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+===1AC: Plan=== |
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+====Plan - Private entities ought not appropriate lunar heritage sites in outer space. ==== |
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+We will defend NASA's interpretation of lunar heritage sites |
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+**Harrington 19**, Andrea J. "Preserving Humanity's Heritage in Space: Fifty Years after Apollo 11 and beyond." J. Air L. and Com. 84 (2019): 299. (Associate Professor and Director of the Schriever Space Scholars at USAF Air Command and Staff College)//Elmer |
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+The issue of humanity's cultural heritage in space has arisen as one of many unanswered |
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+AND |
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+destruction, loss, or private appropriation of our cultural heritage in space. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===1AC: Lunar Heritage=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The Advantage is Lunar Heritage:==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Global Moon Rush by private actors is coming now.==== |
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+**Sample 19** Ian Sample 7-19-2019 "Apollo 11 site should be granted heritage status, says space agency boss" https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/19/apollo-11-site-heritage-status-space-agency-moon (PhD at Queens Mary College)//Elmer |
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+But protecting lunar heritage may not be straightforward. On Earth, the United Nations |
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+AND |
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+artefacts that will undoubtedly sell for tremendous amounts of money here on Earth." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Corporate development, tourism, and looting will destroy scientifically rich Tranquility base artifacts.==== |
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+**Fessl 19** Sophie Fessl 7-10-2019 "Should the Moon Landing Site Be a National Historic Landmark?" https://daily.jstor.org/should-the-moon-landing-site-be-a-national-historic-landmark/ (PhD King's College London, BA Oxford)//Elmer |
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+When Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, the |
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+AND |
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+that's on the moon was affected by a decades-long stay there. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Private entities are a unique threat—-universal rules key.==== |
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+Private Key Card – AT: Alt Causes |
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+AT: Unilat CP |
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+AT: Adv CP |
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+AT: Generic DA |
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+AT: OST DA |
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+ |
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+AND |
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+, commerce, and the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Heritage Sites are critical for science research around Dust. ==== |
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+**OSTP 18** Office of Science and Technology Policy March 2018 "PROTECTING and PRESERVING APOLLO PROGRAM LUNAR LANDING SITES and ARTIFACTS" (The Office of Science and Technology Policy is a department of the United States government, part of the Executive Office of the President, established by United States Congress on May 11, 1976, with a broad mandate to advise the President on the effects of science and technology on domestic and international affairs.)//Elmer |
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+The Moon continues to hold great significance around the world. The successes of the |
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+AND |
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+to establish their appearance and condition at the time they were left behind. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Moon Dust Research key to Moon Basing.==== |
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+**Smith 19** Belinda Smith 7-18-2019 "Who protects Apollo sites when no-one owns the Moon?" https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-07-19/apollo-11-moon-landing-heritage-preservation-outer-space-treaty/11055458 (Strategic Communications Advisor at Department of Education and Training at University of Victoria)//Elmer |
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+It's not just about history Alongside heritage value, the bits and pieces left on |
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+AND |
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+Moon is a testament to what we did and when we did it." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====A lunar base is coming now but preservation of the environment is key.==== |
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+Shekhtman 21 ~~Lonnie Shekhtman, Lonnie is a senior science writer for Nasa. 1-26-2021, "NASA's Artemis Base Camp on the Moon Will Need Light, Water, Elevation," https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-artemis-base-camp-on-the-moon-will-need-light-water-elevation/ accessed 2/12/22~~ Adam |
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+American astronauts in 2024 will take their first steps near the Moon's South Pole: |
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+AND |
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+samples of the far side from their base camp on the near side. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Scenario 1 – Aquaculture:==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Lunar Basing would require aquaculture that provides mutual benefits that spill-down terrestrially – results in sustainable aquaculture and solves food scarcity==== |
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+**Przybyla 21**, Cyrille. "Space aquaculture: prospects for raising aquatic vertebrates in a bioregenerative life-support system on a lunar base." Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 8 (2021): 107. (Studies Aquaculture Research at University of Montpellier) |
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+Space Aquaculture: A Relevant Source of Complementary Nutrition Resupplying a base in space from |
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+AND |
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+of their own biosphere and their knowledge of agricultural science, including aquaculture. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Food security quickly declining ==== |
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+**Piesse 20 ~~Mervyn Piesse, Research Manager, Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme, 4 February 2020, FutureDirections, "Global Food and Water Security in 2050: Demographic Change and Increased Demand," **https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/global-food-and-water-security-in-2050-demographic-change-and-increased-demand/**, accessed 8-12-2021~~JMK** |
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+***size 2 font is an incredibly long rant about plant-based diets.** |
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+**AND** |
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+water is better utilised by soils and crops to avoid overuse and runoff. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Food Insecurity goes nuclear – escalates multiple hotspots.==== |
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+**Cribb 19** Julian Cribb 8-23-2019 "Food or War" https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/food-or-war/hotspots-for-food-conflict-in-the-twentyfirst-century/1CD674412E09B8E6F325C9C0A0A6778A (principal of Julian Cribb and Associates who provide specialist consultancy in the communication of science, agriculture, food, mining, energy and the environment. , His published work includes over 8000 articles, 3000 media releases and eight books. He has received 32 awards for journalism.)//Elmer** ** |
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+Future Food Wars The mounting threat to world peace posed by a food, climate |
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+AND |
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+their homes in Sub-Saharan Africa. 75 The second decade of the |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Marine aquaculture solves extinction.==== |
