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+====Plan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities in The People's Republic of China is unjust.==== |
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+==Advantage 1== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====China space commercialization uniquely risks collisions – they ignore norms and don't register satellites which prevents tracking ==== |
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+**Swinhoe 21** – Editor at Datacenter Dynamics. Previously he was at IDG in roles including UK Editor at CSO Online and Senior Staff Writer at IDG Connect. ~~Dan, "China's moves into mega satellite constellations could add to space debris problem," 4/20/2021, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/chinas-moves-into-mega-satellite-constelations-could-add-to-space-debris-problem/~~ |
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+Of the 3,000-odd operational satellites currently in orbit, a little |
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+AND |
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+which can have catastrophic effects, especially with larger satellites at higher orbits. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Clustering makes the risk of collisions uniquely high and the risk is understated==== |
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+Dr. Darren **McKnight 17**, Ph.D., Technical Director for Integrity Applications, Previously Senior Vice President and Director of Science and Technology Strategy at Science Applications International Corporation, "Proposed Series of Orbital Debris Remediation Activities," 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Satellite and Space Missions, 5/13/2017, https://iaaweb.org/iaa/Scientific20Activity/debrisminutes03166.pdf ~~graphics omitted~~ |
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+Secondly, while protecting operational satellites from the trackable population via collision warnings provides a |
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+AND |
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+population in the 820- 865km altitude region for the last nine months. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Debris cascades cause global nuke war==== |
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+Les **Johnson 13**, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 ~~language modified~~ |
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+Whatever the initial cause, the result may be the same. A satellite destroyed |
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+AND |
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+, our military advantage over potential adversaries would be dramatically reduced or eliminated. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Collapses environment monitoring—-extinction==== |
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+Ben **Biggs 18**, PhD Researcher in Computer Vision and Deep Learning at the University of Cambridge, "How Satellites Can Protect Planet Earth From Disaster", HowItWorks Daily, 12/22/2018, https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-satellites-can-protect-planet-earth-from-disaster/ |
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+It might not look it, but our planet is a fragile place. A |
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+AND |
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+or worse, and monitoring that change is vital to our planet's survival. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+==Advantage 2== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====China's dependent on private companies for space expansion, satellite deployment, and mining==== |
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+**Fernandez 11/27** — (Ray Fernandez, Writer at ScreenRant, "Hundreds Chinese Companies Called To Boost Space ", ScreenRant, 11-27-2021, Available Online at https://screenrant.com/chinese-companies-boost-space-development/, accessed 1-11-2022, Ray Fernandez is an Oxford graduate in journalism and has written for Bloomberg HKR-AR) |
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+In a new move to boost space development, China has opened up space to |
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+AND |
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+matter of time until their full power and capabilities are unleashed into space. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Xi commitments, manufacturing capacity, and FDI make the CCP's private sector integral to 21^^st^^ century space competition==== |
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+**Patel 21** — (Neel V. Patel, Neel is the space reporter for MIT Technology Review, and he writes The Airlock newsletter. Before joining, he worked as a freelance science and technology journalist, contributing stories to Popular Science, The Daily Beast, Slate, Wired, the Verge, and elsewhere. Prior to that, he was an associate editor for Inverse, where he grew and led the website's space coverage., "China's surging private space industry is out to challenge the US", MIT Technology Review, 1-21-2021, Available Online at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016513/china-private-commercial-space-industry-dominance, accessed 1-11-2022, HKR-AR) |
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+Until recently, China's space activity has been overwhelmingly dominated by two state-owned |
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+AND |
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+world, launching from other countries, and bringing talent from outside China. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====China will long-term outpace the US in space – mining, first-mover advantage, lunar projects==== |
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+**Fabian 21** — (Chris Fabian, Capt. Chris Fabian, U.S. Space Force, is a crew commander in the 3rd Space Operations Squadron supporting the Delta 9 mission. , "A call to action for strategic space competition with China", TheHill, 6-22-2021, Available Online at https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/558979-a-call-to-action-for-strategic-space-competition-with-china?rl=1, accessed 1-12-2022, HKR-AR) |
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+To compete with China's space power, the United States needs ambitious visions, not |
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+AND |
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+than doubling down later with a patchwork of expensive, rushed space programs. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====NEA scarcity and ilaw ambiguity makes US-China space competition inevitable==== |
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+**Gautel 21** — (Gidon Gautel is currently an Analyst in the space industry. He was previously the Project Coordinator of China Foresight and Project Manager of the Economic Diplomacy Commission at LSE IDEAS. Gidon holds a BSc in Government and Economics with first class honours from the London School of Economics and Political Science, and an MSc in Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Management with distinction from Imperial College Business School., ~~insert quals~~, "Coordination Failure: Risks of US-China competition in space", Medium, 4-29-2021, Available Online at https://lseideas.medium.com/coordination-failure-risks-of-us-china-competition-in-space-7112ca4f4da1, accessed 1-12-2022, HKR-AR) |
