1AC – UV 41~ Neg arguments assume that the 1AC is a statement that is worthy of contestation which means our arguments are legitimate.2~ What the neg reads doesn't prove the aff false but only challenges an assumption of it3~ Either the neg is true meaning its bad for us to clash w/ it because spreads fake news OR it's not meaning it's a lie | 2/8/22 |
SO - Adv - Democracy v1Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit JWe | Judge: McLoughlin, Samantha The Advantage is Democracy.Global democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ India is in a democracy crisis now which has caused the second wave.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an 'electoral autocracy.' Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB~ The second wave and lack of journalistic freedom revives IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB~ ExtinctionRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI Democracies are key to solving climate change – data, empirics, metastudies, etc.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ | 9/11/21 |
SO - Adv - Democracy v2Tournament: Grapevine Classic | Round: 5 | Opponent: Plano East AW | Judge: Stuckert, James Global democracy is collapsing nowFreedom House 3/3 ~Freedom House. Freedom House works to defend human rights and promote democratic change, with a focus on political rights and civil liberties. We act as a catalyst for freedom through a combination of analysis, advocacy, and action. Our analysis, focused on 13 central issues, is underpinned by our international program work. "New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated". 3-3-2021. . https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-global-decline-democracy-has-accelerated.~~ India is in a democracy crisis now which has caused the second wave.Singh 7/5 ~Prerna Singh, July 5, 2021 at 5:00 a.m., "India has become an 'electoral autocracy.' Its covid-19 catastrophe is no surprise", https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/07/05/india-has-become-an-electoral-autocracy-its-covid-19-catastrophe-is-no-surprise JB recut by Lex AKo~ The second wave and lack of journalistic freedom revives IndoPak escalation.Somos 20 ~Christy Somos, December 17, 2020, "COVID-19 has escalated armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya and the Philippines, study finds," https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/covid-19-has-escalated-armed-conflict-in-india-pakistan-iraq-libya-and-the-philippines-study-finds-1.5236738 JB Recut by Lex AKo~ Extinction – first strike and fallout blocks the sunRoblin 21. ~(Sébastien Roblin holds a master's degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China, "If the Next India-Pakistan War Goes Nuclear, It Will Destroy the World," The National Interest, March 26, 2021. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/if-next-india-pakistan-war-goes-nuclear-it-will-destroy-world-181134~~ TDI Democracies are key to solving climate change – data, empirics, metastudies, etc.Looney 16 ~Robert Looney, JUNE 1, 2016, "Democracy Is the Answer to Climate Change", https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/01/democracy-is-the-answer-to-climate-change JB~ ExtinctionSpecktor 19 ~Brandon writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader's Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years~ 6-4-2019, "Human Civilization Will Crumble by 2050 If We Don't Stop Climate Change Now, New Paper Claims," livescience, https://www.livescience.com/65633-climate-change-dooms-humans-by-2050.html Justin The plan solves – reducing IP for medicine is consistent with democratic ideals, builds revolutionary movement against neoliberalism, and provides reparations to Global South~Thomas Hanna, 9-21-2020, "Democratizing knowledge: Transforming intellectual property and research and development," Democracy Collaborative, https://democracycollaborative.org/learn/publication/democratizing-knowledge-transforming-intellectual-property-and-research-and JB~ | 9/11/21 |
SO - Adv - WTO CredibilityTournament: New York City Invitational Debate and Speech Tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: University AP | Judge: Joe, Sesh The new head of the WTO is on track to push for reform and an increased role but is hindered now due to lack of vaccine agreement.Baschuk 4-27. ~(Bryce Baschuk is a Bloomberg Reporter) "WTO Chief Pursues a 'Hectic' Agenda to Fix World Trade's Referee," Bloomberg, April 27, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/wto-chief-pursues-a-hectic-agenda-to-fix-world-trade-s-referee~~ TDI Patent waiver is necessary to revitalize WTO's credibility as an international dispute mechanism – creates momentum for further reform.Meyer 6-18-21. ~(David Meyer is the Editor of CEO Daily and a senior writer on Fortune's European team. Author of the digital rights primer, Control Shift: How Technology Affects You and Your Rights. "The WTO's survival hinges on the COVID-19 vaccine patent debate, waiver advocates warn," Fortune, June 18, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/18/wto-covid-vaccines-patents-waiver-south-africa-trips/~~ TDI Post Covid WTO legitimacy and credibility necessary to prevent a downward spiral of protectionism.SolÃs 20 ~(Mireya SolÃs is director of the Center for East Asia Policy Studies, Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies, and a senior fellow in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?" July 10, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ TDI Trade solves great power competition – regionalism causes militarized crises.Lake 18 ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3171196/~~ TDI Independently, WTO cred solves nuclear war – allows an off-track for nuclear weapons.Hamann 09 ~(Georgia Hamann is a J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, "Replacing Slingshots with Swords: Implications of the Antigua-Gambling 22.6 Panel Report for Developing Countries and the World Trading System," 2009.~ TDI | 10/15/21 |
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