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+**Schubel and Thompson, 19**—former adjunct professor, research scientist, and associate director of Johns Hopkins University's Chesapeake Bay Institute, president and CEO of the Aquarium of the Pacific AND program manager, Seafood for the Future, Aquarium of the Pacific (Jerry and Kimberly, "Farming the Sea: The Only Way to Meet Humanity's Future Food Needs," GeoHealth, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2019, Pages 238-244, dml) |
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+As the population and the demand for food grows, so does agriculture's toll on |
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+AND |
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+look for, and reduce the strain of aquaculture production on environmental resources. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Oceans are key to overall biodiversity==== |
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+**Schofield 14** 3-10-2014 "Why our precious oceans are under threat" http://uowblogs.com/globalchallenges/2014/03/10/the-threats-facing-our-precious-oceans/ (Director of Research at the Australian Centre for Ocean Resource and Security University of Wollongong)//Elmer |
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+Science fiction author Arthur C Clarke once observed, "How inappropriate to call this |
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+AND |
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+same time the oceans also remain largely (95 per cent) unexplored. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Biodiversity Loss causes Extinction.==== |
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+**Torres 16** Phil Torres 4-11-2016 "Biodiversity loss: An existential risk comparable to climate change" thebulletin.org/biodiversity-loss-existential-risk-comparable-climate-change9329 (founder of the X-Risks Institute, an affiliate scholar at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies)//Elmer |
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+The sixth extinction. The repercussions of biodiversity loss are potentially as severe as those |
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+AND |
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+as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Scenario 2 – Neutrinos:==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Earth's Atmosphere limits Neutrino Research – only a Moon base solves.==== |
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+**Crawford 12**, I. A., et al. "Back to the Moon: The scientific rationale for resuming lunar surface exploration." Planetary and Space Science 74.1 (2012): 3-14. (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College)//Elmer |
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+A natural area to use the Moon as a platform for performing scientific experiments is |
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+AND |
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+and Zaldariaga 2004) would indeed be on the lunar far-side. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The Moon is key for Neutrino Research – would be involved in any return to the Moon. ==== |
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+**Wilson 92**, T. L. "Neutrino Astronomy of the Moon." Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Vol. 23. 1992. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc1992/pdf/1757.pdf (Thomas L. Wilson, NASA Johnson Space CenterISN1)//Elmer |
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+The notion of conducting neutrino astronomy on the Moon has had a very brief history |
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+AND |
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+neutrinos ~~17, 181 as another interesting astrophysical source are not presented. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Neutrino Research key to Nuclear Detection that deters Proliferation – key to determine military usages. ==== |
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+**Lee 20** Thomas Lee "Can tiny, invisible particles help stop the spread of nuclear weapons?" https://engineering.berkeley.edu/news/2020/03/can-tiny-invisible-particles-help-stop-the-spread-of-nuclear-weapons/ (Associate Adjunct Professor, Research Scientist Operations and IT Management.)//Elmer |
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+The key to preventing nuclear proliferation may depend on a little bit of ghost hunting |
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+AND |
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+reality could prove to be a powerful deterrent to nuclear proliferation in itself. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Proliferation risks unravelling now due to inability to determine peaceful and military nuclear development.==== |
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+**Dalton and Levite 22** Toby Dalton and Ariel Levite 1-13-2022 "The Nonproliferation Regime is Breaking" https://archive.is/MQ4sC~~#selection-1881.0-1917.304 (TOBY DALTON is Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ARIEL (ELI) LEVITE is Senior Fellow in the Nuclear Policy Program and Cyber Policy Initiative at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.)//Elmer |
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+The global system to prevent nuclear proliferation and promote disarmament is beginning to fray. |
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+AND |
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+now more easily hide their ambitions—and progress—in plain sight. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Nuclear Proliferation causes Nuclear War.==== |
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+**Kroenig 15** (Matthew Kroenig; Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair in the Department of Government and School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; 2015, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have a Future?"; Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 38, Issue 1-2)//Re-cut by Elmer |
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+The spread of nuclear weapons poses at least six severe threats to international peace and |
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+AND |
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+, any one of those crises could result in a catastrophic nuclear exchange. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Deterrence fails and prolif is highly destabilizing – empirics and expert consensus prove there's a high risk of war and accidents ==== |
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+**Barash 18 **(David Barash, Professor of Psychology at the University of Washington, author or editor of over 40 books, citing a body of area and field-study experts, The Guardian, June 14, 2018. "Nuclear deterrence is a myth. And a lethal one at that," https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/14/nuclear-deterrence-myth-lethal-david-barash) |
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+In his classic The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (1989), Lawrence Freedman, the |
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+AND |
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+when it comes to nuclear deterrence, we're all in over our heads. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Any nuclear war causes extinction – ice age and famine.==== |
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+Steven** Starr 15** ~~Director of the University of Missouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Program, as well as a senior scientist at the Physicians for Social Responsibility. He has worked with the Swiss, Chilean, and Swedish governments in support of their efforts at the United Nations to eliminate thousands of high-alert, launch-ready U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons; he maintains the website Nuclear Darkness. "Nuclear War: An Unrecognized Mass Extinction Event Waiting To Happen." Ratical. March 2015. https://ratical.org/radiation/NuclearExtinction/StevenStarr022815.html~~ TG |
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+A war fought with 21st century strategic nuclear weapons would be more than just a |
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+AND |
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+the operational and deployed nuclear arsenals, will leave the Earth essentially uninhabitable. |