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+Finally, a lack of coordination increases the risks for lunar crewmembers, once these |
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+AND |
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+if institutional gridlock driven by the pursuit of national interest is the alternative. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Space competition determines hegemonic power on Earth–it's just a question of who wins the race. ==== |
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+Jaewoo **Choo 21**(Professor of Chinese foreign policy in the Department of Chinese Studies at Kyung Hee University, Korea. He was a Visiting Fellow at the Center for East Asian Studies Program, the Brooking Institution and a Visiting Associate Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology. He graduated from Wesleyan University (BA in Government) and Peking University (MA and Ph.D. in International Relations). His research areas are Chinese foreign policy, multilateral security cooperation, and China-North Korea relations. He was a contributor to Asia Times on the Korean peninsula affairs), "The United States and China: Competition for superiority in space to protect resources and weapon systems," OpenAsia, 03/11/2021, https://www.openasia.asia/the-united-states-and-china-competition-for-superiority-in-space-to-protect-resources-and-weapon-systems/ |
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+The strategic competition between the U.S. and China is fierce even in |
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+AND |
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+to space stations and mineral mining equipment are set up with 3D printers. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Heg is sustainable but not impervious to collapse ==== |
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+Hal **Brands**, 5-1-20**21**, Henry A. Kissinger Distinguished Professor At The Johns Hopkins School Of Advanced International Studies, China's Creative Challenge—and the Threat to America, Commentary Magazine, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/hal-brands/chinas-geopolitical-challenge-threat-to-america//Khan |
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+FINALLY, CHINA is testing the patterns of history simply by taking on the United |
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+AND |
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+Chinese strategy in overcoming the great obstacles that litter Beijing's path to hegemony. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Decline causes unstable nuclear alliances that cause war ==== |
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+**Hayes 18** ~~Peter Hayes, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California, USA; Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University. Trump and the Interregnum of American Nuclear Hegemony. November 8, 2018. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2018.1532525~~ |
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+During a post-hegemonic era, long-standing nuclear alliances are likely to |
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+AND |
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+second time, less so, the third time, the new normal. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Pursuit inevitable—-decline causes global war==== |
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+**Beckley 15 **(Michael Beckley is a research fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs., "The Myth of Entangling Alliances Michael Beckley Reassessing the Security Risks of U.S. Defense Pacts", http://live.belfercenter.org/files/IS3904_pp007-048.pdf) |
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+The finding that U.S. entanglement is rare has important implications for international |
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+AND |
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+leaving it without partners to share the burden when those interventions go awry. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Chinese led order fails – no clear vision or plan for security concerns ==== |
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+**Liff '20 **~~Adam; 2/4/20; PhD and MA in Politics from Princeton, nonresident senior fellow with the Center for East Asia Policy Studies at Brookings, associate professor of East Asian international relations at Indiana University's Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies; "Chapter 1: Proactive Stabilizer: Japan's Role in the Asia-Pacific Security Order," in The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism: Japan and the World Order, p. 54-55~~ |
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+As Beijing's behaviors appear to corrode key elements of the order in pursuit of narrow |
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+AND |
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+instead, it focuses almost exclusively on international finance and economic integration.47 |
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+ |
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+ |
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+==Framing== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====1 - util – it's impartial, specific to public actors, and resolves infinite regress which explains all value. ==== |
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+**Greene 15 **— (Joshua Greene, Professor of Psychology @ Harvard, being interviewed by Russ Roberts, "Joshua Greene on Moral Tribes, Moral Dilemmas, and Utilitarianism", The Library of Economics and Liberty, 1-5-15, Available Online at https://www.econtalk.org/joshua-greene-on-moral-tribes-moral-dilemmas-and-utilitarianism/~~#audio-highlights, accessed 5-17-20, HKR-AM) **NB: Guest = Greene, and only his lines are highlighted/underlined |
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+Guest: Okay. So, I think utilitarianism is very much misunderstood. And |
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+AND |
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+kind of unrealistic and weird cases. That's actually part of my defense. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====2 - Reducing existential risks is the top priority in any coherent moral theory==== |
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+**Pummer 15** |
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+(Theron, Philosophy @St. Andrews http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/) |
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+There appears to be lot of disagreement in moral philosophy. Whether these many apparent |
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+AND |
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+be acting very wrongly." (From chapter 36 of On What Matters) |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====3 - Epistemic modesty; framework is a sliding scale, and it serves to prioritize not preclude impacts so only ep modesty is logical==== |